Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Narration dans la littérature'
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Tritter, Valérie. "Le statut du narrateur dans les littératures fantastiques française et anglo-saxonne d'E.A Poe à R.B. Matheson." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040236.
Full textThe purpose of this analysis is to depict one century of “littérature fantastique” through thestatus of the narrator which implicates also the status of its alter ego, the narratee. The mainidea rests on the theory of an evolution from Edgar Allan Poe’s narrators to Richard Matheson’svia French and Anglo-Saxon authors like Charles Nodier, Jules Verne, Guy de Maupassant, RobertLouis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, Henry James, Howard Phillips Lovecraft.The history of “littérature fantastique” is divided into three important periods, each of thempermitting it successively to be born (by generic criticism), to triumph (by the criticism of narrationitself) and to survive (by the criticism of language).“Littérature fantastique” follows the generalevolution of literature, but its narrator is a realcase to examine in its interactions withsupernatural events he tells, with the narrativeitself, with its proper character and with its“éthos”. This unreliable narrator is, fornarratology, like a myth
Macé, Marie-Anne. "Recherches narratives dans la littérature française : 1970-1979." Rennes 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN20001.
Full textThe French literature of the 1970s is both narcissistic and demanding, compelling a revision of narrative forms. Writing styles emerge from the story; narrative activity showing a preference for equality between narrator and character, focusing on complete viewpoints the words and thoughts of a hero are reproduced though the psycho-narration, according to evolutive conventions and manifesting themselves as polyphonic constructions. The setting for the narrative is created by the shifts in time, pace, and plot. The novel dissociates itself from slow transformation constraints by the expedient of break; duration is acted out between contractions and expansions; it is linked to the imagination while historical time remains discrete. Descriptive hypertrophy overturns textual frontiers; the sense of space rests on the pre-determined, founding itself on musings; the semiotics of space open on to the hermeneutics and ideological gambles. Structure is marked by discord: uncertainty, superimposition, unexpected twists in the story, repetitions, reflexion effects and intertextual references. The character loses his supremacy but remains obvious and clear-cut, oscillating between appearances and physical being; he reveals the unconscious; he is sometimes kept in a relational context, portraying the signs of a social referent. This period remains an aesthetic adventure for writers as well as readers
Cazalé-Bérard, Claude. "Modes et structures de la narration dans la littérature italienne des origines au XXe siècle : [thèse d'état sur travaux]." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100029.
Full textAll the works included under the title "forms and structures of narration in italian litterature from origins to twentieth century" deal with theoritical principles, methods of analysis, and examples of interpretation applied to narration from medieval latin litterature (exempla) and medieval italian litterature (avventuroso ciciliano, filocolo, decameron) and to l. Pirandello short stories (novelle per un anno). Based upon intratextual and intertextual analysis carried out, functions, motives, models and characters listed, computer processing was used and a data base of forms and narrative sources was established
Bonnin-Ponnier, Joëlle. "Le restaurant dans le roman naturaliste : narration et évaluation." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030129.
Full textThis work considers the subject of the restaurant in the naturalist corpus as a novelistic topos, a prescriptive focal point establishing a certain way to look at body and nature, a social representation and culturally significant table manners whose analysis can contribute to what phillipe hamon calls a "poetics of the evaluative". Commited to schemes, both evaluating and evaluated, a fictional population shows a "know-how to behave" and also a "know-how to enjoy", made up of a "know-how to see" and technical and socio-ethical "know-how to do " together with a " know-how to say". Taking into account all these aspects, allows to show the "ideology-effect" of the naturalist works, which in the text is conveyed by the idea which the character have of their projects and purpose and from the narrative point of view is to be perceived through the specific way the narrator deals with the theme, the narrator being indeed non devoid of aesthetic and philosophical presuppositions, as, together with his capacity of making up endless narrative variations around the restrictive pattern of the narration of life given as banal and ritualized and around the even more codified theme of "the restaurant scene" (first narratologic part), and also when expressing the elaborate judgements of his characters (second part centred on evaluation), he translates their experiences in spite of the special links the establishment is supposed to have with pleasure and festivity, with a critical "artist" vision, full of nostalgia for the aristocratic ideals of the past and of a pessimistic outlook of life. This double bias is highlighted by continuous confrontation with the novellistic intertext and above all the non fictional intertext (gastronomic and touristic guides, treatives on good manners) which often reveals, trough the praising of the pleasures of eating, a deep love of our condition
Bagros, Cyril. "La représentation de l'espace dans la prose narrative surréaliste." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030132.
Full textHusson, Didier. "Logique des possibles narratifs." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070105.
Full textThis thesis studies the logical relations and the major or minor compatibilities which link together the different variables of fiction. The first part aims to select these variables, supported by the concepts implemented by the studies on fiction. It then tries to appraise the coherence of the possible narrative choices through the relations existing between the status of the narrator, the point of view, the moment of the narration and the existence of fiction recipients. Thus are underlined, and illustrated by examples, the natural aspect of some associations, the possibilities of infringements of logic and the consequences which can be expected from these
Astier, Colette. "Etude de méthodologie thématique et structurale : rôle et signification du meurtre dans la narration romanesque." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100177.
Full textEyrolles, Stéphanie. "Explorer la faille : Identité et narration dans l'œuvre de William Faulkner." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV079/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the issue of identity in several of William Faulkner’s novels (The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and Requiem for a Nun) and how characters attempt to retrieve a sense of self through narration. The characters’ belonging to the American South exacerbates their inner gap, which they then try to fill thanks to their story-telling. This study examines, through the prism of Ricoeur’s theory of mimesis, how these characters configure their world of action and project themselves mimetically into their narratives so as to achieve self-understanding through a hermeneutical process. However, the narrators under study are overwhelmed with a deconstructive impetus which sheds light on the indecisiveness of the language thanks to which they are trying to create a substitute identity. They thus become aware that language disseminates itself and that the presence they are attempting to create gives way as soon as it appears
Le, Guelte Alain-Philippe. "La mise en intrigue du problème des limites de l'interprétation." Bordeaux 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR30022.
Full textIf we consider narrative and interpretation as forms of action, we must then decide on and specify their importance and meaning as well as making clear whether they are literary or not, according to the position of our criteria (fiction, fiction, institution). I propose a description of literature in terms of fonction and cognition : to recognise narrative and its interpretation is to share common conditions, according to the transitive rule of implotment. Investments of poetics by ethics produces the narrative as interpretation, interpretation as our responsability, and the relation of the individual to the community, as it constructed by the intervention of narrative identity
Azzouz, Esma Lamia. "Mémoire, voix resurgies, étude de la narration dans des textes représentatifs de la littérature féminine algérienne (1970-1997)." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE2013.
Full textThis study analyzes the function of narrative in algerian women's writting published between 1970 and 1997. The internment of women is not a literary theme, but the ferment of all women's voices. Any algerian's woman's voice giving expression to this sequestered existence, will of necessity be a revolutionary and violent voice, seeking to provoke social norms. Nadia Ghalem and Nina Bouraoui represent a writing at the edge of madness, where spatial confinement and temporel stagnation push the text to seek refuge in psychoanalytic narration. The writer Hawa Djabali also uses hallucinations as means of transforming a real abhorrence; but what is of interest with this particular author is that she chooses to use a masculine first person narrator, who suffers a schizophrenic crisis. This transsexual vantage point is compared with that of the male algerian writer Rachid Boudjedra, who employs a feminine first person narration, to explore an algerian woman's nights of insomnia. For Assia Djebar, unwinding the thread of women's stories, will be the priviliged means of receving those voices witch have been the sole transmitters of the history and memories of women, in the absence of a written language
Alsina, Jean. "Parcours intersubjectifs, stratégies intratextuelles : les enjeux du récit dans l'Espagne d'après-guerre : éléments d'analyse." Montpellier 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON30036.
Full textDoctorate based on collected works. Research on the methodology of didactically aimed literary analysis in contemporary texts written in spanish. Thirty one studies testing the textual and narratological analysis approach, using the concepts of enunciation and narrative voice. The main chapter deals with the narrative practice of the 1950s in spain and the relationship between intratextual phenomena and the various strategies of reading inscription, mainly in texts by r. Sanchez ferlosio, j. Fernandez santos, r. Snachez mazas, c. Martin gaite, s. Dali. The experimented methodologies use the analysis of narrative organisation, of its spatial component, of its structuration into lexico-semantic fields and of character-building. In a complementary way, a contrastive research is led on theatrical, poetic and advertising texts, on paratext and on the practice of autobiography. The postword traces the evolution of the research conducted by the "seminaire d'etudes litteraires" (toulouse, 1975-1992), discusses the notions of narrator, narratee and reader, from the narratee's aporia to the promotion of the "lectant", from genette to picard. Applied to the spanish novels of the 1950's, this approach eventually leads to the reactivation of the analysis of the surrounding francoist discourse and to that of the signifier in the texts
Blouin-Bradette, Jessye, and Jessye Blouin-Bradette. "7 nuits : Hétéro ou homo : entre les deux la diégèse balance : étude du rapport au personnage à travers la narration." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23990.
Full textBanhakeia, Hassan. "Confrontation narrateur-espace ou le règne de l'écriture dans l'oeuvre de Michel Butor." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080900.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the different relationships between narration and writing in butor's work. It researches principally the nature, the functions and the occurences of theses relationships throughout the writer's texts. First of all, we study the relationships between space and narrative voice. They often cofnront each other. The narrator tries continually (but often without success) to structure the space. This dialectic is obvious in the levels of the production, the narration and the reception. It contains perfectly the movement of the work as well. Then, we see tha these conflictive links coincide with some precise textual elements. Thus, we are called to analyse som e canons of the very singular butor's writing. At last, behind such writing experiences hides a certain ideology of the writer who pretends not o act in his texts, jus t upon the language. .
Terrile, Cristina. "La crise de la volonté et les apories de la narration : un parcours dans la littérature européenne des années vingt." Chambéry, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CHAML001.
Full textIn the twenties, the novel is going through a revolution whose main symptoms are the crisis of the character and the experiment of new narrative forms. The present work at the same time studies the general trend of the upheaval and the particular way according to which a little number of novels is facing the period. The will, seen as a mediation between consciousness and objects, supplies us an assumption to understand at once the crisis shown in the character and the crisis expressed by the writing. The narrator becomes weak and unable toplay his part as an architect of the forms. The character does not know what he wants and does not recognize anymore what suits him. This deconstruction of content and form is progressively obtained through a vast number of writing experiments. In Rube, Giuseppe Antonio Borgese gives us the exemple of a narrative that a strong will is still controlling. But the character of Rube has already a weak will. With Le Voyageur sur la terre by Julien Green, Uno, nessuno e centomila by Luigi Pirandello, and Der Marques de Bolibar by Leo Perutz, a narration in the first person is achieved that present both aspects of the crisis, since the principal character is also a narrator. Lazstly, Kafka's novels are actualising a narrative type without any narrator and any character. There, the will is just a sheer movement without any origin and any end
GILLET, DE CHALONGE FLORENCE. "L'espace du récit : le cycle indien de Marguerite Duras." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081175.
Full textThe narrative space, in le ravisement de lol v. Stein (1964) le vice-consul (1966), l'amour (1971), is analysed as a diegetic space, linked with the story and the narrative voice. It is seen as a setting (objects, places, landscapes, toponyms) and it is explored with its re relationships with representation and within a topological organization. Space is articulated with perception mostlmy vision ; scenes an narra ion narra ive enunciation, arrangement of actions)
Hamel, Jean-François. "Revenances de l'histoire : poétiques de la répétition et narrativité moderne." Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030091.
Full textThe fact that many primitive mythologies were structured by cyclical temporalities is well-known, as is the will of modernity to definitely abandon these old superstitions. Although the XIXth century dreamt of its own progress through the ages, Kierkegaard's Repetition, Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Nietzsche's The Gay Science and Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and Freud's Beyond the Pleasure Principle, these influential works developed philosophies concerned with repetition, reintegrating the eternal recurrence of things where it was banished. Parallel to this resurgence of repetition in philosophy, which also guides the work of Walter Benjamin and Gilles Deleuze, modern literature has experimented with narrative pragmatics based on repetition. The most representative of its numerous expressions are perhaps Louis-Auguste Blanqui's L'éternité par les astres, Pierre Klossowski's Le Baphomet, Hubert Aquin's Prochain épisode and Claude Simon's Les géorgiques. Questioning modern historical thought, these paradoxical temporal configurations reveal the profound mutation, initiated with the Enlightenment, in the traditional experience of time, and the concurrent transformation of the modalities of narrativity. In societies where the space of experience is dissociated from the horizon of expectation, how can one narrate the flux of time without minimizing the consciousness of the present as a space for action and initiative ? Modern poetics of repetition, concerned with the melancholy that penetrates the modern experience of time, begin emerging through mourning into a search for what Baudelaire calls a "memory of the present". Nevertheless, the issues raised by these poetics of repetition not only concern literary history, but shed new light on the theoretical consequences of the aporetics between time and narrative for the modern representation of historical time
Courtieu, Marc. "L'Evénement dans le roman occidental du XXe siècle : continuités et ruptures." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/courtieu_m.
Full textThe initial hypothesis is that a change of episteme, related to the one of the Darwinian biology (a smooth continuity facing Cuvier’s catastrophism) has modified the place of the event in the Occidental novel, from Flaubert and Melville on in particular, read as initiators. Rupture in the course of the world, the event was the beginning element of the fiction, which developed by neutralizing it through the codes of the novelistic ritualization of the XIXth century, realistic in particular. After the naturalism (the position of which on this point is very ambiguous), some authors of the XXth century have attempted to seize the event in a much more original way : as a mystical moment (Joyce’s epiphany, V. Woolf’s moment of being, Broch’s instant of unicity, an instant when the unessential life is escaped (Musil), an instant which abolishes Proust’s time), an event which loses all reason (Kafka), an event founder of the very writing (Sarraute, Beckett). All these paths meet in the particular case of the concentration literature : the saying of the catastrophic moment which is its essence can be only achieved in a radical present of the writing. It is true that a certain number of persistences can be noted, observed here in the adventure novel (London, Stevenson, Conrad, Malraux, confronted to Celine, Moravia, Perec), or of nostalgies, read here in the American novel linked to the myth of the Frontier (Boyle opposed to the Mexican Fuentes, Hawkes, Auster, DeLillo, Pynchon, up to the so specific case of Faulkner). In spite of these resistances, we can conclude that certain fictions of the XXth century have led to see in the event a major element of the rhythmics of the writing
Koeniguer, Alexandra. "Autour du roman-photo : de la littérature dans la photographie. Les objets de Marie-Françoise Plissart et Benoît Peeters." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980585.
Full textLaplace-Claverie, Hélène. "Écrire pour la danse : les livrets de ballet de Théophile Gautier à Jean Cocteau (1870-1914)." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040155.
Full textTuri, Nicola. "Teoresi e metanarratività nel romanzo italiano dalla crisi del neorealismo al "viaggiatore" calviniano." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100040.
Full textThe thesis analyses a specific direction of the narrative italian production, more between the sixties and the seventies which moves a form or interrupted and overlapping narrative process. The aspects are discussed in regards to the generation and intentions of the texts of the romancing authors : Italo Calvino, Giorgio Manganelli, Oreste Del Buono, Alberto Arbasino, Alberto Moravia, Guido Piovene, Gianna Manzini, Giuseppe Deesi, Guiliano Gramigna, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Mario Pomilio
Takeuchi, Junko. "Marguerite Duras : l'écriture des relations mère-fille/." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080799.
Full textIn the works of marguerite duras, the mother-daughter relationship indicates not only one of her central themes but il also determines the meaning of writing itself. Il order to make the act of writing possible, the daughter has to deprive herself of the mother. To achieve the separation, there in no other way but the act of writing. The difficulty involved in the process makes her work more than a simple description of the mother-daugter relationship. The act of writing transforms and recreatres this relationship. The act of writing transforms and substitute to each other. This reciprocal reference also affects the rapport between the writing and the mothe-daugter relationship. The writing and this relationship give birth to each other and transform each other, of which process problematizes the dichotomous framework created between the copy and the originel, the fusion and the separation, or the one and the other
Allen, Jeremy Peter. "La narration casse-tête: construction de récits complexes au cinéma et au théâtre au moyen de multiples variantes d'une même réalité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28038.
Full textTremblay, Ariane. "Narration du sensible et représentation du littéraire dans Le vieux chagrin, La tournée d'automne et Les yeux bleus de Mistassini, romans de Jacques Poulin." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28947/28947.pdf.
Full textSchöch, Christof. "L’écriture descriptive dans le roman français de la seconde moitié du dix-huitième siècle." Paris 4, 2008. http://ezproxy.normandie-univ.fr/login?url=http://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-bases/garnier?filename=CshMS01.
Full textThe present study’s object is the descriptive writing in the French novel of the second half of the eighteenth century, more precisely between 1760 and 1800. Its aim is to give visibility to an episode of the history of description in the novel which is important although it is rarely studied. The way descriptive writing works is analyzed by taking into consideration three major issues: the very notion of description, the status of description in the novel and the modalities of its integration into the narrative context, as well as the relations which description entertains with painting. The study is based on the analysis of a corpus of thirty-two novels
Baechtold, Francis. "La violoncelliste est disparue : roman ; suivi de : La narration contrapuntique ou l'art de la fugue en littérature : essai." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23656.
Full textGourmaud-Gonzáles, Aline. "Migrations et métissages dans la littérature caribéenne." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2013/document.
Full textThis research work deals with Caribbean literature and more precisely with the issue of narration. A literary corpus will be used to study migrations and amalgamations within societies living in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Caribbean writers have always been very concerned with History, and their attempts to describe their own society have been a constant phenomenon since the early 20th century. Thanks to this thesis, we will try to see whether all the contributions brought along via migratory movements toward, inward and outward Caribbean have been acknowledged by the culture of the host countries. The study is divided in three parts: the first will present the concepts and the historical background alluded to in the novels and short stories, the second will consist in a textual analysis, the third will focus on some authors' points of view. Marta Rojas, Luis López Nieves and Marcio Veloz Maggiolo have been asked five questions about Caribbean literature, their own oeuvre and their sources of inspiration. Thanks to their answers, we will try to figure whether nowadays Caribbean literature should be considered as one or many
Sarr, Ndiaye Baidi. "De la narration de la révolte à la révolte narrative : approche comparative du roman francophone mauritanien, maghrébin et subsaharien." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30046.
Full textIt is the purpose of this thesis to establish a link between the Mauritanian, Maghrebian and Sub-Saharan novel in a comparative perspective, in the light of postcolonial theory and narratology; to draw attention to the unjustified negligence of Mauritanian novel production, in the light of the Maghrebian and sub-Saharan novel. After trying to identify the relationship between these themes and those developed by Maghrebian and sub-Saharan authors, we tried to show the dual hybridity both of identity and narrative that characterises this novel production. In this perspective, some common themes, including marginality, revolt, the status of women, slavery, and violence, have been highlighted. The analysis revealed that the predominant theme in the Mauritanian corpus is that of slavery. At the formal level, we explored the ‘narrative poetic’ of ethnographic novels which are essentially in the colonial period and the ‘narrative revolt’ which characterises postcolonial novels. It shows a desire to break with the realistic poetics, to impregnate the written text with narrative elements drawn from traditional oral literature, and to borrow a mode of enunciation specific to traditional tales. Thus, we witness a renewal of narrative aesthetics and the birth of a hybrid poetic on the edge of modernity and tradition. Keywords: Roman, Francophone, Mauritania, Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa, Revolt, Narration, Poetics, Hybridity, Realism, Imaginary, Written, Orality
Marras, Margherita. "L'insularité dans la littérature narrative sarde du XXe siècle." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20050.
Full textInsular vision profoundly impregnates sardinian literature : in novels the island appears as a place that the author needs to relate to and to research, like the epicentre of an imaginary world, at the horizon of all the author's quests and desires. The island is the place where heros live, heros who never determined their history but who have been wounded by it : men (whose beliefs, obsessions and desires we know) profoundly marked by their marginal condition and the uncertainties of their land. "sardity", "sardisme", "sarditude" are direct and specific expressions of sardinia's insularity. They bring the writers of this region to light and are the basis of a literature endowed with its own motivations and autonomous with regard to any system. The sardinian novel's realistic connotation is filtered through the author himself in novels conceived as instruments to perpetuate historical memory, as a way of putting forward the specificity and the problems of the island. The insular representation in this literature is, however, also a way for the novelist to annonce his existential worries, which are characteristic of the sardinian man, and to carry out his insular reconquest whilst perpetrating the values and hence fundamental reality of his land
Louÿs, Gilles. "Des romans inachevés : étude historique et structurale." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081400.
Full textThis is a historical, descriptive and typological study of unfinished french novels from the middle ages to the twentieth century, through a corpus of examples and an analysis limited to the unfinished or incomplete narratives of stendhal and giono (566 indexed titles in all). Noting the absence of a unambiguous concept of'unfinishdness', various criteria are adressed by which unfinished novels might be identified within the broader class of incomplete narratives, which are particularly numerous in the 17th and 18 centuries, inviting a study of how authors dealt with the problem of arbitrary nature of endings. The study goes on to analyse forms of unfinishedness, and their impact, in the work of stendhal and giono, and concludes in appraising such infinished and incomplete works in the light of the expectations set up by the narrative tradition. Research into different types of incompleteness suggests a distinction between (a) unfinished novels in the primary sense ; (b) fragmentary works ; (c) inconclusive cycles and romances ; (d) closed infinitely-expanding works ; (e) traces of the creative act (sketches, notes, outlines of planned works). Historically, the process leads to normalisation : with the inconclusive novels of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the open-ended narratives of the 20th, the lack of an ending ceases to be an exceptional feature, although their frequency does not challenge the paradigm of the concordant ending as a characteristic of the narrative tradition according to kermode and ricoeur. Morever, a study of the fate of unfinished works (posthumous continuations, reconstructive editions, critical readings offering explanations for the unfinished state of the work) shows that the ideal of completeness and coherence continues to shape contemporary expectations of fiction, even though the teleological conception of narrative in no way exhausts the variety of realisations of the novel as a genre
Kimoliatis, Evdokia. "Description et subjectivité dans l'œuvre romanesque d'Alain Robbe-Grillet : Instantanés, Dans le labyrinthe, Projet pour une révolution à New York, Djinn." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN1361.
Full textLamiot, Christophe. "Le temps dans la nouvelle de Frank O’connor." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100088.
Full textFrank O’Connor’s short story illustrates Paul Ricoeur's assertion according to which "the thought processes at work in any narrative configuration shape themselves into the refiguration of a temporal experience". Such a refiguration is traceable on a grammatical level (verbal, syntactical and stylistic). Frank O’Connor’s use of Greek and Celtic mythologies confirms it. The development of a "same" story through all its different successive versions suggests that frank O’Connor’s own experience of time is being presented. The characters voice the author's concerns. When they become aware of their loneliness (they have fallen outside of "time's pocket"), they dream of a time outside time, which increases their self-knowledge. Finally, even spatial notations can be subsumed to the refiguration by which time becomes the true --though abstract-- hero of the short story
Sidaoui, Sihem. "Figures du sujet dans la narration des années 1990-2000 : une approche socio-poétique de la narration discordante." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00875682.
Full textChriston, Gérard. "Le Récit d'enfance dans la littérature antillaise de langue française : (1950-2004) : mythes et réalités.fiction et vérité." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0312.
Full textThrough our research, the definition of childhood story by Denis Escarpit ideal: "a written text (. . . ) in which an adult writer, by various literary deviees, narrative or writing, tells the story of a child - himself or another - or a slice of the life of a child. " At the root of our thinking and our problems, this assertion Regis Anthony in his book Radiant writers of the Caribbean: "The child provides one more component to what we have called the genesis of a critical anthropology to the French Caribbean. (. . . ). . . The kid says, being a text more or less autobiographical problematic literary novel. " Our work has been to highlight the value and meanings of different stories of West Indian children, by identifying their distinctive features, their nature and their different functions. Problematic and hindered genre, more precisely controversial autobiography still oecupies an ever more important in French literature and literary discourse in thefrench-speaking Caribbean. Fueled by numerous criticisms made in particular by Jean-François Chiantarettc Gaston Pineau and Louis Le Grand - about the historical, sociological and anthropologicalliterature even these stories of childhood that are really narratives or Iife stories written by adult-, this controversy does not spare the infancy narratives of Caribbean writers in French. Ln terrns of Iiterature and psychoanalysis, how a writer can be split and described, in a book he agrees to publish the true story of his privacy, even as he lives? This question is one of Gaston Pineau and Jean-Louis Le Grand, who will not hesitate to express serious reservations about the "historical truth" of these texts
Meineke, Eva-Tabea. "I Misteri della città nella narrativa europea." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082323.
Full textDans la prose anglaise, française et allemande de la première moitié du XIXe siècle le mystère apparaît comme élément fondamental de l'imaginaire urbain. Non seulement il reflète l'angoisse de l'individu confronté au contexte nouveau, mais il correspond aussi aux nouveaux moyens employés pour attirer l'attention du lecteur. Les images de mystère urbain sont analysées à l'intérieur d'un corpus d'ouvrages (Balzac, Sue, Dickens, Tieck et Grillparzer) et distinguées en trois catégories: la ville comme labyrinthe, comme femme et comme monstre. A l'intérieur de ces catégories, des images traditionnelles sont adaptées au contexte nouveau de la métropole. L'intention des auteurs est, d'un côté, de profiter du sens du mystère afin de réveiller la curiosité du lecteur et, de l'autre, de rassurer le lecteur en lui proposant des points de repère sous la forme des images récurrentes et des interprétations possibles
Ziercher, Estelle. "Poétique des formes narratives en prose à la Renaissance 1496-1599." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040063.
Full textIn the Renaissance, narrative forms in prose are in a paradoxical and original situation: they have no theoretical basis, resist any predefined generic taxonomy, yet they are in full expansion and reveal innovative writing practices. Even though generic terms existed in the sixteenth century to designate different narrative categories, authors used them in a controversial way. Indeed they played on the instability of those terms and categories in order to impose rhetorical criteria in the definition of the generic identity of their written works, at the expense of formal criteria which guarantee a better objectivity. This strategic choice was intricately linked to the characteristics of the humanistic narrative. As a real laboratory of forms, it displays a poetics of diversity and presents itself as a composite text, suggesting formal innovations through the interplay of different narrative components and transgressing different generic boundaries. The syncretism of the humanistic narrative is the sign of an avant-garde poetics exploring the capacities and the limits of any narrative
Vadnais, Christiane, and Christiane Vadnais. "Mécanique de la nuit suivi de Narration et imagination environnementale dans"Les larmes de saint Laurent" de Dominique Fortier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37624.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Ce mémoire de recherche-création se divise en deux parties. La première, Mécanique de la nuit, est un recueil de nouvelles oniriques qui aborde la confrontation entre l’humain et la nature en mettant en scène des catastrophes naturelles, des animaux sauvages, des parasites, etc. Les textes se structurent par des échos entre les personnages et les lieux. Ils sont portés par une voix narrative qui raconte les histoires à la troisième personne et disserte sur la notion de rêve dans une perspective scientifique. La seconde partie s’intitule Narration et imagination environnementale dans Les larmes de saint Laurent de Dominique Fortier. Elle analyse la place de la narration dans la poétique de cette oeuvre éclatée pour ensuite en étudier la portée d’un point de vue écocritique. De cette façon, elle vise à dégager la contribution potentielle d’une narration atypique au renouvellement de l’imaginaire environnemental contemporain.
Ce mémoire de recherche-création se divise en deux parties. La première, Mécanique de la nuit, est un recueil de nouvelles oniriques qui aborde la confrontation entre l’humain et la nature en mettant en scène des catastrophes naturelles, des animaux sauvages, des parasites, etc. Les textes se structurent par des échos entre les personnages et les lieux. Ils sont portés par une voix narrative qui raconte les histoires à la troisième personne et disserte sur la notion de rêve dans une perspective scientifique. La seconde partie s’intitule Narration et imagination environnementale dans Les larmes de saint Laurent de Dominique Fortier. Elle analyse la place de la narration dans la poétique de cette oeuvre éclatée pour ensuite en étudier la portée d’un point de vue écocritique. De cette façon, elle vise à dégager la contribution potentielle d’une narration atypique au renouvellement de l’imaginaire environnemental contemporain.
This master thesis in creative writing is divided in two parts. The first one, Mécanique de la nuit, gathers dreamlike short stories about the conflict between human and nature. It stages natural catastrophes, wild animals, parasites, etc. The short stories are structured by echos between characters and places. They are told by an omniscient narrator who also talks about dreams in a scientific perspective. The title of the second part is Narration et imagination environnementale dans Les larmes de saint Laurent de Dominique Fortier. It talks about the role of narration in the novel poetic, and then analyses its scope with an ecocritic perspective. It aims to determine the potential contribution of an unusual narrative voice to the renewal of contemporary environmental imagination.
This master thesis in creative writing is divided in two parts. The first one, Mécanique de la nuit, gathers dreamlike short stories about the conflict between human and nature. It stages natural catastrophes, wild animals, parasites, etc. The short stories are structured by echos between characters and places. They are told by an omniscient narrator who also talks about dreams in a scientific perspective. The title of the second part is Narration et imagination environnementale dans Les larmes de saint Laurent de Dominique Fortier. It talks about the role of narration in the novel poetic, and then analyses its scope with an ecocritic perspective. It aims to determine the potential contribution of an unusual narrative voice to the renewal of contemporary environmental imagination.
Maurel-Indart, Hélène. "Plagiat et originalité dans le récit français du XXè siècle." Paris 13, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA131025.
Full textStudying plagiarism allows a better definition of the process of literary creation, since on the one hand, it puts into question the concepts of originality, author and authenticity, and on the other hand, it leads to a questioning of the role of imitation and influence. In order to understand the range and the nature of this literary undertaking, it is first necessary to examine the behaviour of writers in front of plagiarism from antiquity to the present day when new techniques in book publishing accentuate this phenomenon. Moreover, authors have expressed diverse judgements on the subject of plagiarism ranging from condemnation to praise. Some have even gone so far as to use plagiarism as a literary theme in writings which depict victims of plagiarism and plagiarists. Literary discourse on plagiarism inevitably overlaps with legal discourse on unauthorized publication. The law defines in its own terms the notion of literary property, the evolution of which marks the different stages of the constitution of copyright. More recently, two legal suits for unauthorized publication -the deforges-mitchell and the vautrin-griolet cases-resulted in judgements giving rise to a methodology of comparative analysis. The final aim consists in working out a typology of the different forms of borrowing which are authorized or not. Starting from a classification of legal inspiration, it is up to the literary analysis to complete and to refine distinctive criteria as well as the definitions of the borrowing. Once resituated in a context of intertextuality and of the diverse structures of belonging of the writer, the study of plagiarism reveals a certain conception of originality, oscillating between break and continuity in literary tradition
Bougon, Patrice. "Le récit chez Jean Genet : politique, vision, rhétorique." Paris 8, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA087266.
Full textGenet's writings are studied as examples of poetic narrative. Whether the texts appear as novels, autobiography or historical narrative, all share an enigmatic narrative progression marked by digression. Using the theoretical perspectives of barthes, deguy, derrida and riffaterre, the thesis analyses the motivation of narrative structure in genet's works, focussing on his specific use of rhetorical figures and lexical polysemy. Firstly, the relation between literature and politics is considered, showing that the formal aspects of the texts, their particular use of irony and the generalisation of their political criticism disallow any univocal reading despite their historical referent and polemical concerns. Secondly, the conception of visibility and the image in genet's works is analysed. Genet's aosthetic essays on rembrandt and giacometti show how a dynamic notion of the relation between narration, description and the poetic and visual image influences narrative progression. Finally, the third part of the thesis synthesises the results of the first two concerning the rhetorical and lexical specificity of genet's style, notably his use of polysemy and plays on words as a motor of narrative expansion. Two new aspects are considered: the running metaphor and its relation to dictionary defintions; the textual effects of the use of proper names and cliches. The thesis argues that genet's narrative writings, and his posthumous texts in particular, should be reevaluated from a perspective paying more attention to meaning generated by semiosis than to the simple representational logic of mimesis. Self- reference, digression and the capacity of any single word to generate narrative sequences define the specifity of genet's style whilst enabling his narrative writings to radically reconsider political and aesthetic notions, as well as the writing subject's relation to language itself
Alsheibani, Jamal. "Réécrire l'histoire au féminin : les enjeux idéologiques et poétiques de la narration dans Loin de Médine." Cergy-Pontoise, 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/09CERG0412.pdf.
Full textOur work consists in studying Loin de Médine, a historical novel by Assia Djebar, in its relationship with History. The author is based on, and at the same time criticizes the works of Ibn Saad, Ibn Hicham and Tabari and, by selecting excerpts and resorting to fiction, aims at demonstrating that their vision of facts can be questioned. It is thus opposed to History made by men and for men. Shaking certitudes is a first step towards expressing her own version, which does not rest on the opposition between right and wrong, but between fiction and plausibility. Consequently the events related in the novel become significant in the organization of the text. History is recreated and gains meaning. The author, who situates her novel in the early period of Islam, re-reads and re-writes this period by replacing women at the heart of her story. Turning History into fiction enables her to show the women who have been close to the Prophet as heroines who paved the way for Muslim women today. Loin de Médine is thus rooted into the current events of the 80's and 90's, and also appears both as a warning to Algerians and an answer to the rise of radical Islam. In her writings AD takes a stand, since she does not shrink from dealing with topical subjects such as wearing the veil, male supremacy or women's speech
Previtera, Roberta. "Le cinéma dans la fiction Hispano-Américaine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040192.
Full textThis work aims to analyze the influence of cinema on Latin American literature. The central hypothesis is that as soon as cinema, by essence a mass art form, started to win its place in the system of the arts, it influenced the way writers represent reality. The enthusiasm that cinema awoke in many Latin American writers since the beginning, and the lack of critical studies on the subject, make Latin America a very fertile ground for our research. Our work is separated in three sections. First, we introduce the issue at hand, paying special attention to semiology and narratology works starting from the 1960’s. We use the structuralist separation between “story” and “narration” to establish two different levels of borrowing, which we analyze separately in the second and third sections.In the second section, we consider the concept of influence from an intertextual perspective, observing how certain literary texts have assimilated stories previously told by cinema, integrating them under the form of insertion or through a process of rewriting.In the third section we study cinematographic influence from an intermedial perspective, by analyzing cases in which cinema is considered in its specificity as a medium. In these cases, borrowing doesn’t take place at the level of the story, but at that of the narration and the authors attempt to reproduce in writing a series of narrative methods used for the screen
Susani, Jean-Paul. "La question du double dans la psychanalyse et dans les contes : « Ombres et lumières du double »." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://scbd-sto.uni-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2017_susani.pdf.
Full textAn unusual movement of a retlective reciprocity, impels the relationships between The Double and the fields of thought and narration. Even before the development of philosophy and psychoanalysis, ,mages of the Twins and the Double appeared in the major constituent symbols of cultural organization, and were already clearly conveyed in tales. The Double is both at the heart 9f, as well as, the border of thought. It is also at work in our relationships to mirrors, gazes, in the search for our own faces. For some, The Double joins psychological modalities expressed by the languages of being, and the diversity of these figurations are seen in both classic and modern tales, in multiple and prolific ways. These literary theories and their 1 typologies, should therefore be examined in relation to the traditional meanings of the Double, in orde to fully ml-'Jerstari.d the journey and find the axes that bring coherence to a diffracted enseri1ble. Duality, and the faces of the double will also be the object of a typological proposai combining these two aspects to define the trajectories of the double. Starting in a position of recognizing the convergence and the interdependence of thought and narration, and after integrating the diverse contributions of psychoanalytical and literary theories, this thesis will study the creative and curative contributions of the genre to pursue a new psychoanalytical perspective The conclusions of this journey, illustrated through various children clinical studies and their relationship to the Double, imaginary companions and to tales, will allow a more global view of this problem
Weissgerber, Eric. "Grevouse est la guere e dure l'endurer : Violence guerrière et narration de la Guerre en Angleterre, 1296-1485." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR20002.
Full textWar is a cultural phenomenon whose only redundant character is violence: its representation is a strong disclosure of human nature. Wars and battles exist only through their accounts. Omnipresent in medieval primary sources regarding England, they were perceived as fundamental elements of life by their contemporaries. While complying with specific stylistic requirements, the chronicles' narrative framework from the late 13th to the 15th century stands out as a coalescence of feats of arms, ethos or cultural ascendancy, martial knowledge and personal opinions. The peculiarity of the reporting of war in the Middle Ages relies on this symbiosis. Its representations stress the importance of those who fight: they are able to stimulate the collective memory or fascinate by the use of ideology or example, and follow a defined path. Nevertheless, this vision of war isn't necessarily precise nor unanimous. Skill and variable recourse to narrative impressionism create a relation dominated by human limits. A brutal clash of arms, which is part of the order of the world, defines battle and is sometimes used to represent annihilation. However, ambivalence towards warlike behaviors, rather than organized criticism, balances the idea of a monolithic martial mentality during the Middle Ages. Chronicles are indeed mainly full of praises when reporting feats of arms and powess. They construct a selective and mastered sequence of action based on a selective timescale, but they remain sensitive to a traumatism acquired by experience or fantasy. These representations also benefit from strong religious and literary references. A reflection on war and its violence ensues, acknowledging or proscribing their punctual practice. The account of violent action, despite its overall epic tone, finds its unity in these ambivalent arguments, rather than in a synoptic and commonplace tale of warlike and chivalric behaviors
Giro, Alessandra. "Les personnages migrants dans le roman italien du XXIe siècle : narration homodiégétique et métafiction." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30074/document.
Full textSince homodiegetic narration and metafiction are often used when there are migrant narrators in Italian contemporary novels, my PhD project focuses on migrant narrators characters in the Italian novels published between 2001 and 2014 and proposes a comparative study of technics, symboles and historical connections connected to metafiction. The aim is to compare the various narrative metafictional technics and their themes in order to find common ways in which these novels use stylistic elements and develop themes connected to metafiction to confirm a coherent use of metafiction in these novels
Rakocevic, Robert. "Un espace dynamique ? Tensions de la spatialité dans la narration littéraire française, serbe et anglais/anglophone des années 1980 à 2000." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030115.
Full textIn various fields, including literature, much work has been done on the question of space over the last few years and decades. Some refer to a “spatial turn” in humanities and social sciences. However, in spite of a considerable general interest in this topic, the notion of space remains equivocal. The term is commonly used to denote basic facts in geography, urbanism and astronomy, but the concept is also often said to be rather complex. Husserl claimed that space was both a “content” and a “form”, while Einstein believed that its genuine nature was at the same time “obscure” and “undeniably objective”. In this thesis, we take into account the complexity of the space itself and challenge the notion of spatiality in literature. The corpus consists of novels and narratives written by V.S. Naipaul, Martin Amis, Jean Echenoz, François Bon, Radoslav Petković and David Albahari. Spatiality, such as defined here, brings us to examine both content- and form-related issues, including urban and non-urban space, spatial “polarization” (“centers” and “peripheries”, “local” and “global”, “known” and “unknown” places), border, toponymy and topography. The use of some terms specifying spatial location (such as deictics) is also analyzed, as well as the iconographic representations of space referred to in the texts and, finally, different forms of self-reflexive discourse inherent in the writing of space. The analysis reveals that every level of spatiality has an essentially dynamic, non-static quality, as the elements that it is composed of are in constant opposition and interaction
Monachesi, Maria Teresa. "La représentation du migrant dans la littérature narrative italienne contemporaine." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH039.
Full textAbstractIn this study I propose to give a record on the special feature of Italian literary works concerning the subject of migration.My corpus includes the essential of the writings (eight autobiographical stories and four novels) published in Italy between 1990 (year that marks in Italy the growing of this new literary genre) and 2015.Authors taken into consideration are mostly Italians with an immigrant background, they are first-generation or second-generation immigrants.It’s a question of six men and six women. One of the issues of my comparative study is to try to determine the special features of an immigrant female writing study.For the first part of my work I trace the history of the migratory phenomenon during the last century analyzing the transformation of Italy from an emigration land into an immigration land.I also analyze the evolution of the lexicon gone with this transformation from 80’s.The second part is characterized by an interpretation of the works composing the corpus, concentrating my attention on the immigrant’s representation, on the way every writer reports his life conditions, on the personal experience, on his relationship often ambivalent with natives.I analyze the variety on the ways of representation (and self-representation) of the immigrant, according to the sexual identity, to the geographical, cultural and social origin of the writer, but also the die-hard singularity of his process.The last part is concerned with the analysis of the critical reception of this production in Italy.Key-words: migrant, migration, literature, stereotype, discrimination, racism
Makdani, Ghassane. "Le récit carcéral dans la littérature arabe contemporaine : étude sémiologique narrative." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA1080.
Full textThis study has set the objective analysis of the structure of contemporary Arabic narrative prison and aesthetic and symbolic litters. At the methodological level, the study used the narrative semiotics as an instrument approach procedure to the structure and allow a transition to other levels, including the socio-psychological approach. The prison story, which takes the form of the novel or autobiographical narrative promotes a term that highlights a person undergoing a descent into hell without a real quest item. This story evolves around three stages: before, during and after incarceration. Each period has its characteristics and its themes. The theme of incarceration is also developing around two axes: The Self and the space-time. The semiotic analysis of narrative contemporary Arabic prison, do not stop at the structure, the transition to others approaches is needed for a more comprehensive study
Montoro, Araque Mercedes. "Les figures mythiques dans l'oeuvre narrative de Théophile Gautier." Grenoble 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE39024.
Full textMythical figures appear between the lines and "emerge" in the work of th. Gautier. However, in which context within that work are they normally found? do they come from the symbol, mytheme or mythical"recit"? are they the answer to a particular reading? are they organized around a particular core of ideas or philosopy typical of its time? when these figures are linked to "art", which role and aims are given to them? the analysis of the different mythical figures highlights, in the first section of this thesis, a group of mythical figures that allow us to follow the traces of the explicit mythsas well as those implicit at the textual level. On the other hand, the "symbolic hyperconstruction" deduced from the above reveals the core of my analysis : hermes and the art of the great work. The aim of the second part is to reorganize the plurality of the mythical figures which had come from the alchemic domain. The third part underlines the importance of the mythical entities within the art whereby th. Gautier "has always preferred the statue to women, the marble to flesh". The myth criticism perspective shows, nevertheless, that this work of "multiple possibilities" is organized around a determined central point. Following this th. Gautier appears as a writer who prefers unity to multiple myths, to varied figures and to different ways of expressing himself. This unity is manifested, at a formal level, through the personal myth "recit"; at the level of mythical figures, through the "androgynous"; finally the artistic unity of the writer-painter who fights for beauty and against thhe destructive power of time
Camus, Audrey. "Le pays imaginaire dans la littérature narrative française du XXe siècle." Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030012.
Full textFrom Atlantis to Balkhyrie, all the way through Liliput, we survey, in our reader's life, several countries that are not accounted for by any maps. In our memory, all those imaginary lands form a distinct territory that subsumes the diversity of their cultural and temporal idiosyncrasies, as it does for their disparate vocations and their various contextual meanings. However, the imaginary land, because it transcends generic and chronological borders, has a tendency to evade categorial acknowledgement. This work intends to understand its contemporary existence, which is as indeniable as it is problematic, by analysing the theoretic reasons of its misunderstanding as well as the mecanisms that permits its reading, and ultimately proposing that they result from its fundamental atopy
Granger-Mathieu, Geneviève. "Modalités de la représentation dans l'oeuvre narrative de Tommaso Landolfi." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30064.
Full textTommaso Landolfi who is a contemporary writer (1908-1979) often talks about his fear of the real world. Can that reality be dreaded through the words it is closely linked to and which may act as protective screens and transmitting agents at the same time ? It is the great question that has been bothering literature since Plato and Aristote that is to say : its ability to represent reality. Landolfi has set up that particular question in his novels and short stories, especially. His position is still ambiguous, between realism and imaginary, illusion and desperate clearness. The virtuosity of his style and the abandon to fate intertwining endlessly form the shape of his narrative work. According to him, literature is mainly inappropriate. In the meantime, the writer can't accept this unability about the connection to reality. He tries to investigate in an often archaic but deeply original language, all modalities of representation from a weary realism to fantasy
Galisson, Olivia. "Le sujet poétique au coeur de la narration dans les poemetti de Pascoli : les voix dans le discours poétique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030127.
Full textThis thesis aims to study poetic enunciation in Giovanni Pascoli’s Poemetti. Within the framework of a narrative poetry that gives ample space to reported speech, thus multiplying enunciatory subjects, the constitution of the poetic subject occurs via a polyphony which, far from being the prerogative of the novel, interrogates both traditional narrative forms and the monological lyrical model. The title of G. Contini’s foundational essay, « Il linguaggio di Pascoli », indicates that the voices that are heard in Pascoli’s most studied collections, Myricae and Canti di Castelvecchio, participate to the development of a metalinguistic process ; however, the voices that occur in the Poemetti draw attention to poetry’s metadiscursive function. It is its inscription within a shared, collective discourse that enables the biographical and allegorical subject to constitute itself and to overcome the feelings of bewilderment and solitude that define it. The subject then searches for an answer to the feeling of exclusion that haunts him in the collectiveness of family or community voices, either local or national, and especially in the autarkic and ideal family community of the “georgic novel”. It might seem paradoxical to emphasize polyphony and a form of dialogism in the context of an epos, or of lyrical poetry. The epos should indeed presuppose a world-view that is common to the characters, the author and the reader. Lyricism, on the other hand, should be founded upon the expression of an individual and intimate subjectivity. But we should not discount Pascoli’s will to fuse the singular and the collective in his poetic voice. Even his autobiographical poetry is indeed addressed to all. The polyphony, which expresses the individual subject’s relation to the collectivity, defines the subject as being initially and irrevocably plural. Thus the poemetto appears to be an innovative genre that combines the narration of a common story, characteristic of the epos, with the questioning of subjectivy that is specific to lyricism