Academic literature on the topic 'National Basic Public Health Service'
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Journal articles on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Olaseinde, Oluseyi R., and William R. Brieger. "Health Worker Perceptions of the Integration of Leprosy Control Services at the Primary Health Care Level in Ibadan, Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 22, no. 1 (April 2003): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/phlv-8acr-xjwe-410p.
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A goal of both the World Health Organization and the Nigerian National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control (TBL) Program is to integrate leprosy control services into the front line primary health care service system. Traditionally, leprosy services had been handled by one local government officer with little involvement of other health staff, and this limited access and timeliness of services for leprosy patients. Even after the national TBL program was implemented, integration has not been achieved, and this study of 203 front line health workers in the five local government areas that comprise the Ibadan metropolitan area of Oyo State, Nigeria sought to determine the role of health worker knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in fostering or inhibiting leprosy service integration. Leprosy knowledge scores were positively associated with years in service, having lectures on leprosy during basic training, and having attended in-service training (IST) on leprosy. Among the cadres interviewed, Environmental Health Officers (EHOs), who had traditionally managed leprosy services prior to the move for integrated services, had the highest scores. EHOs and those who had leprosy lectures during basic training also had better attitudes toward leprosy than their counterparts. Male health staff and those who had leprosy lectures during basic training also had higher attitude scores concerning integrating leprosy control services with primary care. Finally, the only factor associated with perceived self-efficacy to perform leprosy control services was cadre. Ironically, Community Health Extension workers, who have had little in the way of experience with and training in leprosy control, believed they could handle these responsibilities better than other cadres. The influence of basic and in-service training on enhancing leprosy control knowledge and attitudes is recognized and enhancement of curricula for all cadres on leprosy issues is recommended.
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Zhao, Pengyu, Xueyan Han, Lili You, Yu Zhao, Li Yang, and Yuanli Liu. "Effect of basic public health service project on neonatal health services and neonatal mortality in China: a longitudinal time-series study." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e034427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034427.
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ObjectiveTo analyse the trend change and level change of neonatal health services and neonatal mortality before and after the introduction of the Basic Public Health Service (BPHS) project in 2009.Design and settingA national longitudinal study on neonatal mortality from 1991 to 2017 and neonatal health services from 2000 to 2017 was conducted based on data extracted from the National Neonatal Mortality Surveillance System and National Health Statistic Yearbook. The segmented linear regression model was used to assess the level changes and trend changes of the outcome variables before and after the introduction of BPHS project. Pearson correlation analysis as conducted to measure association between neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) and maternal health management rates (MMRs), neonatal visit rates, respectively.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome variables were national NMR, the gap of NMR between urban and rural areas, maternal health management rate and neonatal visit rate.ResultsThe annual trend change coefficient of national NMR and the gap of NMR between urban and rural areas were −0.57 (p<0.01) and −0.49 (p<0.01) after the introduction of BPHS project, while the annual trend coefficient of the MMR and the neonatal visit rate were 1.21 (p<0.01) and 0.85 (p<0.01), respectively. The negative correlations were found between NMR and MMR (r=−0.79, p<0.01) and neonatal visit rate (r=−0.76, p<0.01).ConclusionThe BPHS project was found to be associated with increased volume of neonatal health services and reduced NMR. The design and implementation of this project may provide references to other low-income and middle-income countries.
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Bijelović, Sanja, Valentina Grossi, Enkhtsetseg Shinee, Oliver Schmoll, Dragana Jovanović, Katarina Paunović, Nataša Dragić, and Radmila Velicki. "Water, sanitation, and hygiene services in health care facilities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia." Journal of Water and Health 20, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.063.
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Abstract Provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in health care facilities is a priority at the global, national, and local levels. To inform improvements planning, conditions of WASH, waste management, and environmental cleaning were assessed in 81 facilities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia, as part of a nationally representative survey in 2019. The survey included on-site checks, structured interviews, and drinking-water quality analysis. WHO/UNICEF indicators for WASH service levels and an advanced service level defined at the national level were applied. The results showed that all investigated facilities provided basic water services; 94% of facilities provided basic hygiene and waste management services; 58 and 2%, respectively, provided basic cleaning and sanitation services. Only 1% of investigated facilities met the basic level for all five WASH dimensions. Advanced service levels were only met for hygiene, waste management, and/or cleaning in 15–38% of facilities. In 33% of health care facilities, drinking-water quality was not in compliance with the national standards. The results revealed that there is a need for increased awareness and efforts to ensure basic provisions for sanitation, environmental cleaning, and drinking-water safety.
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Yuliyanti, Suryani, Fathurrahman Maulana Rifqi, Rizal Lutfi Prasetyo, Elis Nurhasanah, Ahmada Bagus Priambada, and Pujiati Abbas. "Analysis of Basic Immunization Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Public Health Centers in Semarang." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (November 26, 2021): 1338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7336.
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BACKGROUND: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected public health services, including routine immunization services. If this condition continues, the national immunization coverage will decrease, thereby potentially increasing the risk of immunization preventable diseases. AIM: This study aims to determine the coverage of complete basic immunization services in Semarang before (December 2019) and during the pandemic (May 2020) and the factors that affect the coverage of complete basic immunization services. METHODS: This study describes complete basic immunization based on data taken in June-August 2021 at three health centers in Semarang. The data used were the number of visits and the type of immunization obtained from the medical records of the Health Center Management Information System. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with the person in charge of the immunization program at the Public Health Center (Puskesmas) to determine the influence factors of the immunization coverage. The data from the interviews were then analyzed thematically. RESULTS: There were 3594 infants who received immunization services, consisting of 2401 before the pandemic and 1193 during the pandemic. The average decrease in the number of basic immunization services was 50.31%. The decrease in the number of basic immunization services occurred in all network public health centers with an average of Puskesmas Genuk (−36.63%), Halmahera (−40%), and Pandanaran (−26.35%). The mother’s fear of COVID-19 contagious, service time and patients restrictions by the PHC, and IPV vaccine stock out have reduced the basic vaccination coverage in all public health centers. CONCLUSION: There was a decline in basic immunization coverage during the pandemic, so it is necessary to fulfill basic immunization needs and service inn
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Tang, Dan, and Jiwen Wang. "Basic Public Health Service Utilization by Internal Older Adult Migrants in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010270.
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Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched a basic public health services (BPHS) equalization program to provide the same BPHS to all the citizens. However, utilization of BPHS among older migrants is still low. The purpose of this paper was to explore the determinant individual and contextual factors of older migrants’ utilization of BPHS, and to provide suggestion for the government to improve BPHS utilization. Based on Andersen’s model of health services use, data from the China’s Regional Economic Statistics Yearbook 2014 and National Health and Family Planning Dynamic Monitoring Survey on Migrant Population 2015 were analyzed using a hierarchical random intercept model for binary outcomes. Results showed that the percentage of migrant older adults receiving free physical examinations, which is an important item of BPHS, was 36.2%. Predisposing (education, hukou, living duration in the host city, and scope of migration), enabling (health insurance and social networks), and need (self-rated health and chronic conditions) factors of individuals’ characteristics had significant impact on the use of BPHS. The proportions of both migrant children enrolled in public schools and people with established health records had a positive impact on an individual’s chance of receiving free physical examinations. These findings suggest that economic development and improvement at the level of the city’s health resources cannot effectively improve access to BPHS by older adult migrants. Instead, the driving force appears to be supportive policies for the migrant population.
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Singh, Pankaj, Amrita Gupta, Akhilesh Tripathi, Meera Dhuria, and Pradeep Aggarwal. "Developing public health capacities of Frontline Public Health Workforce in Uttarakhand." Indian Journal of Community Health 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2022.v34i03.025.
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Recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of increase in the ability of public health workforce to detect and respond to the public health threats. For timely implementation of an adequate response and mitigation measure, the standardized and sustainable capacity building programme for frontline public health workforce is the need of hour. National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in partnership with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), developed a three-month in-service Basic Epidemiology Training programme. This is a tailor-made programme for frontline public health workforce to strengthen epidemiological skills. This training was a practical interactive approach to field epidemiology for three months on the job training for frontline public health workforce that addressed the critical skills needed to conduct surveillance effectively at the local level while focusing on improving disease detection, reporting and feedback. The training also demonstrated the role of learning model in form of interaction between the mentor and the mentees. The importance of handhold support given by the mentors to the mentees in quality outbreak investigations and documentation.
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Puspaningtyas, Anggraeny. "KUALITAS PELAYANAN PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS PELAKSANAAN OTONOMI DAERAH PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR." DIA: Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 16, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/dia.v16i2.1923.
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The opening of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that the national objective of the Indonesian state is to educate the life of the nation, create public welfare, protect all of Indonesia's bloodshed, and help implement world order and lasting peace. Efforts to achieve these national goals can be done through the fulfillment of basic rights of the community, one of which is through education. Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 2 of 2018th concerning Minimum Service Standards (Standart Pelayanan Mutu/SPM) that compulsory government affairs relating to basic services consist of education; health; public works and spatial planning; public housing and residential areas; peace, public order and community and social protection. Furthermore, the education SPM includes the Provincial Education SPM and the District/City Education SPM. The types of basic services in the SPM of Provincial Education consist of secondary education and special education. While the types of basic services in the district/city education SPM consist of early childhood education, basic education and equality education. The researcher was interested in knowing how the quality of regional autonomy-based education services in East Java Province.
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Hartuti, Purnaweni, and Swastuti Endang. "Implementation of Basic Infrastructure Education in Demak Coastal Regency." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 08025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187308025.
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The most important public services given by state according to public administration sphere are education and health services. Education is very strategic aspect and is very influencial to human and also the nation's productivity. However, in Indonesia education service implementation is still very complex, with clear disparity in educational service, showing that there has been inequality in educational service handling. Therefore the government implements minimum educational service standard of basic education. This research was aimed at evaluating the fulfillment of the Minimum Service Standard (MSS) for Basic Education in Demak Regency, which in fact a coastal area with various physical and environmental problems. This descriptive qualitative research was done through interview, and analysis on secondary data. It was found that inequality of educational service was proved by the gap of achievements of the basic service requirements in terms of Government responsibility. Therefore the research recommended that the local government should provide greater budget for MSS for Basic Education, and by incorporating the accomplishment of the MSS into its Local Medium-term Development Plan (RPJMD), and Strategic Plan for Demak Regencial Office of Education, besides arrange cooperation with private sector.
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Váradi, Ágnes. "E-health developments in the system of health services in Hungary and the European Union." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 21 (May 2014): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29913.
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The question of electronic solutions in public health care has become a contemporary issue at the European Union level since the action plan of the Commission on the e-health developments of the period between 2012 and 2020 has been published. In Hungary this issue has been placed into the centre of attention after a draft on modifications of regulations in health-care has been released for public discourse, which – if accepted – would lay down the basics of an electronic heath-service system. The aim of this paper is to review the basic features of e-health solutions in Hungary and the European Union with the help of the most important pieces of legislation, documents of the European Union institutions and sources from secondary literature. When examining the definition of the basic goals and instruments of the development, differences between the European Union and national approaches can be detected. Examination of recent developmental programs and existing models seem to reveal difficulties in creating interoperability and financing such projects. Finally, the review is completed by the aspects of jurisdiction and fundamental rights. It is concluded that these issues are mandatory to delineate the legislative, economic and technological framework for the development of the e-health systems. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 822–827.
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Li, Daxu, Meixuan Luo, Yu Liu, Jing Dong, Wei Geng, Xiaoliu Li, Lijun Yang, Jin Wang, and Peihua Cao. "Increased Rates of Health Management and Health Education on Hypertension and Diabetes in Inner Mongolia, China: 10-Year Population Level Trends (2009–2018)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 13048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013048.
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Health management and health education are two important tasks in the national basic public health service project with a wide audience, large service volume, and high accessibility. From 2009 to 2018, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China launched the basic public health service (BPHS) project comprehensively. The implementation of health management and health education was supported and instructed actively. This study aimed to document population-level trends in health management and health education on chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes in Inner Mongolia, China. We collected monthly and annual reports on the implementation progress of the BPHS project in Inner Mongolia, China. A two-stage random sampling method was used to investigate health management and health education for hypertension and diabetes patients. The rate of standard health management for both hypertension and diabetes has significantly increased. The blood pressure control rate and glycemic control rate have also improved. This work provides the most comprehensive evidence to date regarding the upward trends in health management and health education on chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes in Inner Mongolia, China.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Robins, Jenny. "Counselling psychology in a changing National Health Service." Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3701/.
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Aim: Within the field of obesity, evidence shows that weight regain following weight loss is extremely common, demonstrating that weight loss treatments are not effective. Considering that attachment history influences a person’s capacity for emotional regulation and that some people use food to self-soothe, increasing our understanding of the relationship between attachment style and obesity might inform better treatments. This study is comprised of two parts: the first part investigates whether attachment style predicts outcome in a 12-session group treatment for obesity and the second part explores the experience of that treatment. Design: The study utilises a mixed methods design with participants from a group treatment for obesity which comprises: the Attachment Style Questionniare (ASQ), completed by 52 group members, along with their body mass index (BMI) measures at the start and end of the treatment, analysed using a backwards multiple regression to test whether the 5 dimensions of the ASQ can predict participants’ change in BMI; and semi-structured interviews with 7 people from the same treatment analysed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) guidelines. Method: Data was collected from 52 people attending group treatment for obesity with an NHS service in South East England, which included the ASQ and BMI measures at Week 1 and Week 12 of treatment. The change in BMI was entered as the dependent variable for the regression in SPSS and the five attachment dimensions were entered as predictors. 7 people who had taken part in Part I of this research participated in interviews about their group experience. Transcripts were subjected to IPA. Results: Quantitative findings produced a model in which the ASQ dimension Confidence (in relationships) significantly predicted change in BMI in a negative direction (i.e. the participants who scored higher on Confidence lost less weight than those with lower scores). Confidence explained 8% of the variance (R2=0.08, F(1,50)=4.32, p<0.05). Qualitative findings produced four super-ordinate themes which included: the sadness at the course ending; the support and comfort felt from others in the group experience; the positive aspects of the group treatment; and the negative aspects of the group treatment. Other group members appeared to have a substantial impact on participants, whether positive or negative. Some accounts reflected the importance of others in feeling accepted and supported. Other accounts conveyed less of an emphasis on feeling part of the group and more on feeling separate. Conclusions: The quantitative results are inconclusive and possible reasons for this are discussed. The qualitative findings suggest that it is likely that group intervention for obesity could be improved by attention to attachment and by tailoring treatments more specifically to individuals.
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Davies, A. C. L. "Accountability : a public law analysis of National Health Service contracts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7fa277f4-ba95-46e6-bd82-81ab2236acd5.
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The thesis takes as its subject the concept of accountability. It examines the use made of the concept in the public law literature, and advances a novel analytical model of the individual accountability mechanism. The model identifies the essential features of that mechanism: setting standards against which an account can be judged; requiring the person being called to account to explain and justify his or her actions; judging the account rendered against the standards set; and responding to the account rendered, where appropriate, with enforcement measures. This analytical approach provides a way of examining, in detail, an individual accountability mechanism, and identifying the main practical problems faced by the parties to it. The approach is applied to an empirical case study of National Health Service (NHS) contracts. (The fieldwork involved an examination of contractual relationships between purchasers (Health Authorities and GP fundholders) and providers (NHS Trusts) in three sample areas, using document analysis, interviews and observation.) The study's main findings fall into three groups. Firstly, purchasers were subject to various pressures and constraints (of time and resources, for example) which affected their actions in calling providers to account. Secondly, the study uncovered some of the complexities of the relationship between the parties to the accountability process. Analytical models of the accountability relationship were developed in order to classify different types of relationship according to the parties' behaviour and their degree of mutual trust. Thirdly, the study examined whether purchasers, as callers to account, could render the accountability process effective. For various reasons, purchasers often lacked the authority to set and enforce the standards they required. The model of the accountability mechanism developed in the thesis also has evaluative potential. Drawing on the public law literature as well as the empirical data, a notion of the good accountability process is evolved. This includes, for example, requirements of maximising the accountability achieved within available resources, maintaining good relationships by using fair procedures, and finding ways of making the whole process effective. Some of these principles may be of more general application to other accountability processes. Possible generalisations are explored, particularly the contribution of the thesis to the development of an explicitly public law concept of contract.
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Donnelly, Pamela Christine. "Marketing planning in the National Health Service : implementation and consequences." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325397.
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Corby, Susan Ruth. "Private sector norms and public service practices : employment relations in the Civil Service and the National Health Service." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2003. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6137/.
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This submission for a PhD by published work looks at employment relations in the Civil Service and the National Health Service( NHS) over the last decade and in particular at management/union relations, pay determination and equal opportunities. The focus of research over this period was the extent to which private sector norms are advocated by the State impacted on public sector practices: a) in the Civil Service compared to the NHS b) in employing bodies within the Civil Service(ie executive agencies and employing bodies within the NHS (ie NHS trusts). The submission is in three parts. First, the distinctions between the private and public sectors are discussed along with the change agenda pursued by successive governments since 1979 to make the public sector more like the private sector. Second, four key debates are rehearsed: whether the state as employer is no longer a 'model' employer, whether there has been trade union renewal; whether the public sector ethos has been undermined; and whether the accession of the Labour government in 1997 was a watershed in respect of public sector employment relations. Third, the author's contributions to these debates are demonstrated.
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Bentley, Melissa. "A National Assessment of Ideal Cardiovascular Health among Emergency Medical Service Professionals." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480456097279235.
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Wood, Aileen J. "Towards a national library and information services policy in public sector healthcare in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275086.
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Shepherd, Michael Allan. "Public involvement practice in the National Health Service : narratives of power, resistance and partnership." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/cdce5e32-fac7-4924-8ede-935b6d3aa411.
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Campbell, Lucy Zarina. "Using communication technologies to deliver public health agendas in National Health Service food and drink automated vending." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10038795/.
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This research responded to a National Health Service (NHS) wide problem. The problem is how to create healthier automated food and drink vending services. The research’s’ interpretation of this central research problem is embedded in the Facilities Management (FM) perspective. Vending retail products do not support government healthy lifestyle policies and initiatives. FMs have to change this through catering contracts. However, there is little guidance on how to design, evidence and operationalise improvement. The research tested vending point of sale designs over a year, trying to reduce the sale of unhealthy products. Secondly, it developed a novel application of a nutritional profile to enable the service design process and evidence change. Thirdly, the research baselined service level information through survey n=1,292. Night shift staff were a key stakeholder as it was thought that vending was their only retail catering and the impact was unknown. Regression modelling and multivariate analysis was used in the survey and design tests. Linear regression was used to understand the impact of vending point of sale design on sales. Logistic regression was used to test service level perceptions in the survey. The statistical methods used were flexible. The survey design and analysis is widely applicable to evaluate many services. The research found that in combination, changing product ranges, adding nutritional labels, and moving water to eye level significantly reduces unhealthy sales. However real change requires healthier vending products. The nutritional profile adapted is highly suitable to standardise service and evaluate how healthy vending products really are. The survey was a novel and statistically robust addition to FM service evaluation. It proved staff perception of poor catering, inadequate breaks, innutritious food and need for staff food education. Vending was central. Finally, making meaningful service improvements and setting thresholds in the statistical models confidently required in depth first-hand knowledge.
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Hardacre, Jeanne E. "Exploring the links between leadership and improvement in the UK National Health Service." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/53648/.
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Whilst the need for leadership in healthcare is well-recognised, there is still a lack of understanding about how leadership contributes to improving healthcare services. The body of knowledge concerning improvement has grown significantly in recent years, but evidence about links between leadership and health services improvement remains poor, especially within the UK National Health Service. It remains unclear how and why leadership is important to service improvement. This thesis describes aspects of a broader study commissioned by The Health Foundation. Firstly, the work aimed to explore the extent to which different types of service improvement require different types of leadership behaviour. Secondly, it aimed to investigate the nature of any links between leadership behaviour and improving services. The work draws on theoretical models and concepts of leadership and improvement in the literature, as well as empirical research in these areas. A typology of healthcare improvement was developed in order to classify different types of improvement work. Data about leadership behaviours were derived from semistructured interviews and using Q-Sort methodology. The study provides insights into which aspects of leadership are used for different types of improvement work. It makes an original and NHS-specific contribution to the literature, providing empirical evidence of how NHS leadership is associated with service improvement. Results highlight the importance of the relational aspects of leadership behaviour in improving NHS services, reinforcing trends in the literature which promote shared and distributed leadership approaches. A model of improvement leadership is proposed, based on the concept of ‘interdependence’. This model could provide the basis for an alternative emphasis in developing leadership in healthcare organisations, away from teaching skills to individuals, towards a collective, team-based approach to leading services with a shared purpose.
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Watson, Julia A. "Patients' choice between the National Health Service and the private sector in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Boston University, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38113.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The aim of this dissertation is to explain how elective surgery patients choose between the public and private hospital sectors in the United Kingdom, and to analyze government policy changes which affect this choice. First the choice between the public and private sectors is modeled for the case where there is no private insurance available. The model takes into account the different rationing mechanisms used by National Health Service (NHS) and private hospitals to allocate surgery among patients. Private hospitals charge a price and ration on the basis of willingness to pay , while NHS hospitals , which face budget limits, ration on the basis of clinical need and require patients to wait for surgery. Consequently, a patient's choice of sector depends on her income and her level of clinical need. A simulation model is used to compare the efficiency and equity of two policy measures designed to raise the number of people receiving elective surgery : an increase in NHS funding and a subsidy to the price of private surgery. The subsidy is shown to be more efficient and the NHS funding increase more equitable. Within the same framework an expected utility model of the demand for private health insurance is developed. Two cases are analyzed: the case where individuals have no information about their future need for elective surgery and the case where they have partial information. In each case it is shown that for a given insurance premium there is a threshold level of income above which people buy insurance. It is also shown by simulation that in each case the insurance company can set a premium that allows it to break even. Finally the two models are combined. This enables the efficiency and equity of an increase in NHS funding, a subsidy to private care and a subsidy to private insurance to be compared in a situation where some private patients have insurance to cover the cost of their surgery. The NHS funding increase is shown to be most equitable , and depending on the definition of efficiency chosen, one of the two subsidies is most efficient.
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Books on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Broom, Catherine. Public art in the National Health Service. [s.l: The author], 1990.
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Bevan, Aneurin. Aneurin Bevan on the National Health Service. Edited by Webster Charles 1936- and Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine. Oxford: University of Oxford, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, 1991.
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Lisa, Bossons, ed. BTEC national health and social care. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, 2007.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to prohibit discrimination, on the basis of race, color, or national origin, in programs and activities relating to occupational and other exposure to hazardous substances. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1994.
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Public law and health service accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993.
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Individual National Research Service Awards. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1988.
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National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (U.S.). Individual National Research Service Awards. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1988.
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), National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (U S. Individual National Research Service Awards. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1988.
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Building a health service fit for the future: A national framework for service change in the NHS in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Corby, Susan. "The National Health Service." In Public Management in Britain, 180–93. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27574-8_11.
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Moon, Graham, and Ian Kendall. "The National Health Service." In Managing the New Public Services, 172–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22646-7_8.
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Kendall, Ian, Graham Moon, Nancy North, and Sylvia Horton. "The National Health Service." In Managing the New Public Services, 200–218. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24723-3_10.
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Corby, Susan. "The National Health Service." In Managing People in the Public Services, 149–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24632-8_4.
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Burton, Michael. "The National Health Service." In The Politics of Public Sector Reform, 128–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316240_10.
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Kirkpatrick, Ian, Stephen Ackroyd, and Richard Walker. "The National Health Service." In The New Managerialism and Public Service Professions, 76–102. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503595_4.
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Robinson, Sally. "Promoting health in the National Health Service." In Principles and Practice of Health Promotion and Public Health, 382–408. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367823696-19.
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Lee, Kenneth. "Public Expenditure, Planning and Local Democracy." In Conflicts in the National Health Service, 210–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003282228-10.
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Webster, Charles. "Labour and the Origins of the National Health Service." In Science, Politics and the Public Good, 184–202. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09514-8_10.
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Tritter, Jonathan Q. "Framing the Production of Health in Terms of Public Value: Lessons from the UK National Health Service." In Public Value, 158–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36431-8_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Yashina, Nadezhda, Elena Poiusheva, Olga Stulova, Ilia Oskolkov, and Aleksander Kalinin. "Public financing of health care as a basic value of human capital." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.ztbp1242.
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Human capital is the main element of the country’s national wealth. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological tools for assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of national projects and state programs in the field of healthcare as a tool for ensuring the development of Russia’s human capital. The developed methodological toolkit was tested on the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, financial authorities of Russia for 2019. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of national projects and state programs in the field of healthcare was carried out on the basis of the final standardized indicators of achieving the goal. The indicators take into account the immediate results of national projects, government programs, the financial potential of short-term and long-term healthcare financing in Russia. The use of such indicators makes it possible to classify regions with a high, satisfactory and unsatisfactory level of implementation of budgetary policy and develop measures aimed at understanding that the main value of the country is people.
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Heloisa Maciel, Regina, João Bosco Feitosa dos Santos, and Ana Paula Torres do Nascimento. "Working Conditions of Health Technicians in Ceará’s Public Health System." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100520.
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The study aims to analyze the working conditions of health professionals of Basic Health Units (BHU) of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. BHUs are primary health care units that are the front door of the national public health system. The research analyzes working conditions of primary care auxiliary and/or technicians and their perceptions regarding working conditions and harassment. It is a cross-sectional survey of exploratory nature, using quantitative and qualitative methods. 120 mid-educational level background workers answered a questionnaire containing socio-economic information; an occupational stressors scale and the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Nine technicians and auxiliaries participated in individual interviews. Observations of workplaces were also done. 2.5% of participants declared to have suffered workplace harassment. However, 11.7% reported negative acts towards them, weekly or daily in the last six months. The participants perceive their working conditions as precarious. They report employment instability, lack of equipment, low salaries, and long working journeys. They appear to worry about exercising their activities with prejudice to the services’ quality and to their health. The study points to the need for actions that bring egalitarian conditions in terms of employment to this category of workers, better working conditions, and financial and social recognition.
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Chistyakov, Maxim, Aleksey Gubernatorov, Aleksey Krasnov, Ivan Trifonov, and Lyudmila Shmeleva. "Health as an enduring value asset and resource factor of social wealth." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.tldc2642.
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This study is devoted to current health issues as an individual and public good to identify the dependence and correlation of the individual’s quality of life and health in the general concept of valuable goods of global civilizational development in increasing threats to the individual and humanity. The indicator of the well-being of society – life expectancy, which directly depends on the institutional factors of the state policy of health as a resource factor and value asset of society. Statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, characterizing mortality from various causes, and life expectancy in chronological dynamics in different age groups are given. The article reveals cause-and-effect relations of the necessity of constructive consolidation of power, business, and society to responsible attitude to own personal health while considering external and implemented environmental background factors in raising the economic status of health as public wealth. The authors are unanimous that the social significance and economic effect of health preservation as a basic value resource is the convergence of lifestyle, environmental conditions, family and upbringing, harmful factors of a person’s harmful lifestyle (bad habits).
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Putri, Andika, and Wahyu Sulistiadi. "Hospital Health Service Innovation in the National Health Insurance Era." In The 6th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph.04.85.
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Sitihajar, Chamelia Anggraeni Probo, and Dumilah Ayuningtyas. "Quality of Basic Child Immunization Program According to Minimum Service Standard at Community Health Center." In The 6th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph-fp.04.09.
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Sitihajar, Chamelia Anggraeni Probo, and Dumilah Ayuningtyas. "Quality of Basic Child Immunization Program according to Minimum Service Standard at Community Health Center." In The 6th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph.04.62.
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Artawan Eka Putra, I. W. G. "DEMAND ANALYSIS OF THE OSING COMMUNITY FOR FIRST LEVEL HEALTH FACILITY SERVICE AT THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM." In International Conference on Public Health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icoph.2017.3107.
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Tatum, Nathan, Sven Rodenbeck, and Robert C. Williams. "Engineering for Life: A History of the Public Health Service Engineers." In Third National Congress on Civil Engineering History and Heritage. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40594(265)45.
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Mitrović, Ljubinko, and Predrag Raosavljević. "HUMAN RIGHTS OMBUDSMEN IN THE PANDEMIC: CHALLENGES IN PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18353.
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Pandemic of virus COVID-19 posed numerous and unprecedented challenges to citizens and authorities which required shift in behavior and actions of all segments of society. Representing Ombudsmen Institution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, authors shared their experience in monitoring implementation of the decisions of all levels of government and presented challenges in striking the right balance between interests of public health and protection of rights of vulnerable groups. Public authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina have passed emergency measures aimed at containing the spread of virus, but some of them failed to maintain human rights standards. Following the decisions of crisis centers to limit the freedom of movement, it was necessary to secure rights of children to education, protection from domestic violence and neglect in the family context. In introducing online education, authorities were asked to adapt recognition and grading system to the children in different conditions and circumstances, especially to the children with difficulties in development, children living in poverty and on margins of society such as Roma children or those living in institutions. Ombudsmen Institution registered increase in the number of domestic violence cases because measures limiting freedom of movement had impact on victims' ability to seek help from trusted sources, usually members of immediate family or representatives of law enforcement agencies. Having in mind that large number of citizens could not afford access to the official gazettes in any form, Ombudsmen requested that all enacted legislation be accessible online recommended that the decision banning reporters from conferences be reconsidered, guided by the right of citizens to be informed of their government actions. Examining the practice of placing COVID stickers on mail by the Post Office, Ombudsmen issued recommendation to stop such practice as it was deemed disproportional to the right to privacy and protection of personal data, while the protection of postal workers could have been ensured by other protective measures. It also became evident that national budgetary capacities had to be increased in order to prevent deterioration in provision of basic public services such as health and social protection, since economic consequences of the pandemic were disproportionally felt by the groups exposed to poverty, such as Roma, refugees or migrants. Drawing conclusion from concrete cases, authors offer review of particular emergency measures, analyze their adequacy, justifiability and timeliness, while presenting authorities’ response to Ombudsmen’s findings in formulating more adequate and efficient but, at the same time, least intrusive measures taken in response to the disaster. In search of common response to such widespread phenomenon, governments should recognize the intention of Ombudsmen Institutions to be in „permanent session“ over protection of vulnerable groups and should more actively involve it in discussions on emergency measures and their effect on human rights and freedoms. It proved to be better suited to act quickly, to apply more effective remedies and to correct government actions thanks to its knowledge of the local context than traditional institutions for protection of human rights, such as constitutional courts, international courts or treaty bodies.
Reports on the topic "National Basic Public Health Service"
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Stoye, George, Elaine Kelly, and Marcos Vera-Hernandez. Public hospital spending in England: evidence from National Health Service administrative records. Institute for Fiscal Studies, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2015.1521.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.
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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.
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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Kelly, Luke. Policy and Administrative Barriers to IDPs Accessing Basic Services. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.112.
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Literature shows that IDPs struggle to access services, which has an impact on their ability to live healthy and fulfilling lives. In the field of health, IDPs frequently have worse outcomes than both host community and refugees. This rapid literature review finds evidence of a number of policy and administrative barriers to access of services for internally displaced persons (IDPs). IDPs remain citizens of the countries in which they are displaced, and the national authorities retain responsibility for meeting their basic rights. However, their displacement, loss of livelihoods and assets, lack of documentation, as well as discrimination against them, lack of protection under international law, lack of policy to address their needs, poor services and conflict or disaster conditions, can all make it more difficult for IDPs to access basic services than non-displaced citizens. There is relatively little literature systematically addressing the issue of administrative and policy barriers to service access among IDPs. Much of the literature discusses IDPs alongside refugees (who have a different legal status and access to different national and international support), or discusses the whole range of difficulties facing IDPs but does not focus on administrative or policy barriers. The literature frequently does not compare IDPs and other citizens and service users. Nevertheless, policy and administrative barriers are discussed, ranging from analysis of international instruments on IDPs to documentation procedures in particular countries. Much of the literature shows the prevalence of disease, lack of school attendance, limited provision of services etc. faced by IDPs, but does not discuss the policy and administrative barriers in detail.
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Gindi, Renee. Health, United States, 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:100685.
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Health, United States, 2019 is the 43rd report on the health status of the nation and is submitted by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to the President and the Congress of the United States in compliance with Section 308 of the Public Health Service Act. This report was compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Health, United States series presents an annual overview of national trends in key health indicators. The 2019 report presents trends and current information on selected measures of morbidity, mortality, health care utilization and access, health risk factors, prevention, health insurance, and personal health care expenditures in a 20-figure chartbook. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook is supplemented by several other products including Trend Tables, an At-a-Glance table, and Appendixes available for download on the Health, United States website at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/ index.htm. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook contains 20 figures and 20 tables on health and health care in the United States. Examining trends in health informs the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and programs. The first section (Figures 1–13) focuses on health status and determinants: life expectancy, infant mortality, selected causes of death, overdose deaths, suicide, maternal mortality, teen births, preterm births, use of tobacco products, asthma, hypertension, heart disease and cancer, and functional limitations. The second section (Figures 14–15) presents trends in health care utilization: use of mammography and colorectal tests and unmet medical needs. The third section (Figures 16–17) focuses on health care resources: availability of physicians and dentists. The fourth section (Figures 18–20) describes trends in personal health care expenditures, health insurance coverage, and supplemental insurance coverage among Medicare beneficiaries. The Highlights section summarizes major findings from the Chartbook. Suggested citation: National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2019. Hyattsville, MD. 2021.
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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.
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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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Khan, Mahreen. Public Financial Management and Transitioning out of Aid. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.145.
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This rapid review found an absence of literature focused specifically on measuring the impact of PFM and governance systems in countries that have transitioned from aid, by moving up the income ladder. However, there are a few academic publications and a limited number of studies by multilateral, such as the World Bank, that examine the role of PFM and governance systems in countries that are transitioning or have moved away from aid. However, the importance of public financial management (PFM) and governance systems in development is well established and seen as a pre-requisite for economic growth. To effectively transition from aid, most low-income countries (LICs) need to upgrade their PFM and governance systems to meet the different scale, resources, accountability mechanisms, and capacity-building requirements of a middle-income country (MIC). The absence of the above empirical evidence may be due to the complexity of measuring the impact of PFM reforms as the results are non-linear, difficult to isolate from other policies to establish causality, and manifest in a longer time frame. However, through comparative country studies, the consequences of deficient PFM and governance have been well documented. So impaired budgetary planning, implementation, and reporting, limited fiscal transparency, weak accountability mechanisms, resource leakage, and inefficient service delivery are well recognised as detrimental to economic growth and development. The literature on transitioning countries focuses predominantly on the impact of aid withdrawal on the social sector, where comparative qualitative data is easier to obtain and the effects are usually more immediate, visible, and may even extend to global health outcomes, such as in AIDS prevention programmes. Thus, tracking the progress of donor-assisted social sector programmes is relatively easier than for PFM and governance reforms. The literature is more abundant on the overall lessons of transitions from aid both for country governments and donors. The key lessons underscore the importance of PFM and governance systems and mechanisms to a successful transition up the income ladder: Planning for transition should be strategic, detailed and specifically geared to mitigate against risks, explicitly assessing the best mix of finance options to mitigate the impact of aid reduction/withdrawal on national budgets. The plan must be led by a working group or ministry and have timelines and milestones; Where PFM and governance is weak transition preparation should include strengthening PFM especially economic and fiscal legislation, administration, and implementation; Stakeholders such as donor partners (DPs) and NGOs should participate in the planning process with clear, open, and ongoing communication channels; Political and economic assessments in the planning and mid-term phases as well as long-term monitoring and evaluation should be instituted; Build financial, technical, and management capacity throughout the plan implementation This helpdesk report draws on academic, policy, and grey sources from the previous seven years rather than the usual K4D five-year window, to account for the two-year disruption of COVID-19. As cross-country studies on PFM and governance are scarce, a few older studies are also referenced to ensure a comprehensive response to the query. The report focuses on low-income countries transitioning from aid due to a change in status to lower-middle-income countries.
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Haver, Samara. Analysis of underwater soundscape conditions at Buck Island Reef National Monument during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294883.
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In partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Oregon State University, the National Park Service has been collecting continuous acoustic recordings at a stationary autonomous recorder in Buck Island Reef National Monument since 2016. The audio data were previously analyzed to establish baseline soundscape conditions as well as monitor the acoustic presence of vessels and humpback whales. This report specifically investigates potential changes to the soundscape environment during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent “anthro-pause” when human activities such as tourism and commercial shipping were interrupted by public health guidance. Although major declines of anthropogenic activities were observed in other regions of the world, soundscape conditions in Buck Island Reef National Monument were only minimally impacted during early 2020. Furthermore, in latter months of 2020 and into 2021, vessel movement and related noise levels slightly increased from historic levels. Humpback whale vocalizations were also analyzed for seasonal presence in Buck Island Reef National Monument, revealing a consistent pattern with previously analyzed seasons. Ongoing passive acoustic soundscape monitoring will provide data that can be used to evaluate continued impacts of anthropogenic activity in and near Buck Island Reef National Monument.
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Chaimite, Egidio, Salvador Forquilha, and Alex Shankland. Who Can We Count On? Authority, Empowerment and Accountability in Mozambique. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.019.
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In this paper, we explore the use of a governance diaries methodology to investigate poor households’ interactions with authority in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings in Mozambique. The research questioned the meanings of empowerment and accountability from the point of view of poor and marginalised people, with the aim of understanding what both mean for them, and how that changes over time, based on their experiences with governance. The study also sought to record how poor and marginalised households view the multiple institutions that govern their lives; providing basic public goods and services, including health and security; and, in return, raise revenues to fund these services. The findings show that, even if the perceptions and, with them, the concepts of empowerment and accountability that emerged do not differ significantly from those identified in the literature, in terms of action and mobilisation there are distinctions. In our research sites we found that people rarely mobilise, even faced with prevalent injustices and poor basic service provision. Many claim to be ‘unable’ to influence or force ‘authorities’ to respond to their concerns and demands.
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Ha, Wei, and Ye Xiao. Early Childhood Development and Poverty Reduction in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210299-2.
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The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has eliminated absolute poverty in 2020. Its recent national 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) highlights improving the quality of human capital as an essential goal. Research has shown that investing in early childhood development generates the highest rates of return and leads to better education, health, social, and economic outcomes. After decades of neglect, the government has been increasing investment in preschool education targeting children in ages 3–6 years since 2010. This paper recommends that a comprehensive and equitable early childhood development service system must be a priority in building essential public service systems.