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1
Suresh, Dr, and Poonam Choudhary. "National Income Trends in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41383.
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Abstract: National income of any country is the total amount of income that is accrued by it through various economic activates in one year national income consists of a collection of different types of goods and services of different types. National income is defined in different ways accommodating for subsidies, taxes, depreciation, exports and imports. The current study is about the trend of the national income in India over the last 70 years, in detail, The estimates of national and per capita income are taken at some constant base year prices for the purpose of comparing national Income and per capita Incomes over different years. Because the national income at current prices is influenced by both the increase in production of goods and services and the rise in prices. In order to make the national income figures comparable, these figures are deflated of constant prices just for eliminating the effect of any change in the price level of the country. This paper describes he major trends in national income in India since 1950-51. This trend in national income also reflects on the standard of living of the people in India.
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Handayani, Fitri, Rahman Ambo Masse, and Sunuwati Sunuwati. "IMPLEMENTASI AKAD MURABAHAH PADA PEMBIAYAAN KPR DI BANK TABUNGAN NEGARA SYARIAH PAREPARE." BANCO: Jurnal Manajemen dan Perbankan Syariah 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35905/banco.v1i1.700.
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This study discusses the implementation of murabahah contracts on mortgage financing in the Parepare Islamic state savings bank. That the BTN Syariah bank is a unit of conventional Bank BTN which raises doubts about mortgage financing, whether or not it has implemented murabahah contracts in mortgage financing or not. As recommended by the DSN fatwa and Indonesian banks. This study aims to determine the implementation of the murabahah contract on mortgage financing at the Parepare Syariah State Savings Bank.
The results of this study indicate that: (1) the financing mechanism for mortgages at Bank BTN Syariah Parepare is in accordance with the rules of banks and government, the rules governed by the government are the rules regarding subsidized mortgages stipulated in PermenPUPR Number 21 / PRT / M / 2016 concerning convenience and or assistance in obtaining houses for low income people. PermenPUPR Number 26 / PRT / M / 2016 concerning changes to the ministerial regulations on public works and public housing number 21 / PRT / M / 2016 and PermenPUPR Republic of Indonesia Number 425 / KPTS / M / 2015 concerning limits on house selling prices that can be obtained through credit or financing of prosperous home ownership. (2) Implementation of murabahah contract at BTN Syariah Parepare bank, terms and conditions are in accordance with the principle of murabahah contract, murabahah contract has not implemented well on mortgage products at BTN Syariah Parepare bank due to the existence of murabahah contract elements which are not in accordance with the fatwa of the board national sharia-MUI. The element of the murabahah contract that is not in accordance with the DSN-MUI fatwa is the down payment and rescheduling. The elements of the murabahah contract are in accordance with the DSN-MUI fatwa, namely discounts, settlement of accounts receivable, fines and accelerated repayments.
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Saligkaras, Dimitrios, and Vasileios E. Papageorgiou. "On the detection of patterns in electricity prices across European countries: An unsupervised machine learning approach." AIMS Energy 10, no. 6 (2022): 1146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022054.
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<abstract> <p>The year 2022 is characterized by a generalized energy crisis, which leads to steadily increasing electricity prices around the world, while the corresponding salaries remain stable. Therefore, examining trends in electricity prices relative to existing income levels can provide valuable insights into the overpricing/underpricing of energy consumption. In this article, we examine the tendencies of 35 European countries according to their national kWh prices and the average household incomes. We use a series of established clustering methods that leverage available information to reveal price and income patterns across Europe. We obtain important information on the balance between family earnings and electricity prices in each European country and are able to identify countries and regions that offer the most and least favorable economic conditions based on these two characteristics studied. Our analysis reveals the existence of four price and income patterns that reflect geographical differences across Europe. Countries such as Iceland, Norway, and Luxembourg exhibit the most favorable balance between prices and earnings. Conversely, electricity prices appear to be overpriced in many southern and eastern countries, with Portugal being the most prominent example of this phenomenon. In general, average household incomes become more satisfactory for European citizens as we move from east to west and south to north. In contrast, the respective national electricity prices do not follow this geographical pattern, leading to notable imbalances. After identifying significant cases of inflated prices, we investigate the respective causes of the observed situation with the aim of explaining this extreme behavior with exogenous factors. Finally, it becomes clear that the recent increase in energy prices should not be considered as a completely unexpected event, but rather as a phenomenon that has occurred and developed gradually over the years.</p> </abstract>
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Motoryn, R. М., Т. М. Motoryna, and К. R. Prykhodko. "How the Structure of GDP of Ukraine Responded to COVID-19." Statistics of Ukraine 91, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(92)2021.01.02.
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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the structure of Ukrainian GDP is studied, with summing up the causes of impact occurrence and mechanisms of manifestation. The peculiarities of the pandemic’s impact on the institutional and industrial structure of economy in the specific conditions of Ukraine are revealed. The dynamics of the structure of the domestic GDP in the conditions of pandemic is analyzed.
The contribution of the sectors of non-financial corporations, households, financial corporations and government in the Ukrainian GDP is highlighted. It is shown that the increased economic activity of non-financial sector resulted in a growth in dividends, royalties and other components of the property income. However, financial corporations, general government and households were losing property incomes, first of all due to the decreased interest rate of the National Bank of Ukraine, which reduced incomes of financial corporations in form of interests on loans, bond yields of the government, and deposit incomes of households.
Problems of redistribution of primary incomes of sectors by the financial system are discussed. Emphasis is made on the banking sector. With the pandemic shattering the financial health of banks, they started to increase the commission fees to compensate the losses. This process is expected to go on in the forthcoming months. At the initial period of the economy freezing, banks did not feel its outcomes as severely as sectors like tourism, transport or culture. The dynamics of GDP structure by economic activity is analyzed by three dimensions given the available national accounts data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The analysis covers, first, the dynamics of GDP structure by economic activity in absolute terms, second, the dynamics of GDP structure in current prices, and, third, the dynamics of GDP structure in last year prices, thus eliminating the price effect for the dynamics of GDP. The adverse impact of the dynamics of prices occurred in the following sectors: manufacturing; health care and social aid; education; water supply, sanitation, waste treatment; transport; storage facilities; postal and courier activities; temporary accommodation and public catering. While the grown prices for these sectors’ products increased their weight in GDP in current prices, this weight was smaller in comparable prices.
The study was conducted on the basis of research publications and material of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and professional organizations. Desk research method was used in the process, i. e. analysis of available data, involving extraction and exploration of the already available information, which is the basis for producing new data in line of the author’s research objective.
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Bazzi, Samuel, and Christopher Blattman. "Economic Shocks and Conflict: Evidence from Commodity Prices." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.6.4.1.
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Higher national incomes are correlated with political stability. Is this relationship causal? We test three theories linking income to conflict with new data on export price shocks. Price shocks have no effect on new conflict, even large shocks in high-risk nations. Rising prices, however, weakly lead to shorter, less deadly wars. This evidence contradicts the theory that rising state revenues incentivize state capture, but supports the idea that rising revenues improve counter-insurgency capacity and reduce individual incentives to fight in existing conflicts. Conflict onset and continuation follow different processes. Ignoring this time dependence generates mistaken conclusions about income and instability. (JEL D72, D74, O13, O17, O19, Q02, Q34)
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Surdam, David G. "The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (December 2008): 816–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007631.
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The New York Yankees donated their financial records to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. These records provide a rare glimpse into the business of professional team sports. I use these records to examine how the Yankees' management reacted to the Great Depression. Since the team possessed both price-setting power over ticket prices andmonopsony power over player salaries, how did the team adjust ticket prices and salaries in response to the falling incomes of its customers and general deflation of the early 1930s? How did the team's response differ from other teams in Major League Baseball?
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Barham, Bradford L., and Oliver T. Coomes. "Reinterpreting the Amazon Rubber Boom: Investment, the State, and Dutch Disease." Latin American Research Review 29, no. 2 (1994): 73–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100024134.
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Few periods in South American history have so captured the imagination and begged the attention of scholars as the Amazon rubber boom. For fifty years, the extraction of wild rubber from the jungles of the Amazon fueled unprecedented economic expansion in the region: per capita incomes in the Brazilian Amazon climbed by 800 percent; the regional population increased by more than 400 percent; urban centers and secondary towns blossomed along the river banks; and the vast Amazonian forest lands were integrated into national political spheres and the international market economy. But when low-cost rubber from British plantations in Asia flooded world markets in the 1910s, rubber prices plummeted, sharply curtailing financial returns from wild rubber extraction. The price shock drove scores of traders and export houses into bankruptcy when they were unable to collect debts that were based on the future value of rubber. Urban real estate prices crashed, and service industries withered along with their customers' incomes. By the early 1920s, the boom was over, and per capita income levels had shrunk to pre-boom levels. Today, nearly a century later, such incomes (in real terms) have yet to return to boom levels in many areas despite massive state investment in Amazonia.
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Arkhiiereiev, S., Ia Maksymenko, and T. Diachenko. "FACTORS OF EXPORT INCOMES FORMATION AND WAYS TO INCREASE CURRENCY INCOMES OF UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230325.
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Abstract. Under conditions of persistent trade balance deficit, there activates a search for ways of export increase and, consequently, of currency incomes of Ukraine. The goal of this article is to evaluate the state of Ukraine’s export, its dynamics, development of extended classification of the factors influencing the formation of export incomes, detecting the problems in this sphere, development of recommendations concerning the growth of export and increase in currency incomes of Ukraine. The methods of research applied are analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparison, generalization, scientific abstracting, and statistical method. This work contains a substantial analysis of the current state and dynamics of foreign trade of Ukraine in general and its exports in particular. There has been developed an extended classification of factors influencing the formation of export incomes, sum total of which falls into two groups: the factors determining the quantity of exported goods, and the factors determining their prices. The first group includes the following: availability of export potential, export potential realization, state of the market regarding consumers. The second group comprises the following: production costs level, existence of trade obstacles, currency exchange rate. The influence of all mentioned factors on Ukraine’s export has been analyzed. There have been disclosed the main problems in this sphere, such as imperfect export structure, high expenditure level and the share of import in export, unfavorable market environment for development of export-oriented enterprises. There have been given recommendations concerning an increase in export and currency incomes of Ukraine, including efficient utilizing of both home and foreign resources, optimizing export structure, creating a favorable market environment, taking into consideration elasticity of demand on national exported goods and elasticity of supply from foreign countries to gain competitive advantage, introduction of new technologies, production modernizing, utilizing the advantages of economic integration, and ensuring devaluation effect. Keywords: export incomes, export, import, export potential, elasticity of national export’s demand and supply, trade barriers, currency incomes, currency exchange rate. JEL Classification F19, F31, F49 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 15.
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Surinov, Alexandr Е., and Аrtur B. Luppov. "Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-7.
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Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differences on the national income inequality was assessed by comparing Gini coefficients calculated for the same sample of households using two criteria: nominal per capita income and per capita income adjusted for purchasing power in various regions. The study revealed that the difference in nominal incomes is reduced by regional disparities in the cost of living. Simultaneously, the distribution of household incomes adjusted for regional purchasing power parities is more even. The research findings can be used to develop policy measures aimed at reducing regional welfare disparities and poverty.
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Surinov, Alexandr Е., and Аrtur B. Luppov. "Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-7.
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Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differences on the national income inequality was assessed by comparing Gini coefficients calculated for the same sample of households using two criteria: nominal per capita income and per capita income adjusted for purchasing power in various regions. The study revealed that the difference in nominal incomes is reduced by regional disparities in the cost of living. Simultaneously, the distribution of household incomes adjusted for regional purchasing power parities is more even. The research findings can be used to develop policy measures aimed at reducing regional welfare disparities and poverty.
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Kosmin, A. D., E. A. Kosmina, and K. V. Molchanov. "ABOUT INCOMES AND PRICES AS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE WELFARE OF RUSSIAN CITIZENS." Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, no. 6 (2021): 1526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-202111-6-1526-1541.
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The article is inspired by the declared excessive optimism of the adherents of the Higher School of Economics about the successful passage of the crisis in modern Russia for the first time in the post-Soviet period, optimism that causes Cartesian doubts. If, for example, we consider the dynamics of the basic foundation – the Russian economy, then its growth potential, even according to official Rosstat data, was exhausted back in 2008, which caused a chronic decline in disposable income of the population. of course, we will support the optimists, Russia has been in a crisis since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in a more favorable position compared to countries with more deve- loped economies «due to» the deformed structure compared to the Soviet period of the national economy, its raw materials orientation. There are very few reasons for optimism, if we take into account the art of Rosstat, as servants of two «masters– - the government and the people, to underestimate the scale of the fall in the real sector of the economy, rising prices and, what is very important and alarming for households, inflation rates, especially food, according to national statistics, exceeding 20% year-on-year. Statistics, the authors believe, should be independent and therefore Rosstat should be reassigned to the State Duma. Neither is the direction in which Russia is moving, the direction indicated by teachers from the International Monetary Fund/ IMF/ and other global organizations, encouraging. For which the country deserves their generous praise. A number of conditions imposed on Russia and recommendations of the IMF are being considered, including a reduction in the number of Russian banks, inflation targe- ting, a flexible exchange rate and the so-called budget rule, a possible further increase in the retirement age, etc. The article analyzes the current socio-economic reality in Russia, adequately reflected in quantifiable macroeconomic, social and demographic indicators, significantly «undermined” by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The dynamics of the growth of prices and incomes of the population (who “ran faster” from 2013 to 2020 and why) are presented as the main arguments of the welfare function of the country’s population. The underlying causes of the record price growth in Russia for socially significant food products are revealed and the main directions of not only their taming, but also their stabilization and even reduction are substantiated.
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Campos, Álvarez, Oviedo, Ovando, Mesa, and Caparrós. "Income and Ecosystem Service Comparisons of Refined National and Agroforestry Accounting Frameworks: Application to Holm Oak Open Woodlands in Andalusia, Spain." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020185.
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There is growing consensus regarding the implementation of a new statistical framework for environmental-economic accounting to improve ecosystem related policies. As the standard System of National Accounts (SNA) fails to measure the economic contribution of ecosystems to the total income of individuals, governments recognize the need to expand the standard SNA through the ongoing System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). Based on the authors’ own data, this study focuses on linking 15 economic activities and 12 ecosystem services for a holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) open woodlands (HOW) ecosystem type in Andalusia, Spain. We emphasize that overcoming the challenges of multiple use is preferable to measuring single ecosystem products for improving habitat conservation policies. The objectives of this paper are to measure and compare the environmental assets, ecosystem services, and incomes at basic and social prices by applying a refined version of the standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), respectively, to HOW. Considering intermediate products and consumptions of HOW farmer and government activities, we find that the rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes at basic prices are 123.3 €/ha and −28.0 €/ha, respectively, while those of the AAS at social prices are 442.2 €/ha and 250.8 €/ha. Given advances in non-market valuation techniques, we show that an expanded definition of economic activities can be applied to measure the contribution to total income of managed natural areas taking into account the multiple uses of the ecosystem type. However, HOW sustainability continues to be a challenging issue that requires ecological threshold indicators to be identified, not only because of the economic implications but also because they provide vital information on which to base policy implementation.
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Ahmad, Sonia, and Ahmed Gulzar. "Inter-city Variation in Prices." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.877-892.
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This research has been motivated by the fact that inter-city variation in prices and hence cost of living has implications for many aspects of development and public policy. This is true for all countries and especially for developing countries like Pakistan where one would expect differences in cost of living to be more pronounced (ceterus paribus) due to a relatively underdeveloped transport network and a lack of development of a national common market. A better understanding of the inter-city variation in prices indicates the extent to which markets within countries are integrated. A monitoring of the inter-city price index over time indicates whether the economy as a whole has become more or less integrated over time i.e. has there has been convergence or divergence within the local economy (which has also been one of the objectives of this research). Secondly, a quantification of inter-city variation in cost of living is essential to understand differentials in real incomes across the country. Such an understanding will yield fairer minimum wage legislation by the government and also wage remuneration packages by employers in both the public and private sectors operating in multiple cities thus leading to better equalisation of real wages across locations. As noted by Haworth and Rasmussen (1973) the pursuit of a uniform wage policy by the U.S. Post Office in the 1970s led to greater wage dissatisfaction among workers and labor strikes in areas where cost of living was relatively higher. Thirdly, allowing for cost of living differentials among cities will lead to better estimates of urban inequality and incidence of poverty. In this context it is particularly important to see if differences in cost of living mitigate or accentuate the difference in the magnitude of poverty between richer and poor jurisdictions. The estimation of cost of living differentials will also lead to much greater understanding of migration patterns within countries and the functioning of regional and interregional markets across the country which are directly related to cost of living, and real wages/incomes. For example, if the same minimum wage legislation is applicable to the whole country, it will lead to migration to those cities where cost of living is relative low and hence the real value of the minimum wages is high (ceterus paribus). This illustrates the important implications that uniform minimum wage legislation and welfare packages across the country have for migration patterns when cost of living differentials are significant.
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Campos, Pablo, Bruno Mesa, and Alejandro Álvarez. "Uncovering the Hidden Numbers of Nature in the Standard Accounts of Society: Application to a Case Study of Oak Woodland dehesa and Conifer Forest Farms in Andalusia-Spain." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050638.
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The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) does not estimate the margins of the products without market prices consumed because it assumes that the cost prices of the final products consumed correspond to the consumer marginal willingness to pay (MWTP). Valuations of products consumed without market prices at their cost prices may not coincide with their simulated exchange values (SEV) that would be paid by consumers. This inconsistent SNA valuation can be avoided by simulating stated or revealed market prices based on consumers’ demands. Our Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) methodology estimates the margins of the individual products without market prices based on the consumer MWTP. The SEV of private owners and public consumers MWTP for these non-market products are estimated in this study by applying stated and revealed preference valuation methods. The objectives of this study are to compare the environmental incomes, ecosystem services and profitability rates obtained by applying the AAS and the refined SNA (rSNA) methodologies to the case-study oak woodland dehesa and conifer forest farms in Andalusia, Spain. The 41 farms comprise 26 large oak woodland dehesa farms in which trees of the Quercus genus predominate, and 15 conifer forest farms where Pinus species predominate. In the studied farms, 20 individual activities have been identified which 19 are common to both the AAS and rSNA approaches, along with the additional activity of carbon which is registered in the AAS. Ownership rights of 13 private activities correspond to the farmer and 7 public activities to the government. In 2010, the case-study results show that livestock and game species consume grazed fodder which represents 50% and 95%, respectively, of their total forage units consumed in the period 2010. Livestock farming accounts for 31% of the labour compensation in the private oak woodland dehesa farms and 1% in the public conifer forest farms for the farm activities as a whole. The ecosystem services measured by the AAS in the privately-owned oak woodland dehesa and publicly-owned conifer forest farms are 2.7 and 4.6 times greater, respectively, than those estimated by the rSNA. The environmental incomes measured by the AAS for the privately-owned oak woodland dehesa and publicly-owned conifer forest farms account for 61% and 53%, respectively, of their total incomes.
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Putra, Agie Wandala, Jatna Supriatna, Raldi Hendro Koestoer, and Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo. "Differences in Local Rice Price Volatility, Climate, and Macroeconomic Determinants in the Indonesian Market." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 4465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084465.
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Rice is a staple food in most Asian countries, and food security is often viewed as having a rice supply to avoid a food crisis. The large number of people who have low incomes means there is a risk of household economic conditions being threatened when food prices are not controlled. We present a different approach by measuring rice price volatility at the local market level with climate and macroeconomic variables. The model succeeds in representing the variables that affect rice prices by an average of 75% nationally. The influence of macroeconomic variables and climate dynamics was found to have a non-uniform pattern from one region to another. The factors that dominate the volatility of rice prices in each province were different. To help address these problems, it is suggested to model and integrate climate data and macroeconomic variables. The output can be used to determine national policies for controllable factors and anticipate climate dynamics to reduce the risk that communities will have difficulty accessing food.
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Maisonnave, Helene, Jugal Mahabir, Margaret Chitiga, and Ramos Mabugu. "Regional Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on the Free State Province in South Africa: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Assessment." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i2.53.
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The decline in the world economy that followed the 2008-2009 global economic crisis had detrimental effects on most economies. Not enough attention has been paid to the process through which crisis-related pressures affected regional economies and sub-national governments. A regional computable general equilibrium model was developed to analyse impacts of the crisis on the regional economy of the Free State province in South Africa. Key results included a general fall in prices in the province, a fall in demand in sectors that are more vulnerable to global conditions, falling wages and declining incomes for agents and provincial government.
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PASKHAVER, Borys. "PRICE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE AGRO-FOOD COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.02.049.
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The main source of financial resources of enterprises of the agro-food complex is the favorable proportions of the purchase and sale prices for goods/services. In the Soviet period, the ratio of prices for input and output of agriculture provided collective farms and state farms with almost 40 percent profitability. Subsequently, hyperinflation of the era of coupon-karbovanets violated price parity in agricultural production, which resulted in the majority of agrarian enterprises being in a zone of loss-making. With the introduction of hryvnia, the parity of price movement in agriculture gradually improved, and today the agricultural sector is a highly profitable sector of the national economy. Currently, food consumption by the population of Ukraine is almost 20% lower than the norm recommended by the doctors. The combination of significant volumes of food exports with mass malnutrition is a sign of a drastic price disproportion – a violation of parity between the dynamics of household incomes and price movements in the national food market. The reason for the disparity is the high rate of inflation, which causes a permanent depreciation of the national currency. In 2014–2015, real incomes of the population declined by 30%, which by one third reduced its costs for the purchase of food products. Positive but insufficient rates of post-crisis recovery were observed in 2016–2017. If a third of effective demand is lost, and the pace of its recovery is at the level of 3–4% per annum, then the elimination of the consequences of the crisis will be delayed. One should follow the experience of developed countries that use higher consumption rates (the policy of “quantitative easing”) as an anti-crisis measure. In Ukraine, the opposite trend is observed: in times of crisis, consumption rate is declining. In the author’s opinion, it is advisable to increase it to 75% of national GDP and increase savings due to the growth of investment attractiveness for foreign investors. The main indicator that characterizes the price situation is the consumer price index. According to official statistics, real incomes of the population of Ukraine during the post-Soviet period have increased significantly, but the indicators of food consumption have considerably deteriorated. Such a contradiction shows understatement of the inflation index and requires clarification of the methodological principles of its calculation.
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Dorosh, Paul A. "Regional Trade and Food Price Stabilisation in South Asia: Policy Responses to the 2007-08 World Price Shocks." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.803-813.
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World price shocks and disruptions in international cereal trade in 2007 and 2008 caused considerable anxiety and hardship for food importing countries throughout the world. In many countries, high international food prices raised import costs, reduced total supplies for consumers and ultimately led to lower real incomes and food consumption for poor households. In South Asia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India were all affected by these movements in international prices, though the effects on domestic prices in each case was mitigated or exacerbated by each country’s own trade policies, as well as the trade policies of its neighbours. Prior to 2007, the general consensus among most economists and food policy analysts was that openness to international trade, particularly private sector trade, was the most efficient mechanism for stabilising domestic food prices and supplies. In light of the 2007-08 experience, however, many observers have concluded that international markets cannot be trusted and that countries should rely on their own domestic production to ensure national and household food security. This paper argues that liberalised international trade still provides the best mechanism for stabilising prices and food supplies in most years, but that appropriate contingency policies are needed for years in which international prices are extraordinarily high.1 More explicit commitments to cereal trade liberalisation within South Asia would also promote region-wide food security and help avoid a repetition of supply disruptions that raised food prices sharply in Afghanistan and Bangladesh. Section II of this paper briefly
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Beke, Tite. "Analysis of Substitute Products in the Demand for Food Products in Côte D’Ivoire." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i4.11402.
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This study analyzes the demand for staple foods in Côte d’Ivoire and assesses the impact of fluctuations in food prices on household well-being. It focuses on the price- and income elasticities of food demand, as they are useful parameters for measuring households’ reaction to the changes in prices and incomes, and for improving food policies. The study also assesses the loss in well-being arising from food crises with a view to recommending more effective measures for supporting households. It uses an approach that estimates a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) in order to highlight price and expenditure elasticities. The data used in the study were obtained from the National Household Living Standards Survey (ENV) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INS) in 2008. The estimated expenditure- and price elasticities show that the four food clusters under analysis (cereals, root crops and tubers, fruit and vegetables, and animal products) were staple foods that were price inelastic for all the households. A substitutability relationship is observed between cereals, and root crops and tubers. However, animal products and vegetables are found to be complementary to each other and complementary to cereals and root crops and tubers.
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Glaeser, Edward L., and Joshua D. Gottlieb. "The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 983–1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.4.983.
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Empirical research on cities starts with a spatial equilibrium condition: workers and firms are assumed to be indifferent across space. This condition implies that research on cities is different from research on countries, and that work on places within countries needs to consider population, income, and housing prices simultaneously. Housing supply elasticity will determine whether urban success reveals itself in the form of more people or higher incomes. Urban economists generally accept the existence of agglomeration economies, which exist when productivity rises with density, but estimating the magnitude of those economies is difficult. Some manufacturing firms cluster to reduce the costs of moving goods, but this force no longer appears to be important in driving urban success. Instead, modern cities are far more dependent on the role that density can play in speeding the flow of ideas. Finally, urban economics has some insights to offer related topics such as growth theory, national income accounts, public economics, and housing prices. (JEL R11, R23, R31, R32)
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Widarjono, Agus, and Sarastri Mumpuni Rucbha. "HOUSEHOLD FOOD DEMAND IN INDONESIA: A TWO-STAGE BUDGETING APPROACH." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 31, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.15287.
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A two-stage budgeting approach was applied to analyze the food demand in urban areas separated by geographical areas and classified by income groups. The demographically augmented Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) was employed to estimate the demand elasticity. Data from the National Social and Economic Survey of Households (SUSENAS) in 2011 were used. The demand system is a censored model because the data contains zero expenditures and is estimated by employing the consistent two-step estimation procedure to solve biased estimation. The results show that price and income elasticities become less elastic from poor households to rich households. Demand by urban households in Java is more responsive to price but less responsive to income than urban households outside of Java. Simulation policies indicate that an increase in food prices would have more adverse impacts than a decrease in income levels. Poor families would suffer more than rich families from rising food prices and/or decreasing incomes. More importantly, urban households on Java are more vulnerable to an economic crisis, and would respond by reducing their food consumption. Economic policies to stabilize food prices are better than income policies, such as the cash transfer, to maintain the well-being of the population in Indonesia Keywords: Urban, Two-Stage Budgeting, QUAIDS, Price and Income elasticity
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Chi, Qishui, and Jieyi Huo. "An Empirical Study on the Stock Price Volatility of Small and Medium Enterprise Board in China." Research in World Economy 8, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v8n2p12.
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This article utilizes structural change method to examine the fluctuation characteristics of stock prices of China’s small and medium enterprises. This study indicates that time series of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises stock prices are not characterized by mean reversion. Therefore, the policy bailouts in the market including the rescue package of the government in June 2015 are ineffective because they are offset by other factors. The long-run growth of stock prices depends on the supply and demand situation in capital market as well as the growth of national economy but has no connection with the policy bailouts.
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Vatta, Kamal, Shruti Bhogal, Adam S. Green, Heena Sharma, Cameron A. Petrie, and Sandeep Dixit. "COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Disruptions and Implications for National Food Security and Farm Incomes: Farm-Level Evidence from Indian Punjab." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084452.
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By using the data from a primary survey of 1100 farm households from Indian Punjab, the present study examined the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruptions on food security and farm incomes. The paddy-wheat-based production system showed resilience to the challenges of the COVID-19 situation. Farmers adapted effectively to the changed equilibrium and there was no decline in food production, land lease activity or cropping patterns. The disruptions in agricultural machinery services and input supplies led to a rise in the rent of machinery and input prices. Agricultural wages also jumped due to scarcity of agricultural labour. The study highlights no imminent threat to food supplies from Punjab and hence to national food security. It showed that farmers may need some financial support to counter the effect of rising costs of farming. There is a need to enhance the resilience of various input and output markets in agriculture in the future.
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Zamaraev, B. A. "Estimation of Real Incomes of the Russian Economy Amidst Changes in Foreign Trade Conditions." Voprosy statistiki 28, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-2-112-127.
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The article covers the results of the author’s study on improving the methodology for measuring (estimating) the impact of foreign trade on the nature of reproduction processes in the Russian economy. The parameters and nature of domestic economic development are largely determined by its reproductive model based on raw material exports. The shift in external conditions (from very positive to severe negative) was, according to the author, one of the main factors in the transition from the spectacular growth during «boom» years from 1999 to 2008, and stagnation of the «lost decade» from 2010 to 2019.The article reviews methodological provisions of the international statistical standard – 2008 SNA for calculating aggregates of real income for the total economy, profit (or loss) from foreign economic activity with emphasis on the need to take into account changes in terms of foreign trade in recent Russian history, before the coronavirus pandemic of 2020–2021. Various approaches to calculating macro-indicators of foreign trade activity – trading gains and losses and real income for the total economy are analyzed within the concept of a system of national accounting. In this regard, the article analyzes indicators under consideration in the context of terms-of-trade changes and highlights the relationship between GDP volume (at comparable prices) and real income characteristics in the macroeconomic system.To ascertain the evolution of characteristics of the impact of the export-raw commodity orientation of Russian foreign trade on the reproduction in general, the author within the 20-year period under consideration selected several separate periods: 1995–1998 – transformational recession, 1999–2008 – uniquely favorable conditions, 2009–2014 – recovery from the global crisis, 2015–2019 – transition to macroeconomic stability. The impact of foreign trade on the national economy was analyzed. There is a conclusion about the additional analytical capacity of researchers dealing with problems of reproduction amidst globalization using the following national accounts indicators: profit (loss) from foreign trade and real income aggregates - in a rapidly changing external economic environment.
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Jacobs, A. J. "Embedded Localities: Employment Decline, Inner City Population Growth, and Declining Place Stratification among Japan's Mid‐Size and Large Cities." City & Community 5, no. 3 (September 2006): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00181.x.
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The 1990s were a decade of economic decline in Japan. During this period, similar to the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, Japan's largest cities suffered contractions in total and manufacturing employment, and income inequality widened, nationwide. In contrast, after 1995, inner city districts in eight of its 11 largest cities and in central Tokyo experienced population and housing growth. Residential growth, coupled with contracting incomes in affluent cities and rising incomes in provincial large and mid‐sized cities, then fostered a decline in place stratification by per capita and household income among cities with more than 200,000, between 1990 and 2000. This article argues that the primary factors provoking this combination of positive and negative outcomes were the same policies implemented by the Japanese Developmental State in order to protect its firms from the destructive forces of the world capitalist market system. In other words, failed market interventions unintentionally led to industrial disinvestment and plunging urban land prices. These conditions, supported by national and subnational urban redevelopment policies, then spurred residential growth in large cities. In sum, Japan's interventionist policy logic and its unique development trends suggest that its cities remain as embedded localities, tightly nested within their own political‐economic development context. Its situation also suggests that it might be time to create a more integrated metatheory of urban development, one which fully incorporates the reflexive nature of the interplay among the global, the national, and the local political‐economic contexts in order to explain its impacts on spatial patterns.
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Foka-Nkwenti Christopher, Nguendo Yongsi H. Blaise, Noela Ambe Mpeh, and Nganou-Mouafo Madelle. "COVID-19 and food insecurity in Cameroon." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.5.2.0104.
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Background: more than half of the world's population is currently facing health crisis. As a result, millions of businesses have had to shutdown either temporarily or permanently. With COVID-19 and its economic fallout, now spreading in the poorest regions of the world, many more people will become poor and food-insecure. Increased food insecurity may act as a multiplier for the epidemic due to its negative health effects and increased in national starvation. The impacts of COVID-19 are particularly strong for people in the lower tail of the food insecurity distribution. In the current context, the effects of food insecurity could be made worse as a result of the general rise of food stuff prices. Objective: in this paper, we will investigate the interaction between COVID-19 and the drop in the food price leading to food insecurity in Cameroon. Data collection: rapid phone survey across the national territory (Cameroon) confirm(s) the widespread impact of COVID-19 on household and food insecurity. Data collected in urban markets shows that main cities are highly affected by the covid-19 crises. Data retrieved was linked and processed in data editing software (Microsoft Office) for the production of results in text and tabular format. Result: as the coronavirus crisis unfolds, disruptions in domestic food supply chains and loss of incomes and remittances are creating strong tensions and food insecurity in Cameroon. Despite stable food prices of certain goods, most cities are experiencing varying levels of food price inflation at the retail level, reflecting supply disruptions due to COVID-19. Rising food prices have a greater impact in low and middle income consumers since a larger share of their income is spent on food.
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Peneva, Teodora. "The fourth pillar of energy poverty in Bulgaria." Economic Thought journal 66, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2166501.
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The article examines the weaknesses in the protection mechanisms for vulnerable energy consumers in Bulgaria. The thesis that the lack of adequate protection mechanisms causes the emergence of a fourth pillar of energy poverty beyond the three most frequently cited pillars – high energy prices, low incomes and low level of energy efficiency of buildings – is justified. An overview of the mechanism for household access to justice in the energy sector in Bulgaria is provided, starting with the national ombudsman, municipal ombudsmen and ombudsmen in energy companies. The main problems, encountered in energy justice for households in this sector are summarized, as well as the way in which state institutions respond to these problems. The study concludes that the Bulgarian citizens face high levels of energy injustice and poverty, which they have to fight using ineffective consumer protection mechanisms. This effectiveness depends on persons in charge, not on legal and administrative processes.
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L., J. F. "HIDING BEHIND HORMONES IN MILK." Pediatrics 84, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): A116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.3.a116.
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Bovine growth hormone, synthesized in bacteria by the new techniques of genetic engineering, may make cows produce some 15 percent more milk. Such a spectacular productivity gain should delight consumers with lower prices and dairy farmers with higher profits. Then why are farmers from New York to Minnesota organizing to oppose the new technology? The harsh fact is that there are too many dairy farmers. Less efficient producers—some of them family farmers—are kept in business by Federal subsidies that in recent years have reached $1 billion annually. Farmers fear that more milk at lower prices may reduce their incomes, forcing many off their farms. The National Farmers Union hopes to ban the hormone or force milk from treated cows to be so labeled, igniting public concern about "unnatural" milk. The milk hormone has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, but so far there seems no serious safety issue. Milk now contains minute amounts of natural bovine growth hormone; the hormone is destroyed in digestion and is in any case inactive in humans. The dairy industry risks enormous damage if it raises needless safety doubts by insisting on labeling provisions for milk from hormone-treated cows.
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Lum, Sau Kim, and Xuefeng Zhou. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 597–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100292.
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Housing affordability for many Singaporean households has been declining since the 1990s. While eligible households are directly allocated new-built public housing at subsidized rates, these rates reflect price behavior in the laissez faire resale market and would be higher during periods of excess demand. We examine two policy initiatives since 2011 to improve housing affordability for targeted population segments. First, the government has stabilized the prices at which it sells new- built units by increasing supply-side producer discounts to moderate the extent to which new unit prices track the resale market. Second, demand subsidies are provided to low- and middle-income households to buy new subsidized housing. Price stabilization has prevented the transmission of demand shocks from the resale market to the new-built public housing sector but not improved affordability. However, successive calibrations of capital grants boosted the price to income ratio and debt servicing ratio indicators for households with incomes below the national median. These improvements are progressive, with the less well-off benefitting the most. Furthermore, the grants do not appear to induce housing overconsumption the way that demand subsidies are prone to do so and provide some assurance that the policies adopted in Singapore have not generated allocative inefficiencies.
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Sutygina, A. I., A. V. Ovchinnikova, and A. A. Bratsikhin. "STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF THE REGIONAL AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVISION OF FOOD SAFETY OF THE POPULATION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-6-1001-1009.
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Strategic goal of agri-food systems development (AFS) is provision of food safety of the country. This predetermines food sovereignty of the country on the national level. It is important for regions to achieve self-sufficiency in food. Food safety of each country resident is characterized by the balanced and quality nutrition in the volume no less than the norm of rational consumption. To achieve the food sovereignty on every of the above-mentioned levels, it's necessary to have stable development of the regional agri-food systems where the demand, supply and consumption of the food products form. Functioning of AFS is connected with the efficiency of agri-food production, its competitiveness, trading networks activity, population incomes and participance of the state in the forming of food supply and the demand. The role of the state regulation consists in the forming of conditions for the stable functioning of all its sub-systems, provision of physical, economic and social availability of the food. In conditions of the differentiation of the regions by social and economical development, the level of the population incomes and food prices are varied significantly. This stipulates different levels of the affordability of the food. Besides, economic inequality is noted not only among regions, but also among the employees of different economic sectors, as well as residents of city and rural settlements. In these conditions self-provision of the population with food is a factor of increase of the nutrition quality, and the realization of the excess is a source of additional incomes. State support of the owners of private part-owner units, activity of trading and purchasing consumer co-operatives contribute to the growth of self-sufficiency of the villagers with food.
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Bodolica, Virginia, and Raymond Siu Yeung Chan. "Editorial note." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 4 (2018): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i4_editorial.
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The recent volume of the journal “Corporate Ownership and Control” is devoted to the issues of dividend policy, cost management, public sector, leadership, earnings announcements, share prices, earnings relevance, concentrated ownership, financial reporting, risk disclosures, public listing, profitability, initial public offerings, market timing, company performance, board diversity, CEO characteristics, board independence, ownership network, national intelligence, earnings management, securities class actions, auditor litigation, audit quality, reverse mergers etc.
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Ylätalo, Matti. "Determination of the capitalized and market values of supplementary arable land in southern Finland, 1972—1986." Agricultural and Food Science 63, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 143–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72402.
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Rapid technological change in agriculture has permitted the management of larger farms with an existing labour input. Following this the demand for supplementary arable land has grown considerbly, while the supply has remained low. This imbalance between demand and supply has been reflected in rising land prices. For that reason, the main aim of this study was to determine the capitalized and market value of supplementary arable land and the correlations between them. The determination of the capitalized value of supplementary arable land is based on the use of production function analysis. The marginal value product was estimated from a Cobb-Douglas function, using as independent variables, the production inputs, and a dummy variable for the quality of land. The present value of arable land was calculated by capitalizing the net marginal operating margin at interest rates of 3 %, 5 Vo, and 7 % for durations of return of 5, 10, and 15 years. The benefit obtained from supplementary arable land proved highest on cattle farms with a small arable area, while on grain farms the marginal value product and the differential return still remained high as the size of the farm increased. The real price of arable land in the annual purchases of land by the National Board of Agriculture rose very slightly, on an average of 1.7 % per year, during the period 1972—1986. The capitalized value on the cattle farms reached the prices paid for arable land by the National Board of Agriculture, when a duration of return of 15 years and a capitalization rate of 3 % was used. In contrast, the capitalized value of the grain farms did not reach, at any time during the study period, the price level of the National Board of Agriculture. Also, the market prices of arable land, according to the data collected by the National Board of Land Surveying, clearly exceeded the capitalized value of both cattle and grain farms, during the period 1982—1986.
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Stroeva, G. N. "Housing affordability in the Khabarovsk territory in the context of implementation of the national project «Housing and Urban Environment»." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 98, no. 1 (2022): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2022-98-1-47-59.
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The incessant outflow of population to the western regions of the country threatens the fulfillment of the tasks of socio-economic development of the Khabarovsk territory. Affordability of housing is one of the main factors for securing the population in the region. Therefore, for the Khabarovsk Territory, solving the problem of affordability of housing is of particular importance. The level of provision of the population with housing and its availability for acquisition of ownership are indicators of the level of well-being of the population, its social security and investment activity. The article presents various approaches to the definition of the concept of «housing affordability». Analysis of the state of housing stock and provision of housing for the population of the Khabarovsk territory is made. The assessment of housing affordability for population was carried out using the housing affordability coefficients calculated using two methods. The results of implementation of the national project «Housing and the urban environment» and the state program «Development of housing construction in the Khabarovsk territory» are considered. It has been established that not all planned indicators of the state program in 2018-2020 have been achieved. In conditions of limited supply and failure to fulfill plans for the volume of housing commissioning, the increase in demand for housing in the primary market, caused by implementation of the Far-Eastern mortgage program, led to a significant increase in housing prices. The growth rates of housing prices outstrip the growth rates of both average wages and average per capita money incomes of the population. Therefore, a significant part of the region's population is experiencing serious difficulties in acquiring housing. To solve the identified problems, it is necessary to develop additional measures both at the federal and regional levels. Recommendations are given to improve the housing affordability in the Khabarovsk territory.
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BREISINGER, CLEMENS, TINGJU ZHU, PERRIHAN AL RIFFAI, GERALD NELSON, RICHARD ROBERTSON, JOSE FUNES, and DORTE VERNER. "ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SYRIA." Climate Change Economics 04, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813500024.
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There is broad consensus among scientists that climate change is altering weather patterns around the world. However, economists are only beginning to develop comprehensive tools that allow for the quantification of such weather changes on countries' economies and people. This paper presents a modeling suite that links the downscaling of global climate models, crop modeling, global economic modeling, and sub-national-level dynamic computable equilibrium modeling. Important to note is that this approach allows for decomposing the potential global and local economic effects on countries, including various economic sectors and different household groups. We apply this modeling suite to Syria, a relevant case study given the country's location in a region that is consistently projected to be among those hit hardest by climate change. We find that, despite a certain degree of endogenous adaptation, local impacts of climate change (through declining yields) are likely to affect Syria beyond the agricultural sector and farmers and also reduce economy-wide growth and incomes of urban households in the long term. The overall effects of global climate change (through higher food prices) are also negative, but some farmers may reap the benefit of higher prices. Combining local and global climate change scenarios shows welfare losses across all rural and urban household groups, whereas the poorest household groups are the hardest hit.
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Lyatuu, Isaac, Georg Loss, Andrea Farnham, Mirko S. Winkler, and Günther Fink. "Short-term effects of national-level natural resource rents on life expectancy: A cross-country panel data analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): e0252336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252336.
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While a substantial amount of literature addresses the relationship between natural resources and economic growth, relatively little is known regarding the relationship between natural resource endowment and health at the population level. We construct a 5-year cross-country panel to assess the impact of natural resource rents on changes in life expectancy at birth as a proxy indicator for population health during the period 1970–2015. To estimate the causal effects of interest, we use global commodity prices as instrumental variables for natural resource rent incomes in two-stage-least squares regressions. Controlling for country and year fixed effects, we show that each standard deviation increase in resource rents results in life expectancy increase of 6.72% (CI: 2.01%, 11.44%). This corresponds to approximately one additional year of life expectancy gained over five years. We find a larger positive effect of rents on life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) compared to other world regions. We do not find short-term effects of rents on economic growth, but show that increases in resource rents result in sizeable increases in government revenues in the short run, which likely translate into increased spending across government sectors. This suggests that natural resources can help governments finance health and other development-oriented programs needed to improve population health.
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Abbas, Basel, and P. Procházka. "The effect of trade liberalisation on Syrian agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060665.
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Syrian agricultural policy should be characterized by a high level of government intervention, including fixed prices, government monopoly in strategic crop marketing, government distribution of industrial fertilizers, significant barriers on food and agricultural commodities import and so on. Although there were certain changes and liberalization in this area during several last years, the Syrian agriculture remains as the most regulated sector of national economy in Near east and northern Africa.On the other hand, we may state the fact that Syrian governmental agriculture policy was successful considering so called strategic crops most of all in achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production, also an essential increase of cotton production volume which represents most important export crop of this near east country, took a part. Besides this progress there was restriction of disparity development in countryside and municipal household’s incomes, which is partial reason for slowing down of Syrian countryside poverty. These positive outcomes were reached at the expense of increasing governmental expenses and worsening of resources efficiency usage both in agriculture production and energy sectors. Considering forecasted spend of oil sources, the Syrian government will be necessarily forced to search for alternative resources of economic growth and government budget incomes in near future.The last five year country plan presumes consequental delimitation of grants and implication of value added tax. There is to be a quite large liberalisation in agriculture sector, which should lead to consequential down of wheat production, sugar beet and cotton and increase of barley, lentil and chickpea production.
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MacNeil, Robert. "Death and Environmental Taxes: Why Market Environmentalism Fails in Liberal Market Economies." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 1 (February 2016): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00336.
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This article aims to explain why market-based climate policies (carbon levies and emissions trading) have had limited success at the national level in “liberal-market economies” like Australia, Canada, and the United States. This situation is paradoxical to the extent that market environmentalism is often thought to be a concept tailored to the political traditions and policy paradigms in these states. I argue this occurs because precisely in such economies, workers have been the least protected from the market and the effects of globalization, leading to a squeeze on incomes and public services, and providing fertile ground for a virulently antitax politics. When coupled with the disproportionately carbon-intensive lifestyles in these states and the strength of fossil fuel interests, it becomes extremely easy and effective for opponents of climate policy to frame carbon prices as an onerous tax on workers and families. The article explores how this strategy has functioned at a discursive level and considers what this situation implies for climate policy advocates in carbon-intensive, neoliberal polities.
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Lewis, Meron, Sarah A. McNaughton, Lucie Rychetnik, and Amanda J. Lee. "Cost and Affordability of Healthy, Equitable and Sustainable Diets in Low Socioeconomic Groups in Australia." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082900.
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Few Australians consume a healthy, equitable and more sustainable diet consistent with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs). Low socioeconomic groups (SEGs) suffer particularly poor diet-related health problems. However, granular information on dietary intakes and affordability of recommended diets was lacking for low SEGs. The Healthy Diets Australian Standardised Affordability and Pricing protocol was modified for low SEGs to align with relevant dietary intakes reported in the National Nutrition Survey 2011–2012(which included less healthy and more discretionary options than the broader population), household structures, food purchasing habits, and incomes. Cost and affordability of habitual and recommended diets of low SEGs were calculated using prices of ‘standard brands’ and ‘cheapest options’. With ‘standard brands’, recommended diets cost less than habitual diets, but were unaffordable for low SEGs. With ‘cheapest options’, both diets were more affordable, but recommended diets cost more than habitual diets for some low SEGs, potentially contributing to perceptions that healthy food is unaffordable. The study confirms the need for an equity lens to better target dietary guidelines for low SEGs. It also highlights urgent policy action is needed to help improve affordability of recommended diets.
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Dev, S. Mahendra, and Funing Zhong. "Trade and stock management to achieve national food security in India and China?" China Agricultural Economic Review 7, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 641–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-01-2015-0009.
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Purpose – China and India have to provide food security to 1.36 billion and 1.25 billion populations, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to address the roles of trade and stock management in achieving food security in these countries, such as the impacts of trade on consumer and producer prices and incomes of farmers and others and implications for food security, and the impact of stock management on price stability, availability, access and nutrition. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on secondary data and literature on these issues. It compares the policy tools of trade and stock management used in India and China for food security purpose, in terms of long-term efficiency, in order to provide better understanding on how to achieve food security through public interventions. Findings – Although stock is an important tool for food security, it is likely to be costly if used for price support and redistribution purposes. Trade might provide cheap food to enhance access to food, the impact on domestic producers and the volatility in world market may lead to serious problems. A carefully designed policy combining stock management and trade may help achieving food security. Research limitations/implications – This paper relies on existing literature of current issues and policies, and tries to conduct comparative study on India and China, the two largest countries in the world. The scale and depth of the study are restricted by authors’ knowledge, hence may not be adequate in addressing those important issues. Practical implications – Both India and China are undergoing policy review regarding food security, under pressures in domestic market and from multi-nation negotiations. This study may provide better understandings of the issues related to policy reform and trade negotiation. Originality/value – Though a large portion of factual materials are adopted from existing literature and statistics, the analyses are those of authors.
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PHANG, SOCK-YONG, DAVID LEE, ALAN CHEONG, KOK-FAI PHOON, and KAROL WEE. "HOUSING POLICIES IN SINGAPORE: EVALUATION OF RECENT PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REFORM." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500258.
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The Singapore housing market is unusual in its high homeownership rate, the dominance of HDB housing, and the extensive intervention of the government in regulating housing supply and demand in both the HDB and private housing sectors. Recent rapid population increases in a low interest rate and high global liquidity environment has resulted in accelerated house prices increases in Singapore. Earlier this year, the government launched "Our Singapore Conversation" of which discussion on housing policies constitutes one major component. This "conversation" comes in the wake of several consecutive rounds of measures to stabilize housing prices using various instruments. This paper evaluates the main policy changes proposed and makes recommendations for housing market reforms: (i) the government need to clarify goals of housing policies and make available more detailed data on the foreign component of our population for better analysis of housing markets; (ii) the housing supply regime should target an overall effective vacancy rate that encompasses both the Housing and Development Board (HDB) and private sector; (iii) policy makers need to monitor carefully excess demand indicators for housing in addition to housing affordability indicators over the entire spectrum of incomes and household types; (iv) housing REITs should be established to provide an alternative investment option as well as to develop an efficient and affordable rental sector; and (v) in addition to macroprudential measures, owner-occupancy requirements and fiscal measures such as stamp duties and property taxes could be further utilized to reduce the foreign demand for Singapore housing and real estate.
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Nekrasova, T. A. "The problems of optimization the quality of life in modern Russia through the prism of economic theory and practice." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-386-391.
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The article deals with theoretical and economic, social and practical aspects of improving the quality of life as a target criterion for the development of modern Russia. Approved in 2008, "The Concept of Long-Term Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period to 2020" contains tasks to achieve high standards of human well-being and social well-being, the formation of a leadership and innovation economy, the expansion of economic freedom and maintenance of social justice, the transition to an innovative socially-oriented type of development. The transition from a resource-resource model of the economy to an innovation requires the development of human potential and the improvement of the quality of life of the population at the level of indicators characteristic of developed countries. In the article, a comparative analysis of the target targets for the development of human potential established by the Concept was carried out, with their actual values published by the Federal Service for State Statistics: the average annual increase in the gross domestic product, the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level, public spending on education, public expenditure on health , the dynamics of the coefficient of funds. The conducted analysis showed that the considered indicators of the development of human potential and the quality of life of the population have not been achieved at present. This is due to unfavorable external and internal factors affecting the Russian economy. The decline in oil prices and the imposition of sanctions against Russia exacerbated structural problems in the economy, which resulted in 2014-2016. to a depreciation of the national currency, an increase in inflation, a decrease in consumer demand, an outflow of capital and a fall in real incomes of the population. Thus, it is necessary to adjust the Concept of Russia's social and economic development taking into account the prevailing macroeconomic situation.
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Hussain, Intizar, and Munir A. Hanjra. "Does irrigation water matter for rural poverty alleviation? Evidence from South and South-East Asia." Water Policy 5, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2003): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0027.
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This paper addresses four key questions. What are the irrigation–poverty inequality linkages? Does access to irrigation water matter for rural poverty alleviation? Under what conditions does irrigation have the greatest impact on poverty? What are the pro-poor interventions that can enhance the antipoverty impact of irrigation? Findings from IWMI-led studies and other empirical studies show that: (1) irrigation enables households to improve crop productivity, grow high-valued crops, generate higher incomes and employment, earn a higher implicit wage rate for family labor and, more importantly, benefits the poor and landless through the enhanced availability of food, lower food prices, higher employment and income and other indirect effects; (2) access to irrigation water reduces the incidence and severity of poverty; (3) irrigation's impact on poverty is highest where landholdings are equitably distributed; (4) effective rural poverty alleviation requires that irrigation development be targeted to poor communities; and (5) unequal land distribution is associated with inequitable distribution of agricultural water benefits. We argue that the antipoverty impact of irrigation water can, therefore, be intensified through triggering a set of board and targeted interventions, simultaneously.
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Partos, Timea R., J. Robert Branston, Rosemary Hiscock, Anna B. Gilmore, and Ann McNeill. "Individualised tobacco affordability in the UK 2002–2014: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project." Tobacco Control 28, Suppl 1 (July 23, 2018): s9—s19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054027.
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ObjectiveThe existing measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomes and factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.DesignCross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.Data sourcesAdult smokers (n=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.AnalysisAffordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining with the individuals after their annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as the outcome using time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence and tobacco purchase source as the predictor variables.ResultsAffordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95% CI: 91.0% to 91.9%) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0% to 88.5%) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7% to 96.9%) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0% to 94.4%) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-on-year decreases were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependent smokers and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.ConclusionsAn individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights on the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
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Kapaj, Ilir, and Ana Mane Kapaj. "An Analysis of Household Consumption of Dairy Products." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.91.9681.
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Household consumption of dairy products is one the major component in the total sales of the Albanian dairy industry. Therefore, understanding the factors which may significantly influence household consumption is important in the planning of farmers, processors and manufacturers. Consumers' responses to changes in price and non-price factors are basic to an economic analysis of almost all the policy decisions related to industry or government programs. Forecasting the future direction of household consumption, and how that direction might be modified through industry efforts or by national programs and policies, requires information on the relationships among prices, incomes, household characteristics and consumer demand. This study focuses on households as consuming units, explains and analyzes their purchasing behavior for dairy products. As milk is a very important component of the Albanians diet, this study explores consumer preferences for milk in Albania and also tries to determine consumers profiles based on their preferences and socio-demographic factors. To reach these objectives, this research designed a conjoint choice experiment survey and collected primary data in the most populated cities of Albania. This study provides useful information to different stakeholders including milk producers and importers. The milk industry and its marketers may benefit from this information by using it to strategically market their milk to different groups.
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Karlsson, Vífill, Hjalti Jóhannesson, and Jón Óskar Pétursson. "Fjöldi ferðamanna og tekjur og kostnaður íslenskra sveitarfélaga." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 13, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2017.13.2.3.
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Presently, discussions are taking place in Iceland on the development and maintenance of tourist sites and various services needed in order for tourism to develop in line with the great increase in the number of foreign tourists. Municipalities are one of the interested parties and they are responsible for many services: sewage, maintenance of parks and streets, to name a few. There are doubts that municipal income increases according to the increase in tourists, because it is most likely this will take place through municipal income tax, but much of the work related to tourism is carried out by migrant workers. This research attempts to assess if municipal income changes with increased number of tourists. It will also be attempted to estimate if costs of municipalities increase with increased number of tourists, and also which types of costs. Available data on financial affairs of municipalities from the Association of municipalities, real estate prices from the National registry and statistics on number of tourists, from diverse sources, are used to assess changes in costs and incomes and if this will have the impacts described above. Quantitative methods are applied in the analysis. Regression analysis for panel data (fixed and random effect models) was applied along with descriptive analysis.
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L., J. F. "DOCTORS PLANNING BATTLE AGAINST HEALTH-CARE PLAN." Pediatrics 95, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): A14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.95.5.a14.
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CHICAGO, June 14—Leaders of the American Medical Association laid the groundwork today for an aggressive legal and political campaign against two important elements of the health plan being developed by President Clinton: limits on national health-care spending and on doctors' charges. The association's board warned that there would be significant constitutional problems if the Government tried to impose price controls or an overall limit on health spending, both of which have been advocated by the White House ... Doctors across the country plan to distribute a list of questions to be used by patients in evaluating President Clinton's health-care plan. Among the questions, drafted by the medical association, are these: "Will I still be able to see my own doctor? Will I have to pay extra? "I have a group insurance policy through my employer. Will that change? Will my premiums, deductibles and copayments go up? "Will I be able to choose my own type of health insurance? And can I buy extra insurance if I want it? "Will the quality of care my family receives be maintained under a new system? "I'm retired and on a fixed income. Will my Medicare coverage be affected? "Will everybody in America have health insurance? And if so, how will we pay for this?"
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Muzyka, P. M., B. B. Brychka, and L. V. Honcharenko. "Aspects of influence of monetary policy on dynamics of agro-industrial com-plex development." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 96 (December 28, 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9601.
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The main approaches to the interpretation of the essence of monetary policy arepresented in the article, as well as the author’s definition are substantiated. The author highlights the main characteristics of monetary policy, in particular its target orientation, specific time horizon, the presence of a clear mechanism of monetary policy, as well as the coordinated and balanced using of a set of monetary instruments to achieve each goal. In addition, the components of the stability of the currency are substantiated, which includes price stability, stability of interest rates, as well as the stability of the national currency exchange rate. The influence of each of the components of the currency stability on the dynamics of agro-industrial complex development is substantiated. First of all, price stability ensures stable income from the sale of agro-industrial products in the domestic market. In this case, the dynamics of real earnings of agricultural enterprises will depend on changes in relative prices. Stability of interest rates is important in terms of incentives for agricultural enterprises to obtain additional credit resources. The impact of the stability of the national currency exchange rate on development of agro-industrial complex can be traced in two directions. First of all, agricultural enterprises are interested in stable exchnage rate of hryvnia due to the import of mineral fertilizers, seeds, feed additives, foreign equipment for the production and processing of agricultural products, agricultural machinery, etc. Devaluation of the hryvnia during the period of import purchases of necessary raw materials provokes a future increase in the cost of agricultural products. At the same time, agricultural enterprises are interested in a certain devaluation of the hryvnia, which will stimulate the export of agricultural products and ensure the stability of incomes in the national currency.
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Longo, Danila, Giulia Olivieri, Rossella Roversi, Giulia Turci, and Beatrice Turillazzi. "Energy Poverty and Protection of Vulnerable Consumers. Overview of the EU Funding Programs FP7 and H2020 and Future Trends in Horizon Europe." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051030.
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Energy poverty—involving a combination of factors, such as low household incomes, high energy prices, and low levels of residential energy efficiency—is identified as a complex and increasing issue affecting people’s physical health, well-being, and social inclusion. Even though a shared identification of energy poverty is not yet agreed, this phenomenon has been recognized as an EU priority. Several EU legislative documents address the topic, trying to outline its boundaries and provide a framework for mitigative actions. At the same time, different research and demonstration projects have been funded to experiment and evaluate innovative approaches, strategies, and solutions and to promote good practices at national, regional, and local levels. This review paper presents some results of the “ZOOM” project (“Energy zoning for urban systems. Models and relations for the built environment”, funded by University of Bologna in the framework of Alma Idea 2017–ongoing), proposing a critical overview of the EU projects directly or indirectly connected to energy poverty—funded under the 7th Framework Program (FP7) and under Horizon 2020 Program (H2020). The aim of such a review is to highlight the main objectives, trends, and related topics of ongoing and concluded projects addressing energy poverty, in order to identify gaps and open issues and to understand the possible orientation and placement of this subject in the future EU research and innovation framework project, Horizon Europe.
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Butov, Alexander V. "Causes of Loss Competitivenesses of the Company Ford in the Russian Federation." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-171-180.
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The departure of large foreign car manufacturers from the Russian market negatively affects all partners and interested parties car dealers, suppliers, employees, buyers and fans of brands of departed companies. This departure became even more painful for Ford itself, which leaves the domestic market with a loss of $ 500 million, which is 14% of the total annual profit of Ford Motor Co. in 2018 This sad event was caused by a number of circumstances: the consequences of the global financial crisis, the devaluation of the national currency, the decline in sales in the Russian car market, company errors in pricing, marketing policies and updating the model range, in assessing the prospects for marketing products and creating excess production capacities, as well as refusal to independently manage Russian business and the choice for this Russian partner in a joint venture. A close study of the reasons that forced the recent leader of the Russian car market to Ford to close its car factories and stop selling them in Russia is presented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the development of the domestic car market, the development of effective competition strategies in the face of falling household incomes and rising product prices, state support for the domestic auto industry, as well as the specifics of creating joint ventures in the Russian Federation and assessing the resource capabilities of joint venture partners.
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Popov, V. "To devalue or not to devalue?" Acta Oeconomica 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.61.2011.3.1.
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If there is a negative terms of trade or financial shock leading to the deterioration in the balance of payments, there are two basic options for a country that has limited foreign exchange reserves. First, a country can maintain a fixed exchange rate (or even a currency board) and wait until the reduction of foreign exchange reserves leads to the reduction of money supply: this will drive domestic prices down and stimulate exports, raise interest rates and stimulate the inflow of capital, and finally will correct the balance of payments. Second, the country can allow the devaluation of national currency — flexible exchange rate will automatically bring the balance of payments back into the equilibrium. Because national prices are less flexible than exchange rates, the first type of adjustment is associated with the greater reduction of output.The empirical evidence on East European countries and other transition economies for the 1998–99 period (outflow of capital after the 1997 Asian and 1998 Russian currency crises and slowdown of output growth rates) suggests that the second type of policy response (devaluation) was associated with smaller loss of output than the first type (monetary contraction). The 2008–09 developments provide additional evidence for this hypothesis.