Journal articles on the topic 'National Building Regulations Business Unit'

This research aims to analyze the regulation of Civil Servant Investigator based on Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2005 and the implementation of Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2005 concerning Regional Civil Servant Investigator at Office of Kuningan District Civil Service Police Unit. This descriptive-analytical research applied a normative juridical approach. The results showed that based on Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2005, Regional Civil Servant Investigator has the duties of conducting investigation on violations of Regional Regulations in which each Regional Civil Servant Investigator must be equipped with an investigation warrant signed by the supervisor of the Regional Civil Servant Investigator in conducting the investigation. Besides, Regional Civil Servant Investigator also has the duties of providing coaching which includes general, technical, and operational coaching for Civil Servant Investigator. Further, regarding the implementation of Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2005 concerning Regional Civil Servant Investigator at Office of Kuningan District Civil Service Police Unit, the Regional Civil Servant Investigator generally has carried out its duties in conducting investigation and inspection towards illegal buildings, places of business and business activities; conducting investigation and inspection towards community, apparatus or legal entities violating regional regulations, head district regulations, and head district decisions; and preparing material to be submitted to the National Police regarding follow up actions towards community, apparatus or legal entities violating regional regulations, head district regulations, and head district decisions. Thus, it can be concluded that, in general, Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2005 concerning Regional Civil Servant Investigator at Office of Kuningan District Civil Service Police Unit has been implemented well.Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2005 dan implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah di Kantor Satpol Polisi Pamongpraja Kabupaten Kuningan. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian bersifat deskriptif-analitis dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2005 dijelaskan bahwa Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah mempunyai tugas melakukan penyidikan atas pelanggaran Peraturan Daerah; setiap Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah dalam menjalankan tugas penyidikan harus dilengkapi dengan surat perintah penyidikan yang ditanda tangani oleh atasan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah; serta pembinaan terhadap Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil meliputi: pembinaan umum, pembinaan teknis, dan pembinaan operasional. Selanjutnya implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah di Kantor Satpol PP Kabupaten Kuningan secara umum Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah telah melaksanakan penyelidikan, penyidikan, dan pemeriksaan terhadap bangunan, tempat-tempat usaha dan kegiatan usaha tanpa izin; melaksanakan penyelidikan, penyidikan, dan pemeriksaan terhadap masyarakat, aparatur atau badan hukum yang melakukan pelanggaran atas peraturan daerah, peraturan bupati, dan keputusan bupati; dan menyiapkan bahan koordinasi kepada Keolisian Negara mengenai tindak lanjut berita acara pemeriksaan warga masyarakat, aparatur atau badan hukum yang melakukan pelanggaran atas peraturan daerah, peraturan bupati, dan keputusan bupati. Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah di Kantor Satpol Polisi Pamongpraja Kabupaten Kuningan secara umum sudah dilaksanakan dengan baik.

ABSTRAKPemerintah RI dalam upaya pengimplementasian Revolusi Industri 4.0 di bidang industri telah menetapkan 10 langkah prioritas nasional, yaitu roadmap yang dikenal dengan Making Indonesia 4.0, yang mencakup perbaikan alur aliran barang dan material, desain ulang zona industri, akomodasi standar-standar keberlanjutan, pemberdayaaan UMKM, pembangunan infrastruktur digital nasional, peningkatan minat investasi asing, peningkatan kualitas SDM, pembangunan ekosistem inovasi, pemberian insentif untuk investasi teknologi, dan harmonisasi aturan dan kebijakan. Melalui pemetaan ini, industri tambang menjadi salah satu unit industri yang penting untuk mewujudkan revolusi industri 4.0. Meskipun pada tahun 2018 trend insdutri global mengalami pergeseran dari industri ekstraktif (extractive industry) menjadi industri disruptif (disruptive industry), seperti perusahaan-perusahaan teknologi maupun perusahaan berbasis R&D (research and development), revolusi industri tidak serta merta dapat tercapai tanpa adanya peran dari sektor industri ekstraktif, misalnya sektor industri pertambangan, seperti pengadaan bahan baku industri, penggiatan energi terbarukan, hingga penyediaan segala fasilitas dan infrastruktur pendukung bergeraknya revolusi industri 4.0 di Indonesia, contohnya pemenuhan kebutuhan listrik. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengkaji arah kebijakan sektor industri pertambangan sebagai sektor utama dalam mendukung perkembangan revolusi industri di Indonesia. Berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah yang dikeluarkan dalam KEN dan RUEN, serta UU Minerba Nomor 4/2009, terdapat hal mendasar yang perlu diperhatikan pemerintah, yakni kebijakan mengenai ketahanan energi nasional. Pemerintah harus mulai memperhitungkan keterdiaan energi dalam kebijakan yang juga menyangkut pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) sebagai upaya untuk mengendalikan sumber daya maupun cadangan batubara di dalam negeri untuk sumber energi nasional melalui kebijakan pembentukan Wilayah Cadangan Negara (WPN) khususnya batubara. Pembuatan neraca sumber daya alam sebagai langkah awal pembentukan kebijakan berbasis riset diharapkan dapat ditindaklanjuti dengan perhitungan yang matang mengenai ketahanan energi hingga perhitungan ekonomis terkait kerusakan lingkungan, karena meskip hingga pertengahan tahun 2019 PNBP di sektor mineral dan batubara telah mencapai Rp19,16 triliun atau 44,28% dari target tahun 2019, terdapat kemungkinan bahwa angka penerimaan ini tidak sebanding dengan besaran nilai yang dibutuhkan untuk kompensasi kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh adanya aktifitas pertambangan. Kebijakan pemerintah kedepannya diharapkan tidak hanya berfokus pada kebijakan DMO, besaran royalti, ekspor impor, hilirisasi, konversi maupun konservasi energi, namun perhitungan matang terhadap ketahanan dan ketersediaan energi nasional melalui pembentukan WCN batubara, karena batubara sebagai target bauran energi utama Indonesia merupakan energi fosil tidak dapat diperbaharui yang diperkirakan habis dalam 71 tahun, dan dapat lebih cepat apabila bauran batubara Indonesia sesuai proyeksi mencapai 38% di tahun 2025 (asumsi business as usual). Kata Kunci: kebijakan, cadangan energi, batubara ABSTRACTThe Government of Indonesia in the attempt to implement the Industrial Revolution 4.0 through its Ministry of Industry has set 10 national priorities, known as Making Indonesia 4.0, which includes improving the flow of goods and materials, redesigning industrial zones, accommodating the sustainability standards, empowering MSMEs, developing the national digital infrastructure, increasing foreign investment interest, improving the quality of human resources, building an innovative ecosystem, providing incentives for technological investment, and harmonizing rules and policies. Through this roadmap, the mining industry became one of the important industrial units to support the realization of industrial revolution 4.0 in Indonesia. Although in 2018 the global industry trend has shifted from an extractive industry to a disruptive industry, such as technology companies and R&D (research and development) based companies, the industrial revolution cannot necessarily be achieved without the role of extractive industry sectors, for example the mining industry, in supporting the raw materials, facilities and infrastructure, and electricity. For this reason, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted to examine the policy in terms of mining industry. Based on government regulations issued in KEN and RUEN, and Mining and Minerals Law, there are basic things that need to be considered by the government, namely policies on national energy security. The government must begin to take into account the availability of energy in its policies that also in line with the sustainable development as an effort to control domestic coal resources and reserves for national energy sources by establishing a State Reserve Area (WPN) policy especially for coal. Creating a natural resource balance as a first step in setting up a research-based policy is expected to be followed up by a careful calculation of energy security to economic calculations related to environmental damage, because even with the high amount of PNBP in the mineral and coal sectorthere is a possibility that this is not proportional to the amount of value needed to compensate for the environmental damage. Future government policies are expected to focus not only on DMO policies, royalties, export-imports, downstream, conversion and energy conservation, but also careful calculation of national energy security and availability through the formation of coal WCN, because as Indonesia's main energy mix, coal is fossil energy which estimated to be used up in the next 71 years, and can be faster if the percentage of coal in Indonesian energy mix reaches 38% in 2025 as projected (business as usual).Keywords: policy, energy reserve, coal

This paper discusses the compliance and enforcement processes of the National Building Regulations of South Africa. These processes are administered by the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) in terms of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977 (The Act). The objective was to investigate the how the business processes by the NRCS have enforced Building Control Officers at the Local Authorities nationwide to comply with the safety of buildings for building occupants or end-users. The investigation was largely motivated by the high number of injuries, deaths and/or human lives affected and reported due to collapsing and defective buildings. It was a case study based on disasters occurred and reported at various Local Authorities, in private residential homes, government-owned buildings, abandoned and commercial buildings, such as shopping malls. This study applied the interpretive approach underpinned by qualitative methodology where interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data from affected stakeholders. The stakeholders ranged from building owners, prospective building owners and/or building occupants, built-environment practitioners, Local Authorities’ Building Control Officers and the Regulator. In gathering the data, it was ensured that it was done in an ethical manner and for the intended study only. The empirical findings revealed that there was a critical need for business process review and strategy shifts that advance objectivity and benefits to compliance, visibility and awareness of regulatory process. The output is a proposed re-design NRCS business processes that can effectively enforce compliance of the building regulations of South Africa.

Purpose The significant role of anti-corruption compliance should be encouraged to create good business and investment climate. Especially, in the circumstances of higher number of bribery and corruption cases, whilst preparing for Asian Economic Community, the necessary actions to reduce the financial crime and economic crime should be fostered into all aspects of business activities. To reduce bribery and corruption cases in Indonesia, National Integrity System as part of National Strategy on Corruption Prevention and Eradication is urged to be conducted. With the implementation of National Integrity System among all public or governmental institutions and private institutions, the institutions itself will be strengthened. National Integrity System should be implemented through all the people, process and technology in the organizations. So, at the end, the purpose of this paper is to prevent any financial crime, particularly in the Indonesian anti-corruption regime. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores and analyzes anti-bribery regulations and the important role of National Integrity System as the prevention approach to build anti-corruption compliance in Indonesia. Findings The National Integrity System and Anti-Corruption Compliance can be viewed as important elements for preventing any financial crime. The new perspective is needed for all of the public institutions and private institutions to build and implement National Integrity System in all business activities. Furthermore, all of business society has a significant role of developing the sustainable good business environment in Indonesia. Encouraging National Integrity System in every business sector is also a way to achieve the last purpose, which is to strengthen economic competitiveness. Practical implications The paper can be a source to explore about the National Integrity System and Anti-Corruption Compliance based on Indonesia perspectives. Originality/value This paper gives contributions by encouraging the public and private institutions to build anti-corruption compliance by implementing National Integrity System within their organizational culture to prevent financial crime and lead to sustainable economic growth.

<p><em>The purpose of this Writing is to analyze the study of the Implementation of Sharia Values in the business of the Nagari-Owned Business Entity (BUMNag). The analytical method used in this study is the SWOT analysis. This study shows that the contracts that exist in Islamic economics can be applied to Business Units that may be formed by BUMNag in accordance with laws and regulations. In addition to having strength (the majority of the Muslim population and Nagari have Alim Ulama, have BUMNag and good development), and Opportunities (The development of Islamic economics and the National Sharia Council, the existence of the Law concerning Islamic economics), this concept also has shortcomings (lack of public understanding of sharia contracts, lack of academic staff in Nagari) and Threats (Overall Islamic economics cannot be applied in Indonesia and the development of conventional transactions in the community). To realize BUMNag based on an Islamic economic perspective, it requires an active role and joint commitment from the Nagari government, the community, religious scholars, the National Sharia Council, non-governmental organizations, and parties concerned about the development of BUMNag and the Islamic economy.</em></p>

The national systematic, social requirements for green building development are becoming more stringent. But from the standpoint of the builder, who would contract and implement such a business, such regulations can become a burden working against efforts to promote building. Due to the increase in the initial investment cost associated with green building development, the reality is that voluntary compliance is not readily forthcoming. Thereby, the profitability of green building construction was examined from a cost perspective for a 40-year life cycle cost. As a model example of green apartments, the A Apartment complex was analyzed for its economy. A comparison was made against a standard building for green building design on its initial investment cost, and the energy savings during the occupancy phase, required to offset the cost of investment was calculated. As a result, the A-Apartment investment cost recovery period was approximately 10 years, with about an 8% range of operating profit. If the green building construction business were to be pursued with this long-term view, it is evident that construction of green buildings can be good for business.

AbstractThrough an investigation of the Shenzhen Collective Consultation Ordinance and the Guangdong Regulations on the Democratic Management of Enterprises, this article demonstrates how transnational capital in China deploys its associational power alongside its structural economic power to lobby and pressure the national and local governments to advance its own interests. In addition, building upon the ideas of Hall and Soskice about the varieties of capitalism, the authors have developed the concept of “varieties of transnational capital” to account for the differing positions of overseas business associations regarding the two laws. We find that these positions are shaped by two determining factors: a) where the associations are situated in global production chains, and b) the industrial relations model in their home countries.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore if and how companies strive for a harmonization of management accounting systems in their international business units to support company-wide consistent strategy implementation and to analyze the underlying drivers and pitfalls. Our paper is motivated by the tension between the need for consistent strategy implementation in the different international business units of multinational companies and the traditional differences in management accounting practices across countries. Design/methodology/approach – The field study comprised semi-structured in-depth interviews with management accounting experts in selected German and Spanish business units of 15 major German multinational companies. Findings – The authors identified strong efforts for company-wide harmonization of management accounting practices and found that beside explicit initiatives set by corporate headquarters, more implicit pressures such as the education of management accountants, the work of global consultancies and the use of standardized ERP-systems constitute strong drivers of the identified harmonization. Practical implications – The findings highlight implicit pressures as important drivers of the harmonization of management accounting systems in the international business units of multinational companies. Taking these implicit pressures into consideration can help multinational companies striving for a harmonization of business unit management accounting for consistent strategy implementation. Originality/value – Building on a unique sample of pairs of German and Spanish business units of 15 major German companies, the field study explores harmonization practices and its drivers in multinational companies.

PurposeInternational construction joint ventures (ICJVs) have been widely used as a temporary arrangement in many projects all over the world, especially in megaprojects. Within ICJVs, the national culture difference between partners affects their cooperation significantly. However, prior research has provided contradictory empirical evidence regarding these impacts. To address this problem, the purpose of this paper is to introduce cultural intelligence that judges an individual’s capability to function and manage effectively in culturally diverse settings as a moderating variable.Design/methodology/approachMultiple regression analysis and moderated multiple regression were undertaken to test proposed hypotheses. A questionnaire survey was conducted with international construction practitioners who had experiences of managing or participating in ICJVs.FindingsThe result of multiple regression analysis revealed that difference in national culture has significant negative effects on information exchange, shared problem solving and flexibility when asking for changes, thus effecting cooperation within ICJVs. Meanwhile, cultural intelligence of members can weaken these negative influences.Practical implicationsFirst, given that national culture difference affects negatively on the cooperation within ICJVs, it needs to be regarded as one of vital resources of risk which should be prevented and managed when attending ICJVs; Second, managers should build a series of mutually agreeable regulations and rules to lessen the negative effect of national culture difference; Third, it is recommended that ICJV management teams contain as many work-experienced members as possible and members within ICJVs, especially new staff, receive cross-cultural training termly to facilitate the cooperation between partners.Originality/valueThis research reveals the moderating effects of cultural intelligence on the relationship between national culture difference and cooperation in ICJVs as well as provides practical implications for ICJV managers to deal with national culture difference and reduce its negative impact on cooperation within ICJVs.

Agreement / contract is a legal relationship that is often carried out in the business world / community in Indonesia. With the issuance of the Presidential Decree which stipulates the Corona Virus (COVID19) as a national disaster it has had an impact on all aspects of community life then the local government issued a large-scale social restriction (PSBB) regional regulation. With the decision of Covid-19 as a national disaster emergency, restrictions and / or restrictions on activities in the community were imposed, which resulted in the cancellation of the building lease agreement for wedding receptions which could result in default in fulfilling the rights of the Parties. The research was conducted by using the normative juridical method and the specification using descriptive analytical. research methods that are research methods that use an approach based on the main legal materials by examining theories, concepts, legal principles and laws and regulations related to this research. The results of the research and discussion show that Covid-19 can be categorized as a force majeure which can be a reason for the cancellation of an agreement to rent a building. So that a renegotiation is needed in order to fulfill the obligations of the Parties in leasing a building.

This article understands, from an empirical perspective, the determinants of carbon emissions, using internationally comparable data, and cross-national regressions for India and China. Next, it explores the relationship between urban land use regulations and carbon emissions in India’s cities. Urbanization has no impact on carbon emissions per capita or per unit of geographical area. Electricity consumption in China and electricity produced from coal in India have a positive effect on carbon emissions. GDP per capita has a positive effect in India and not so in China, but per capita GDP squared has a negative impact on emissions in both the countries. Does this imply that urbanization should be ignored in the two countries? The answer is no, because a city’s urban form, to which policy contributes, is correlated with carbon emissions. More suburbanized cities which sprawl more also emit more carbon. India’s land use regulations relating to building height restrictions are conservative, hence Indian cities sprawl, which lead to carbon emissions. Hence, the focus of urban policy has to be on the development of compact cities. The article concludes with caveats of the data.

With the institutionalization of Europe's single market during the past decade, the Commission of the European Communities has faced dramatic changes in its policy environment. These include the intensified mobilization of firms and business associations that make new demands on Community regulatory regimes, and the accumulation of European Court of Justice decisions that alter the Commission's regulatory latitude. This essay examines developments in Community regulation of government aid to industry to assess how well the Commission has adapted to emerging constraints on its regulatory capacities. The essay finds that the Commission invited representatives of the national governments of EU countries to legislate conditions for applying regulations on government aid to industry in the mid-to-late 1990s - in a policy area in which the Commission in the past guarded its autonomy closely - not due to pressures from national governments, but as a response by the Commission's state aid policy unit to potential constraints on its regulatory capacities.

The article offers a comprehensive study on the essential characteristics of integrative interaction as a pattern for building integrated business structures. Based on a deepened understanding of an integration concept, it is argued that regardless of the scope of integration, this term could be considered twofold: either as an association, one way or another (often of equal single-profile business entities at the same level), or as an affiliation with a larger actor or with an existing association, sometimes its acquisition. In each case, integration is carried out to gain competitive advantages, obtain a particular benefit, and according to certain criteria. A literature review of the vast body of economic theories and approaches demonstrates that the integration concept is employed at all levels: local (refers to production processes within a single microeconomic unit); at a microlevel (within several business units); at the national level (within a certain state); at a mesolevel (within several border states); at a macrolevel (in a certain region), at a megalevel (within the global economic area). The in-depth-study of the essential characteristics of integrative interaction as a pattern for building integrated business structures allowed to consider integration as a polygamous category from the following perspectives: as an integration of individual units, activities, functions, elements; as a structural element of social development; as a management concept of cooperation; as a strategy and tactics of market behavior in competitive environment; as a strategy for integrating efforts, actions and opportunities; as forms of association (interaction) or as a system-based business unit; as a novel management approach; as a model for creating and developing integrated structures, implementation of innovative organizational patterns; as the process that leads towards a contingence state (launching, developing, evolving, strengthening of ties); as the processes of building and developing interaction, partnership and cooperation.

1. Introduction This Special Issue (Part 2) expands upon the theme “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience” presented in Special Issue Part 1 (JDR Volume 5, Number 2, April 2010) by examining the evolving concept of disaster resilience and providing additional reflections upon various aspects of its meaning. Part 1 provided a mixed set of examples of resiliency efforts, ranging from administrative challenges of integrating resilience into recovery to the analysis of hazard mitigation plans directed toward guiding local capability for developing resiliency. Resilience was broadly defined in the opening editorial of Special Issue Part 1 as “the capacity of a community to: 1) survive a major disaster, 2) retain essential structure and functions, and 3) adapt to post-disaster opportunities for transforming community structure and functions to meet new challenges.” In this editorial essay we first explore in Section 2 the history of resilience and then locate it within current academic and policy debates. Section 3 presents summaries of the papers in this issue. 2. Why is Resilience a Contemporary Theme? There is growing scholarly and policy interest in disaster resilience. In recent years, engineers [1], sociologists [2], geographers [3], economists [4], public policy analysts [5, 6], urban planners [7], hazards researchers [8], governments [9], and international organizations [10] have all contributed to the literature about this concept. Some authors view resilience as a mechanism for mitigating disaster impacts, with framework objectives such as resistance, absorption, and restoration [5]. Others, who focus on resiliency indicators, see it as an early warning system to assess community resiliency status [3, 8]. Recently, it has emerged as a component of social risk management that seeks to minimize social welfare loss from catastrophic disasters [6]. Manyena [11] traces scholarly exploration of resilience as an operational concept back at least five decades. Interest in resilience began in the 1940s with studies of children and trauma in the family and in the 1970s in the ecology literature as a useful framework to examine and measure the impact of assault or trauma on a defined eco-system component [12]. This led to modeling resilience measures for a variety of components within a defined ecosystem, leading to the realization that the systems approach to resiliency is attractive as a cross-disciplinary construct. The ecosystem analogy however, has limits when applied to disaster studies in that, historically, all catastrophic events have changed the place in which they occurred and a “return to normalcy” does not occur. This is true for modern urban societies as well as traditional agrarian societies. The adoption of “The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” (also known as The Hyogo Declaration) provides a global linkage and follows the United Nations 1990s International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction effort. The 2005 Hyogo Declaration’s definition of resilience is: “The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.” The proposed measurement of resilience in the Hyogo Declaration is determined by “the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase this capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.” While very broad, this definition contains two key concepts: 1) adaptation, and 2) maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure. While adaptation requires certain capacities, maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure requires resources, forethought, and normative action. Some of these attributes are now reflected in the 2010 National Disaster Recovery Framework published by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [13]. With the emergence of this new thinking on resilience related to disasters, it is now a good time to reflect on the concept and assess what has recently been said in the literature. Bruneau et al. [1] offer an engineering sciences definition for community seismic resilience: “The ability of social units (e.g., organizations, communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes.” Rose [4] writes that resiliency is the ability of a system to recover from a severe shock. He distinguishes two types of resilience: (1) inherent – ability under normal circumstances and (2) adaptive – ability in crisis situations due to ingenuity or extra effort. By opening up resilience to categorization he provides a pathway to establish multi-disciplinary approaches, something that is presently lacking in practice. Rose is most concerned with business disruption which can take extensive periods of time to correct. In order to make resource decisions that lower overall societal costs (economic, social, governmental and physical), Rose calls for the establishment of measurements that function as resource decision allocation guides. This has been done in part through risk transfer tools such as private insurance. However, it has not been well-adopted by governments in deciding how to allocate mitigation resources. We need to ask why the interest in resilience has grown? Manyena [11] argues that the concept of resilience has gained currency without obtaining clarity of understanding, definition, substance, philosophical dimensions, or applicability to disaster management and sustainable development theory and practice. It is evident that the “emergency management model” does not itself provide sufficient guidance for policymakers since it is too command-and-control-oriented and does not adequately address mitigation and recovery. Also, large disasters are increasingly viewed as major disruptions of the economic and social conditions of a country, state/province, or city. Lowering post-disaster costs (human life, property loss, economic advancement and government disruption) is being taken more seriously by government and civil society. The lessening of costs is not something the traditional “preparedness” stage of emergency management has concerned itself with; this is an existing void in meeting the expanding interests of government and civil society. The concept of resilience helps further clarify the relationship between risk and vulnerability. If risk is defined as “the probability of an event or condition occurring [14]#8221; then it can be reduced through physical, social, governmental, or economic means, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage and loss. Nothing can be done to stop an earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclone, hurricane, or other natural event, but the probability of damage and loss from natural and technological hazards can be addressed through structural and non-structural strategies. Vulnerability is the absence of capacity to resist or absorb a disaster impact. Changes in vulnerability can then be achieved by changes in these capacities. In this regard, Franco and Siembieda describe in this issue how coastal cities in Chile had low resilience and high vulnerability to the tsunami generated by the February 2010 earthquake, whereas modern buildings had high resilience and, therefore, were much less vulnerable to the powerful earthquake. We also see how the framework for policy development can change through differing perspectives. Eisner discusses in this issue how local non-governmental social service agencies are building their resilience capabilities to serve target populations after a disaster occurs, becoming self-renewing social organizations and demonstrating what Leonard and Howett [6] term “social resilience.” All of the contributions to this issue illustrate the lowering of disaster impacts and strengthening of capacity (at the household, community or governmental level) for what Alesch [15] terms “post-event viability” – a term reflecting how well a person, business, community, or government functions after a disaster in addition to what they might do prior to a disaster to lessen its impact. Viability might become the definition of recovery if it can be measured or agreed upon. 3. Contents of This Issue The insights provided by the papers in this issue contribute greater clarity to an understanding of resilience, together with its applicability to disaster management. In these papers we find tools and methods, process strategies, and planning approaches. There are five papers focused on local experiences, three on state (prefecture) experiences, and two on national experiences. The papers in this issue reinforce the concept of resilience as a process, not a product, because it is the sum of many actions. The resiliency outcome is the result of multiple inputs from the level of the individual and, at times, continuing up to the national or international organizational level. Through this exploration we see that the “resiliency” concept accepts that people will come into conflict with natural or anthropogenic hazards. The policy question then becomes how to lower the impact(s) of the conflict through “hard or soft” measures (see the Special Issue Part 1 editorial for a discussion of “hard” vs. “soft” resilience). Local level Go Urakawa and Haruo Hayashi illustrate how post-disaster operations for public utilities can be problematic because many practitioners have no direct experience in such operations, noting that the formats and methods normally used in recovery depend on personal skills and effort. They describe how these problems are addressed by creating manuals on measures for effectively implementing post-disaster operations. They develop a method to extract priority operations using business impact analysis (BIA) and project management based business flow diagrams (BFD). Their article effectively illustrates the practical aspects of strengthening the resiliency of public organizations. Richard Eisner presents the framework used to initiate the development and implementation of a process to create disaster resilience in faith-based and community-based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in San Francisco, California. A major project outcome is the Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This “standard” has general applicability for use by social service agencies in the public and non-profit sectors. Alejandro Linayo addresses the growing issue of technological risk in cities. He argues for the need to understand an inherent conflict between how we occupy urban space and the technological risks created by hazardous chemicals, radiation, oil and gas, and other hazardous materials storage and movement. The paper points out that information and procedural gaps exist in terms of citizen knowledge (the right to know) and local administrative knowledge (missing expertise). Advances and experience accumulated by the Venezuela Disaster Risk Management Research Center in identifying and integrating technological risk treatment for the city of Merida, Venezuela, are highlighted as a way to move forward. L. Teresa Guevara-Perez presents the case that certain urban zoning requirements in contemporary cities encourage and, in some cases, enforce the use of building configurations that have been long recognized by earthquake engineering as seismically vulnerable. Using Western Europe and the Modernist architectural movement, she develops the historical case for understanding discrepancies between urban zoning regulations and seismic codes that have led to vulnerable modern building configurations, and traces the international dissemination of architectural and urban planning concepts that have generated vulnerability in contemporary cities around the world. Jung Eun Kang, Walter Gillis Peacock, and Rahmawati Husein discuss an assessment protocol for Hazard Mitigation Plans applied to 12 coastal hazard zone plans in the state of Texas in the U.S. The components of these plans are systematically examined in order to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. The authors describe an assessment tool, the plan quality score (PQS), composed of seven primary components (vision statement, planning process, fact basis, goals and objectives, inter-organizational coordination, policies & actions, and implementation), as well as a component quality score (CQS). State (Prefecture) level Charles Real presents the Natural Hazard Zonation Policies for Land Use Planning and Development in California in the U.S. California has established state-level policies that utilize knowledge of where natural hazards are more likely to occur to enhance the effectiveness of land use planning as a tool for risk mitigation. Experience in California demonstrates that a combination of education, outreach, and mutually supporting policies that are linked to state-designated natural hazard zones can form an effective framework for enhancing the role of land use planning in reducing future losses from natural disasters. Norio Maki, Keiko Tamura, and Haruo Hayashi present a method for local government stakeholders involved in pre-disaster plan making to describe performance measures through the formulation of desired outcomes. Through a case study approach, Nara and Kyoto Prefectures’ separate experiences demonstrate how to conduct Strategic Earthquake Disaster Reduction Plans and Action Plans that have deep stakeholder buy-in and outcome measurability. Nara’s plan was prepared from 2,015 stakeholder ideas and Kyoto’s plan was prepared from 1,613 stakeholder ideas. Having a quantitative target for individual objectives ensures the measurability of plan progress. Both jurisdictions have undertaken evaluations of plan outcomes. Sandy Meyer, Eugene Henry, Roy E. Wright and Cynthia A. Palmer present the State of Florida in the U.S. and its experience with pre-disaster planning for post-disaster redevelopment. Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, local governments and state leaders in Florida sought to find a way to encourage behavior that would create greater community resiliency in 2006. The paper presents initial efforts to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), including the experience of a pilot county. National level Bo-Yao Lee provides a national perspective: New Zealand’s approach to emergency management, where all hazard risks are addressed through devolved accountability. This contemporary approach advocates collaboration and coordination, aiming to address all hazard risks through the “4Rs” – reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Lee presents the impact of the Resource Management Act (1991), the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act (2002), and the Building Act (2004) that comprise the key legislation influencing and promoting integrated management for environment and hazard risk management. Guillermo Franco and William Siembieda provide a field assessment of the February 27, 2010, M8.8 earthquake and tsunami event in Chile. The papers present an initial damage and life-loss review and assessment of seismic building resiliency and the country’s rapid updating of building codes that have undergone continuous improvement over the past 60 years. The country’s land use planning system and its emergency management system are also described. The role of insurance coverage reveals problems in seismic coverage for homeowners. The unique role of the Catholic Church in providing temporary shelter and the central government’s five-point housing recovery plan are presented. A weakness in the government’s emergency management system’s early tsunami response system is noted. Acknowledgements The Editorial Committee extends its sincere appreciation to both the contributors and the JDR staff for their patience and determination in making Part 2 of this special issue possible. Thanks also to the reviewers for their insightful analytic comments and suggestions. Finally, the Committee wishes to again thank Bayete Henderson for his keen and thorough editorial assistance and copy editing support.

Every founder of a tourism building in Gianyar Regency is required to have a Building Permit (IMB) and pay the levies according to the regional government (Bupati) of Gianyar Regency. The government establishes a procedure for the construction of tourism buildings because they are one of the business fields of providing accommodation which is supervised by the Supervisor of the Investment Service and One Stop Integrated Service of the Gianyar Regency area who is appointed by the Regent and employees who are assigned certain tasks in the area of ​​regional retribution according to applicable legal rules. The issues the present examines are the legal arrangement for permits for the construction of tourism buildings in Gianyar regency and the implementation procedures for the Gianyar Regency Regional Regulation Number 14 of 01 concerning Building Permit Retribution, especially for tourism buildings in the district. The type of research used is the empirical research, which requires the researcher to collect data by coming to the research locus which is in the One Stop Investment and Integrated Service Office and the Civil Service Police Unit Office (Satpol PPl) of Gianyar. The results of the study reveal that the permit to construct tourism buildings is granted by the local government through the application process for building a tourism building permit which must follow the principles of prime and affordable service in accordance with Regional Regulation No. 14 of 01. Law enforcement in granting building permits and paying IMB levies in Gianyar Regency is executed out by giving sanctions to legal entities or building owners who violate the applicable regulations.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework for capacity building in post disaster construction and demolition (C & D) waste management at a national level to address the identified capacity gaps in managing disaster waste resulting from natural hazards. Design/methodology/approach – Data were gathered through pilot interviews, case studies and expert opinion surveys representing government, non-government and other sector organisations involved in post disaster waste management. Findings – The study revealed unavailability of a single point of responsibility and provision for disaster waste in existing policies and capacity constraints in prevailing peace time solid waste management practices which were identified as major capacity gaps. Establishment of a regulatory body and enforceable rules and regulations with necessary levels of capacities was identified and presented in a theoretical framework comprising of seven identified areas for capacity building in post disaster waste management. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to disaster C & D waste as debris generated from totally or partially damaged buildings and infrastructure as a direct impact of natural hazards or from demolished buildings and infrastructure at rehabilitation or early recovery stages. Waste generated during reconstruction phase of post disaster management cycle is not considered as disaster C & D waste for purposes of this study. Originality/value – The research enabled analysis of existing capacities and presents approaches for capacity building for identified gaps in post disaster C & D waste management to attain sustainable post disaster waste management for future resilience.

Kiai as the person who is most responsible for the journey of the pesantren certainly has a big contribution to the independence of the pesantren, because in the structure of the boarding school Kiai is the highest leader and has enormous authority. The role of the Kiai is one of the important factors behind determining the future direction of the pesantren, one of which includes the economic independence of the pesantren. The objectives of this research were the Kiai’s strategy in the economic independence of the pesantren, and the second, the factors that shaped economic independence in Islamic boarding schools. The focus of the location in this research was Darul Fiqhi Islamic Boarding School, Lamongan, East Java. This research was qualitative research. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation, while the data analysis method used descriptive analysis. Based on the research conducted, it was known that: first, the role of the Kiai in the economic independence of the pesantren was that the Kiai acted as a giver of ideas or ideas, stockholders, advisers, management controllers, motivators, and decision makers in various regulations that in the managed business unit. Second, the kiai’s strategy in building the economic independence of the pesantren was to provide an understanding of the economy to the santri, empowering the santri, organizing the pesantren, building business units, as well as collaborating with parties outside the pesantren and the support and trust given by the community around the pesantren, such as being a member of the consumers and investors, as well as employees in business units owned by Islamic boarding schools.

In this issue of Journal of Disaster Research, we introduce nine papers on societal responses to recent catastrophic disasters with special focus on long-term recovery processes in Japan and the United States. As disaster impacts increase, we also find that recovery times take longer and the processes for recovery become more complicated. On January 17th of 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit the Hanshin and Awaji regions of Japan, resulting in the largest disaster in Japan in 50 years. In this disaster which we call the Kobe earthquake hereafter, over 6,000 people were killed and the damage and losses totaled more than 100 billion US dollars. The long-term recovery from the Kobe earthquake disaster took more than ten years to complete. One of the most important responsibilities of disaster researchers has been to scientifically monitor and record the long-term recovery process following this unprecedented disaster and discern the lessons that can be applied to future disasters. The first seven papers in this issue present some of the key lessons our research team learned from the studying the long-term recovery following the Kobe earthquake disaster. We have two additional papers that deal with two recent disasters in the United States – the terrorist attacks on World Trade Center in New York on September 11 of 2001 and the devastation of New Orleans by the 2005 Hurricane Katrina and subsequent levee failures. These disasters have raised a number of new research questions about long-term recovery that US researchers are studying because of the unprecedented size and nature of these disasters’ impacts. Mr. Mammen’s paper reviews the long-term recovery processes observed at and around the World Trade Center site over the last six years. Ms. Johnson’s paper provides a detailed account of the protracted reconstruction planning efforts in the city of New Orleans to illustrate a set of sufficient and necessary conditions for successful recovery. All nine papers in this issue share a theoretical framework for long-term recovery processes which we developed based first upon the lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake and later expanded through observations made following other recent disasters in the world. The following sections provide a brief description of each paper as an introduction to this special issue. 1. The Need for Multiple Recovery Goals After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the long-term recovery process began with the formulation of disaster recovery plans by the City of Kobe – the most severely impacted municipality – and an overarching plan by Hyogo Prefecture which coordinated 20 impacted municipalities; this planning effort took six months. Before the Kobe earthquake, as indicated in Mr. Maki’s paper in this issue, Japanese theories about, and approaches to, recovery focused mainly on physical recovery, particularly: the redevelopment plans for destroyed areas; the location and standards for housing and building reconstruction; and, the repair and rehabilitation of utility systems. But the lingering problems of some of the recent catastrophes in Japan and elsewhere indicate that there are multiple dimensions of recovery that must be considered. We propose that two other key dimensions are economic recovery and life recovery. The goal of economic recovery is the revitalization of the local disaster impacted economy, including both major industries and small businesses. The goal of life recovery is the restoration of the livelihoods of disaster victims. The recovery plans formulated following the 1995 Kobe earthquake, including the City of Kobe’s and Hyogo Prefecture’s plans, all stressed these two dimensions in addition to physical recovery. The basic structure of both the City of Kobe’s and Hyogo Prefecture’s recovery plans are summarized in Fig. 1. Each plan has three elements that work simultaneously. The first and most basic element of recovery is the restoration of damaged infrastructure. This helps both physical recovery and economic recovery. Once homes and work places are recovered, Life recovery of the impacted people can be achieved as the final goal of recovery. Figure 2 provides a “recovery report card” of the progress made by 2006 – 11 years into Kobe’s recovery. Infrastructure was restored in two years, which was probably the fastest infrastructure restoration ever, after such a major disaster; it astonished the world. Within five years, more than 140,000 housing units were constructed using a variety of financial means and ownership patterns, and exceeding the number of demolished housing units. Governments at all levels – municipal, prefectural, and national – provided affordable public rental apartments. Private developers, both local and national, also built condominiums and apartments. Disaster victims themselves also invested a lot to reconstruct their homes. Eleven major redevelopment projects were undertaken and all were completed in 10 years. In sum, the physical recovery following the 1995 Kobe earthquake was extensive and has been viewed as a major success. In contrast, economic recovery and life recovery are still underway more than 13 years later. Before the Kobe earthquake, Japan’s policy approaches to recovery assumed that economic recovery and life recovery would be achieved by infusing ample amounts of public funding for physical recovery into the disaster area. Even though the City of Kobe’s and Hyogo Prefecture’s recovery plans set economic recovery and life recovery as key goals, there was not clear policy guidance to accomplish them. Without a clear articulation of the desired end-state, economic recovery programs for both large and small businesses were ill-timed and ill-matched to the needs of these businesses trying to recover amidst a prolonged slump in the overall Japanese economy that began in 1997. “Life recovery” programs implemented as part of Kobe’s recovery were essentially social welfare programs for low-income and/or senior citizens. 2. Requirements for Successful Physical Recovery Why was the physical recovery following the 1995 Kobe earthquake so successful in terms of infrastructure restoration, the replacement of damaged housing units, and completion of urban redevelopment projects? There are at least three key success factors that can be applied to other disaster recovery efforts: 1) citizen participation in recovery planning efforts, 2) strong local leadership, and 3) the establishment of numerical targets for recovery. Citizen participation As pointed out in the three papers on recovery planning processes by Mr. Maki, Mr. Mammen, and Ms. Johnson, citizen participation is one of the indispensable factors for successful recovery plans. Thousands of citizens participated in planning workshops organized by America Speaks as part of both the World Trade Center and City of New Orleans recovery planning efforts. Although no such workshops were held as part of the City of Kobe’s recovery planning process, citizen participation had been part of the City of Kobe’s general plan update that had occurred shortly before the earthquake. The City of Kobe’s recovery plan is, in large part, an adaptation of the 1995-2005 general plan. On January 13 of 1995, the City of Kobe formally approved its new, 1995-2005 general plan which had been developed over the course of three years with full of citizen participation. City officials, responsible for drafting the City of Kobe’s recovery plan, have later admitted that they were able to prepare the city’s recovery plan in six months because they had the preceding three years of planning for the new general plan with citizen participation. Based on this lesson, Odiya City compiled its recovery plan based on the recommendations obtained from a series of five stakeholder workshops after the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake. <strong>Fig. 1. </strong> Basic structure of recovery plans from the 1995 Kobe earthquake. <strong>Fig. 2. </strong> “Disaster recovery report card” of the progress made by 2006. Strong leadership In the aftermath of the Kobe earthquake, local leadership had a defining role in the recovery process. Kobe’s former Mayor, Mr. Yukitoshi Sasayama, was hired to work in Kobe City government as an urban planner, rebuilding Kobe following World War II. He knew the city intimately. When he saw damage in one area on his way to the City Hall right after the earthquake, he knew what levels of damage to expect in other parts of the city. It was he who called for the two-month moratorium on rebuilding in Kobe city on the day of the earthquake. The moratorium provided time for the city to formulate a vision and policies to guide the various levels of government, private investors, and residents in rebuilding. It was a quite unpopular policy when Mayor Sasayama announced it. Citizens expected the city to be focusing on shelters and mass care, not a ban on reconstruction. Based on his experience in rebuilding Kobe following WWII, he was determined not to allow haphazard reconstruction in the city. It took several years before Kobe citizens appreciated the moratorium. Numerical targets Former Governor Mr. Toshitami Kaihara provided some key numerical targets for recovery which were announced in the prefecture and municipal recovery plans. They were: 1) Hyogo Prefecture would rebuild all the damaged housing units in three years, 2) all the temporary housing would be removed within five years, and 3) physical recovery would be completed in ten years. All of these numerical targets were achieved. Having numerical targets was critical to directing and motivating all the stakeholders including the national government’s investment, and it proved to be the foundation for Japan’s fundamental approach to recovery following the 1995 earthquake. 3. Economic Recovery as the Prime Goal of Disaster Recovery In Japan, it is the responsibility of the national government to supply the financial support to restore damaged infrastructure and public facilities in the impacted area as soon as possible. The long-term recovery following the Kobe earthquake is the first time, in Japan’s modern history, that a major rebuilding effort occurred during a time when there was not also strong national economic growth. In contrast, between 1945 and 1990, Japan enjoyed a high level of national economic growth which helped facilitate the recoveries following WWII and other large fires. In the first year after the Kobe earthquake, Japan’s national government invested more than US$ 80 billion in recovery. These funds went mainly towards the repair and reconstruction of infrastructure and public facilities. Now, looking back, we can also see that these investments also nearly crushed the local economy. Too much money flowed into the local economy over too short a period of time and it also did not have the “trickle-down” effect that might have been intended. To accomplish numerical targets for physical recovery, the national government awarded contracts to large companies from Osaka and Tokyo. But, these large out-of-town contractors also tended to have their own labor and supply chains already intact, and did not use local resources and labor, as might have been expected. Essentially, ten years of housing supply was completed in less than three years, which led to a significant local economic slump. Large amounts of public investment for recovery are not necessarily a panacea for local businesses, and local economic recovery, as shown in the following two examples from the Kobe earthquake. A significant national investment was made to rebuild the Port of Kobe to a higher seismic standard, but both its foreign export and import trade never recovered to pre-disaster levels. While the Kobe Port was out of business, both the Yokohama Port and the Osaka Port increased their business, even though many economists initially predicted that the Kaohsiung Port in Chinese Taipei or the Pusan Port in Korea would capture this business. Business stayed at all of these ports even after the reopening of the Kobe Port. Similarly, the Hanshin Railway was severely damaged and it took half a year to resume its operation, but it never regained its pre-disaster readership. In this case, two other local railway services, the JR and Hankyu lines, maintained their increased readership even after the Hanshin railway resumed operation. As illustrated by these examples, pre-disaster customers who relied on previous economic output could not necessarily afford to wait for local industries to recover and may have had to take their business elsewhere. Our research suggests that the significant recovery investment made by Japan’s national government may have been a disincentive for new economic development in the impacted area. Government may have been the only significant financial risk-taker in the impacted area during the national economic slow-down. But, its focus was on restoring what had been lost rather than promoting new or emerging economic development. Thus, there may have been a missed opportunity to provide incentives or put pressure on major businesses and industries to develop new businesses and attract new customers in return for the public investment. The significant recovery investment by Japan’s national government may have also created an over-reliance of individuals on public spending and government support. As indicated in Ms. Karatani’s paper, individual savings of Kobe’s residents has continued to rise since the earthquake and the number of individuals on social welfare has also decreased below pre-disaster levels. Based on our research on economic recovery from the Kobe earthquake, at least two lessons emerge: 1) Successful economic recovery requires coordination among all three recovery goals – Economic, Physical and Life Recovery, and 2) “Recovery indices” are needed to better chart recovery progress in real-time and help ensure that the recovery investments are being used effectively. Economic recovery as the prime goal of recovery Physical recovery, especially the restoration of infrastructure and public facilities, may be the most direct and socially accepted provision of outside financial assistance into an impacted area. However, lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake suggest that the sheer amount of such assistance may not be effective as it should be. Thus, as shown in Fig. 3, economic recovery should be the top priority goal for recovery among the three goals and serve as a guiding force for physical recovery and life recovery. Physical recovery can be a powerful facilitator of post-disaster economic development by upgrading social infrastructure and public facilities in compliance with economic recovery plans. In this way, it is possible to turn a disaster into an opportunity for future sustainable development. Life recovery may also be achieved with a healthy economic recovery that increases tax revenue in the impacted area. In order to achieve this coordination among all three recovery goals, municipalities in the impacted areas should have access to flexible forms of post-disaster financing. The community development block grant program that has been used after several large disasters in the United States, provide impacted municipalities with a more flexible form of funding and the ability to better determine what to do and when. The participation of key stakeholders is also an indispensable element of success that enables block grant programs to transform local needs into concrete businesses. In sum, an effective economic recovery combines good coordination of national support to restore infrastructure and public facilities and local initiatives that promote community recovery. Developing Recovery Indices Long-term recovery takes time. As Mr. Tatsuki’s paper explains, periodical social survey data indicates that it took ten years before the initial impacts of the Kobe earthquake were no longer affecting the well-being of disaster victims and the recovery was completed. In order to manage this long-term recovery process effectively, it is important to have some indices to visualize the recovery processes. In this issue, three papers by Mr. Takashima, Ms. Karatani, and Mr. Kimura define three different kinds of recovery indices that can be used to continually monitor the progress of the recovery. Mr. Takashima focuses on electric power consumption in the impacted area as an index for impact and recovery. Chronological change in electric power consumption can be obtained from the monthly reports of power company branches. Daily estimates can also be made by tracking changes in city lights using a satellite called DMSP. Changes in city lights can be a very useful recovery measure especially at the early stages since it can be updated daily for anywhere in the world. Ms. Karatani focuses on the chronological patterns of monthly macro-statistics that prefecture and city governments collect as part of their routine monitoring of services and operations. For researchers, it is extremely costly and virtually impossible to launch post-disaster projects that collect recovery data continuously for ten years. It is more practical for researchers to utilize data that is already being collected by local governments or other agencies and use this data to create disaster impact and recovery indices. Ms. Karatani found three basic patterns of disaster impact and recovery in the local government data that she studied: 1) Some activities increased soon after the disaster event and then slumped, such as housing construction; 2) Some activities reduced sharply for a period of time after the disaster and then rebounded to previous levels, such as grocery consumption; and 3) Some activities reduced sharply for a while and never returned to previous levels, such as the Kobe Port and Hanshin Railway. Mr. Kimura focuses on the psychology of disaster victims. He developed a “recovery and reconstruction calendar” that clarifies the process that disaster victims undergo in rebuilding their shattered lives. His work is based on the results of random surveys. Despite differences in disaster size and locality, survey data from the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake indicate that the recovery and reconstruction calendar is highly reliable and stable in clarifying the recovery and reconstruction process. <strong>Fig. 3.</strong> Integrated plan of disaster recovery. 4. Life Recovery as the Ultimate Goal of Disaster Recovery Life recovery starts with the identification of the disaster victims. In Japan, local governments in the impacted area issue a “damage certificate” to disaster victims by household, recording the extent of each victim’s housing damage. After the Kobe earthquake, a total of 500,000 certificates were issued. These certificates, in turn, were used by both public and private organizations to determine victim’s eligibility for individual assistance programs. However, about 30% of those victims who received certificates after the Kobe earthquake were dissatisfied with the results of assessment. This caused long and severe disputes for more than three years. Based on the lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake, Mr. Horie’s paper presents (1) a standardized procedure for building damage assessment and (2) an inspector training system. This system has been adopted as the official building damage assessment system for issuing damage certificates to victims of the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake, the 2007 Noto-Peninsula earthquake, and the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Oki earthquake. Personal and family recovery, which we term life recovery, was one of the explicit goals of the recovery plan from the Kobe earthquake, but it was unclear in both recovery theory and practice as to how this would be measured and accomplished. Now, after studying the recovery in Kobe and other regions, Ms. Tamura’s paper proposes that there are seven elements that define the meaning of life recovery for disaster victims. She recently tested this model in a workshop with Kobe disaster victims. The seven elements and victims’ rankings are shown in Fig. 4. Regaining housing and restoring social networks were, by far, the top recovery indicators for victims. Restoration of neighborhood character ranked third. Demographic shifts and redevelopment plans implemented following the Kobe earthquake forced significant neighborhood changes upon many victims. Next in line were: having a sense of being better prepared and reducing their vulnerability to future disasters; regaining their physical and mental health; and restoration of their income, job, and the economy. The provision of government assistance also provided victims with a sense of life recovery. Mr. Tatsuki’s paper summarizes the results of four random-sample surveys of residents within the most severely impacted areas of Hyogo Prefecture. These surveys were conducted biannually since 1999,. Based on the results of survey data from 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005, it is our conclusion that life recovery took ten years for victims in the area impacted significantly by the Kobe earthquake. Fig. 5 shows that by comparing the two structural equation models of disaster recovery (from 2003 and 2005), damage caused by the Kobe earthquake was no longer a determinant of life recovery in the 2005 model. It was still one of the major determinants in the 2003 model as it was in 1999 and 2001. This is the first time in the history of disaster research that the entire recovery process has been scientifically described. It can be utilized as a resource and provide benchmarks for monitoring the recovery from future disasters. <strong>Fig. 4.</strong> Ethnographical meaning of “life recovery” obtained from the 5th year review of the Kobe earthquake by the City of Kobe. <strong>Fig. 5.</strong> Life recovery models of 2003 and 2005. 6. The Need for an Integrated Recovery Plan The recovery lessons from Kobe and other regions suggest that we need more integrated recovery plans that use physical recovery as a tool for economic recovery, which in turn helps disaster victims. Furthermore, we believe that economic recovery should be the top priority for recovery, and physical recovery should be regarded as a tool for stimulating economic recovery and upgrading social infrastructure (as shown in Fig. 6). With this approach, disaster recovery can help build the foundation for a long-lasting and sustainable community. Figure 6 proposes a more detailed model for a more holistic recovery process. The ultimate goal of any recovery process should be achieving life recovery for all disaster victims. We believe that to get there, both direct and indirect approaches must be taken. Direct approaches include: the provision of funds and goods for victims, for physical and mental health care, and for housing reconstruction. Indirect approaches for life recovery are those which facilitate economic recovery, which also has both direct and indirect approaches. Direct approaches to economic recovery include: subsidies, loans, and tax exemptions. Indirect approaches to economic recovery include, most significantly, the direct projects to restore infrastructure and public buildings. More subtle approaches include: setting new regulations or deregulations, providing technical support, and creating new businesses. A holistic recovery process needs to strategically combine all of these approaches, and there must be collaborative implementation by all the key stakeholders, including local governments, non-profit and non-governmental organizations (NPOs and NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), and the private sector. Therefore, community and stakeholder participation in the planning process is essential to achieve buy-in for the vision and desired outcomes of the recovery plan. Securing the required financial resources is also critical to successful implementation. In thinking of stakeholders, it is important to differentiate between supporting entities and operating agencies. Supporting entities are those organizations that supply the necessary funding for recovery. Both Japan’s national government and the federal government in the U.S. are the prime supporting entities in the recovery from the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 2001 World Trade Center recovery. In Taiwan, the Buddhist organization and the national government of Taiwan were major supporting entities in the recovery from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Operating agencies are those organizations that implement various recovery measures. In Japan, local governments in the impacted area are operating agencies, while the national government is a supporting entity. In the United States, community development block grants provide an opportunity for many operating agencies to implement various recovery measures. As Mr. Mammen’ paper describes, many NPOs, NGOs, and/or CBOs in addition to local governments have had major roles in implementing various kinds programs funded by block grants as part of the World Trade Center recovery. No one, single organization can provide effective help for all kinds of disaster victims individually or collectively. The needs of disaster victims may be conflicting with each other because of their diversity. Their divergent needs can be successfully met by the diversity of operating agencies that have responsibility for implementing recovery measures. In a similar context, block grants made to individual households, such as microfinance, has been a vital recovery mechanism for victims in Thailand who suffered from the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami disaster. Both disaster victims and government officers at all levels strongly supported the microfinance so that disaster victims themselves would become operating agencies for recovery. Empowering individuals in sustainable life recovery is indeed the ultimate goal of recovery. <strong>Fig. 6.</strong> A holistic recovery policy model.

Purpose Factors influencing management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste within the Iranian context have yet to be investigated. The purpose of this paper is to define and address this knowledge gap, through development of a model to map the associations among the primary factors affecting C&D waste at project, industry and national levels. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model is developed based on synthesising the findings of available studies on factors affecting C&D waste with a focus on developing countries. For collecting data, the study drew upon a questionnaire survey of 103 Iranian construction practitioners. The strength and significance of associations among these factors to modify and validate the model were assessed using the structural equation modelling-partial least squares approach. Findings Major factors affecting C&D waste management and their level of importance were identified at project, industry and national levels. Results clearly showed that the government should review regulations pertaining to C&D waste management and make sure they are implemented properly. The “polluter pays principle” is a useful guide in devising effective policies and regulations for the Iranian context. Originality/value This study contributes to the field through presenting the first major study on C&D waste management in Iran. The study provides a picture of C&D waste management status quo in Iran and encapsulates the factors affecting C&D waste management in the Iranian context at different levels within an integrated model. The findings have practical implications for policy makers and construction practitioners in Iran, similar developing economies and foreign firms planning to operate in Iran.

AbstractFederal land-management agencies are increasingly developing policies to support multiscale monitoring for land-management planning and decisionmaking. Regulations for national forest planning promulgated in 2012 require US Forest Service Regions to develop “broader-scale” monitoring strategies conducted at scales greater than a single planning unit that can complement forest plan monitoring strategies. Given that this requirement is relatively new, we conducted research to investigate the advantages, challenges, and opportunities associated with implementation. We conducted and analyzed interviews with 95 interviewees from forest and regional levels of the agency, and federal, state, nongovernment, and research organizations who could provide insight on broader-scale monitoring challenges and opportunities. We also drew on findings from four interagency workshops. We found that broader-scale monitoring strategies have the potential to generate efficiencies for forest planning processes and improve coordination and communication across levels of the agency and with external partners. Major challenges for implementation relate to limited human and financial resource capacity and the agency’s decentralized organizational structure and culture. Opportunities for addressing these issues include building capacity for implementation through partnerships and investing in regional capacity for coordination and implementation.

Purpose – Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. To even further improve collaboration, there is a move toward the production and usage of BIM standards in various countries. These are typically national documents, including guides, protocols, and mandatory regulations, that introduce guidelines about what information should be exchanged at what time between which partners and in what formats. If a nation or a construction team agrees on these guidelines, improved collaboration can come about on top of the collaboration benefits induced by the mere usage of BIM. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors investigate the general content and usage of existing BIM standards for new constructions, describing specifications about BIM deliverable documents, modeling, and collaboration procedures. The authors suggest to what extent the content in the BIM standards can also be used for interventions in existing buildings. These suggestions rely heavily on literature study, supported by on-site use case experiences. Findings – From this research, the authors can conclude that the existing standards give a solid basis for BIM collaboration in existing building interventions, but that they need to be extended in order to be of better use in any intervention project in an existing building. This extension should happen at: data modeling level: other kinds of data formats need to be considered, coming from terrestrial laser scanning and automatic digital photogrammetry tools; at data exchange level: exchange requirements should take explicit statements about modeling tolerances and levels of (un)certainty; and at process modeling level: business process models should include information exchange processes from the very start of the building survey (BIM→facility management→BIM or regular audit). Originality/value – BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.

Indoor Lighting design of different types of buildings is a very challenging and technology oriented work. Building lighting designing has specific rules and regulations and can be varied depending upon the designers choice. As per National Building Code of India, buildings can be classified according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the nine groups. These are Group A_(Residential), Group B_(Educational), Group C_(Institutional),Group D_(Assembly ),Group E_(Business), Group F_(Mercantile), Group G_(Industrial) ,Group H_(Storage) and Group J_(Hazardous) types of buildings. With the reduction of energy consumption, there should not be any sacrifice in quality and quantity of light required as per the lighting codes. The shortage of Electrical energy is increasing gradually. As it is the energy source of lighting, the lighting designers should be more concerned about energy efficient lighting system design. LED consumes less power than the conventional luminaires & maintains almost the same lighting level. So, lighting designers are using LED luminaires into their designs now a days. Also, renewable energy sources driven lighting systems should be used. It will be environmental friendly also. A proper lighting design requires consideration of the amount of functional light level provided, the energy consumed and the aesthetic effect supplied by the lighting system. The electrical lighting systems should also consider the impacts of, and ideally be integrated with, daylighting systems. Building lighting design focuses on three fundamental aspects of the illumination of buildings or spaces. The first is the aesthetic appeal of a building. Secondly, the ergonomic aspect: the measure of how much of a function the lighting can achieve. Thirdly is the energy efficiency issue to ensure that light is not wasted by over-illumination, light pollution, by illuminating vacant spaces unnecessarily or by providing more light than needed for the aesthetics or the task.

Background Since the People’s Republic of China (PRC), or China, established the basic medical insurance system (MIS) in 1998, the medical insurance information systems (MIISs) in China have effectively supported the operation of the MIS through several phases of development; the phases included a stand-alone version, the internet, and big data. In 2018, China’s national medical security systems were integrated, while MIISs were facing reconstruction. We summarized China’s experience in medical insurance informatization over the past 20 years, aiming to provide a reference for the building of a new basic MIS for China and for developing countries. Objective This paper aims to sort out medical insurance informatization policies throughout the years, use questionnaires to determine the status quo of provincial MIIS-building in China and the relevant policies, provide references and suggestions for the top-level design and implementation of the information systems in the transitional period of China’s MIS reform, and provide a reference for the building of MIISs in developing countries. Methods We conducted policy analysis by collecting the laws, regulations, and policy documents—issued from 1998 to 2020—on China's medical insurance and its informatization; we also analyzed the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and other relevant policies. We conducted a questionnaire survey by sending out questionnaires to 31 Chinese, provincial, medical security bureaus to collect information about network links, system functions, data exchange, standards and specifications, and building modes, among other items. We conducted a literature review by searching for documents about relevant laws and policies, building methods, application results, and other documents related to MIISs; we conducted searches using PubMed, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and other major literature databases. We conducted telephone interviews to verify the results of questionnaires and to understand the focus issues concerning the building of China’s national MIISs during the period of integration and transition of China's MIS. Results In 74% (23/31) of the regions in China, MIISs were networked through dedicated fiber optic lines. In 65% (20/31) of the regions in China, MIISs supported identity recognition based on both ID cards and social security cards. In 55% (17/31) of the regions in China, MIISs at provincial and municipal levels were networked and have gathered basic medical insurance data, whereas MIISs were connected to health insurance companies in 35% (11/31) of the regions in China. China’s MIISs are comprised of 11 basic functional modules, among which the modules of business operation, transregional referral, reimbursement, and monitoring systems are widely applied. MIISs in 83% (20/24) of Chinese provinces have stored data on coverage, payment, and settlement compensation of medical insurance. However, in terms of data security and privacy protection, pertinent policies are absent and data utilization is not in-depth enough. Respondents to telephone interviews universally reflected on the following issues and suggestions: in the period of integration and transition of MISs, close attention should be paid to the top-level design, and repeated investment should be avoided for the building of MIISs; MIISs should be adapted to the health care reform, and efforts should be made to strengthen the informatization support for the reform of payment methods; and MIISs should be adapted for the widespread application of mobile phones and should provide insured persons with more self-service functions. Conclusions In the future, the building of China’s basic MIISs should be deployed at the national, provincial, prefectural, and municipal levels on a unified basis. Efforts should be made to strengthen the development of standard codes, data exchange, and data utilization. Work should be done to formulate the rules and regulations for security and privacy protection and to balance the right to be informed with the mining and utilization of big data. Efforts should be made to intensify the interconnectivity between MISs and other health systems and to strengthen the application of medical insurance information in public health monitoring and early warning systems; this would ultimately improve the degree of trust from stakeholders, including individuals, medical service providers, and public health institutions, in the basic MIISs.

The primary drivers of the creation of infrastructure networks are the benefits that can be achieved through collective action. For example, global and regional networks of regulators enable agencies to obtain inputs and create outputs that would otherwise be unavailable or very expensive. Such organizations act as intermediaries, providing forums for discussions, sharing data for benchmarking, producing public pronouncements, developing materials for stakeholders, providing capacity building for professional staff, and evaluating best practice laws (and procedures) that address institutional and policy issues. This article provides a census of such organizations, with particular emphasis on organizations within Latin America and the Caribbean. Although there is some evidence that these activities influence national regulations through the provision of benchmarking data and adoption of shared principles, quantifying those impacts is difficult. Organizations providing infrastructure services also collaborate within and across nations. These operator and regulatory networks can be across countries, within nations, or mixed in nature. Some are more ministerial in structure, while others were created to strengthen regulatory autonomy. Regulatory networks strengthen the operational capacity of national regulators, provide opportunities for improving staff expertise, promote the theme of greater independence of agencies, and reinforce their legitimacy as agencies that can improve infrastructure performance. Operator networks emerged as organizations for promoting best practice, sharing experiences, and developing strategies for dealing with operational and regulatory challenges. Examples from Latin America and the Caribbean illustrate the growth of networks that provide a wide range of “outputs” for those developing, implementing, and responding to public policy.

Setiap kota tumbuh dan berkembang sesuai dengan potensi dan dinamika yang ada di dalamnya. Agar perkembangan kota tersebut dapat terarah dan teratur diperlukan suatu pedoman bagi kegiatan pembangunan dan pemanfaatan ruang. Pedoman bagi kegiatan pembangunan dan pemanfaatan ruang kota tersebut adalah Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota (RTRW) serta peraturan yang terkait dengan aktivitas pemanfaatan ruangnya.Dalam RTRW Kota Pontianak, masing-masing wilayah merupakan bagian wilayah kota yang menjadi fokus perencanaan. Perkembangan wilayah akan membawa pengaruh terhadap pemanfaatan ruang yang ada. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa fenomena yang terjadi, yaitu adanya penyimpangan terhadap pemanfaatan ruang yang sudah ditetapkan dalam rencana tata ruang. Kondisi ini dapat dilihat dengan mudah pada ruas-ruas jalan utama yang menjadi cerminan wajah Kota Pontianak. Pada ruas jalan utama masih banyak terdapat bangunan yang berdiri tidak sesuai dengan aturan rencana tata ruang dan tata bangunan yang ada. Akibat lebih jauh dari kondisi ini adalah penataan bangunan sebagai inti fisik kota terkesan kurang teratur dan berkembang tidak sesuai harapan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi terhadap pemanfaatan ruang bagi aktivitas mendirikan bangunan di sepanjang koridor Jalan Kom Yos Sudarso Pontianak yang merupakan salah satu jalan utama di Kota Pontianak untuk melihat kesesuaiannya dengan peraturan tata ruang dan bangunan yang berlaku khususnya peraturan yang berkaitan dengan perencanaan RMJ dan GSB pada kawasan tersebut.Penelitian ini menggunakan desain riset deskriftif dengan survei sebagai instrumen penelitian, yaitu dengan melakukan obsevasi dan pengamatan langsung dilapangan untuk memperoleh data primer berkaitan dengan jumlah dan karakteristik bangunan di sepanjang koridor Jalan Kom Yos Sudarso Pontianak. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriftif untuk melihat frekuensi dan pola sebaran data yang dimati. Dari analisis tersebut maka dapat diketahui gambaran tentang frekuensi, kecenderungan serta pola sebaran aktivitas mendirikan bangunan di sepanjang koridor jalan Kom Yos Sudarso Pontianakterhadap penerapan peraturan tata ruang dan bangunan pada wilayah penelitian.Hasil identifikasi didapat 216 unit bangunan atau 17,2 % terkena perencanaan RMJ dan sebagian besar adalah bangunan dengan fungsi usaha. Sementara itu, bangunan yang tidak sesuai dengan penataan GSB pada wilayah penelitian ini sebesar 825 unit bangunan atau mencapai 65,6 % dari seluruh bangunan yang diamati. Fungsi bangunan yang paling banyak melanggar aturan penataan GSB adalah bangunan dengan fungsi usaha serta bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai hunian dan usaha yang mencapai 41,9 % dan 14,3 % dari total bangunan yang di amati.Kata-Kata Kunci: Pemanfaatan Ruang, Aktivitas Mendirikan Bangunan, Koridor JalanIDENTIFICATION ON THE ACTIVITIES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REGARD TO SPATIAL USE AT KOM YOS SUDARSO’S STREET CORRIDORS PONTIANAKEvery city grows and develops according to the potential and dynamics the city has in itself. For the development of the city to be orderly and well directed, a guideline is needed for development activities and spatial utilization. Such a guideline for the development and utilization of urban space is known as Urban Spatial Plans (RTRW) as well as regulations related to the activities of spatial utilization. In the RTRW of Pontianak City, each region is a part of the city that becomes the focus of planning. The development of a region will obviously affect the utilization of existing space. This can be seen from several phenomena that occur, namely deviation against space utilization that has been defined in the spatial plan. This condition can easily be seen on the sections of main roads that constitute as reflection of the face of Pontianak City. On the main road, sections there are still found many buildings that are not in accordance with the existing spatial plan and building layout. A further consequence of such a condition is that the arrangement of buildings as the physical core of the city seems to be less organized and develops not as it had been expected to be.The purpose of this study is to identify the use of space for the activity of building constructions along the corridor of Kom Yos Sudarso Pontianak street which is one of the main roads in Pontianak City and to see if they are in compliance with the existing spatial and building regulations, particularly the regulations relating to the RMJ plans (Street Owned Space) and GSB (Building Border Line) on the area in question. This research uses descriptive research design with a survey as its main research instrument by conducting observation and direct field observation to get the primary data related to the numbers and characteristics of the buildings along the corridor of Kom Yos Sudarso Street, Pontianak. The analysis used is descriptive analysis to see the frequency and pattern of data distribution being observed. From the analysis, it could be seen that the description of the frequency, tendency and patterns of building activity distribution along the corridor of Kom Yos Sudarso Street Pontianak with regard to the implementation of spatial and building regulations in the researched area.Identification results obtained 216 building units or 17.2% exposed to planning RMJ and as large is a building with business functions. Meanwhile, buildings that are inconsistent with the GSB structuring in this research area are 825 units of buildings or 65.6% of all buildings observed. Building functions that most violate GSB structuring rules are buildings with business functions as well as buildings that serve as occupancy and businesses that reach 41.9% and 14.3% of the total buildings observed.Keywords: Space Utilization, Building Activity, Road CorridorREFERENCESIrawati, H.,Haryanto, R. (2015). Perubahan Fungsi Lahan Koridor Jalan Selokan Mataram Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Teknik PWK Vol. 4 No. 2 (2015)Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI. (2007). Undang - Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penataan Ruang. Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI. JakartaKementerian Hukum dan HAM RI. (2002). Undang – Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 Tentang Bangunan GedungKementerian Pekerjaan Umum RI. (2007). Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor: 06/PRT/M/2007 Tanggal 16 Maret 2007 Tentang Pedoman Umum Rencana Tata Bangunan Dan Lingkungan. Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum RI. JakartaNurmandi, A. (1999), Manajemen Perkotaan. Lingkaran Bangsa. YogyakartaSekretariat Daerah Kota Pontianak. (2008). Peraturan Daerah Kota Pontianak No. 3 Tahun 2008 tentang Bangunan Gedung. Sekretariat Daerah Kota Pontianak. PontianakSekretariat Daerah Kota Pontianak. (2013). Peraturan Daerah Kota Pontianak No. 2 Tahun 2013 tentang RTRW Kota Pontianak. Sekretariat Daerah Kota Pontianak. PontianakWardhana, I, W., Haryanto, R. (2016). Kajian Pemanfaatan Ruang Kegiatan Komersial Koridor Jalan Taman Siswa Kota Semarang . Jurnal Pengembangan Kota Volume 4 No. 1 : 49–57 (2016)Yahya, M. (2015). Kajian Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan pada Koridor Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Kota Makassar. Prosiding Temu Ilmiah IPLBI 2015. B.033-B.038

The present research offers an exploration into the biophilic approach and the role of its agents in urban planning in questions of building a green, resilient urban environment. Biophilia, the innate need of humans to connect with nature, coined by Edgar O. Wilson in 1984, is a concept that has been used in urban governance through institutions, agents’ behaviours, activities and systems to make the environment nature-inclusive. Therefore, it leads to green, resilient environments and to making cities more sustainable. Due to an increasing population, space within and around cities keeps on being urbanised, replacing natural land cover with concrete surfaces. These changes to land use influence and stress the environment, its components, and consequently impact the overall resilience of the space. To understand the interactions and address the adverse impacts these changes might have, it is necessary to identify and define the environment’s components: the institutions, systems, and agents. This paper exemplifies the biophilic approach through a case study in the city of Birmingham, United Kingdom and its biophilic agents. Using the categorisation of agents, the data obtained through in-situ interviews with local professionals provided details on the agent fabric and their dynamics with the other two environments’ components within the climate resilience framework. The qualitative analysis demonstrates the ways biophilic agents act upon and interact within the environment in the realm of urban planning and influence building a climate-resilient city. Their activities range from small-scale community projects for improving their neighbourhood to public administration programs focusing on regenerating and regreening the city. From individuals advocating for and educating on biophilic approach, to private organisations challenging the business-as-usual regulations, it appeared that in Birmingham the biophilic approach has found its representatives in every agent category. Overall, the activities they perform in the environment define their role in building resilience. Nonetheless, the role of biophilic agents appears to be one of the major challengers to the urban design’s status quo and the business-as-usual of urban governance. Researching the environment, focused on agents and their behaviour and activities based on nature as inspiration in addressing climate change on a city level, is an opposite approach to searching and addressing the negative impacts of human activity on the environment. This focus can provide visibility of the local human activities that enhance resilience, while these are becoming a valuable input to city governance and planning, with the potential of scaling it up to other cities and on to regional, national, and global levels.

Roya Partial is a new legal institution formed, by providing an alternative settlement of repayment on a credit basis by paying off a portion of the credit that goes by pulling some of its collateral. “Article 2 of the Law No. 4-year 1996 on land rights and objects relating to the land”, giving gaps in the performance of Roya Partial. Whereas article 1163 Civil Code states the rights of liabilities (mortgages) are not indivisible but bind all parts of the goods/moving objects. This can actually lead to a conflict of norms against both regulations. Based on that, formulated 2 problems 1) What is the legal basis of the implementation of a partial Roya, (2) How to process the implementation of Roya Partial in notary Office, the purpose of this research is to know the legal basis in the implementation of a partial roya and to know the process of implementing Roya Partial in notary office. The legal research method used is a normative legal research method of using a statutory approach, and a conceptual approach. Right to land that can be burdened by article 4 UUHT Jo article 25, 33, 39 UUPA namely: property rights, business rights, building rights, rights, houses and property rights in the unit and there are several procedures regarding the deletion of liabilities from the settlement to the execution of the force, then the method of implementation of a partial Roya notary office.

Material efficiency, as discussed in this Meeting Issue, entails the pursuit of the technical strategies, business models, consumer preferences and policy instruments that would lead to a substantial reduction in the production of high-volume energy-intensive materials required to deliver human well-being. This paper, which introduces a Discussion Meeting Issue on the topic of material efficiency, aims to give an overview of current thinking on the topic, spanning environmental, engineering, economics, sociology and policy issues. The motivations for material efficiency include reducing energy demand, reducing the emissions and other environmental impacts of industry, and increasing national resource security. There are many technical strategies that might bring it about, and these could mainly be implemented today if preferred by customers or producers. However, current economic structures favour the substitution of material for labour, and consumer preferences for material consumption appear to continue even beyond the point at which increased consumption provides any increase in well-being. Therefore, policy will be required to stimulate material efficiency. A theoretically ideal policy measure, such as a carbon price, would internalize the externality of emissions associated with material production, and thus motivate change directly. However, implementation of such a measure has proved elusive, and instead the adjustment of existing government purchasing policies or existing regulations— for instance to do with building design, planning or vehicle standards—is likely to have a more immediate effect.

Residential buildings and premises must comply with sanitary rules and regulations, but a lot of provisions of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions contradict Federal legislation and do not provide for the regulation of public relations arising in the process of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being of population at all stages of arranging residential buildings and premises, therefore they require updating. International, national regulatory legal acts of a number of countries, regulatory legal acts of Russian Federation, establishing sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises, research studies carried out in Russia and abroad were used as research materials. A set of general scientific research methods: analytical, system-structural, comparative was a procedural basis of the study. Widening of the scope of sanitary standards and rules: extension of responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the document to the executive authorities, expanding the list of objects prohibited for allocation in residential buildings, measures to ensure a barrier-free environment for the disabled, requirements of inadmissibility of residential building destruction by mold, and others were suggested as the results of the study. Due to the fact that the problem of fresh air is common, the design indices of air and air exchange rate are proposed. Recommended changes regarding noise regulation assume the elimination of contradictions when correction coefficients are applied. Conclusions. Analysis of current sanitary and epidemiological requirements enabled to specify indoor environmental factors of the living space, originating from an interaction of outdoor environment, indoor environment of the living space and direct effect of the human himself and on which favorable living conditions depend, and elaborate on the reasons of violations of the established requirements. Suggested changes and additions corresponded to the main trends existing in international practice are aimed at specifying the provisions of the document, optimizing a number of standards, and eliminating contradictions. It is noted that regulation and monitoring of dwelling condition cannot be limited just by the indoor premises of the building. It is necessary to consider the living environment as a united system: human - residential unit (apartment, room, and auxiliary facilities) - building - surrounding grounds- microdistrict - residential area of the city.

Abstract The contents in the work of personnel specialist differ in organizations from one field to another. It continues to evolve with an emergence of new technologies and business methods, as well as with structural changes in the economy, both at a global and national level. However, the existing professional regulations of particular professions in Latvia has not been changed for almost 10 years, while the economy as well as the workforce appears to have changed. The aim of the paper is to illustrate what currently forms the contents of work of personnel specialist in Latvia. To achieve this, a study on trends in the work of personnel specialists has been conducted with an informative support of Latvian Association for People Management. The topics of daily activities and tasks, as well as individual features of personnel in various fields, including building, banking, manufacturing, IT, retail company, and public service companies have been included in the study. Overall, 18 personnel specialists from public and private sectors were interviewed. The results show that the classical model of human resource management is still popular, although some of the industries have adapted many or most of the cutting-edge approaches in the field, including flexible jobs and continuous employee support. Therefore, it is advised to update the existing documentation, including the professional regulation and university curricula, to meet the needs of the contemporary companies employing personnel specialists.

The aims of this study is to describe and explain: (1) school promotion strategy; (2) education and training provision strategy; and (3) graduate marketing and alumni coordination strategy.This study uses a qualitative approach under a multiple case study design. The results of the study show that:(1) school promotion strategy to maintain branding, introduce school, and anticipate changes in government policy; (2) education and training strategy, which consists of strategies related to curriculum and learning materials, such as enterprise, religious content and field-based competency (IT); learning in Production Unit; industrial internship programs; National Exam success strategy; strategy in building up students’ characters (disciplined, morality, and attitude); coaching teachers based on reward and punishment, sincerity, and performance assessment; and (3) graduate marketing and alumni coordination strategy conducted since the students are in class XII through the collection of students’ biodata, curriculum vitaes, and questionnaires, and continued until the students graduates through short message gateway, facebook, email, mailing lists, and direct data collection. Graduate marketings is performed with a target time (expired in 3 months) by leveraging relationships with industrial and business world, empowering organizational networks, as well as the empowerment of alumni. Key words: strategy, leadership, school principals, vocational school

The approval of the Energy Act 2006 in Kenya was followed with energy audits and efficiency campaigns, collaboration by different institutions and specialized training driven using various platforms. The energy audits help in the identification of conservation opportunities. Since 2006, over 1,000 energy audits have been performed. Efforts have been made to advance the management of the energy agenda in addition to establishing an enabling and effective environment through legislation. These methods include energy efficiency campaigns like the replacement of inefficient bulbs with LEDs that targeted more than a million households by the national utility company Kenya Power through its Demand Side Management department. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted hotels and restaurants within Nairobi. Primary data was collected by means of a semi structured questionnaire. The same unit is in-charge of ensuring that consumers use the energy they have efficiently by readily offering information. According to the Energy Regulations 2012, Energy audits are compulsory for facilities that have an annual consumption above 180,001 kWh. The sector is regulated by the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) which issues licenses through a rigorous process to individuals and firms who have qualified to conduct energy audits within the designated facilities. Learning institutions have also started coming up with specialized training to assist in capacity building of individuals within the sector. Several certification courses which are recognized in the country and internationally have been embraced by the regulating body and the experts in the fraternity. This review paper aimed at investigating the implementation of measures of energy efficiency, savings attained and the challenges faces in different organizations within the hospitality sector in Kenya. The paper aimed at solving the problem of energy efficiency measures in the hospitality sector since there are no proper placed policies managing the energy sector in Kenya

ABSTRAKKnowledge repository Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) bertujuan untuk menjaring informasi yang telah dihasilkan oleh KKP sebagai local content yang akan dijadikan sumber rujukan utama informasi Kelautan dan Perikanan di Indonesia. Dalam membangun Knowledge repository maka peran pustakawan sangat besar dalam menjaring informasi local content dan mengolahnya secara digital. Peran pustakawan sangat dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh pustakawan dan juga kondisi perpustakaan sebagai tempat pustakawan bekerja. Perpustakaan sebagai institusi pengolah informasi sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja pustakawan dalam meningkatkan peran perpustakaan sebagai knowledge repository. Kondisi perpustakaan di lingkup KKP pada saat ini secara struktural kedudukannya masih rendah dan juga belum memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) tentang penyelenggaraan perpustakaan di lingkup Instansi Pemerintah. SNI tentang perpustakaan ini telah diadopsi oleh KKP dalam bentuk Permen KP No.8 2014 tentang penyelenggaraan perpustakaan di lingkup KKP namun belum diimplentasikan secara optimal. Agar Pustakawan lebih berperan dalam mendukung Knowledge Repository KKP, maka perlu dilakukan optimalisasi pelaksanaan Permen KP No.8 Tahun 2014, dan meningkatkan kedudukan perpustakaan secara struktural di seluruh unit kerja/satker di lingkup KKP. ABSTRACTKnowledge repository Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) aims to capture the information that has been generated by the MMAF as local content that will be the main reference source of information on the Indonesian Marine and Fisheries. In building the Knowledge repository, the role of librarians is very large in capturing local content and process information digitally. The role of librarians is strongly influenced by the competencies possessed by librarians and library conditions as a place to work. Library as an institution of information processing has very large influence on the performance of librarians in enhancing the role of the library as a knowledge repository. The Conditions of libraries in the scope of the MMAF at this time structurally position is still low and do not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). SNI of the library has been adopted by the MMAF in the form of ministry regulations KP No.8 year 2014 on the administration of the library in the scope of MMAF. In order Librarians do more to support the MMAF Knowledge Repository, it is necessary to optimize the implementation of ministry regulations KP No.8 Year 2014, and improve the position of library as structurally in all work units / work units in the scope of the MMAF.

Subject area The case includes issues in sustainable enterprises, marketing management, organizational development, organizational behavior, entrepreneurship, organizational leadership and small business management. Study level/applicability The Bahia Aventuras case may be used at both the undergraduate and graduate levels of study within most business school curricula (BSBA, MBA and MS). Potential courses may include building sustainable enterprises, marketing management, organizational development, organizational behavior, entrepreneurship, organizational leadership and small business management. Case overview Bahia Aventuras is an ecotourism company in Costa Rica. A local entrepreneur, Walter Brenes, started the company in 2007 to specialize in marine tours, including whale watching, bird viewing and snorkeling. However, the founder had no business training and confronts both internal and external challenges to achieve sustainable success, both financially and environmentally. Internally, there were few financial control systems in place and as a result Walter's ability to accurately account for revenues and expenses was limited. Bahia Aventuras and Walter also faced external challenges. Construction of a new highway was likely, and that could bring more competition, including hotel chains such as the Marriott and Sheraton. Government regulation cut both ways for the company. He was the classic small businessperson, who needed help in moving to the next stage of development for his small business. Thus, a small ecotourism business was caught in the middle of rapid economic development, a growing national infrastructure and increasing pressures to preserve and protect the coastal ecosystem and rainforest of south central Costa Rica. He was just trying to figure out how to “stay alive” as a business. The case has a tragic ending for the owners. Both Walter and his partner, along with one of their tour guides, died in a car accident. But family, friends and the community has kept Walter's vision alive, and Bahia Aventuras continues to day. Expected learning outcomes Upon completion of the Bahia Aventuras case, each participant will be able to: Describe the economic development and growth prospects of ecotourism within Costa Rica. Evaluate the socio-economic challenges which confront Costa Rica as a developing nation within the Central American region. Describe how Costa Rica's environmental regulations have affected the continued growth and development of ecotourism within the country. Describe the complex set of relationships that may exist between small business owners, their employees, regulatory agencies and the local community. Apply management skills and competencies to analyze and propose feasible solutions to organizational performance problems. Explain how the implementation of sustainable business practices may serve as a catalyst for the creation of shared value for organizational stakeholders as enabled through economic growth, attainment of social equity and preservation of the environment. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Purpose In Australia, national harmonisation of occupational health and safety (OHS) regulation was pursued through the development of model Work Health and Safety legislation. The model Work Health and Safety Regulations specify that construction works above a threshold cost of AU$250,000 are deemed to be construction projects requiring the appointment of a principal contractor with duties relating to OHS planning and coordination. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of the monetary threshold as a suitable trigger for specific OHS planning and coordination duties. Design/methodology/approach Interviews were conducted with 46 Australian construction industry stakeholders, including union representatives, employer groups, construction firm representatives and regulators, as well as four international construction OHS experts, to explore perceptions about the effectiveness of the monetary threshold. Two construction scenarios were also modelled to test for variability in operation of the threshold by geographical location of works and design conditions. Findings The monetary threshold was perceived to be subject to two forms of capture problem, reflecting inadvertent capture of low risk works or failure to capture high risk works. Organisations were also reported to deliberately split contracts to avoid capture by the threshold. The cost-estimate modelling revealed inequalities and variation in the operation of the monetary threshold by geographic location and design specification. Practical implications The analysis suggests that limitations inherent in the use of a monetary threshold to trigger duties relating to OHS planning and coordination in construction works. Opportunities to use more sophisticated risk-based mechanisms are considered. Originality/value The study explores a fundamental challenge of risk-based OHS regulation, i.e., how to ensure that workers’ health and safety are adequately protected without creating an unnecessarily high regulatory burden. The research provides evidence that using a monetary value as a proxy measure for OHS risk in construction projects may be problematic.

AbstractIslamic People's Financing Bank (BPRS) is a bank that conducts business activities based on sharia principles which in its activities do not provide services in payment traffic. The development trend of BPRS since the enactment of Islamic banking law continues to increase. All BPRS activities are obliged to apply sharia principles which are stated by the National Sharia Board of the Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI). After the Financial Services Authority (OJK) was formed there is now a change in regulation that the enactment of the DSN-MUI fatwa must be included in the Financial Services Authority Regulation (P-OJK). Sharia banking problems that arise at this time generally occur in Sharia Commercial Banks (BUS), Sharia Business Units (UUS), as well as in Islamic People's Financing Banks (BPRS) in terms of applying sharia principles that are not consistent there is still not yet under the fatwa DSN-MUI which has become OJK regulations. Research on the BPRS Amanah Ummah was conducted on capital assets. This research was conducted with a juridical-normative approach that places the laws and regulations as the object of research originating from primary, secondary, and tertiary laws. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with BPRS Amanah Ummah. While secondary data obtained from legislation, books, journals, and other documents. The results of the study concluded that the BPRS Amanah Ummah financing products have consistently applied the principles of Islamic banking based on the DSN-MUI Fatwa.Keywords: Excellence, Implementation, SRB, DSN Fatwa, OJK AbstrakBank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS) adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha berdasarkan prinsip syariah yang dalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran. Tren perkembangan BPRS sejak diberlakukan undang-undang perbankan syariah terus meningkat. Seluruh kegiatan BPRS wajib menerapkan prinsip-prinsip syariah yang difatwakan oleh Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI). Setelah dibentuk Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) saat ini telah terjadi perubahan regulasi bahwa pemberlakuan fatwa DSN-MUI harus masuk ke dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (P-OJK). Permasalahan perbankan syariah yang timbul saat ini secara umum terjadi pada Bank Umum Syariah (BUS), Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS), maupun pada Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS) dalam hal penerapan prinsip-prinsip syariah yang belum konsisten, bahkan masih ada yang belum sesuai dengan fatwa DSN-MUI yang sudah menjadi peraturan OJK. Penelitian terhadap BPRS Amanah Ummah ini dilakukan pada aset permodalan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan yuridis-normatif yang menempatkan peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai objek penelitian yang bersumber dari hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara langsung dengan pihak BPRS Amanah Ummah. Sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari peraturan perundang-undangan, buku, jurnal, dan dokumen lainnya. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa dari produk-produk pembiayaan BPRS Amanah Ummah telah menerapkan prinsip-prinsip perbankan syariah berdasarkan Fatwa DSN-MUI secara konsisten.Kata Kunci: Keunggulan, Penerapan, BPRS, Fatwa DSN, OJK

The study was conducted to identify dimensions that sustain research collaborations between universities and industries and government agencies in the Philippines. A total of twenty-five participants including regional directors of national government agencies, local government unit heads, managing heads of business chambers, research heads, deans and presidents and vice-presidents of state universities and colleges in Davao Region, Southeastern Philippines served as key informants. The gathered data was processed using INVIVO qualitative software and thematic content analysis.The study found out that there is growing evidence that universities, industries, and government agencies increasingly rely on each other to carry out research. When sectors collaborate in research, they effectively contribute to economic growth. Hence, in order to sustain successful research collaborations, the following dimensions were culled out from the study: First, typologies of research collaboration include capability-building, management partnership, institutional partnership, and reinforcement. Second, collaborative governance is necessitated through personal relation, establishing rapport, and transparency. Third, collaborative leadership is strengthened by political leadership, micro-leadership, and leadership by character. Fourth, the collaborative research agenda setting where stakeholders and their thrusts and priorities must be involved should be considered. Fifth, research collaboration is sustained by the university's provision of collaborative research enabling resources. Sixth, the university faculty's motivation fosters collaborative research. And finally, strategic actions were formulated to ensure the sustainability of research collaborations.The study concluded with the development of a framework showing the dimensions for the sustainability of research collaborations in Philippine universities.

Rapidly rising health care costs over the decades have prompted the application of business practices to medicine with goals of improving the efficiency, restraining expenses, and increasing quality. Average health insurance premiums and individual contributions for family coverage have increased approximately 120% from 1999 to 2008. Health care spending in the United States is stated to exceed 4 times the national defense, despite the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The U.S. health care system has been blamed for inefficiencies, excessive administrative expenses, inflated prices, inappropriate waste, and fraud and abuse. While many people lack health insurance, others who do have health insurance allegedly receive care ranging from superb to inexcusable. In criticism of health care in the United States and the focus on savings, methodologists, policy makers, and the public in general seem to ignore the major disadvantages of other global health care systems and the previous experiences of the United States to reform health care. Health care reform is back with the Obama administration with great expectations. It is also believed that for the first time since 1993, momentum is building for policies that would move the United States towards universal health insurance. President Obama has made health care a central part of his domestic agenda, with spending and investments in Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and proposed 2010 budget. It is the consensus now that since we have a fiscal emergency, Washington is willing to deal with the health care crisis. Many of the groups long opposed to reform, appear to be coming together to accept a major health care reform. Reducing costs is always at the center of any health care debate in the United States. These have been focused on waste, fraud, and abuse; administrative costs; improving the quality with health technology information dissemination; and excessive regulations on the health care industry in the United States. Down payment on health care reform, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and CHIP include many provisions to reach towards universal health care. Key words: Health care reform, universal health care, national health expenditures, gross domestic product, sustained growth rate formula, physician payments, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Children’s Health Insurance Program, health information technology

Purpose – The ability of tenant firms to survive after incubation is dependent on the relevant capabilities they acquired during the incubation process. Several studies have established the critical roles of incubation in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation at local, national and regional levels but the processes and mechanisms of technological learning and the capability building of the tenants has received much less attention. In response to the situation, the purpose of this paper is to assess various technological learning mechanisms through which tenant firms in the incubation system in Nigeria acquired the relevant capabilities (both technological and non-technological) that will sustain them after graduation. Design/methodology/approach – The information was gathered through a preliminary survey and questionnaires were administered to elicit information from the tenant firms and the incubator managers. Data collected were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics. Findings – The internal learning mechanisms of the tenant firms were found to be fair as firms possessed good internal capabilities that helped to absorb and adapt foreign technologies to suit their individual production needs and this was demonstrated by the quality of personnel employed by the tenant firms. The study revealed poor interaction between the tenants and knowledge institutions and training programmes and facilities also played significant roles in technological capability acquisition of tenants firms. The main factors that ranked highly and influenced technological learning among the firms included the need for product improvement, the need to increase production, turnover and profit, the need to reduce production costs and compete well after graduation, while the need to enter foreign market and commercialise technology ranked average with regards to success in technological learning. Research limitations/implications – The results of the study may not be generalised because of limited sample. Practical implications – The study concluded that the technological learning capabilities of the firms could be better enhanced with adequate training and training facilities, robust linkages with knowledge centres and compliance with incubation regulations. Originality/value – This study provided information on various technological learning mechanisms through which tenant firms in the incubation system in Nigeria acquire relevant capabilities (technological and non-technological) that sustain them after graduation. The study also contributed to the growing literature on incubation system and entrepreneurship.

ABSTRACT With the growing oil and gas sector in Australia, comes more stringent guidelines set by the regulators for the operators to demonstrate their capability in preventing another Montara or Macondo type incident. The setting up of National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) to provide oversight of all petroleum activities in the Commonwealth waters of Australia is a milestone to raise the operating standards of the industry. Together with the urge for operators to build up their in house competence for responding to oil spill incidents and the increasing importance of mutual aid agreements within the industry to form a new operating picture in the oil and gas sector. Being one of the major oil and gas operators, Chevron Australia Business Unit (ABU) plays an active role in fulfilling the requirements set by the regulators and equipping the team with the necessary skill sets and technologies to perform the duty of care to minimise the impact and damage to the environment during an oil spill incident. An Enhanced Tier I concept is developed to provide a guidance to the Emergency Management Team to build up the in house capability as a response agency for oil spill incident. In order to engage the operators in the region, Chevron ABU has also taken up the initiative to set up industry working groups to discuss issues like dispersant application, waste management and oiled wildlife response as part of the response strategies and how they can share knowledge and resources in the event of an incident. Continuous involvement in Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC) core group training and active participation in meetings with NOPSEMA allows ABU to keep up to date with the evolving changes in the field of oil spill response preparedness. Through the continuous improvement on the Enhanced Tier I concept and the engagement with internal and external stakeholders, Chevron ABU aims to meet the expectations set by the regulations and maintain the highest level of preparedness and response readiness for any oil spill incident.

The object of the study are the processes of incorporation of digital technologies in the activities of subjects of the housing and communal services market. The information and telecommunication technologies have been analysed in the paper, the use of which allows us to expand the range of services provided to residents of apartment buildings by management organizations in the field of housing and communal services. Factors and conditions of diversification of services of management companies due to introduction of “Uber-technologies” have been considered. One of the tools of digitalization of housing and communal services is the so-called “uberization”. “Uberization” of housing services in large cities has significant economic potential. As of the end of 2019, commercial projects of “uberization” of housing services in Russia are at the stage of pilot testing. At the same time, Russia has a rather unique situation – there is a “goal – setting” on the part of the state, institutionalized by regulations, state national and Federal programs, and most importantly-there is a request from the society, since such services are technologically little different from buying food on the Internet or ordering a taxi. The development of “Uber-technologies” is impossible without a comprehensive solution to the problems of modern digital society, which can really have an impact on the work of a mass digital platform. These issues include: ensuring human rights in the digital world, including the identification and preservation of the user’s digital data, as well as the problem of ensuring the trust of citizens in the digital environment; threats to the individual, business and the state associated with the trends of building complex hierarchical information and telecommunications systems that widely use virtualization, remote (cloud) data storage, as well as heterogeneous communication technologies and terminal devices.; expansion of opportunities for external information and technical impact on the information infrastructure, including critical information infrastructure; growth of computer crime scales.

The SIM Online service is a program launched by the Indonesian National Police through the National Police Priority Program, namely Promoter. One of them from the program is information technology based services. Sleman Police Resort is one of the Polres being a pilot project in the DIY Regional Police jurisdiction in conducting Online SIM Services which is supported by the SIM Implementation Unit (Satpas). The delivery of public services must meet the service quality requirements in accordance with the objectives of the program. To measure service quality, the authors use service quality indicators, namely reliability (reliability), responsiveness (responsiveness), assurance (assurance), empathy (empathy), and physical evidence (tangible).This study aims to examine and describe the quality of service making Online Driving License (SIM) at the Sleman Police Resort. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation. Qualitative data analysis techniques are used to analyze the research data.Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that to measure the quality of Online SIM services at the Sleman Police Satpas using 5 (five) dimensions of service quality as follows; First, the Reliabilty dimension, has not been supported by all human resources who have competency certification in managing SIM Online, but there are already Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in the SIM Online service. Second, the Responsiveness dimension, the existence of a fast standard time in SIM extension only requires 15 minutes and for a New SIM requires between 75 minutes to 90 minutes according to the type of SIM. In addition to speed, the service is carried out appropriately with the existence of clear costs based on PP No. 60 of 2016. Third, the dimension of Assurance, the knowledge and abilities of Satpas officers in the SIM Online service. Constraints faced in providing online SIM service guarantees are difficult practice exams and many do not pass. Fourth, Empathy dimension, there is full attention and firmness in the presence of queue numbers and arrangements without any favoritism and discrimination in service in SIM Online services. Fifth, Tangible dimension, there is a Satpas building that has not been used optimally because it has only been used for practical tests, internet networks that are often down and offline, and the number of computers and other devices that are not yet proportional to the large number of people in the SIM Online service. While the information media and waiting room are good and complete.From these results it can be concluded that based on 5 (five) dimensions of service quality, in general it has gone well, but there are some things that need to be improved, such as the quality of human resources, optimization of Satpas buildings, addition of internet network bandwidth, addition of computers and review of regulations about practice exams.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that were established by the United Nations for the year 2030 are considered the blueprint for reaching a sustainable future through addressing poverty eradication, education, social protection, environmental protection, climate change, health, job opportunities, and strong institutions. Until now, sustainable development has focused mainly on the formal sector, somehow neglecting the potential contributions of the informal sector to sustainable futures. In this context, the paper aims to analyze the main causes of the Romanian shadow economy (SE) both at the micro and macro levels, and how they can make a considerable impact on achieving a more sustainable future. The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the relevance of knowing the main determinants of this phenomenon, emphasizing that keeping the incidence of the shadow economy and its causes under control could offer an alternative in the process of achieving sustainable development. In order to do that, we use an improved MIMIC (Multiple Causes Multiple Indicators) specification of the causal variables that is grounded in an evidence-based approach through using the points of view of the Romanian entrepreneurs. Their opinions are based on a national representative survey that is based on quarterly data covering the period 2000–2017. The empirical analysis pointed out the roles of tax avoidance, bribery, a lack of trust in public officials, the poor quality of business legislation, the poor government support for entrepreneurs, high social contributions, a relatively high of corruption, high tax rates, and uncertainty about regulation policies in increasing incidences of shadow economic activity. The macroeconomic results that were revealed to be the main causes for the Romanian SE were self-employment, unemployment, part-time employment, and the lack of trust in public institutions. Therefore, policymakers need to focus on building reliable and transparent institutions with a lower level of corruption, regulations, and bureaucracy, regaining people’ confidence in public institutions, and elaborating effective strategies for tackling the undeclared activities that will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development desideratum by the fulfillment of two main SDGs. These are Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth, and Goal 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions.

The importance of recreational fishing, in many coastal areas and less developed nations, is increasing rapidly. Connecting fisheries to tourism can create innovative tourism products and provide new income sources. The present study is the first to explore the concept of coastal fishery-based ecotourism (FbE) to enhance the social–ecological resilience of coastal fishing communities in a specific tourist spot in Bangladesh. A combination of primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary (literature databases) data sources were used in this study. It applied a social–ecological system (SES) and social–ecological resilience (SER) concept to collect quantitative and qualitative data (120 in-depth individual interviews, four focus group discussions, and strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats-SWOT analyses) and frame their interpretation. The study found that Bangladesh needs to adopt a firm policy to utilize tourism’s potential in national economic development and societal progress. The findings show the considerable potential of the concept that integrates business, education, and an environmental conservation perspective in Bangladesh, specifically for Saint Martin’s Island: 32% of interviewees expressed that increasing employment opportunities and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is the primary potential, whereas 31% said it would attract fishing tourists and 23% believed it would develop the local infrastructure and facilities for fishing and tourism. Similarly, most of the respondents (31%) thought that the lack of awareness and promotional activities is the main limitation preventing this initiative from being well accepted. Moreover, based on the findings, specific measures for strengthening the social–ecological resilience of the coastal fishers via FbE at the local level were suggested, including building communal links, developing community infrastructures, revising prevailing rules and regulations, offering alternative means of generating income for fishers during disaster periods, and more active sharing of responsibility between stakeholders and government for the management of FbE. Finally, with its focus on the prospects and challenges of coastal FbE development on Saint Martin’s Island, this article provides a useful reference point for future discourse on similar social and economic strategies. While this study focuses on Bangladesh’s coastal fishing villages, the results are possibly applicable more broadly in similar contexts and developing countries worldwide.

Of the total greenhouse gas emission from the livestock sector, 45% relates to feed production and processing. Enteric methane (35%), land-use change (9%) and manure nitrous oxide and manure methane together (9.5%) are the other sources of greenhouse gas emissions, which to a large extent depend on feed types. Inefficient use of feeds reduces profitability. Increasing future feed demand and food-feed-fuel competition have environmental and social impacts. The growth for demand in livestock products comes with social, economic and environmental challenges. This paper argues that the efficient utilisation of feed resources and application of appropriate feeding strategies are vital for strengthening the three conventional pillars of sustainability (environment, social and economic). Towards this end, it identifies and explores a series of promising innovations and practices in feed production and feeding including balanced and phased feeding; increase in the quality and level of use of forages in diets; reduction in use of grains; harvesting forages when nutrient availability per unit of land is maximum; targeted mineral feeding; reduction in feed losses; use of straw-based densified feed blocks; better recycling of human food wastes and human-inedible food components to feed; new business models for production and use of urea-ammoniated straws, urea-molasses blocks, forages and silages in smallholder farms; and use of underutilised locally available feed crops linked with strengthening of seed development and distribution infrastructure. The development of simple tools and on-site assays for correcting nutritional imbalances also offers interesting opportunities. Collection of data on feed availability at the national level, and generation of sound chemical composition and nutritional value data of feeds, are a prerequisite to innovate. The focus of the discussion will be on low-input livestock systems in developing world. A large number of livestock are found in such systems and small improvements can have high global impact. In addition to the technological aspects, policy and institutional building options required to realise large impact are also discussed.

Pengelolaan lumpur tinja masih menjadi tantangan yang besar bagi kota-kota di Indonesia. Untuk mendukung optimasi pengelolaan lumpur tinja, Pemerintah Indonesia bekerjasama dengan lembaga nasional maupun internasional telah mengimplementasikan metode Layanan Lumpur Tinja Terjadwal (LLTT) untuk memastikan tercapainya target sanitasi aman. LLTT merupakan bagian dari Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik (SPALD) yang telah diterapkan di beberapa kota di Indonesia dengan perbagai bentuk model bisnis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi model bisnis yang mengimplementasikan metode LLTT di bawah operator satuan kerja atau UPTD (Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah) dan di bawah operator BUMD (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah) dengan metode observasi, studi literatur, serta wawancara. Untuk bentuk UPTD, penelitian dilakukan di Kota Bekasi dan Makassar sedangkan BUMD dilakukan di Kota Medan dan Surakarta. Hasilnya terdapat perbedaan dalam aspek teknis maupun tata kelola dalam implentasi layanan secara terjadwal. Pelaksanaan LLTT di bawah BUMD air minum memiliki pola penentuan zona layan berdasarkan meter air dan radius pelayanan IPLT untuk aspek teknis sedangkan perbedaan dalam hal tata kelola yaitu BUMD memiliki keunggulan atas tarif yang terintegrasi dengan rekening air minum dan memiliki otoritas lebih dalam alokasi pendapatan yang diperoleh atas tarif tersebut. Operator UPTD menentukan zona layanan berdasarkan batas administrasi kota, selain itu untuk aspek tata kelola UPTD memiliki keterbatasan dalam pengelolaan keuangan karena operasionalnya yang dianggarkan satu tahun sekali dalam APBD dan keterbatasan dalam memperoleh pendapatan lain diluar retribusi yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan daerah. ABSTRACTFaecal sludge management (FSM) is still a big challenge for cities in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia in collaboration with national and international institutions has implemented the scheduled desludging service, in Indonesia we called it Layanan Lumpur Tinja Terjadwal (LLTT), to support the optimization of sludge management due in ensuring the achievement of safely managed sanitation targets. LLTT is part of the domestic wastewater management system which has been implemented in several cities in Indonesia with various forms of business models. This study aims to identify and evaluate the business model that implements the LLTT method that operate under Local’s Work Units (UPTD) and under Regional/Locals’s Owned Enterprises (BUMD) with the method of observation, literature study, and interviews. The research was conducted in the cities of Bekasi and Makassar for UPTD, while the BUMD was conducted in the cities of Medan and Surakarta. The result shows the differences in technical and governance aspects in the implementation of scheduled services. The implementation of LLTT under drinking water BUMD determine the service zone based on water meters and fecal sludge treatment plant’s service radius for technical aspects, while the difference in governance aspect is that BUMD has advantages over tariffs that are integrated with drinking water bills and has more authority in the allocation of income earned on those revenue. UPTD operators determine service zones based on city administrative boundaries, in addition to aspects of governance, UPTD has limitations in financial management due to their operation expenditure which are budgeted once a year in the local revenue budget and limitations in obtaining other income outside the retribution that has been legalized in city/district regulations.

ABSTRAKPasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan dapat dikatakan bahwa, ketenagalistrikan adalah segala sesuatu yang menyangkut penyediaan dan pemanfaatan tenaga listrik serta usaha penunjang tenaga listrik. Tenaga Listrik mempunyai peran yang sangat penting dan strategis dalam mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan nasional, maka usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik perlu terus ditingkatkan sejalan dengan perkembangan pembangunan agar tersedia tenaga listrik dalam jumlah yang cukup, merata, dan bermutu. Usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik merupakan pengadaan tenaga listrik meliputi pembangkitan, transmisi, dan penjualan tenaga listrik. Dalam penjualan tenaga listrik terjadi transaksi jual beli tenaga listrik antara pelanggan dengan PT. PLN (Persero). Berdasarkan Pasal 1457 KUHPerdata, jual beli adalah suatu perjanjian dengan mana pihak yang satu mengikat dirinya untuk menyerahkan hak milik atas suatu barang dan pihak yang lain untuk membayar harga yang telah dijanjikan. Oleh karena itu dalam pelaksanaannya perlu diadakan suatu perjanjian antara pelanggan dengan PT. PLN (Persero) yang disebut dengan “Surat Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL)”. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan dan Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan jika dilihat dari asas itikad baik.Metode Penelitian adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yang disebut juga dengan penelitian hukum doktrinal. Dalam penelitian hukum normatif ini, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan asas hukum. Penelitian yang membahas tentang asas hukum ini penulis gunakan dikarenakan berkaitan dengan asas hukum itikad baik (Good Faith) terhadap mengenai hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan serta mengenai upaya penyelesaian perselisihan yang terjadi antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan. Penulis menggunakan metode kajian kepustakaan yaitu peneliti menganalisa berdasarkan buku-buku, peraturan perundang-undangan maupun literatur-literatur lainnya yang terkait dengan permasalahan yang diteliti. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif yaitu data yang diperoleh tidak dengan menggunakan statistik atau matematika ataupun yang sejenisnya. Dalam menarik kesimpulan penulis menggunakan metode berfikir deduktif yaitu cara berfikir yang menarik kesimpulan dari suatu pernyataan atau dalil yang bersifat umum menjadi suatu pernyataan atau kasus yang bersifat khusus.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah para pihak harus memenuhi hak dan kewajibannya sebagai pelanggan dan tidak melakukan pelanggaran dalam menggunakan tenaga listrik, antara lain: tidak menunggak atau tidak membayar rekening tagihan tenaga listrik, tidak melakukan pencurian tenaga listrik, tidak menyalurkan tenaga listrik pada pihak lain, menggunakan tenaga listrik sesuai peruntukan dalam SPJBTL serta tidak merubah atau merusak peralatan listrik dan tidak melakukan perbuatan lainnya yang merugikan PT. PLN (Persero). Akan tetapi hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Surat Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang tidak diatur secara jelas dan tegas. Sehingga apabila terdapat wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh para pihak, maka pihak yang dirugikan tidak mendapatkan ganti kerugian sebagaimana mestinya. Sehingga untuk menghindari terjadinya wanprestasi yang dapat merugikan para pihak maka perjanjian jual beli tenaga listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT. PLN (Persero) dengan konsumen harus didasarkan dengan itikad baik. Untuk kedepannya dalam membuat surat perjanjian jual beli tenaga listrik pihak PLN harus meninjau ulang mengenai klausula dalam SPJBTL, karena beberapa pasal dalam SPJBTL masih mengandung klausula yang melanggar hak-hak konsumen. Sehingga tujuan Negara untuk mencapai kemakmuran dan kesejahteran rakyat dalam energi listrik di Indonesia dan misi PLN tentang kepuasan pelanggan dapat tercapai. Untuk konsumen kedepannya harus lebih bertanggungjawab dalam menunaikan kewajibannya, agar hak-hak juga bisa diperoleh dengan baik. Sehingga tidak ada pihak yang dirugikan.Kata kunci: hak dan kewajiban; SPJBTL; PLN unit pelaksana pelayanan pelanggan TanjungpinangABSTRACTArticle 1 number 1 of Law Number 30 Year 2009 concerning Electricity can be said that, electricity is everything related to the supply and use of electricity as well as electricity supporting businesses. Electric Power has a very important and strategic role in realizing national development goals, so the business of supplying electricity needs to be continuously increased in line with the development development so that there is sufficient, equitable and quality electricity. Electricity supply business is the supply of electricity including the generation, transmission and sale of electricity. In the sale of electricity there is a power purchase transaction between the customer and PT. PLN (Persero). Based on Article 1457 of the Civil Code, buying and selling is an agreement with which one party binds himself to surrender ownership rights to an item and the other party to pay the price promised. Therefore in its implementation it is necessary to hold an agreement between the customer and PT. PLN (Persero), called the "Electricity Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL)". This study discusses the rights and obligations of the parties in the Electricity Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementing Unit with Customers and the Electricity Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Customer Service Implementation Unit Tanjungpinang with customers when viewed from the principle of good faith.The research method is normative legal research, also called doctrinal law research. In this normative legal research, the author is interested in conducting research using the principle of law. This research discusses the legal principle I use because it relates to the legal principle of good faith (Good Faith) regarding the rights and obligations of the parties in the Power Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit with Customers and regarding efforts to resolve disputes that occur between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit and Customers. The author uses the method of literature study in which the researcher analyzes based on books, laws and regulations and other literatures related to the problem under study. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively, that is, the data obtained were not using statistics or mathematics or the like.The conclusion of this research is that the parties must fulfill their rights and obligations as customers and do not violate the use of electricity, including: not arrears or not paying electricity bill, not stealing electricity, not delivering electricity to other parties, using electricity in accordance with the designation in the SPJBTL and does not change or damage the electrical equipment and does not do other actions that harm PT. PLN (Persero). However, the rights and obligations of the parties in the Power Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit are not clearly and clearly regulated. So if there is a default done by the parties, the injured party does not get compensation as they should. So as to avoid the occurrence of default that can be detrimental to the parties, the power purchase agreement (SPJBTL) between PT. PLN (Persero) with consumers must be based on good faith. In the future, in making a power purchase agreement, the PLN must review the clause in the SPJBTL, because some articles in the SPJBTL still contain clauses that violate consumer rights. So that the State's goal of achieving prosperity and prosperity of the people in electrical energy in Indonesia and PLN's mission of customer satisfaction can be achieved. For consumers in the future must be more responsible in fulfilling their obligations, so that rights can also be obtained properly. So that no party is harmed.Keywords: rights and obligations; SPJBTL; PLN Tanjungpinang customer service implementation unit.

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The digitalization of construction sector is becoming increasingly important. Based on European Community Directives, Italian legislation has defined a national strategy to start the process of digitization of the construction and public works sector. The purpose of this paper is to set a method for the digitalization of the building process, schematizing the workflow of the procedures that regulate construction management activities. A careful analysis of the state of the art of construction phase activities regulations is carried out; this analysis was based on construction management manuals, scientific publications, and direct contact with professional figures who are related to Construction Management. Critical issues have emerged due to the complexity of the process, bureaucracy, and the digital transition of the sector. The stakeholders involved, the phases, the activities, the documentation, and the timing of the process were identified and represented graphically through the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). The advantages of the methodology are reported in relation to the goals of speeding up and improving the development of the building process, not only for the correct sequence of activities but also for the digital management of documentation. The workflows were standardized for a first implementation on the case study of a Secondary School, where this process helped the structuring of the collaborative platform for the creation of the Document Management System that was used during construction phases.

PurposeThe fair wage potential (FWP) is a social assessment method that can serve as an important measure to estimate the related social impacts along a product's life cycle; however, it does not admit a direct relation to the functional unit. This research presents the weighted fair wage potential (WFWP) method that relates the functional unit to the FWP. It is a simplified method to connect the material inventory to social data. This study aims to develop an approach to assess and choose the best construction typology for buildings based on the social sustainability of workers involved in the sectors.Design/methodology/approachThe study is presented in phases. Phase 1 selected and identified two Brazilian house projects, which were considered for the following processes: extraction of raw materials, manufacture of building materials and housing construction. Phase 2 assembled the social life cycle inventories and executed them using the social life cycle assessment (SLCA). The inventory of materials followed the functional unit: “1.0 m² of the built housing”, and the social inventory observed data extracted from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). The study considered the stakeholder category “worker” and analysed the impact subcategory “fair salary”. The study also divided the social data into categories: worker gender, worker race/colour, worker union and worker formality to analyse the impact of subcategories: “equal opportunities/discrimination”, “freedom of association and collective bargaining” and “social benefits/social security”. Phase 3 compared the projects according to the results from the SLCA. The FWP considers the wage paid at supply chain sectors, and the WFWP relates the functional unit to the social data.FindingsThe results proved that the wages paid by the construction supply chain are fair. However, there are differences between the FWP of male and female workers, white and non-white workers, unionised and non-unionised workers and formal and informal workers. The study of the actual Brazilian minimum wage indicated that the FWP is sensitive to the reference wage to which the analysed wages paid are related. Considering the WFWP, the constructive typology employed in Project B can generate increased positive social impacts than Project A. The proposed study provides excellent results, and it can be adapted to different data to assess the social conditions of other countries and sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThere is not enough primary data available for the variables real wages and real working time; for this reason, these variables received secondary data. Another limitation is the data used for the year range, since Brazilian microdata do not include years before 2002 and years beyond 2015.Originality/valueThe WFWP differs from the existing social sustainability studies because it relates the material information to social data; also, it defines the best option among the analysed alternatives, taking into consideration social sustainability, which enables the project design to go beyond technical aspects. The constructive typology and materials take into account the social sustainability of the construction supply chain, generating more sustainable projects and improving the circumstances of affected stakeholders.