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Chen, Yueh-Ting. "A Modeling Framework to Estimate Airport Runway Capacity in the National Airspace System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30804.
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The objective of this study is to estimate the airport capacity in the National Airspace System (NAS). Previous studies have focused on the airport capacity of large commercial airports. This research study estimates the runway capacity for more than two thousand airports in the NAS in order to understand future tradeoffs between air transportation demand and supply. The study presented in this report includes capacity estimates for general aviation and commercial airports. To estimate airport runway capacity, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airfield Capacity Model (ACM) is used to assess the capacity at all candidate airports in a target airport set. This set includes all airports with potential Very Light Jet (VLJ) operations. The result of the study provides a broad view about the airport capacity in the future air transportation system, and could help decision makers with a modeling framework to identify congestion patterns in the system. Moreover, airport capacity is an important limiting factor in the growth of air transportation demand. The main motivation in our analyis is to include airport capacity constraints in forecasts of air transportation demand. The framework described in this report has been integrated into the Transportation Systems Analysis Model (TSAM). TSAM is a comprehensive intercity and multimode transportation planning tool to predict future air transportation demand.Master of Science
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Neu, Annette L. "Building collaborative capacity for biosecurity at the Georgia Seaports." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FNeu.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Robert Bach "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). Also available in print.
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Janeiro, Pedro Miguel da Rosa. "Competitividade nacional : o papel do sistema de inovação e do capital social na criação de riqueza." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4596.
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Mestrado de Gestão e Estratégia IndustrialThis research focuses on the role of different factors that influence national competitiveness. Over the most recent years, the quality and availability of data on different aspects of competitiveness have improved and this provides new opportunities for seeking the reasons behind different wealth creation levels between countries. Using factor analysis for several indicators between 1995 and 2008, we identify five different factors: the innovation capacity, the knowledge creation capacity, the degree of openness of the economy, the quality of Governance and the level of social capital. Based on regression analysis we conclude that innovation capacity, knowledge accumulation capacity, Governance and social values are shown to be of particular importance for national competitiveness.
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Guo, Wei. "Building a tourism carrying capacity framework for global geoparks." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/712.
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The concept of geopark was first proposed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999. After that, geotourism emerged as a novel strategy for sustainable development in rural areas. Tourism carrying capacity is a concept related to the optimum use of natural areas without creating environmental degradation. This concept has been widely employed in nature tourism in national parks. To apply the carrying capacity concept in global geoparks, the purpose of this study is to remodel existing tourism carrying capacity frameworks to foster sustainable use of global geoparks. A review of the development of carrying capacity concept and six tourism carrying capacity frameworks, namely, Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), Visitor Impact Management (VIM), Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP), Visitor Activity Management Process (VAMP), and Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM) in Chapter 2 demonstrates that tourism carrying capacity concept is able to raise the awareness on sustainable tourism in national parks but these traditional tourism carrying capacity frameworks commonly failed to address the interests of all stakeholders. Thus, this thesis adopts the definition of tourism carrying capacity for geoparks as the situation or condition of a geopark where there is reconciliation (i.e., having balance and harmony) of environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development. Based on the three aspects (i.e., environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development) of this concept, a tailor-made framework for global geoparks was built in Chapter 3, using confirmatory factor analysis and the revised importance-performance analysis to evaluate tourism carrying capacity in Global Geoparks. Then the modified tourism carrying capacity framework was applied in two UNESCO Global Geoparks, namely, Hong Kong Global Geopark and Danxiashan Global Geopark, to address the inherent tensions between resources conservation and sustainable development in both Geoparks in Chapters 4 and 5. It was found that 1) there was compatibility only among the three dimensions, namely, environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development in two Geoparks; 2) the structure of the framework and the compatibility of the three dimensions can only be confirmed in the local community model (Figure 3.3) by the importance data of factors, i.e., resource, human environment, and facility. No validity can be established in the construct of the GGN model on the local community's satisfaction of the overall environments in two Parks and neither is there an agreement between the visitors in both Parks with the GGN criteria; and 3) from the satisfaction data on the three factors of the visitor model (Figure 3.4), i.e., environmental carrying capacity, political-economic carrying capacity, and socio-demographic carrying capacity, it shows that HKGP appears to be more sustainably managed than DXSGP. Collectively, this study has provided a new framework for evaluating tourism carrying capacity in a geopark. I hope to advance the methodological innovation of sustainable geotourism management and supplement the lacuna of criteria and standards for Global Geoparks in future studies.
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Wint, Sandra Marie Elizabeth. "Requirements for national capacity building under the framework of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413315.
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Graves, Paul Edwin. "Recreational carrying capacity in park planning : the case of Garibaldi Provincial Park." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31241.
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This thesis explores Recreational Carrying Capacity (RCC). The investigation looks at the theory of RCC, and trends in recreational use and management to make a first estimate of the RCC of Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. An extensive literature review is used to synthesize the social, ecological and managerial factors called for in RCC theory; and to summarize relevant aspects of park policy and recreation trends. This review serves as a foundation for adapting a RCC model from the literature. The model is then used to estimate the RCC of the developed backcountry areas of Garibaldi Provincial Park.
The emphasis of the thesis is on the ecological component of RCC: a bio-climatic zone inventory, a soil capability survey, and a visual impact assessment are all undertaken to build an estimate of the ecological sensitivity of the study area. The model also uses social influences and BC Parks policy to assist in the formulation of the RCC for the study area.
The RCC estimates derived are not precise because of weaknesses in the data base. Nevertheless, the estimates do indicate that the most desirable areas for recreation within Garibaldi Park have reached or exceeded the capability of the biophysical resources of those areas to sustain the recreational activities undertaken. As important as the RCC estimation is the identification of biophysical limitations of the study area. These limitations call for careful site selection in the development and management of Garibaldi Park to protect the biophysical resources which attract recreational use. If the model is to be of greater assistance in park planning and management then more precision is required in the investigation. Increased precision requires dividing the broad bio-climatic zones into sub-zones or micro-zones to allow site and route selection for managing the study area.
RCC theory and the RCC model used are useful as planning tools because of the comprehensiveness required by the theory and the explicitness of the values used within the model. However, this comprehensiveness demands a large data base which is not available in the case study of Garibaldi Park. This points to the need for further research if RCC theory and the model used are to be of utility to park planning in B.C.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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McCreary, Allie Elizabeth. "Fostering agency capacity: An exploration of personnel motivations for engaging US Forest Service recreation partnerships." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/363.
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Federal downsizing and reduced appropriations within the USDA Forest Service (USFS) have resulted in increased use of partnerships to deliver visitor services. Partnerships are the relationships in which two or more parties combine resources (e.g., funds, labor, information, skills) to accomplish a shared objective. Examples of USFS recreation partners include individual volunteers, professional contractors, and concessionaires. Partnerships provide a variety of services that may be otherwise neglected with fiscal constraints; for example, campground hosts, trail maintenance crews, and specialized recreation outfitters and guides provide visitor services the public desires. Although previous studies and USFS Accomplishment Reports indicate that partners are being used to deliver recreation services, there is a lack of understanding concerning the structure and function of these relationships. This thesis presents data from the second phase of a multi-phase study exploring the role of recreation partnerships on national forests. Using grounded theory, Phase I gathered and analyzed semi-structured interview data with key informants (n = 21). From these interviews, a conceptual framework of USFS recreation partnerships evolved, and internal commitment to partnerships and the external environment of forests emerged as indicators of agency capacity to partner. Internal commitment was defined by the presence, or lack of, a partnership coordinator on the forest. External environment was characterized by geographical location with urban forests, rural forests and amenity forests typifying various levels of partnership access for forest personnel. Phase II investigated these themes of commitment and environment using a multiple-case study methodology. Interviews with USFS personnel (n = 45) on six national forests representing a variety of internal commitment and external environment scenarios enabled the refinement of the partnership conceptual framework and indicators of agency capacity to administer partnerships. Specifically, this study illustrated that personnel motivations also influence agency capacity to partner. Fifteen distinct motivations emerged from informant interviews, which were classified within three categories of motivations: interpersonal, intrapersonal, and institutional. Together these themes of agency capacity--commitment, environment, and motivation--describe six unique cases of partnership involvement. These findings enable an increased awareness of agency capacity to partner and may enhance the leadership support, agency-partner interactions, and personnel motivations necessary to sustain USFS partnerships.
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Robeson, Isaac J. "A departure regulator for closely spaced parallel runways." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42783.
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Increased efficiency at airports is necessary to reduce delays and fuel consumption. Many of the busiest airports in the nation have at least one pair of closely spaced parallel runways (CSPRs), defined by a separation of less than 2500 ft, with one runway dedicated to arrivals and the other to departures. CSPRs experience a large decrease in capacity under instrument conditions because they can no longer operate independently. In order to mitigate this decrease in capacity and to increase efficiency, proposed herein is a departure regulator for runways so configured, along with a plan of study to investigate the effects of this regulator.
The proposed departure regulator makes use of data from precision tracking systems such as ADS-B to issue automated or semi-automated departure clearances. Assuming sequential departure separations are sufficient for clearance, the regulator will automatically issue, or advise the controller to issue, the departure clearance as soon as the arrival on the adjacent runway has descended below its decision height. By issuing the departure clearance earlier, the departure regulator reduces the gap between a pair of arrivals that is required to clear a departure. By decreasing the gap, the regulator increases the number of opportunities where a departure clearance can be issued, given a particular arrival stream.
A simulation models the effects of the regulator and quantifies the resulting increases in capacity. The simulation results indicate that all forms of the regulator would provide significant gains of between 14% and 23% in capacity over the current operating paradigm. The results also indicate that the capacity gains are greatest at high arrival rates. Therefore, implementation of the departure regulator could significantly decrease the congestion at many major airports during inclement weather.
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Garcia, Elena. "Development of a framework for the assessment of capacity and throughput with the National Airspace System." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15784.
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Larrimore, Elizabeth Fogarty. "The use of capacity building strategies in non-profit speech and hearing centers a national study /." Click here to access dissertation, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2007/elizabeth_f_larrimore/larrimore_elizabeth_f_200701_edd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007."A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Under the direction of Walter S. Polka. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-180)
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Haberstroh, Marcus Max [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Pinkwart, and Vivek K. [Gutachter] Velamuri. "National innovative capacity : An established concept revisited / Marcus Max Haberstroh ; Gutachter: Andreas Pinkwart, Vivek K. Velamuri." Dresden : Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1153745976/34.
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Bateman, Hilarie. "Supporting the realisation of national policy through the development of research capacity and academic/service partnerships." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399828.
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Verkhohlyad, Olha. "The development of an improved human capital index for assessing and forecasting national capacity and development." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3148.
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Haberstroh, Marcus Max Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] [Pinkwart, and Vivek K. [Gutachter] Velamuri. "National innovative capacity : An established concept revisited / Marcus Max Haberstroh ; Gutachter: Andreas Pinkwart, Vivek K. Velamuri." Dresden : Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa2-160885.
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Al-Suwaidi, Jassim Sultan. "Towards a strategy to build administrative capacity in light of human development for Qatar National Vision 2030." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2018. http://ubir.bolton.ac.uk/1766/.
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This research highlights the important role of administrative and human development in the implementation of Qatar Vision 2030 (QNV 2030) as the country’s strategy for economic diversification and knowledge economy transition. The study examined the context, rationale, and significance of QNV 2030 strategy through comprehensive and well-organized literature review, which yielded indications of weak human capital and weak administrative capacity due to Qatar’s failure in addressing these needs early in its development history. These twin problems have spawned socio-economic and environmental issues that threaten Qatar’s strategic health, a situation raising the key question: What can be done to resolve Qatar’s weak human and administrative capacity in light of its critical impact on Qatar Vision 2030? To address the problem, this research adopted mixed method involving online survey and in depth interviews. The online survey elicited 40 suggestive probing themes supporting the triangulation of results between the two methods and the formulation of in-depth interview questions with key informants. The in-depth interviews distilled 10 notable development themes on: strategic readiness; income, surplus, and liquidity; social overhead capital; intergenerational equity; dynamics of change; government role; population imbalance; education; transformation leadership; and organizational trust. These research results interrelated with the findings of the literature review and on an integral sense, aided the development of multi-modal framework to assess Qatar’s overall strategic readiness. The integration alignment allowed the development of strategic and tactical statements subsequently adapted to the preferred theoretical framework of combined Total Quality Management (TQM) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) paradigms. The overall results confirmed Qatar’s weak human capital and administrative capacity and revealed Qatar’s low strategic readiness of 53%, a mediocre index triggering questions on Qatar’s capacity to sustain progress as the ongoing oil price slump projects long-term duration. In answer to the key research question, the research concluded by presented recommendations from a national policy perspective and from a TQM-BSC implementation framework. For future research, the Researcher recommended that similar study over an expanded population size, with incremental analysis on: social and environmental aspects of the change agenda; adoption of all-level transformational leadership in inelastic monarchical framework; and context of post transformation retrogressive economic performance.
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Makaluza, Nomakholwa. "Capacity building for the integration of environmental planning into land reform: an assessment of a national programme." Thesis, UWC, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2873.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)In 1994 the South African government embarked on a land reform programme to redistribute and return land to previously deprived and displaced communities and individuals. Concerns have, however, been raised about the impact of land reform on the environment and its natural resources. The Department of Land Affairs (DLA) has attempted to deal with this problem through the National Training Programme, which was specifically initiated to develop capacity among officials of the DLA to integrate environmental planning into the land reform programme. This study assesses the National Training Programme to determine whether the participants who attended the Nationa lTraining Programme are in fact integrating environmental planning into land reform projects. To achieve this aim a qualitative research methodology is used, which involves both the survey based method and a case study approach. From the literature review there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the enormous pressure on the land and the lack of environmental knowledge are the major contributors to environmental degradation in South Africa. The study points out that the South African experience suggests that land reform cannot be sustainable without adequate provision for environmental planning. In its assessment of the National Training Programme, the study finds that, although the participants had gained self-confidence and a positive attitude towards the environment, this has not been applied in practice. Of significance also is the fact that, given the evidence which indicates that where land reform takes place land resources might be degraded, the study clearly demonstrates how environmental planning has in practice been neglected by the DLA, due to a lack of capacity. In view of the outcomes of the assessment of the National Training Programme, the study recommends that further research be undertaken to investigate and indicate the extent and the rate of land degradation as a result of the neglect of environmental concerns in the land reform programme.
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Suryandari, Retno Tanding. "Creating Value by Enhancing Innovative Capability: the Role of Absorptive Capacity and Institutional Framework." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699854/.
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Innovations as a source of economic wellbeing and social prosperity has been well researched, albeit primarily done in the context of developed economies. However, of late, interest in the effect of innovation on economic performance and quality of life has been renewed as the world observes the rise of emerging economies, and at the same time, the prolonged recession in the more developed economies (i.e. North America and European countries). There has been a marked increase in the quantity and quality of research and development, spawn by innovative companies from emerging economies that are making their mark in global marketplace. These phenomena challenge the traditional concept that innovation flows from the resource rich developed countries to less developed countries, and that the latter are at a disadvantage in terms of knowledge, technology and competitiveness. Existing studies on national innovation highlight the relationships between innovative capability and its outcomes; however, few have tried to explain the determinants of a nation’s innovative capabilities. Using a sample of 95 countries and panel data analysis covering 28 years of observation, this study attempts to model the determinants of innovative capability at national level, and focuses on absorptive capacity and institutional framework as the main determinants of innovative capability. Further, this study identifies different aspects of absorptive capacity: creation and exploitation of innovation. Findings offer support on the importance of various sources of external knowledge in the creation of innovation, with FDI inflow and High Technology Export as the strongest sources. Corruption as institutional factor has negative effect on innovative capability, whereas openness shows no effect. National absorptive capacity moderates the effect of external knowledge on innovative capability, except on FDI outflow in which a negative effect on trademark application as a measure of innovative capability. The findings suggest that innovative capability and moderating role of absorptive capacity enhance economic wellbeing. Findings show that economic wellbeing increases happiness and income inequality (as the measures of quality of life); same thing as innovative capability, which also increases both happiness and income inequality. This study demonstrates that for happiness, higher education and better infrastructure (as the measure of foundational absorptive capacity) decrease the level of happiness. Higher education and ease access to information may increase expectation, which lead to unhappiness when the expectation is not met. For income inequality, negative effect of the moderating role of absorptive capacity means that higher education and better infrastructure contribute to lowering income inequality. Based on these findings, a nation should continue to attract FDI and trade in high technology because these sources of knowledge contribute to innovative capability. Policy makers can develop country positioning and country’s marketing activities by using the combination of the improvement of national factors and policy reforms. The upgrading of national factors helps to achieve higher economic wellbeing and quality of life in general.
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Cahill, Kerri Lynn. "Exploring the Structure and Development of Management Prescriptions for Public Lands." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11055.
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Management prescriptions that describe desired conditions for resources and visitor experiences have become widely accepted as an important component of public land management plans. However, very little effort is spent on evaluating and learning about this part of the planning process.
This research identifies and addresses the need to explore opportunities for additional guidance on the development of management prescriptions, by (1) evaluating the current perception of the purpose of management prescriptions; (2) developing criteria and other tools to guide the development of management prescriptions based on the experiences of public land management professionals; and (3) testing an alternative method for collecting visitor preference data regarding social, resource and management conditions to inform development of management prescriptions.
The first two papers report the results of a visitor preference study, using the stated choice method, conducted in Acadia National Park. The purpose of the first paper is to identify visitor preferences for tradeoffs among social, resource and related management conditions of the recreation setting. The purpose of the second paper is to identify differences among visitor preferences for social, resource and management conditions in various recreation settings. By considering the integrative nature of these attributes and the relative importance to visitors across recreation settings, the definition of management prescriptions can be better informed. To further investigate the results of the stated choice method and ensure the validity of the data, a verbal protocol assessment was applied to a sample of the stated choice survey respondents.
The purpose of the third paper is to reexamine the role of management prescriptions for park management planning and investigate tools for facilitating development of management prescriptions. The study included in-depth interviews, participant observation of a three-day planning workshop and a written survey. All of the participants in the various components of the study were National Park Service land management professionals. The study resulted in a list of the purpose and criteria for management prescriptions and a related menu of desired condition topics, which will be integrated into planning guidance to aid the development of unique and effective management prescriptions for national parks.Ph. D.
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Ekström, Adrian, and Karl Johan Tegnér. "Green National Innovative Capacity : An empirical study of the determinants of patenting in technologies related to renewable energy sources." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264092.
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Climate change constitutes a major threat to our planet. Finding and developing new technologies that can utilize renewable sources of energy is an essential component in combating this threat. The concerns are global, and today there is large variation in innovation intensity across advanced countries. Motivated by these differences, this thesis provides an empirical investigation of the determinants of country-level production of patents related to renewable energy generation. The investigation examines the impact of public environmental policy by assessing the effect of policy stringency and environmental taxes on renewable patents. Green innovative capacity is not separated from general innovative capacity. Drawing from the concept of national innovation system we therefore identify country-specific factors of innovation and examine to what extent they can be translated to the domain of environmental technology. We construct a panel of 22 OECD countries over the years 1994-2015 and analyze how governmental R&D expenditures, how different macroeconomic and institutional factors, as well as how environmental policy stimulate innovative activities. We analyze these factors using regression analysis and we use two count data models, namely the Poisson model and the Negative Binomial model. Our findings suggest that public policy is important for inducing innovation, both by deciding the level of R&D resources available to the economy and the level of environmental taxes. Furthermore, our thesis provides evidence that certain determining factors of general innovative performance also affect countries’ innovative capacity in green technologies.Klimatförändringarna utgör idag ett allvarligt hot mot vår planet. Vår förmåga att ta fram ny teknologi, inte minst inom förnyelsebar energi, har pekats ut som en avgörande faktor för att vi ska kunna möta klimatkrisens utmaningar. Idag kan vi observera stora skillnader mellan länder när det kommer till deras förmåga att introducera och utveckla teknik kopplad till förnybara källor. För att förstå vilka faktorer som avgör ett lands benägenhet att generera ny teknologi inom detta område genomför vi i denna uppsats en empirisk undersökning med fokus på patentstatistik. Vi undersöker både effekten av stringens samt om miljöskatter kan användas för att stimulera mer förnybar innovation. Då länders innovativa förmåga inom grön teknologi är svår att separera och är starkt kopplad till dess generella innovativa förmåga utgår vår studie från teorin om nationella innovationssystem. Genom att använda det ramverket identifierar vi flera olika landspecifika faktorer som antas påverkar länders benägenhet att patentera teknik och vi utvärderar således teorins relevans inom området för förnyelsebar energi. Denna studie bygger på paneldata från OECD-länder mellan åren 1994 - 2015, data som sedermera används för att analysera hur statliga insatser kopplade till FoU, hur olika institutionella och makroekonomiska faktorer, samt hur miljöpolicy påverkar innovation inom grön teknologi. Våra resultat visar att policy, både i form av satsningar på FoU samt att miljöpolitiska åtgärder, spelar en betydande roll för att främja innovation inom förnyelsebar energi. Vidare finner vi i denna uppsats att de faktorer som påverkar ett lands generella innovativa förmåga också till en viss del påverkar dess förmåga att ta fram och patentera ny teknik kopplad till förnyelsebara energikällor.
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Nicholson, Rosemary J. Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Oh what a tangled web ... : Building capacity for environmental health action in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19144.
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In the early years of the 21st century environmental health has to contend not only with the more 'traditional' and essentially localised environmental risks to human health. We now face the additional challenges posed by a range of 'modern' environmental health issues. These are characteristically more complex, more ubiquitous, and much less clearly defined than any we have previously encountered. They have been brought about through rapid industrial expansion, technological advances that have transformed our social structures and the emergence of a global economy that is now forging ahead in the face of ever-increasing socio-economic inequity. These are problems that are not amenable to traditional environmental health solutions. They call instead for new, innovative and integrative strategies based on cooperative and collaborative working partnerships. This thesis explores the question of what needs to be done to build capacity for such partnerships among environmental health stakeholders in Australia. The current situation is clarified through a critical review of the author?s professional career, the historical development of environmental health practice, the different knowledge constructs of four distinguishable stakeholder groups and the objectives and guiding principles of Australia's National Environmental Health Strategy. A case study of a federally funded collaborative environmental health project serves to highlight some of the inherent challenges of intersectoral partnership and community participation. The metaphor of the spider's web illustrates the imperative of such partnerships among stakeholder groups and across all geographical scales from the local to the global. Finally, the barriers to be overcome in building environmental health capacity are analysed through a force field analysis. The study concludes with an analysis of the constituents of action necessary to develop the partnering capabilities of the various stakeholders, to build supportive community and organisational infrastructures and to demonstrate the political will of government to support change.
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Ackebjer, Turesson Hampus, and Jesper Werneskog. "The Challenge of Providing Sufficient Grid Capacity for Electrification to Be a Key Factor in Achieving Climate Neutrality Until 2045 : A national and regional demand analysis investigating the future electricity demand and the grid operators' perspectives on large-scale electrification in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168135.
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The purpose of the thesis is to contribute to grid planning and public debate about how the electric power system can cope with electrification and decarbonisation. The thesis is based on the assumption that Sweden, in accordance with the climate goals, will achieve climate neutrality by 2045. Based on a literature review, an analysis is made of how different scenarios predict the future national electricity demand up until 2045 and identifies the underlying drivers for changes in electricity demand. A more detailed analysis based on results from a literature review and interviews with industry representatives is made for four chosen regions, Norrbotten, Västra Götaland, Stockholm and Skåne. For each region, estimates are made of how high the electrification potential is in the industrial, transport, residential and service sectors. The prerequisites for the electricity grid to handle the identified electrification potential, in terms of grid capacity, have been analysed in order to highlight what challenges there are for large-scale electrification to be a key factor in achieving the climate goals. The general belief in the studied scenarios is that the national electricity demand will increase until 2045. The investigated scenarios predict increases resulting in an annual national electricity demand of up to 207 TWh in 2045, corresponding to an increase of almost 60 %. The most significant increases are due to decarbonisation in the industry and transport sector. The regional analysis shows significant electrification potentials in the investigated regions. A few industries stand out with dramatic increases, Borealis AB in Västra Götaland shows an electrification potential of 8 TWh and 1 000 MW and SSAB in Norrbotten shows an electrification potential of 9 TWh and 900 MW. Significant electrification potentials in the transport, residential and service sectors have been identified in metropolitan areas, i.e. in the region of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne. The grid analysis shows that it will be challenging to increase grid capacity at sufficient speed. It is concluded that there is currently insufficient grid capacity to meet large-scale electrification, and that the grids need to be reinforced. However, the concession process for grid reinforcements is considered too slow to meet the demands that arise, primarily in the industry sector. Three ways to address this challenge have been identified: - If the permission process for electricity grid expansion does not change and the industry is to choose the electrification route, this needs to be decided before 2030 in order for reinforcements in the electricity grid to be ensured before 2045. - Speed up the permit process to allow shorter lead times for power grid expansions. - The industry choose another route for decarbonisation than electrification. The overall conclusion is that new approaches for expanding the electricity grid will be required if large-scale electrification is to be a key factor in achieving the climate goals in 2045.
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Deric, Sanjin. "Increased Capacity for VDL Mode 2 Aeronautical Data Communication." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1376063529.
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Tredick, Catherine Anne. "Black bears in Canyon de Chelly National Monument: Life in a changing environment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28299.
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Understanding how wildlife utilize habitat at varying scales is important for understanding and predicting potential impacts of landscape changes (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, restoration efforts, climate change, etc.) and in determining effective strategies for conservation and management. This research examines fine-scale and landscape-level habitat use of black bears in Canyon de Chelly National Monument (CACH), Arizona, USA in the context of large-scale landscape change. Currently, CACH is undergoing a large-scale restoration effort to remove all of the non-native Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) and tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis) within the monument. As black bears rely on the Russian olive as a primary food source, a major goal of this research was to evaluate how bears currently use this resource and how its removal might affect bear habitat use and bear-human interactions within the monument.
I developed a model of 3rd order (fine-scale) black bear habitat use in CACH using an occupancy modeling approach. Model results indicated that fine-scale habitat selection by bears in CACH is being driven by the presence of non-native Russian olive as well as native food sources. Thus availability of native foods may be sufficient to maintain the bear population in CACH, and bears may quickly adapt to the loss of the non-native food source. Similarly, results showed that bears avoid human areas and farmsteads and prefer higher elevations, suggesting that once olive is removed in the lower canyons near human areas, bear-human interactions may become less of a problem over the long term.
I also developed a model of 2nd order (landscape-level) habitat use and evaluated movement patterns of black bears in CACH using location data collected from GPS collars. Model results showed that bears selected areas with higher tree canopy cover and terrain ruggedness, indicating that forest cover and escape cover are primary factors driving black bear habitat selection at the landscape scale in this region. Movement patterns revealed large mean daily movements and low average turning angles, indicating long, linear movements designed to take advantage of the mosaic of available habitats and food resources available over larger areas.
I extracted DNA from hair samples collected throughout the study area to examine genetic variability and population structure of black bears in the region. Analyses revealed a relatively healthy, panmictic population across the wider landscape. No substantial genetic structuring was observed in multiple analyses, though I did find evidence of a slight isolation-by-distance pattern within the population. Measures of both current (Nb = 24) and long-term (Ne = 579) effective population size indicated a relatively high number of breeders in the current population and a sufficient amount of gene flow within the larger â superpopulationâ to maintain long-term genetic viability.
I focused the final portion of my dissertation research on understanding the factors that influence stakeholder acceptance capacity for black bears, which plays a central role in contemporary wildlife management issues, including human-wildlife conflict. I used data from telephone interviews of 1,546 residents in Virginia to develop conceptual models of black bear acceptance capacity at both county and state levels. Model results suggested that more deep-seated and less easily influenced factors (e.g., values and risk perceptions) are at the heart of stakeholder attitudes and perceptions of wildlife, making influencing these perceptions more difficult. Agencies can indirectly affect these attitudes and perceptions, however, by targeting more potentially pliable factors related to wildlife acceptance capacity such as knowledge, personal experience with wildlife, and trust in management agencies.Ph. D.
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Millard, Andrew Denis. "The implementation of SIGN guidelines in relation to organisational learning capacity in two NHS acute hospitals." Thesis, Connect to electronic version, 2003. https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/handle/1905/305.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Glasgow, 2003.Ph. D. thesis submitted to the departments of Public Health and Health Policy and Management Studies, University of Glasgow, 2003. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Jeremia, George Tileinge. "An Assessment of the Public Sector Planning Process of the Implementation of Capital Projects in the Ohangwena Region, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8338_1278012495.
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This research study focuses on the way the Namibian public sector plans and implements capital projects, mainly in the Ohangwena region, and the Ministry of Health and Social Services in general. The research results show that the planning and project process is not clear and that options need to be considered for the improvement thereof. It is observed that often some of the identified and approved capital projects are not implemented and, if implemented, this is typically done in two or three years. Most parts of Ohangwena are comprised of sandy roads, especially the north-eastern area of Ohangwena which represents a large part of the region. Distances between health facilities and the scarcity of transport make it difficult for the community to easily reach the nearest health facility. The primary objective of this study is to perform an assessment of the planning process in the public sector for the implementation of capital projects and its effectiveness with regard to the planning and implementation of identified capital projects. From the outset, the critical issue is not only implementation, but also how the Ministry plans its capital projects for successful implementation. Interestingly, no research has been done before on this topic in Namibia. Against this background, officials (planners) that are directly involved in capital projects design were interviewed at the district, regional and national levels of the Ministry. The research investigation found that, in general, the planning and project processes in the Ministry are good, but a number of weaknesses were observed in the implementation process. The findings of the study showed that capacity in the Ministry, in terms of skills and technical expertise, are among the main causes of delay in the implementation of capital projects, particularly in the region and in the Ministry in general. The research found that lack of technical expertise in the Ministry and the limited capacity of those responsible for capital projects initiation and implementation, especially at the District and Regional level, have a substantial influence on most of all the weaknesses observed in the system. In this regard, specific recommendations were made regarding the prioritization of the necessary posts and building capacity at the operational level
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Fan, Zheng. "A Computer Model to Predict Potential Wake Turbulence Encounters in the National Airspace." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75043.
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With an increasing population of super heavy aircraft operating in the National Airspace System and with the introduction of NextGen technologies, the wake vortex problem has become more important for airport capacity and the en-route air traffic operations. The vortices generated by heavy and super heavy aircraft can generate potential hazards to other aircraft on nearby flight paths. Moreover, the design of new airport procedures needs to consider the interactions between aircraft in closer paths. New methods and models are required to examine these effects before new operations are conducted in the National Airspace System (NAS).
Reducing wake vortex separations to safe levels between successive aircraft is essential for NextGen operations. One approach taken recently by ICAO and the FAA is to introduce a re-categorization (ReCat) of wake vortex separations to six groups from the existing five groups employed by the FAA in the United States. Reduced aircraft separations can increase capacity in the NAS with corresponding savings in delay times at busy airports. Future NextGen operations are likely to introduce smaller aircraft separations in the en-route and in the terminal area. Such operations would require better methods to identify potential wake hazards from reduced separation operations. This dissertation describes a model to identify potential wake encounters in the future NAS.
The goal of the dissertation is to describe the Enhanced Wake Encounter Model (EWEM), a model that employs a detailed NASA-developed wake model to generate wake zones for different aircraft categories under different flight conditions that can be used with aircraft flight path data to identify potential wake encounters. The main contribution of this model is to gain an understanding of potential wake encounters under future NAS operations.Ph. D.
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Figueiredo, Cláudia Cunha Malafaia de. "From paper parks to real conservation: case studies of national park management effectiveness in Brazil." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1167587930.
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Legoabe, Reginald Sethole. "Assessing the causes of SMME learner drop-out and attrition in the national rollout of the Productive Capacity Building Programme (PCBP): A Case Study." Thesis, UCT Graduate School of Business, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71612.
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Assessing the causes of SMME learner drop-out and attrition in the national rollout of the Productive Capacity Building Programme (PCBP): A Case StudyThe aim of this evaluative research study is to investigate the causes of learner dropout and attrition within the national rollout of the Productive Capacity Building Programme PCBP of the National Productivity Institute (NPI). This study is undertaken using a case study format with particular interest in the behaviour of adult learners within the context of a learning environment as well as particular interventional measures that could be undertaken by adult educators and facilitators in retaining adult learners within contact training programmes. The research study not only has internal validity in terms of the PCBP training programme operations but also contextual importance for long distance education, e-learning, other modes of learning delivery as well as the larger human resources development (HRD) domain. The ultimate objective is to minimize PCBP training costs resulting from adult learner attrition and the failure to meet training targets. A survey population comprising sixty (x60) small, medium and micro enterprise (SMME) learners who attended PCBP training is selected using simple random sampling. The study is undertaken using case study format from a learning practitioner’s perspective. Utilizing a questionnaire instrument and interview method, the survey population is interviewed through a qualitative research method. Historical training statistics as well as post-implementation training statistics resulting from the application of recommendations are stratified and compared. Qualitative data collection methods such as observation, interview and documents are utilized. The study ends with recommendations for business application and the practical effects brought about by the implementation of initial recommendations.An analysis of recommendations indicates that adult learner dropout within the PCBP training programme is minimized through the introduction of adult learning principles within the delivery of the programme.
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Leon, de la Barra Sophia. "Building research capacity for indigenous health : a case study of the National Health and Medical Research Council : the evolution and impact of policy and capacity building strategies for indigenous health research over a decade from 1996 to 2006." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3538.
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Master of PhilosophyAs Australia’s leading agency for funding health research (expending over $400 million in 2006), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has a major responsibility to improve the evidence base for health policy and practice. There is an urgent need for better evidence to guide policy and programs that improve the health of Indigenous peoples. In 2002, NHMRC endorsed a series of landmark policy changes to acknowledge its ongoing role and responsibilities in Indigenous health research—adopting a strategic Road Map for research, improving Indigenous representation across NHMRC Council and Principal Committees, and committing 5% of its annual budget to Indigenous health research. This thesis examines how these policies evolved, the extent to which they have been implemented, and their impact on agency expenditure in relation to People Support. Additionally, this thesis describes the impact of NHMRC policies in reshaping research practices among Indigenous populations.
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Diop, Mohamet. "Essai sur l'apport de l'économie de la connaissance sur le développement économique : état des lieux et perspectives dans les pays en développement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1108/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est l’analyse des caractéristiques des pays en développement face à l’économie de la connaissance. Ce travail aborde des questions à la fois théoriques et épistémologiques ayant trait à l’économie de la connaissance. Nous procédons dans une première partie à l’analyse des théories existantes sur la question de l’économie de la connaissance en combinant des références aux interprétations diverses, tout en mettant en illustration l’idée selon laquelle l’accumulation des connaissances est aujourd'hui plus que jamais un puissant levier de la croissance économique des économies développées. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude des pays en développement, particulièrement celle des pays les moins avancés. Cette étude fait ressortir des trajectoires technologiques divergentes au sein de ces économies et permet l’identification des modalités d’acquisition du savoir dans les pays les moins avancés par la mise en place d’un système national d’innovationThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze the characteristics of developing countries to the knowledge economy. This work addresses issues on both theoretical and epistemological related to the knowledge economy. We proceed in a first part the analysis of existing theories on the issue of the knowledge economy by combining references to various interpretations, while putting in illustration the idea that the accumulation of knowledge is now more than ever a powerful lever for economic growth in developed economies. The second part is devoted to the study of developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. This study highlights the differing technological trajectories within these economies and allows the identification of ways of acquiring knowledge in the least developed by the establishment of a national innovation system countries
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Truehill, Marshall Jr. "The Capacity of the Black Protestant Church to Provide Social Ministry in Post-Katrina New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/895.
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This research is an ethnography which investigates the effects of Hurricane Katrina upon the capacity of African American Protestant churches in New Orleans to provide spiritual and social ministry to the city's underprivileged. More than three years after Hurricane Katrina unleashed its fury upon the city, fifty per cent of the churches remain as the hurricane left them. Pre-Katrina, fifty per cent of the population lived at or below the poverty line and depended upon faith-based programs as part of their support network and ladder toward selfsufficiency. Because of the disaster, there was substantive loss of parishioners, financial resources, and program operational infrastructure that severely limited or destroyed faith-based capacity to serve. The purpose of the study is to examine what social vulnerabilities and barriers hinder churches' capacity to serve community needs in four particular areas, including providing and advocating for affordable housing, quality health care, strategies for eliminating poverty, and disaster evacuation education, preparedness and response. The researcher hypothesizes that structural and institutional racism were already undermining that capacity pre-Katrina and continues to hinder it more than three years since. The study investigates the veracity of this hypothesis. It attempts to offer strategies to help mitigate the social vulnerabilities and increase the community's resiliency and sustainability against future disasters. This research is important because it provides increased awareness and understanding of how pre-existing social vulnerabilities in combination with Hurricane Katrina contributed to the lingering diminished capacity of the church and community. It also provides insight into how the faith community's attitude and action toward handling its vulnerabilities lead to increased resiliency and sustainability, and suggest a course of action toward the alleviation of marginalization of both the faith institutions and the people they serve.
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Freeman, Sid. "An examination of the approaches and effectiveness of internal and external change agents in building the capacity to implement a national improvement strategy in different schools." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486640.
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An examination of the approaches and effectiveness of internal and external change agents in building the capacity to implement a national improvement strategy in different schools. This research arose out of a desire to improve understanding of the consultancy process and associated skills as they relate to national reform strategies.. A review of literature on school improvement, change agents, capacity and capacity building led to the thesis that internal and external change agents may use similar skills, but capacity building would vary in different schools. . . Evidence was gained from data gathered during an independent evaluation of the implementation of the Key Stage 3 Strategy Pilot (KS3). This national strategy was designed to 'transform' education for English secondary pupils aged 11-14, which was an early example of 'tn-level development', seeking to integrate accountability and capacity building through co-ordinated action at c1assroomJschool, LEA and national JEwels. The research explored: • how change agents build capacity to implement an innovation; • to what extent internal and external change agents work differently; • whether change agents work differently in high and low capacity situations. Evidence was gathered from four case study schools in two pilot local authorities; primarily through semi-structured interviews with school subject leaders and senior staff, KS3 consultants and line managers. The findings suggest that implementation was affected by senior and middle leaders; the emergence of new leadership patterns; and recruitment, retention and capacity of subject leaders. It was also influenced by LEA size, effectiveness and interpretation of their roles and responsioilities. The study identifies activities which helped and hindered capacity building and suggests that internal and external change agents adapt their approach to different contexts. Identification of very effective consultants also provided evidence that school and LEA expectations of support required to implement this Strategy exceeded those of the Government. A differentiated model of change agent intervention is proposed. An examination of the approaches and effectiveness of internal and external change agents in building the capacity to implement a national improvement strategy in different schools. This research arose out of a desire to improve understanding of the consultancy process and associated skills as they relate to national reform strategies.. A review of literature on school improvement, change agents, capacity and capacity building led to the thesis that internal and external change agents may use similar skills, but capacity building would vary in different schools. . . Evidence was gained from data gathered during an independent evaluation of the implementation of the Key Stage 3 Strategy Pilot (KS3). This national strategy was designed to 'transform' education for English secondary pupils aged 11-14, which was an early example of 'tn-level development', seeking to integrate accountability and capacity building through co-ordinated action at c1assroomJschool, LEA and national JEwels. The research explored: • how change agents build capacity to implement an innovation; • to what extent internal and external change agents work differently; whether change agents work differently in high and low capacity situations. Evidence was gathered from four case study schools in two pilot local authorities; primarily through semi-structured interviews with school subject leaders and senior staff, KS3 consultants and line managers. The findings suggest that implementation was affected by senior and middle leaders; the emergence of new leadership patterns; and recruitment, retention and capacity of subject leaders. It was also influenced by LEA size, effectiveness and interpretation of their roles and responsioilities. The study identifies activities which helped and hindered capacity building and suggests that internal and external change agents adapt their approach to different contexts. Identification of very effective consultants also provided evidence that school and LEA expectations of support required to implement this Strategy exceeded those of the Government. A differentiated model of change agent intervention is proposed.
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Sabaté, Domingo Oriol. "Military spending, institutional stability and fiscal capacity. Spain in comparative perspective (1850-2009)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387225.
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The thesis offers a new database of military expense in Spain from middle of the century nineteen up to the current importance, as well as three analyses of the determining ones and the economic and political consequences of the military expense in the long term. In I make concrete, the first chapter presents new estimations of the public resources destined for the military area in Spain from 1850 until 2009, as well as the economic, administrative and functional disaggregation of the above mentioned expense. The new database has been elaborated following the methodological criterion of the OTAN, which is one of the criteria most used on the part of the international institutions dedicated to the compilation of information of military expense worldwide. The above mentioned criterion allows to obtain a new database throughout the time and comparably with other countries of the European and international environment. The second chapter of the thesis analyzes the influence of the political rate in the evolution of the military expense in Spain from beginning of the Spanish Restoration up to the current importance. In contrast with the previous quantitative analyses, which generally emphasize the negative influence of the democratic rate in the evolution of the military expense, the chapter suggests that the democratic institutions can be associated with major levels of military expense in certain historical contexts. In I make concrete, the analysis of points of break of the series of military expense, as well as the analyses econometrics subsequent and the review of the military Spanish historiography, it shows that the first democratic governments established after the Pro-Franco dictatorship increased significantly the military expense in relation with the previous decades. This increase, which was due to the efforts of the above mentioned governments to re-orientate the army towards international missions and to facilitate his adjustment to the new democratic institutions, gave place to the only positive point of break of the historical series of military total expense that does not guard relation with the beginning or the end of a warlike conflict. In turn, the analysis suggests that the new orientation of the military democratic policies carried a financial effort in favor of an intensive army in the capital that could take part in new missions international. The third chapter analyzes more thoroughly the determining politicians of the military expense and his potential I affect terms of institutional stability. Since it is known well, the armies have intervened suddenly in politics coups d'état. Diverse authors suggest that the autocratic or partially democratic governments have used eventually the military expense as strategy to satisfy to the armed forces and to avoid this way his insubordination. Nonetheless, and in spite of the solidity of the argument, the quantitative recent analyses based on wide international databases have not found a significant and conclusive relation between the evolution of the military expense and the frequency and the success of the coups d'état. In this third chapter I suggest that the military total expense - measured commonly used on the part of the above mentioned quantitative literature - cannot be a good indicator of the financial effort realized on the part of the governments to obtain the loyalty of the army. Though the military total expense does not reflect any relation with the frequency and the success of the coups d'état, it is possible that the changes in the composition of the expense yes that guard a significant relation with the above mentioned phenomenon. The chapter tries to open this ' black box ' of the military expense studying the impact of the evolution of the wage remuneration of the officials in Spain from middle of the century nineteen until ends of the Spanish Restoration. On line with the pointed hypothesis, the analysis suggests that the increases in the remuneration of the officials during the second half of the century nineteen and beginning of the century twenty - together with other political and military strategies - they are related to a minor frequency of coups d'état, whereas the military total expense does not seem to show any relation in the matter. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the impact of the war and the military expense in the evolution of the fiscal systems of a sample of thirteen European and North American countries in the long term. The war and the military competition have been defined often as forces relevant motorboats of the expansion of the fiscal capacity of the conditions during the contemporary epoch. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence has not been conclusive, and still one lacks a historical narrative that explains how the changes in the nature of the war they have concerned the evolution of the fiscal contemporary systems. The fourth chapter has as aim refill this emptiness by means of the analysis of the impact of the war in the evolution of the fiscal contemporary capacity in the light of so called ' Revolutions of the Military Matters ' that took place in west from middle of the century nineteen up to the current importance. The results suggest that the relation between the war and the fiscal expansion has followed a curve of Or invested, according to which the changes in the tactics and the military technology pressed the public resources to the rise until the destructive capacity of the armies exceeded the nuclear threshold. Additional, the results suggest that the political systems have been relevant to complete this historical narrative, though they have been in occasions forgotten in this type of analysis.La tesis ofrece una nueva base de datos de gasto militar en España desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta la actualidad, así como tres análisis de los condicionantes y las consecuencias económicas y políticas del gasto militar en el largo plazo. En concreto, el primer capítulo presenta nuevas estimaciones de los recursos públicos destinados al ámbito militar en España desde 1850 hasta 2009, así como la desagregación económica, administrativa y funcional de dicho gasto. La nueva base de datos ha sido elaborada siguiendo el criterio metodológico de la OTAN, que es uno de los criterios más utilizados por parte de las instituciones internacionales dedicadas a la compilación de datos de gasto militar a nivel mundial. Dicho criterio permite obtener una nueva base de datos homologable a lo largo del tiempo y comparable con otros países del entorno europeo e internacional. El segundo capítulo de la tesis analiza la influencia de los regímenes políticos en la evolución del gasto militar en España desde principios de la Restauración Española hasta la actualidad. En contraste con los análisis cuantitativos anteriores, que generalmente destacan la influencia negativa de los regímenes democráticos en la evolución del gasto militar, el capítulo sugiere que las instituciones democráticas pueden estar asociadas a mayores niveles de gasto militar en determinados contextos históricos. En concreto, el análisis de puntos de ruptura de las series de gasto militar, así como los análisis econométricos subsiguientes y la revisión de la historiografía militar española, muestra que los primeros gobiernos democráticos establecidos después de la dictadura Franquista aumentaron significativamente el gasto militar en relación con las décadas anteriores. Ese aumento, que fue debido a los esfuerzos de dichos gobiernos para reorientar el ejército hacia misiones internacionales y para facilitar su adaptación a las nuevas instituciones democráticas, dio lugar al único punto de ruptura positivo de la serie histórica de gasto militar total que no guarda relación con el inicio o el final de un conflicto bélico. A su vez, el análisis sugiere que la nueva orientación de las políticas militares democráticas conllevó un esfuerzo financiero en pro de un ejército intensivo en capital que pudiera participar en nuevas misiones internacionales. El tercer capítulo analiza más a fondo los condicionantes políticos del gasto militar y su potencial impacto en términos de estabilidad institucional. Como es bien sabido, los ejércitos han intervenido recurrentemente en política mediante golpes de estado. Diversos autores sugieren que los gobiernos autocráticos o parcialmente democráticos han usado eventualmente el gasto militar como estrategia para contentar a las fuerzas armadas y evitar así su insubordinación. Aún así, y a pesar de la solidez del argumento, los análisis cuantitativos recientes basados en amplias bases de datos internacionales no han encontrado una relación significativa y concluyente entre la evolución del gasto militar y la frecuencia y el éxito de los golpes de estado. En ese tercer capítulo sugiero que el gasto militar total – medida comúnmente utilizada por parte de dicha literatura cuantitativa – puede no ser un buen indicador del esfuerzo financiero realizado por parte de los gobiernos para conseguir la lealtad del ejército. Aunque el gasto militar total no refleje ninguna relación con la frecuencia y el éxito de los golpes de estado, puede que los cambios en la composición del gasto sí que guarden una relación significativa con dicho fenómeno. El capítulo pretende abrir esa ‘caja negra’ del gasto militar estudiando el impacto de la evolución de la remuneración salarial de los oficiales en España desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta finales de la Restauración Española. En línea con la hipótesis apuntada, el análisis sugiere que los aumentos en la remuneración de los oficiales durante la segunda mitad del siglo diecinueve y principios del siglo veinte – junto con otras estrategias políticas y militares – están relacionados con una menor frecuencia de golpes de estado, mientras que el gasto militar total no parece mostrar ninguna relación al respecto. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo examina el impacto de la guerra y el gasto militar en la evolución de los sistemas fiscales de una muestra de trece países europeos y norteamericanos en el largo plazo. La guerra y la competición militar han sido a menudo definidas como fuerzas motoras relevantes de la expansión de la capacidad fiscal de los estados durante la época contemporánea. Aún así, la evidencia empírica no ha sido concluyente, y aún se carece de una narrativa histórica que explique cómo los cambios en la naturaleza de la guerra han afectado a la evolución de los sistemas fiscales contemporáneos. El cuarto capítulo tiene como objetivo rellenar ese vacío mediante el análisis del impacto de la guerra en la evolución de la capacidad fiscal contemporánea a la luz de las llamadas ‘Revoluciones de los Asuntos Militares’ que tuvieron lugar en occidente desde mediados del siglo diecinueve hasta la actualidad. Los resultados sugieren que la relación entre la guerra y la expansión fiscal ha seguido una curva de U invertida, según la cual los cambios en las tácticas y la tecnología militar presionaron los recursos públicos al alza hasta que la capacidad destructiva de los ejércitos sobrepasó el umbral nuclear. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que los sistemas políticos han sido relevantes para completar esa narrativa histórica, aunque hayan sido en ocasiones olvidados en ese tipo de análisis.
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Covaciu, Andra-Iustina. "Missing out on childhood - the impact of natural disasters on Haitian children's rights." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21723.
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Children’s rights are human rights, regardless their vulnerability and dependence on adults. However, the situation of children’s rights in Haiti has always been delicate and it became even more fragile in the aftermath of the 2010 Earthquake and the 2016 Hurricane Matthew. Within this paper, the sociology of disaster theory together with case study and legal analysis as methods aim at analysing the effects of the two natural disasters on Haitian children’s rights. The paper also seeks to understand whether any differences could be noticed between the outcomes of the two catastrophes as well as to analyse the international and national institutional response to the aforementioned disasters. It is concluded that the two natural disasters had an enormous impact on the most important rights of Haitian children. Not many differences could be noticed, between the two events, and regardless the aid provided by the international community, Haitian children’s rights are still neglected, as we speak.
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Bywater, Philip. "Does the development of the federal principle in Germany and the United Kingdom offer some evidence of the capacity for national constitutions to be reconciled within the context of the European integration process?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413312.
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Upadhyaya, Prabhat. "National Appropriateness of International Climate Policy Frameworks in India, Brazil, and South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-135431.
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How does the international climate policy frameworks influence the domestic institutional responses to climate mitigation in emerging economies? And how, in turn, do domestic institutions and politics in emerging economies influence the fate of international climate policy frameworks? The thesis provides answers to these questions by studying domestic engagements with Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in three emerging economies – India, Brazil, and South Africa. The thesis specifically studies how these engagements were influenced by the domestic institutional context provided by national climate policy, norms, and institutional capacity in the three countries. Drawing upon the variations in the engagements with nationally appropriate mitigation actions, made visible by use of the policy cycle as a heuristic device, the thesis informs the implementation of another nascent, yet prevalent, international climate policy framework – Nationally Determined Contributions. The thesis identifies how engagements with nationally appropriate mitigation actions varied in India, Brazil, and South Africa in agenda-setting, policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation. In cases where international support is considered crucial for taking mitigation actions, external factors such as lack of clarity on definitional aspects and availability of international support can hamper the prospects of such frameworks at the agenda-setting and policy formulation stages. Efforts to engage with these frameworks under this uncertainty are held back by non-decisions, overriding national climate policy, as well as by uneven inter-ministerial coordination. The thesis argues that successful implementation of upcoming Nationally Determined Contributions will be influenced by a country’s ability to align them with its national climate policy, localization of the transnational norms, and the extent to which efforts to enhance institutional capacity for coordinating the implementation of national climate policy are made. In sum, the effective implementation of International Climate Policy Frameworks will be dependent on the willingness of the state to provide oversight and coordination, and clarity on the availability of international support.Hur influerar ramverken för internationell klimatpolicy nationella institutionella åtgärder för att begränsa utsläpp av växthusgaser i framväxande ekonomier? Och hur påverkar, i sin tur, dessa länders nationella institutioner och politik dessa ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy? Denna avhandling studerar nationella engagemang i Nationellt lämpliga utsläppsminskande åtgärder (s.k. NAMAs) i tre framväxande ekonomier – Indien, Brasilien, och Sydafrika. Avhandlingen studerar i synnerhet hur dessa engagemang har påverkats av de tre ländernas nationella klimatpolicy, normer, och institutionella kapacitet. Genom att använda policycykeln som heuristiskt analysverktyg identifierar avhandlingen variationer i hur länderna utvecklat sitt engagemang i NAMAs. Avhandlingen visar att och hur engagemang med nationellt lämpliga utsläppsminskande åtgärder varierar mellan Indien, Brasilien, och Sydafrika vad det gäller fastställande av dagordning, policyformulering, beslutsfattande, implementering, och policyutvärdering. I de fall internationellt stöd anses vara avgörande för att vidta utsläppsminskande åtgärder kan externa faktorer såsom bristande definition av de internationella policyramverken för åtgärder samt tillgänglighet på internationellt stöd försvåra utsikterna för att internationella ramverk tas upp i de nationella dagordnings- och policyformuleringsstadierna. Arbetet med dessa ramverk försvåras även av icke-beslut och ojämn interministeriell koordinering samt om tvingande nationell klimatpolicy inte ligger i linje med de internationella besluten. Avhandlingens slutsatser har betydelse för implementeringen av ett annat framväxande ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy: Nationellt fastställda bidrag (s.k. NDC:er). En framgångsrik implementering av NDC:er kommer att influeras av en stats förmåga att anpassa dem till nationell klimatpolicy samt transnationella normer, så att dessa överensstämmer eller jämkas med nationella normer, samt den institutionella kapaciteten för att koordinera implementering av nationell klimatpolicy. En effektiv implementering av ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy kommer, sammanfattningsvis, att vara beroende av staters villighet att tillhandahålla tillsyn och koordinering, samt tydlighet vad gäller tillgänglighet till internationellt stöd.
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Maboe, Tshose Phillip. "Educational law basis for parental involvement in the school system / T.P. Maboe." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/632.
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The rights and responsibilities of parents are viewed very seriously in South
Africa in that they are emphasised by the Act of Parliament. The South
African Schools Act, No 84 of 1996, places the governance of every school in
the hands of parents. The parents are in this way required to perform their
roles within the orbit of this Act of parliament. This study is therefore directed
at analysing the Schools Act and those sections of the law are discussed
which have a direct bearing on the responsibilities and the rights of parents
when involved with the school. A comparison is drawn between the national
determinants of yesteryears regulating parental involvement as well as the
new paradigm statutes regulating parental involvement in the school system.
The findings of the literature study led to the empirical study. A questionnaire
on this study comprising 46 items was developed. The subjects of this study
were made up of 150 parents in the Lichtenburg District of the Department of
Education in the North-West Province. The results of 137 respondents were
statistically analysed. The study revealed that parents lack knowledge on the
statutes relating to their involvement in the schools. Also, there are no
measures taken by the schools to capacitate the parents to understand and
apply the laws correctly. Finally, parents are not performing their roles
adequately as is expected by the law. The findings of this study led to the
recommendations on how parents could be helped to do what the law
requires.Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Doyle, Thomas Martin. "Increasing state capacity through clans." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1957301341&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1269878919&clientId=48051.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Basta, Rabeh Ratib. "La capacité contributive nationale et la capacité contributive individuelle en droit français et en droit égyptien." Paris 12, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA120203.
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La survie de la race humaine est subordonnee a la prise en compte des capacites contributives des citoyens. Toute tentative de systematisation de la capacite contributive exige l'examen de la capacite contributive nationale et de la capacite contributive individuelle. La premiere signifie la capacite ou l'aptitude du revenu national a tenir compte a la fois de la participation fiscale et parafiscale au financement des charges publiques et du maintien de la capacite de production de la societe et du minimum vital de ses individus. Cette capacite est determinee par de nombreuses donnees essentielles d'ordre economique, sociologique, politique et des facteurs techniques et administratifs. La redistribution des revenus exerce un effet tres important sur la capacite contributive. Cette redistribution suppose des prelevements et des depenses. Les revenus primaires sont augmentes par les transferts directs et indirects; ils sont reduits par les impots directs et indirects. Quant a la capacite contributive individuelle, il s'agit de la capacite du contribuable (personne physique, et personne morale) dans une societe donnee, de supporter les charges publiques sans prejudice de son niveau de vie ou de sa capacite de productivite. La capacite contributive est donc le principe de base de la repartition de la charge financiere entre les individus. Le revenu (ou la fortune) est le meilleur critere d'appreciation de la capacite du contribuable et de ses possibilites. La theorie de la capacite contributive retient, comme criteres la justice fiscale et l'egalite devant l'impot. Elle trouve son critere optimal dans le principe de la capacite de paiement. C'est-a-dire que l'imposition sur le revenu de l'individu doit etre adapteThe perpetuation of humankind requires taking into account citizens contributory capacities. All attempt to systematize the contributory capacity demands to examine the national contributory capacity as well as the individual contributory capacity. The first means the capacity or ability of the national product to take into consideration the fiscal and parafiscal participation to finance the public offices, and sometimes, the maintenance of the capacity of society's productivity and the preservation of the individual's purchase power. The redistribution of incomes has a very important effect on the contributory capacity. This redistribution implies taxes and public expenditures. The primary incomes are increased by direct or indirect transfers and reduced by direct or indirect taxes. As for the individual contributory capacity, it is the tax payer's ability (individual or artificial person) in a society to support public offices without prejudice to his standard of living or to his capacity of productivity. So, the contributory capacity in the basic principle of distribution of the autgoings among individuals. The income (or fortune) is the best criterion to measure the tax payer's capacity and possibilities. The contributory capacity theory is viewed as the basis of the fiscal equity and equolity in the eyes of the tax laws. It joirs its optimal aspect in the principle of the capacity of payment in other worlds, an individual's tax income must be fitted and adequate according its means
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Meyer-Schwarzenberger, Matthias. "Nation-, State- und Capacity-building Modernisierungstendenzen im postmodernen Kontext? /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02669539001/$FILE/02669539001.pdf.
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Lethbridge, Amy. "Embera Drua: The Impact of Tourism on Indigenous Village Life in Panama." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1475762365668354.
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Rizvi, Hijab. "First Nation capacity in Quebec to practice integrated water resource management." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97251.
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The emergence of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) coincides with the growth of watershed associations in Québec. As a collective entity of stakeholders, these watershed associations use collaborative efforts to achieve IWRM. First Nations are often cited as priority stakeholders. Despite this 'priority' recognition, First Nations are rarely present in this new paradigm shift in water management. This is the case in Québec's Outaouais and Chateauguay watersheds. However, identifying First Nation capacity strengths and limitations provides a greater understanding as to their absence from IWRM participation. First Nation capacity to practice IWRM requires greater research. The purpose of this study is to apply an analytical framework to assess the overall capacity of two First Nation communities to practice IWRM in the province of Québec. The capacities of Kitigan Zibi and Kahnawà:ke First Nations were evaluated with respect to actor networks, information management, human resources, and technical, financial, and institutional dimensions. This study recommends that future Québec IWRM initiatives with First Nation collaboration need to be directed towards strengthening actor networks capacity and understanding the complexity of First Nation perspectives. In addition, study results indicate First Nations with limited financial capacity will experience reduced actor networks, information management, human resources, and technical capacity.Au Québec, l'apparition du concept de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) coïncide avec la croissance des comités de bassins versants. En tant qu'entité collective et multi-actrice, ces comités de bassins versant s'appuient sur des efforts de collaboration pour parvenir à gérer leurs ressources en eau de façon intégrée. Les Premières Nations sont souvent citées comme des acteurs prioritaires dans l'application de la GIRE. Pourtant, elles sont rarement présentes dans ce changement de paradigme de gestion de l'eau. C'est le cas pour les bassins des rivières Outaouais et Châteauguay au Québec. Cependant, identifier les forces et faiblesses du pouvoir d'action des Premières Nations permet de mieux comprendre leur absence dans ce nouveau mode de gestion des eaux. C'est pourquoi les recherches sur le pouvoir d'action des Premières Nations ont besoin d'être approfondies. L'objectif de cette étude est d'établir le cadre analytique permettant d'évaluer la capacité globale de deux communautés de Premières Nations à mettre en pratique le GIRE dans la province de Québec. Les Premières Nations Kitigan Zibi et Kahnawake furent étudiées en tenant compte des aspects tel que les réseaux d'acteurs, la gestion de l'information, les ressources humaines, et les capacités financières, techniques et de gouvernance. Un cadre analytique fut développé pour évaluer chacun de ces aspects. Cette étude recommande que les initiatives futures de collaboration avec les Premières Nations soient orientées vers le renforcement du réseau d'acteurs et, vers la compréhension de la complexité des perspectives des Premières Nations. De plus, cette étude démontre que les communautés des Premières Nations aux ressources financières limitées verront leurs ressources humaines et leur capacité technique réduites, et auront ainsi difficilement accès aux divers acteurs du réseau et, éprouveront plus de difficultés dans la gestion de l'information.
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Basta, Rabeh Ratib. "La Capacité contributive nationale et la capacité contributive individuelle en droit français et en droit égyptien." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595734h.
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Ouzunidis, Dimitrios. "L'accès des pays en développement à la technologie : capacité de négociation et potentiel scientifique national." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100108.
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Le transfert de technologie du centre vers la périphérie ne peut se réaliser que grâce à une coopération active avec les multinationales. La capacité de négociation conduisant à cette coopération est d'autant plus importante que le potentiel scientifique et technique des pays périphériques est quantitativement et qualitativement développé. Celui-ci mobilise par l'état a pour objet d'acquérir les savoirs et techniques du centre. Mais dans le contexte de la dépendance politico-économique envers le centre, l'efficacité des ressources scientifiques et techniques de la périphérie est limitée. La technologie en tant que capital, en tant que rapport social ne pourra se développer dans les pays pauvres d'aujourd'hui que dans la mesure où ceux-ci maitrisent les conditions de sa mise au point et de son application. La réponse à la dépendance ne pourra alors être que politique; d'où la "déconnexion" politico-économique par rapport aux normes de reproduction dominantes du système capitaliste mondialThe cooperation between the firms of developing countries and the transnational corporations is necessary for the realitization of technology transfer. This cooperation is determined by the political negotiation capacity and the scientific and technical potential of the peripheral countries. But in the context of political dependence the efficiency of this potential is limited. The technology as capital, as relation between capital and work would be developed in the poor countries in the follow case: these countries must control the conditions in another social context of the development, application and utilization, thus reproduction of knowledge and technics. Thus, the response to the scientific development is a political response. The developing countries must change their social paradigm for to establish their social norms coming from their historical dynamics
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Mullis, Hanna. "Financial inclusion and state capacity : A Cross-Nation Study on the Effect of Fiscal Capacity on Access to Financial Products and Services." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394131.
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Daley, Patrick. "Exporting airpower : the challenges of building partner nation air capacity for irregular war /." Maxwell AFB, Ala. : School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153&mode=user&action=downloadpaper&objectid=5195508f-febb-4a9e-a93b-7ff90d822e10&rs=PublishedSearch.
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Malm, Anders. "Nationell handlingsfrihet : en begreppsanalys." Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-207.
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Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete. Resultatet av begreppsanalysen visar att handlingsfrihet i den aktuella kontexten innefattar en för aktören inre kamp kring mål och medel samt en kamp mot de begränsningar traditioner och lagar ger. Vidare innehåller begreppet en yttre kamp syftande till att optimera åtgärder för att undersöka motståndarens intention
The Armed Forces’ final report from the perspective planning in 2007 contains a section which deals with strategic cooperation with other states. Several areas, which affect the Armed Forces operational capability, are identified as suitable for collaboration with the Nordic countries. In this context, the Armed Forces express maintenance of national strategic freedom of action, while building the operational capacity would be allocated between different countries. The essay’s problem and objective takes its starting point in the context described above. This is done by examining what freedom of action can be said to mean when it is expressed in the context of intergovernmental cooperation. The result of the conceptual analysis shows that freedom of action in the current context includes an internal struggle about means and ends, and a struggle against the limitations provided by traditions and laws. The result also makes the notion of an external struggle that is aimed at optimizing measures to investigate the opponent's intentions.
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Pricesmith, Andrew Thomas. "The health of nations, infectious disease and its effects on state capacity, prosperity, and stability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0020/NQ45774.pdf.
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Ouzunidis, Dimitrios. "L'Accès des pays en développement à la technologie capacité de négociation et potentiel scientifique national /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608650h.
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Catota, Quintana Frankie. "Cybersecurity Capabilities in a Critical Infrastructure Sector of a Developing Nation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/697.
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When information technology is incorporated into the operations of financial critical infrastructure, it brings with it a range of cyber risks, and mitigating them requires that firms and regulators develop capabilities to foster protection. The sophistication of cyber threats to the financial sector has been growing rapidly. Developed nations have worked hard to improve their knowledge of these threats and establish strategies to respond accordingly. However, in developing nations, both the understanding of the risks posed by cyber threats and the ability to address those risks have been slower to evolve. Developing the needed cybersecurity capabilities in developing countries encounter challenges that need to be identified and addressed. In order to begin to do that, this thesis reports on three studies conducted in the context of Ecuador. The first study identifies and assesses incident experiences, challenges, barriers, and desired actions reported by financial security managers with the objective of identifying strategies to enhance incident response capabilities. The second study begins with the security incidents reported by the Ecuadorian financial stakeholders during the first study and assesses the potential effectiveness of the government policy that is intended to address IT risk in the financial sector. The third study explores the challenges that universities face in order to provide cybersecurity instruction to protect critical infrastructure and explores potential strategies to advance cybersecurity education at the university level. In support of this work we collected data from national practitioners involved in responding to security incidents and in developing cybersecurity skills. Sixty-one in-depth, semi-structured interviews across five cities were conducted (95% in person, the rest by telephone) with respondents who had good knowledge in the subjects. Respondents come mainly from: the financial sector (CISOs, risk and IT managers, security chiefs, security officers, authorities); telecommunications sector, especially ISPs (managers, directors, engineers, authorities); and academia (deans, directors, professors). We transcribed all the interviews, coded them and conducted qualitative text analysis. This research finds that (1) the financial sector is already facing risks driven by outsiders and insiders that lead to fraud and operational errors and failures. The main barriers to improving protection are small team size, network visibility, inadequate internal coordination, technology updating, lack of training, and lack of awareness. The sector has little community support to respond to incidents, and the national legal framework has not supported appropriate prosecution of cyber criminals; (2) the national IT risk management policy has reasonably covered most countermeasures related to reported security incidents. There are however, several areas of gap, one of the most important is network security, which can enable sophisticated malware attacks; (3) today the level of cybersecurity education is mostly elementary in Ecuador. Academic interviewees at only four of the thirteen universities studied expressed confidence that they can provide students with reasonable preparation. Ecuador needs to design a national cybersecurity plan that prioritizes protection for critical infrastructure and should support strategies that allow the country to enhance cybersecurity capabilities. Properly designed these initiatives should allow the nation to develop a core structure to confront current and emergent cyber challenges in the financial sector and other critical national operations, and build the human resources necessary to continue that effort.