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1
Gerard, Emmanuel. "Les partis politiques." Res Publica 27, no. 4 (1985): 457–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v27i4.19201.
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The Belgian scientific literature dealing with political parties has four main characteristics. First it pays great attention to party doctrines and to parliamentary struggle. Indeed, in the nineteenth century political parties do not strike by their organization, which is still undeveloped, nor by their functions, which are still limited, but by the public debate they are stimulating in Parliament and in the press. Only from the end of the century, when the suffrage is extended, the organization of the parties wilt get more articulated and their functions more complicated. Secondly the literature pays great attention to the legitimation of the political parties, which are still controversial particularly because they should threaten the national union. The authors exert oneselves to prove that parliamentary government is by definition a party government. They distinguish parties from factions in order to make the first acceptable. Thirdly the literature deals with the party system.The Belgian authors take the two party system which exists in Great Britain as example and try to prove that the alternation of two parties, the party of conservation and the party of progress, is necessary for the good working of the institutions. Fourthly, the literature, particularly the historica!, is rather descriptive and is characterized by a lack of comparisons, generalizations and hypothesis.Two periods can be distinguished in the literature. In the first period, 1830-1894, the suffrage is limited and the political scene is dominated by two parties (the liberal and the conservative or catholic parties) .This period is marked by the publications of Emile de Laveleye (1822-1892), one of the most prolific writers of the second half of the nineteenth century. In the second period, 1894-1914, the advent of the socialist party disturbs the working of the classical party government. Maurice Vauthier (1860-1931) is the main author of this period. He tries to establish the characteristics of the party government and its chances in the future.
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Koster, Dietha. "Nederlandstalige werelden in NT2-tekstboeken: banaal of cultureel divers? : Een onderzoeksimpuls." Internationale Neerlandistiek 57, no. 3 (2019): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/in2019.3.003.kost.
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Abstract Previous research shows that textbooks for learning foreign languages are prone to be written from a national rather than a diverse cultural perspective (Risager, 2018). Few studies have examined this topic for Dutch foreign language (DFL) learning materials. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review (inter)national literature and draw up lessons for the DFL-context. We outline characteristics of national and cultural studies’ perspectives on representations of language and culture in learning materials. Whereas national studies may uncover ‘banal nationalism’, cultural studies can reveal degrees of cultural diversity in textbooks. Future research should examine to what extent banal versus diverse cultural tendencies are represented in DFL-textbooks. We should also investigate how such representations have evolved over time (if at all), whether they differ in books published in the Netherlands, Belgium or elsewhere, and compare how representations in DFL-textbooks relate to the international body of knowledge. Such knowledge will benefit publishers and writers of DFL-materials and the teachers and students who work with them. It will also serve to determine to what degree DFL-materials contribute to educational goals of intercultural dialogue (Council of Europe, 2017; Taalunie, 2018) and inclusive education (UNESCO, 2017), in and outside of Dutch-speaking countries.
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De Kock, Charlotte, Eva Blomme, and Jérôme Antoine. "Non-national clients in Belgian substance use treatment." Drugs and Alcohol Today 20, no. 2 (2020): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-12-2019-0049.
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Purpose Substance use treatment (SUT) among migrants and ethnic minorities is an underresearched domain in European countries, although preliminary studies point out disparities in treatment use and access compared to general populations. This paper aims to identify the main characteristics of and the types of services solicited by non-nationals in Belgium. Design/methodology/approach This paper compares the types of SUT services used by Belgian and non-national clients. Second, the referral source for Belgian and non-national clients is considered. Third, the study compares the client characteristics of Belgian and non-national clients. This descriptive analysis is based on aggregated data sets in the European treatment demand indicator (TDI) registry including all Belgian treatment episodes between 2012 and 2014. Findings Non-national clients were more often located in outpatient SUT and were less often referred by general practitioners and hospitals, compared to Belgian clients. Third-country clients appear to have lower socioeconomic statuses (education, employment, housing) than Belgian clients. Non-national youngsters and third-country females appear to be underrepresented in Belgian SUT compared to their presence in the general population. The gender gap is larger among third-country clients than among Belgian clients. Research limitations/implications These associations between nationality and solicited services, gender, education, employment, housing and referral document treatment gaps among some non-nationals that require special attention in targeted treatment. In the European context, further research is needed on better monitoring migration background in the European TDI registries. Practical implications The overrepresentation of non-nationals in low-threshold opioid substitution treatment services and their underrepresentation in high-threshold residential services requires an in-depth analysis of the core goals of these respective services. Residential services, for instance, should consider how a dominant focus on speech therapy hampers access to treatment for these populations and how access for these populations could be enhanced by modifying or diversifying methods in treatment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that analyses the national indicator in a European TDI data set.
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Favril, Louis, Ciska Wittouck, Kurt Audenaert, and Freya Vander Laenen. "A 17-Year National Study of Prison Suicides in Belgium." Crisis 40, no. 1 (2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000531.
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Abstract. Background: Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in prisoners worldwide, yet empirical data on this matter are lacking in Belgium. Aims: This study sought to describe characteristics associated with a consecutive series of suicides in Belgian prisons from 2000 to 2016 inclusive, in order to inform suicide prevention strategies. Method: All documented cases of suicide ( N = 262) were reviewed using a standardized assessment checklist. Official records were abstracted for prisoners' sociodemographic, criminological, and clinical information, as well as for suicide-related characteristics. Results: Over the 17-year study period, suicides accounted for one third of all deaths in Belgian prisons. The average annual suicide rate in Belgium from 2000 to 2016 was 156.2 per 100,000 prisoners. Examination of all cases highlights both individual (psychiatric disorders and a history of suicide attempt) and situational (the early period of incarceration, interfacility transfers, and placement in solitary confinement) factors common in many prison suicides; some of them amenable to (clinical) management, which presents several potential avenues for suicide prevention. Limitations: Given the absence of a matched control group, no conclusions could be ascertained regarding risk factors. Conclusion: Suicide is a common, preventable cause of death among prisoners in Belgium. The results underscore the timely need for national standards and guidelines for suicide prevention in Belgian prisons.
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scholliers, peter, and anneke geyzen. "Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves." Gastronomica 10, no. 2 (2010): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49.
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This essay touches upon questions about the use of food as an identity marker, the nature of local food, and the influence of foreign food. Since 1830, Belgium witnessed two international food waves that alternated with two local food waves, both opposing as well as using each other's characteristics. In this process, local food was continuously redefined. Belgium reveals a relationship between local and foreign food both in the sense of incorporation and exclusion. Foreign food always influenced local cooking and eating. The opposition between the ““self”” and the ““other”” is at times strongly upheld: local food is labeled as ““our,”” ““authentic,”” ““national,”” or ““regional”” (the ““self””) to make the difference with ““their,”” ““artificial,”” or ““international”” (the ““other””). This classification of foodways as national/regional is used to forge sentiments of belonging, especially in Belgium where strong separatist political feelings lead to intense regional reactions.
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De Meester, Tom. "Nationaliteit in Belgisch Congo: Constructie en Verbeelding." Afrika Focus 14, no. 1 (1998): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-01401004.
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Nationality in the Belgian Congo: Construction and Imagination This article discusses nationality law in the Belgian Congo and analyses theoretical disputes in the contemporary legal literature concerning issues of nationality and racial segregation in colonial society. The Belgian nationality of the black inhabitants of the Congo region is depicted as mere rhetoric, since it did not protect them from racial segregation and severe discrimination. The minor importance of national boundaries in colonial society and the domination of social reality by a hegemonic racial idiom were reflected in an insufficient and inaccurate nationality law. Colonial law and regulations moreover, were built around racial categories the mutual boundaries of which were not clearly defined.
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Lavrysen, Laurens. "‘Strasbourg was something new, it was an adventure’." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 86, no. 3-4 (2018): 482–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08634p07.
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SummaryIn recent years, a burgeoning literature has focused on the history of human rights in general and the history of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in particular. In order to understand how the ECHR gradually managed to gain authority in diverse national settings, it is necessary to complement transnational historical perspectives with studies of national reception histories. The present article approaches the history of the ECHR in Belgium by focusing on the history of the Belgian cases in Strasbourg, which have played an important role in contributing to the ‘discovery’ of the ECHR in the Belgian legal system. On the basis of interviews with actors involved in the early cases against Belgium, it was possible to determine their position in the Belgian legal landscape as well as their motivations and aspirations in going to Strasbourg. Moreover, these interviews allowed gaining insight into the circumstances out of which litigation against Belgium arose.
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Grondelaers, Stefan, and Roeland van Hout. "The Standard Language Situation in the Low Countries: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Variations on a Diaglossic Theme." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 23, no. 3 (2011): 199–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542711000110.
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This paper reviews the available evidence in support of a diaglossic account (Auer 2005, 2011) of the 20th century history of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, whereby the national varieties of Dutch are argued to be developing towards a stratificational configuration without discrete intermediate strata between the base dialects and the standard. However, we show that the processes leading to diaglossia differ significantly in the two varieties. While the recent history of Netherlandic Dutch is characterized by downward norm relaxation (top to bottom), Belgian Dutch is characterized by bottom-up (re)standardization. Building on a refined version of Auer’s diaglossic model, we reflect on the exact nature of linguistic standardization in the Low Countries and outline scenarios for the further development of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch.
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Penné, Lesley, and Arvi Sepp. "De verbeelding van moeras en veen." De Moderne Tijd 5, no. 3/4 (2021): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/dmt2021.3/4.004.penn.
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Abstract The Representation of Marsh and Bog: Figurations of the Marshy Soil as a Topos of Community in Contemporary German-Language Belgian Literature Literature from border regions is often characterised by a specific transcultural poetics that reflects the liminal as discourse and experience. In contemporary German-language prose from East Belgium (‘Ostbelgien’), the topological representation of swamp and moor occupies an important place. We will show how swamp and moor express the complex definition of national and regional identity of the German-language area in Belgium and become relevant topoi in regard to cultural memory. Literature can be seen as a privileged medium of criticism for expressing the pressures of the unspoken and the closed and for initiating intra-community public discussions. Through a cultural-historical analysis of the various figurations of bog and moor, we will examine how the relationship between landscape and community is represented and conceived in contemporary Germanophone Belgian literature.
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Tchadnova, Irene V. "Operation of National Literature Libraries." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 4 (August 21, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2013-0-4-54-63.
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There are presented the results of the analysis of condition and use of the collections of literature in the languages of nations of the Russian Federation in public libraries for the years 2006-2010. There are given specific characteristics of the notions: “National Book Publishing” and “National Literature”. There is grounded the need for libraries to consider the specificity of settlement of various ethnic diasporas. The article presents the results of sociological research conducted by libraries for the recent time in order to identify the needs of these diasporas.
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Jeandarme, Inge, Laura Vandenbosch, Marc Groenhuijsen, T. I. Oei, and Stefan Bogaerts. "Who Are the Victims of NGRI Acquittees? A Study of Belgian Internees." Violence and Victims 34, no. 3 (2019): 434–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00197.
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BackgroundThe limited literature on victim characteristics of offenders found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) shows that most victims are adults who are known to the offender. It is currently unclear whether victims are mainly male or female or whether there are differences in the type of victims according to the offenders' psychiatric disorder.MethodVictim characteristics were retrospectively collected from 362 NGRI acquittees, and the influence of psychiatric diagnoses on victim profiles was examined.ResultsVictims were mainly adult acquaintances and were equally likely to be male or female. Family members and caregivers were the most frequent type of acquaintance victims. Further analyses suggest that these victim characteristics are similar for perpetrators with different psychiatric diagnoses.ConclusionVictimization of strangers and minors was unlikely in NGRI offenders.
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Khaninova, Rimma M. "Зоопоэтика текста в калмыцкой басне ХХ в." Oriental Studies 14, № 2 (2021): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-393-408.
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Introduction. In the genre system of Kalmyk poetry, the literary fable appeared in the 1930s. When it came to master the genre, Kalmyk poets mainly focused on the traditions of Russian fable of the 19th–20th centuries, primarily on I. A. Krylov’s works which they eagerly translated. The Kalmyk authors were the least likely to rely on traditions of Eastern literature — whether Indian, Tibetan, or Oirat Mongolian — since those sources written in Tibetan, Classical Mongolian and Clear Script (Kalm. todo bichiq) were virtually unavailable to them, and not all poets had knowledge of the scripts. National folklore, including myths, animal tales, household tales, aphoristic poetry (proverbs, sayings, riddles), to a certain extent contributed to the creation of plots and motifs, a gallery of images ― people and the animal world ― in the Kalmyk literary fable. The appeal to the fable was determined by the tasks of cultural construction in Kalmykia, the satirical possibilities of the genre designed to scourge social vices and human shortcomings, contribute to the correction of morals, facilitate education of a person in the new society. Attention to the fable in 20th-century Kalmyk poetry was not that universal and constant, by the end of the century it was no longer in demand and never revived further. The Kalmyk literary fable has been little studied so far, with the exception of several recent articles by R. M. Khaninova, which determines the relevance of this study. Goals. The article aims to study zoopoetics of text of the animalistic fable in Kalmyk poetry of the past century through examples of selected works by Khasyr Syan-Belgin, Muutl Erdniev, Garya Shalburov, Basang Dordzhiev, Timofey Bembeev, and Mikhail Khoninov. Methods. The work employs a number of research methods, such as the historical literary, comparative, and descriptive ones. Results. The animalistic fable is not the leading one in the general genre system of Kalmyk poetry of the past century, including among fables with human characters. It usually includes characters of the steppe fauna whose figurative characteristics are manifested in Kalmyk folklore. The social satire and political orientation of the fables are actualized by modern reality, actual international situation and events. The paper reveals a relationship between the animal fable and — Kalmyk folklore and the Russian fable tradition. Most of the fables have not yet been translated into Russian. Conclusions. In terms of national versification patterns, the study of the Kalmyk poetic animal fable has identified such synthetic forms as fable-fairy tale, fable-proverb, and fable-dream. The genre definition is not always specified by the authors, a moral usually concludes each quatrain-structured narrative. Genre scenes, monologues, and dialogues contribute to an in-depth reading of the context, symbolism of images, and semantic code.
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Dessy, Clément. "Cross-Border Narratives and Life Writing: Émile Verhaeren by Stefan Zweig and its English Translation in Wartime." Comparative Critical Studies 18, supplement (2021): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2021.0415.
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In 1910, the young Austrian writer Stefan Zweig dedicated a biographical study to the internationally acclaimed Belgian poet Émile Verhaeren. As part of Zweig's international publishing strategy, the study was translated into French and published in Paris a few months before it came out in its original language, German. An English translation was intended for publication at the same time, but was delayed until November 1914, when the First World War was to separate Verhaeren and Zweig forever. Zweig's biography permitted him to define his own European and cosmopolitan ideals through Verhaeren's life narrative. This article shows that one and the same text of life writing can be appropriated through national(ist) and cosmopolitan lenses within the context of ideological and political agendas. Zweig's biography presents Verhaeren as a ‘New European’, but at the same time as ‘part and parcel of German culture’. The publication of the English translation by Jethro Bithell in 1914 provoked criticism in the British press that was directed against Zweig's nationally biased perception and his alleged closeness to the Belgian poet. The example illustrates how claims of cosmopolitan openness are not always incompatible with a national or patriotic agenda. It also qualifies Zweig's reputation as the epitome of Europeanism and pacifism by providing new insight into his ideas before 1914.
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Van Cleven, Alexia, Steven Sarrazin, Hilde de Rooster, Dominique Paepe, Sofie Van der Meeren, and Jeroen Dewulf. "Antimicrobial prescribing behaviour in dogs and cats by Belgian veterinarians." Veterinary Record 182, no. 11 (2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104316.
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The objective of this study is to survey general prescribing behaviour by Belgian companion animal veterinarians and to assess agreement of these practices with current treatment guidelines. Therefore an online survey was administered with five realistic and frequently occurring first-line cases to primary-care veterinary practitioners. For each case a predefined pattern of questions were asked about whether or not they would prescribe antimicrobials, if they would prescribe a non-antimicrobial treatment and if they would perform additional diagnostic steps. The responses were compared with recommendations in national guidelines and recent literature. The overall most prescribed antimicrobials were potentiated amoxicillin (43.0 per cent), fluoroquinolones (14.7 per cent), third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins (10.9 per cent) and tetracyclines (10.9 per cent). Only 48.3 per cent of the veterinarians complied with the guidelines in nearly all of the clinical scenarios (ie, prescribing antimicrobials when indicated, not prescribing antimicrobials when it is not indicated). Moreover, when prescribing highest priority critically important antimicrobials, susceptibility testing on bacterial cultures was performed in only 12.4 per cent of the prescriptions. The results showed that the prescribing behaviour of antimicrobial compounds by primary-care veterinary practitioners in dogs and cats is often not in agreement with national guidelines. Focus in improvement of this prescribing behaviour should be on performing the appropriate diagnostic steps and decreasing the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials.
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이현복. "Zhang Bing-Lin's Buddism, Study of National Characteristics and LIterature." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 39 (2008): 505–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26586/chls.2008..39.020.
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Bursens, Peter, and Jana Deforche. "Going Beyond Paradiplomacy? Adding Historical Institutionalism to Account for Regional Foreign Policy Competences." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 5, no. 1-2 (2010): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-05010107.
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This article argues that the literature on paradiplomacy has been very successful in conceptualizing the external activities of regions and in making descriptive inventories of paradiplomatic activities and instruments. However, we also claim that it has not yet delivered satisfactory explanations for the development of regional foreign activities. The article offers a theoretical contribution to the paradiplomacy literature, suggesting that complementing paradiplomacy concepts with institutionalist theory can account for variation in the development of foreign policy powers of sub-national entities. The argument is empirically elaborated by a historical institutionalist narrative of the development of regional foreign policy powers of the Belgian sub-national entities. The article argues that the combination of the paradiplomacy agenda with historical institutional theory delivers explanatory insights into the evolution of regional foreign relations competences.
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Bisback, Athina. "RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS: THE PERSPECTIVE OF BELGIAN PRACTITIONERS." Contemporary Challenges: The Global Crime, Justice and Security Journal 3 (September 28, 2022): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ccj.v3.7050.
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The literature on restorative justice practices and more specifically victim-offender mediation in psychopathic individuals is scarce. At first glance, restorative justice practices might not be possible or useful when dealing with psychopathic offenders due to inherent characteristics they possess. The present study examined the possibility and usefulness of restorative justice practices in Flanders (i.e. victim-offender mediation) with psychopathic offenders. It focused on how practitioners think and feel about working with psychopathic offenders during victim-offender mediation. Understanding if and how this practice can be used with psychopathic individuals can contribute to the literature of restorative justice in general. Practitioners are mostly unaware of the presence of mental health problems at the start of the process. However, despite the presence of dysfunctional traits such as psychopathic traits, most facilitators argued that everyone should be able to get involved in victim-offender mediation. Victim-offender mediation is possible and may be useful for everyone involved. Despite the presence of psychopathic traits, it are the expectations of both the victim and offender about the mediation process that is of uttermost importance. Both expectations need to align with one another in order for the mediation to be successful.
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Wang, Chang, Dries Goossens, and Martina Vandebroek. "The Impact of the Soccer Schedule on TV Viewership and Stadium Attendance." Journal of Sports Economics 19, no. 1 (2016): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002515612875.
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In the past decade, television (TV) broadcasters have been investing a huge amount of money for the Belgian Pro League broadcasting rights. These companies pursue an audience rating maximization, which depends heavily on the schedule of the league matches. At the same time, clubs try to maximize their home attendance and find themselves affected by the schedule as well. Our article aims to capture the Belgian soccer fans’ preferences with respect to scheduling options, both for watching matches on TV and in the stadium. We carried out a discrete choice experiment using an online survey questionnaire distributed on a national scale. The choice sets are based on three match characteristics: month, kickoff time, and quality of the opponent. The first part of this survey concerns TV broadcasting aspects. The second part includes questions about stadium attendance. The choice data are first analyzed with a conditional logit model which assumes homogenous preferences. Then a mixed logit model is fit to model the heterogeneity among the fans. The estimates are used to calculate the expected utility of watching a Belgian Pro League match for every possible setting, either on TV or in the stadium. These predictions are validated in terms of the real audience rating and home attendance data. Our results can be used to improve the scheduling process of the Belgian Pro League in order to persuade more fans to watch the matches on TV or in a stadium.
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Leconte, Sophie, Stéphanie Valentin, Estelle Dromelet, and Michel De Jonghe. "Prolonged Cough in Pediatric Population First Line Care, Belgian Guidelines." Open Respiratory Medicine Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874306401711010054.
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Background:The clinical approach to a prolonged cough,i.e. a cough lasting more than three weeks, is challenging for general practitioners as well for primary care pediatricians. What the recommended clinical approach in primary care is, how cough duration or cough characteristics impact the diagnosis, and what the efficiency and safety of antibiotics or symptomatic treatments are remain in question for primary care physicians.Objective:The last Belgian guidelines were published in 2006 and needed to be reviewed. Those background questions were used to conduct our guideline updating procedure.Methods:We systematically performed a pyramidal literature search between the periods 2006-2014 in order to write evidence based guidelines. The data of the literature was summarized, discussed by the authors, experts and the Belgian primary care guidelines committee. Recommendations were formulated and scored following the GRADE classification.Results:The consultation history as well as the physical examination should be directed towards searching for warning signs (GRADE 1B) and towards the common etiologies depending on cough duration (GRADE 2C). If the cough lasts for more than eight weeks, chest radiography and spirometry should be considered (GRADE 2C). An antibiotic is recommended for a prolonged wet cough (over eight weeks) if prolonged bacterial bronchitis is suspected (GRADE 1B). In the absence of clinical signs of a specific etiology of a cough, no drug can be recommended (GRADE 1B). For all cases, it is initially suggested to avoid irritants (GRADE 1C) as well as to take into account the concerns of parents and inform them about the natural development of a cough.Conclusions:More research is needed to provide evidence on the clinical pathway on prolonged cough for primary care. Cough duration of more than eight weeks and prolonged wet cough are the most useful cough characteristics. Regarding a specific cough treatment, no medication has proved any effect greater than placebo. Attention to environmental triggers and patient-centered care remain the keystones of interventions
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Poppelmonde, Jef, and Idesbald Goddeeris. "The Victory of National Interest: Debates on the Belgian Forced Return Policy, 1998–2013." Journal of Migration History 3, no. 1 (2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00301001.
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Based on the 1951 Refugee Convention, persons who have left their country ‘owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion’ are entitled to protection. The principle of non-refoulement provides that ‘no country shall expel or return a refugee against his or her will, in any manner whatsoever, to a territory where he or she fears threats to life or freedom’. 1 Following the increasing numbers of asylum seekers in the 1990s, host countries began to apply the Refugee Convention criteria more strictly and refused a growing number of applicants. 2 Since the summer of 2015 Europe has found itself in the middle of what is described as a ‘refugee crisis’. The crisis has brought debates about asylum, borders and return policies to the centre of the public and political conversation. A growing portion of society has called for a stricter asylum policy. This article will argue that even before this latest ‘refugee crisis’ discourses on asylum were becoming more restrictive, with a growing focus on return rather than protection. It will also show that the debates on asylum keep moving away from the definition provided in the 1951 Refugee Convention. It will do so by comparing the Belgian debates on forced return – and on asylum in general, which is inseparably connected to the subject – in the media and parliament during two periods: 1998–2001 and 2011–2013. 3 In the first section, we will elaborate on the theoretical framework of the analysis, paying attention to relevant concepts and secondary literature, as well as to the research questions and methodology. We will then discuss the most important empirical data on the debates’ topics and stances. In a third and final section, the major shifts in the debates will be analysed.
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Verhaeghe, Floor, Lieve Bradt, Mieke Van Houtte, and Ilse Derluyn. "Identificational Assimilation Patterns in Young First, Second, 2.5 and Third-generation Migrants." YOUNG 28, no. 5 (2020): 502–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308819900727.
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Classical assimilation theory states that migrants’ identification with a receiving country strengthens over generations, whilst identification with the home country weakens. A Flemish survey of first (G1), second (G2), 2.5 (G2.5) and third (G3) generation immigrant youths ( n = 1,587) reveals that the findings for adolescents with a background in the oldest 15 member states of the European Union (EU15) seem to align with classical assimilation theory. In the non-EU15 group, those of G2 and G2.5 show the strongest identification with both countries. The Belgian context also prompted an investigation of the identification with Flanders, which proved to be even more exclusionary than Belgian national identification. Last, the young people’s identification with their city of residence was not as strong as expected from the literature, probably because it was the neighbourhood, rather than the city as a whole, that mattered to them. At the least, nuancing the classical assimilation theory is thus necessary.
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Olalla Ramírez, Irene Beatriz. "Autoficción e identidades híbridas en Bélgica de Chantal Maillard y Ni d’Ève ni d’Adam de Amélie Nothomb." Çédille, no. 20 (2021): 403–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2021.20.20.
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"This article aims to establish a comparative analysis of two works by migrant authors, Bélgica (2011) by Chantal Maillard and Ni d’Ève ni d’Adam (2007) by Amélie Nothomb. Both authors reflect upon national identity through the return trip to their native countries. This reflection is directly linked to the complicated Belgian identity (referred to in the literature as a hybrid, mestizo or absent identity), since the former returns to Belgium from Spain, and the latter escapes from it to return to Japan. From the methodology of Comparative Literature we will study how both, Maillard in the self-essay and Nothomb in the autofictional novel, will attend to the very concept of writing and its questioning as an identity trait"
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Reheul, Anne-Mie, Tom Van Caneghem, Machteld Van den Bogaerd, and Sandra Verbruggen. "Auditor gender, experience and reporting in nonprofit organizations." Managerial Auditing Journal 32, no. 6 (2017): 550–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-01-2016-1296.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual auditor characteristics (gender, experience and sector expertise) and audit opinions in Belgian non-profit organizations (NPOs). The purpose is to identify auditor characteristics that imply a better assurance of financial statement (FS) quality. FS quality is essential to enhance financial accountability toward the resource providers of NPOs and the public at large. Design/methodology/approach Multinomial regressions are conducted on a data set of Belgian NPOs. Propensity score matching is used to control for potential self-selection bias. Findings Auditors with sector expertise are found to provide better assurance than their non-sector-expert counterparts. The former are more likely to disclose FS errors and uncertainties in their audit report. Originality/value This study contributes to the auditing literature by focusing on an understudied audit market, namely, the non-profit audit market. The number of non-profit studies that investigate determinant of audit quality is very scarce, and none of them explores the determinants of audit opinions. Moreover, these studies ignore individual auditor characteristics as determinants of audit quality. The findings of this study provide meaningful information for several actors in the NP field and for audit firms.
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Beyers, Jan, and Bart Kerremans. "Multi-level governance en de toegang tot de Europese beleidssettings : Een onderzoek naar de manier waarop de "multi-level" de "governance" beïnvloedt." Res Publica 43, no. 1 (2001): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v43i1.18514.
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MLG implies that different policy levels are structurally interdependent. We investigate the consequences of this for the relation between private and public actors. A short review of the literature results in two competing hypotheses. The persistence-hypothesis says that multilevel networks of private actors with a strong national institutional embeddedness are more elaborated. The compensation-hypothesis assumes that a weak national institutional embeddedness stimulates multilevel networking. These hypotheses are tested with data collected by interviewing a sample of private and public actors at both the Belgian and European level. The evidence gives more support to the persistence-hypothesis than to the compensation-hypothesis. We also found that the correlation between national embeddedness and multilevel networks differs for diffuse and specific interests. The correlation is strong for specific interests and weak for diffuse interests. This means that the European strategies of diffuse interest are developed more or less independently from their positionin national networks.
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Marx Knoetze, Hannelie. "Belonging in Thuis and 7de Laan: a critical whiteness studies perspective." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 55, no. 2 (2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.55i2.1885.
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Within the South African and Belgian contexts, Public Service Television remains a key role player in the dissemination of ideas around national identity. Moreover, whiteness manifests as one aspect of national identity in both contexts and remains (to differing degrees) a normative construction. This article presents the findings of a controlled case comparison of a sample from two community soap operas (7de Laan and Thuis, broadcast by the South African (SABC) and Flemish (VRT) Public Service Broadcasters respectively) from the perspective of Critical Whiteness Studies. What my analysis sought to investigate was how the politics of belonging play out in these PSB narratives and the possible implications this holds for local as well as global discourses of whiteness and power in Public Service Media. The analysis revealed three rhetorical devices which function to maintain whiteness as hegemonic ideology in both texts despite the fact that they originate in disparate contexts.
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Mouton, L., D. Trigaux, K. Allacker, and R. H. Crawford. "Development of environmental benchmarks for the Belgian residential building stock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012077.
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Abstract Over recent years Belgium has made meaningful effort in adopting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building practice to improve building environmental performance. Today, architects can compare the environmental performance of different building designs with an online calculation tool that incorporates the national LCA method. However, they are still lacking environmental benchmarks to position themselves within current building practice. Furthermore, such benchmarks play an important role in the development of environmental targets in building regulation. In this research, benchmarks are defined for new residential buildings in Belgium. A bottom-up approach is followed consisting of a statistical analysis of reference buildings to define limit, reference and best practice values. The buildings are based on four representative typologies for Belgium, ranging from detached houses to apartments. Different variants are assessed including various energy performance levels and construction types (solid versus timber). The buildings’ life cycle impacts are calculated including the embodied (material) and operational (energy) impacts. Results are reported both for an aggregated environmental single-score and for Global Warming Potential (GWP). The calculated reference values for life cycle and embodied GWP (20 and 7 kgCO2eq/m2.year) are comparable to existing benchmarks in the literature. The results further highlight that building compactness provides the largest impact reduction, followed by construction type. Finally, limitations are discussed and recommendations are formulated for developing future benchmarks.
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Levine, Debra. "Not Just Adult Entertainment: Milo Rau and CAMPO’s Collaborative Five Easy Pieces." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 4 (2017): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00699.
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Director Milo Rau collaborated with children ages 8 to 17 to explore the Belgian national crisis precipitated by the abduction, rape, and torture of six girls, and the murder of four of them, by Marc Dutroux between 1995–1996. Staged as five acting lessons, the child actors in Five Easy Pieces (2016) become theatrical material for reconsidering how the myth of childhood “innocence” results in political actions and cultural technologies that teach real children how “not to see” beyond the frameworks that replicate patriarchal and heteronormative state power.
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Cultrera, Loredana, and Xavier Brédart. "Bankruptcy prediction: the case of Belgian SMEs." Review of Accounting and Finance 15, no. 1 (2016): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-06-2014-0059.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to develop a bankruptcy prediction model for the Belgian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the building of a logit model that includes a selection of financial ratios. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of 7,152 Belgian SMEs among which 3,576 were declared bankrupt between 2002 and 2012, the model, which includes control variables such as firm size and age, aims to test the predictive power of ratios reflecting the financial structure, the profitability, the solvency and the liquidity of firms. Findings – The results report a satisfactory prediction accuracy and show that ratios as profitability and liquidity are excellent predictors of bankruptcy for Belgian SMEs. Research limitations/implications – Although the results seem to be conclusive, it could be noted that the healthy sample was not paired with the bankrupt sample. Other studies show that the use of paired samples makes it possible to increase the already good prediction rate. Also, further research could focus on intra-sectorial analysis. Practical implications – Beside its contribution to the academic literature on bankruptcy prediction of Belgian SMEs, this study may be of interest for investors or managers to help them to anticipate bankruptcy risks. It can also be useful for banks and other credit institutions in the assessment of credit risk of firms. Thanks to such models, they could better identify firms with a higher risk of failure in their lending decisions. Social implications – Given the increasing number of SMEs in Belgium, their significant role in the economy, the specific characteristics of the country in terms of political decision making, the institutional differences between regions and the current uncertain economic circumstances, bankruptcy prediction seems to be a necessity for the country. Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies in the fact that Belgian SMEs have been studied. This study may also be of interest to investors or managers because it may help them highlight accounting measures they should closely follow up to avoid bankruptcy.
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Glushko, O. Z. "Essential characteristics of national values in philosophical and psychological and pedagogical literature." Science and Education a New Dimension VI(170), no. 70 (2018): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-pp2018-170vi70-04.
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Leperlier, Tristan. "Inter / national / ization." Journal of World Literature 5, no. 4 (2020): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00504010.
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Abstract Using the case of Algeria, this article shows that the national and the international—also nationalization and internationalization—in peripheral literary fields do not happen in opposition to each other but are two sides of the same coin. I argue that we should think of this as a transnational literary field. Even though they compete with one another, writers within these fields are always connected. Furthermore, the characteristics of the two poles, in terms of their relative autonomy from political and economic constraints, are not as systematically opposed to one another as Pascale Casanova suggests. Nationalization and internationalization are also frequently intertwined: the material internationalization of texts and writers can reinforce the symbolic nationalization of a literature (e.g. its identification in the international world as “Algerian literature”). Recognizing this also calls into question assertions by scholars such as Homi Bhabha who assert that internationalization of literature goes hand in hand with its hybridization.
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Jeuniaux, Patrick P. J. M. H., Bertrand Renard, Leen Duboccage, et al. "Managing forensic DNA records in a divided world: the Belgian case." Records Management Journal 25, no. 3 (2015): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-05-2015-0018.
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Purpose – This paper aims to describe the activity of managing records related to forensic DNA identification. First, it illustrates the fundamentals behind the technique of forensic DNA identification. Second, it explains the legal and institutional contexts in which it is used as well as the notion of DNA-based judicial records. Third, it provides details of records management issues that are met in practice. Design/methodology/approach – An interdisciplinary team reflects upon the practices surrounding the management of DNA-based records in the Belgian National DNA database during more than 10 years. Findings – The main problems with managing DNA-based judicial records stem from the existence of natural boundaries between the various stakeholders operating with or within the Belgian judicial system. Six types of issues have been found: non-automaticity and omission, error-prone and inefficient manual operations, electronic issues, results quality, useful reporting and incoherence and duplication. These problems are discussed in terms of four records characteristics: completeness, correctness, traceability and usability. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to the Belgian case with no comparison with other countries. Practical implications – This paper attempts to formulate general principles that aim to stimulate good practices in managing records in the field of criminal justice. Social implications – The ethical issues surrounding the domain of criminal policy (e.g. the proper use of financial resources, the fair and balance use of records to carry out justice) are of general interest to the public. Originality/value – The paper benefits from a large temporal angle (more than 10 years) and applies a multidisciplinary viewpoint on its subject.
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Kim, Sang Hun. "Politics in Literature: The Atmosphere and Responses of the Governed Peoples of Yugoslavia in the Oral and Written Literature." East European and Balkan Institute 46, no. 2 (2022): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.2.3.
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This paper examines the historical and political aspects of the South Slavs from the perspective of ‘dominated’ and ‘subjugated’ based on the framework of oral literature. In addition, by examining the development of oral literature of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the characteristics of oral literature history of each nation were also examined. In terms of the preservation and development of oral literature, the most important factor is the ‘ethnic characteristics’ of an individual nation as well as ‘religion’ and ‘whether or not to accept the written word’. Of course, as considered in this study, it is very natural for national resistance to arise from the ruling peoples of the Ottoman Empire, including Serbia, who were directly the target of exploitation and oppression. On the other hand, it is also understandable that the sense of national resistance was not as great as in the case of regions and peoples where the domination of the Ottoman Empire was not direct, such as Croatia and Slovenia.
 The common characteristics and differences were examined through the historical background of the peoples of Yugoslavia and the historical characteristics of oral literature. And in Chapter 3, through the analysis of specific oral literature works, we grasped the various responses and emotions of the ruled people against the oppression and injustice of the Ottoman Turk Empire. In conclusion, it can be understood that the peoples of Yugoslavia tried to show the indomitable national spirit as the ruled people who did not give in to the dominant people through oral literature. However, from this perspective, it can be seen that the Croatian and Slovenian peoples did not have individual national resistance through oral literature works.
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He, Rongxin, Jun Zhang, Ying Mao, Olivier Degomme, and Wei-Hong Zhang. "Preparedness and Responses Faced during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Belgium: An Observational Study and Using the National Open Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (2020): 7985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217985.
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This study aimed to descript the Belgian COVID-19 responses process according to the WHO’s (World Health Organization) Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (Health EDRM Framework) and to present the measures taken and epidemic impact in the different phases of COVID-19 in Belgium. The WHO’s EDRM Framework was used for reviewing the Belgian Public health emergency preparedness and responses in the context of COVID-19. Information on the measures taken was collected through the literature review including all government’s communication, reports, and scientific papers. All epidemic data were extracted from a national open database managed and published by the Sciensano. Additionally, two authors closely followed the Belgian situation since the beginning of the pandemic and updated the data every day. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the anti-epidemic strategy was mainly to avoid medical resources exceeding the upper limit. Belgium issued a series of emergency decrees to limit the spread of the virus. An existing structure of “federal-region-municipal” as the framework of public health emergency preparedness and response was adapted. The emergency response process in Belgium was divided into four phases: information-evaluation-coordination-decision-making at the region level and the final decision-making at the federal level. Belgium also implemented a phased plan in the process of setting up and lifting the lockdown. However, it was vulnerable in early response, due to the shortage of medical equipment supplies in general, and more particularly for the long term care facilities (LTCFs). Belgium has achieved an intensive cooperation between stakeholders based on an existing multisectoral emergency organization framework. Legislation, medical insurance, and good communication also played a role in limiting the spread of viruses. However, the authorities underestimated the risk of an epidemic and did not take quarantine measures among people suspected affected by SARS-COV-2 in the early stages, resulting in insufficient medical equipment supply and a large number of deaths in the LTCF. The implementation of the lockdown measure in Belgium also encountered obstacles. The lockdown and its exit strategy were both closely related to the pandemic situation and social and economic life. The authorities should strengthen information management, improve the public awareness of the measures, and find out the balance points between the social and economic life and infection control measures.
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Dupont, Emilien, Amelie Van Pottelberge, Bart Van de Putte, John Lievens, and Frank Caestecker. "Partner Choices in Long Established Migrant Communities in Belgium." Historical Life Course Studies 4 (February 27, 2017): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9337.
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This paper aims to shed light on the partner choices of Moroccan, Turkish, Congolese, and Algerian migrants in Belgium. Three partner choices are distinguished: marrying a partner from the country of origin (partner migration), marrying a local co-ethnic partner, and establishing a mixed marriage. We focused on the role of migration history and transnational links, culture (religion, language), skin colour and structural characteristics of the district migrants live in (mainly community size) to gain further insight into the partner choices of migrants in Belgium. Our data comprise an extraction of the Belgian national register (2001-2008) and focus on first marriages among first, 1.5, and second generation migrants of Moroccan, Turkish, Algerian, and Congolese origin (N=52,142). We apply a multinomial logistic multilevel design to simultaneously incorporate individual and contextual effects at the district level. The main conclusion from this paper is that the partner selection pattern in early 21st century Belgian society still bears the traces of the starting conditions that migrant groups experienced when they first entered the country. While this continuity is important to understand the situation citizens with a migrant origin have to deal with today, it does not make change impossible. In fact, for the Turkish and Moroccan group, research recently showed a quite strong decline in transnational marriages and a modest increase in mixed marriages. These are indications that after 50 years of migration a transition towards full inclusion in Belgian society is not beyond reach. The conditions analysed in this paper, namely the strength of transnational networks, the cultural boundaries and the ethnic community size, may help to understand why this inclusion takes such a long period of time.
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VERSTEIRT, VEERLE, JAMES E. PECOR, DINA M. FONSECA, MARC COOSEMANS, and WIM VAN BORTEL. "Confirmation of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium and description of morphological differences between Korean and Belgian specimens validated by molecular identification." Zootaxa 3191, no. 1 (2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3191.1.2.
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In 2008, specimens resembling Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards) (also Ochlerotatus koreicus or Hulecoeteomyia kore-ica) were found in Belgium during a national mosquito survey (MODIRISK). Small but consistent differences were, how-ever, observed between the specimens described from Peninsula Korea and those found in Belgian. To achieve the correctidentification a detailed morphological comparison was made between the Belgian specimens and reference material fromKorean mainland and island populations housed at the Smithsonian Institution (Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WR-BU), Washington, USA). The identification was furthermore supported by molecular evidence based on the ND4 region(mtDNA) of available Korean and Belgian mosquito specimens. Morphological and molecular comparison confirmed theinitial identification of Aedes koreicus. Based on morphological characteristics, the species collected in Belgium mostlikely originated from Jeju-do, an island south of the Korean Peninsula. The observed dissimilarities between Korean andBelgian specimens resembled a number of morphological differences mentioned previously between female adults col-lected on the Korean Peninsula and Jeju-do. This is the first report of Aedes koreicus outside its natural distribution range.A correct and rapid identification of new invading and spreading vector species is crucial for the implementation of effec-tive control measurements. Hence a correct and easy accessible description of all possible variations of species arrivingin new areas is highly recommended. Therefore, a comparative morphological study on the Smithsonian material of thespecies from Korean mainland, island population and from Belgium is given, pictures of the main aberrant characteristicsand scanning electron microscope images of all stages of the species are included and molecular confirmation of the identification based on the mtDNA ND4 region is provided.
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Van de Voorde, Nicolas. "Municipal Councillors in Parliament, a Handicap for Legislative Activism? Parliamentary Productivity of Dual Mandate-Holders in the Belgian Federal Assembly between 1995 and 2014." Parliamentary Affairs 73, no. 3 (2019): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsz011.
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Abstract Traditionally, scholars have always assumed that exercising a local political mandate as a national legislator intrinsically interferes with the intra parliamentary output. Despite the intuitive presumption that dual mandate-holders lack sufficient time to fulfil both mandates adequately, empirical support remains scarce and contradictory. Existing research has almost exclusively focused on problematic small samples in the French national assembly, failed to disentangle the generic phenomenon based on the nature of the local function and the context it is being exercised in, and neglected to embed their work in the legislative literature. This contribution aims to cover these shortcomings and assesses whether representatives with a dual mandate are less productive in the Belgian federal parliament during five legislatures between 1995 and 2014. The evidence shows that only mayors from large municipalities are less preoccupied with formal parliamentary endeavours, which refines the traditional pessimistic premise that cumul des mandats unambiguously cripples parliamentary activism and instead opens up the possibility for a more optimistic perspective.
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Borja-Villel, Manuel, Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, Christophe Cherix, Rachel Haidu, Rosalind Krauss, and Trevor Stark. "The Moment of Marcel Broodthaers? A Conversation." October 155 (January 2016): 111–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00245.
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On the occasion of Marcel Broodthaers's first retrospective in New York at the Museum of Modern Art and forty years after his death in 1976, October presents a roundtable discussion on the Belgian artist's career and legacy. Exhibition curators Christophe Cherix and Manuel Borja-Villel join Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, Rachel Haidu, Rosalind Krauss, and Trevor Stark for a conversation on Broodthaers's work, his artistic development, and his reception. Topics include the indeterminacy between language and visuality; the status of film in his work; his meditations on the commodity, the art market, and the historical role of cultural institutions; his ambivalent relationship with Pop, Minimalism, and Conceptual Art; and national identity and decolonization.
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Munier, Marco. "The Canadian national intelligence culture: A minimalist and defensive national intelligence apparatus." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 3 (2021): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211048430.
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This paper seeks to understand the nature and characteristics of Canadian national intelligence culture post–Cold War using the analytical insights of the strategic culture and intelligence culture literature. Previous studies have focused on an organizational description or historical studies of Canadian intelligence during the Cold War or after 9/11. Yet, no studies have examined the characterization of a national intelligence culture in Canada and proposed to contextualize the Canadian intelligence system in light of its national intelligence culture. Building on a culturalist approach of national intelligence systems, this paper proposes an operationalization of the national intelligence culture concept drawn on the strategic and intelligence culture literature. The paper concludes that Canada’s national intelligence culture is mostly defensive and minimalist. However, we note that recent changes in the Canadian intelligence apparatus have led to a gradual evolution of Canadian intelligence from defensive to offensive.
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Lee, Miran. "Types and Characteristics of National Contrast Records of Silla Based on the Literature Materials." Humanities Studies East and West 63 (August 31, 2022): 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37498/hsew.2022.08.63.7.
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Biswas, Sinjini, Jeffrey Lefkovits, Danny Liew, Chris P. Gale, Christopher M. Reid, and Dion Stub. "Characteristics of national and major regional percutaneous coronary intervention registries: a structured literature review." EuroIntervention 14, no. 10 (2018): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/eij-d-18-00434.
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Kenny, Patrick. "Corporate Governance in the U. S.: Post-Enron." German Law Journal 4, no. 1 (2003): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200015741.
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[Editors’ Comment: The following is the text of Mr. Kenny's remarks at the Second European Corporate Governance Conference, which was organized by the Vlerick Management Institute and the University of Gent, Belgium, and held at the Belgian National Bank, Brussels, 28 & 29 November 2002. The conference, which was convened by Professor Lutgart Van den Berghe of the University of Gent, was dedicated to the intensive debate over the marks and characteristics of “European Capitalism” in light of the international corporate governance debate, which has been affected by the recent earthquakes in the confidence of investors, shareholders and stakeholders precipitated by the corporate scandals of Enron, Worldcom, Global Crossing and others. The conference also took note of the impact of America's new Sarbanes-Oxley legislation, which seeks to respond to the wave of corporate scandals, on the international corporate governance debate.
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Hidajat, Melanny, Dominik Selleslag, Achiel Van Hoof, Jan Van Droogenbroeck, Johan Billiet, and Arnold Criel. "Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (KIRs) Genotypes in a Belgian Population." Blood 104, no. 11 (2004): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3852.3852.
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Abstract KIRs (Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors) are expressed on NK (Natural Killer) cells and a subpopulation of T lymphocytes namely memory CD8+ T cells. The distribution of KIR genes varies among individuals and populations. These genes are encoded on chromosome 19 (19q13.4). Till now 17 KIR genes and pseudogenes have been identified. KIRs recognise groups of HLA class I alleles. NK activity is partially controlled through the interaction between KIRs and their HLA ligands. Several studies report that KIRs may affect the outcome of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantations. We performed KIR typing of 17 genes and pseudogenes in 100 healthy Belgian unrelated individuals in “West-Vlaanderen” from Caucasoid origin using a PCR-SSP method. Three genes (KIR3DL3, 2DL4 and 3DL2), named frame-work genes, and the pseudogene 3DP1 were found in all individuals. KIR2DL1 and 2DP1 genes were present in a frequency of 99%. In addition, KIR3DL1 and 2DS4 genes represented a frequency of 97. The KIR2DL3 was found in 90% and the frequencies of other genes varied between 56% and 24%. The individual KIR gene content ranged from 8 to 17 genes. A total of 19 KIR locus profiles was observed. The most common KIR locus profile (32%) consisted of a combination of genes characterising A haplotypes (KIR2DL1 and 2DL3) without the presence of genes characteristic of B haplotypes (KIR2DL2 and 2DS2). The second most common KIR locus profile, accounting for 20% contained a combination of genes characteristics for both A and B haplotypes. The allele KIR2DS4*003 was found in 89% and KIR2DS4*00101/00102/002 only in 41%. KIR3DP1*00301/00302 was present in all individuals and KIR3DP1*001/002 only in 35%. Our results show that frequencies of most KIR loci in our Belgian population were comparable to literature data of other Caucasian populations. Only KIR2DS1 was lower (27% vs 47.7% with a p-value of 0.0002). In the future, KIR typing of donor and patient before a Hematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation may be necessary, due to the diversity in KIR genotypes.
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Pertiwi, Ratih Tri. "PROBLEMATIK BATAS ANTARA SASTRA LOKAL, SASTRA NASIONAL, DAN SASTRA GLOBAL." BASA Journal of Language & Literature 1, no. 1 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/basa.v1i1.10976.
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Abstract: This study aims to expose the vagueness of the boundaries between local, national, and global literature. This research is literature research. This study presents evidence that limiting the boundaries between local, national, and global literature is problematic. The results of this study show that local, national, and global literature presents a intersecting and overlapping. Local literature can be said to be national literature because of some of its characteristics, national literature can also be said to be global literature because of some of its rubber, and vice versa. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the most important thing is not the categorization of that type of literature, but the utilization of the literary work. Keywords: Problematic Boundaries, Literature, Local, Naional, Global
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Caminada Rossetti, Lucía. "Argentine Literature as Part of the Latin-American: Debates, Characteristics and Dialogues." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.8.
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The article will suggest that the texts and ways of reaching some materials and perspectives in Argentina, remains at a national level. It is important to notice that in order to read criticism and theory regarding Latin American literature, Spanish from Río de la Plata separates at some point the fields. In that regard, one of the greatest assets and achievements of Argentinian literary research concerns the relationship between politics and fiction. In connection with this it might be asked how we can think of Argentinian literature without linking it to the social discourse? How can we think of the comparative field of Latin-American and Argentinian literature as one academic area of studies? In our view, comparatism seems to be one of the loneliest areas of studies in terms of the fields of theory, fiction and criticism. We thus suggest that in Argentina, literary research and criticism in general are strictly concerned with only one option: the national culture. Thus, exclusively, western theoretical frames are chosen to read literature and comparative perspectives are mostly applied to European studies. That is why I insist on the fact that comparative literary research is not represented institutionally at all.
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Caminada Rossetti, Lucía. "Argentine Literature as Part of the Latin-American: Debates, Characteristics and Dialogues." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.8.
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The article will suggest that the texts and ways of reaching some materials and perspectives in Argentina, remains at a national level. It is important to notice that in order to read criticism and theory regarding Latin American literature, Spanish from Río de la Plata separates at some point the fields. In that regard, one of the greatest assets and achievements of Argentinian literary research concerns the relationship between politics and fiction. In connection with this it might be asked how we can think of Argentinian literature without linking it to the social discourse? How can we think of the comparative field of Latin-American and Argentinian literature as one academic area of studies? In our view, comparatism seems to be one of the loneliest areas of studies in terms of the fields of theory, fiction and criticism. We thus suggest that in Argentina, literary research and criticism in general are strictly concerned with only one option: the national culture. Thus, exclusively, western theoretical frames are chosen to read literature and comparative perspectives are mostly applied to European studies. That is why I insist on the fact that comparative literary research is not represented institutionally at all.
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Van Kerckem, Klaartje, Bart Van de Putte, and Peter Stevens. "On Becoming “Too Belgian”: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Conformity Pressure through the City–as–Context Approach." City & Community 12, no. 4 (2013): 335–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12041.
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While considerable research has shown that coethnic communities exercise pressure on their members to conform to certain normative patterns, there is little research that explains variability within coethnic groups regarding ethnic conformity pressure. Drawing on fieldwork and semistructured interviews with children and grandchildren of Turkish immigrants living in Ghent and five mining towns in Belgium, we explain differences in ethnic conformity pressure through a comparative examination of how macrostructural characteristics of cities shape community–level ethnic conformity pressure. We demonstrate that a city's migration history and social geography are related to the degree of social closure and normative consensus within an ethnic community, and that its ethnic heterogeneity and interethnic relations impact how much people depend on their coethnic community for social support. These in turn shape the internal sanctioning capacity of the community and its power to enforce normative patterns, especially of gender roles. The study shows that locality matters in the integration, assimilation, and acculturation of migrants, even disadvantaged ones who share the same national background.
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Lamm, Mariya A. "The development of Belarusian literature in a multicultural context." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.6.04.
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Sinkova L. D. Between text and discourse: Russian literature of the XX-XXI century: history, comparative studies and criticism (lit. - crit. articles, conversations). - Minsk: Parkus plus, 2013. - 296 P. The main characteristics of the Belarusian literature development in the contest of 20th-21th century are demonstrated throughout the review. The key patterns of the poetics progression in Belarusian literature are revealed, alongside with the most noticeable algorithms of the national aesthetics establishment and the specifics of mythopoetic perception. Meaningful characteristics of Belarusian literature during Soviet period are examined particularly, especially the literature about Second World War. The national aspects of literary comprehension of the experience of German-fascist occupation in Belarusian literature during Soviet period are revealed. The important characteristic of the modern Belarusian literature after the Chernobyl disaster that has started in 1986, is emphasized upon.
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Wollast, Robin, Mathias Schmitz, Alix Bigot, and Olivier Luminet. "The Theory of Planned Behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of health behaviors between Belgian and French residents." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0258320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258320.
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The COVID-19 pandemic presents a global crisis and authorities have encouraged the population to promote preventive health behaviors to slow the spread of the virus. While the literature on psychological factors influencing health behaviors during the COVID-19 is flourishing, there is a lack of cross-national research focusing on multiple health behaviors. The present study overcomes this limitation and affords a validation of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework for explaining the adoption of handwashing and limitation of social contacts, two health behaviors that highly differ in their nature. Specifically, we compare TPB model on these two protective behaviors among people living in Belgium (N = 3744) and France (N = 1060) during the COVID-19 sanitary crisis. Data were collected from March 18 until April 19, 2020, which corresponds to the spring lockdown and the first peak of the pandemic in these countries. Results indicated that more positive attitudes, greater social norms, increased perceived control and higher intentions were related to higher adherence to handwashing and limitation of social contacts, for both Belgian and French residents. Ultimately, we argued that the TPB model tends to manifest similarly across countries in explaining health behaviors, when comparing handwashing and limitation of social contacts among individuals living in different national contexts.
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Dzyuba, Elena M. "Value Vectors of Russian Literature: Nizhny Novgorod Text of Russian Literature." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 3 (2022): 430–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-3-430-463.
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The article analyzes the current trends in the field of “supertext” studies, summarizes the reflection on the “Nizhny Novgorod text of Russian literature,” as well as border chronotopes, carried out in the period from 2007 to the present. Authors of the article indicate the main directions of research, such as the identification and description of the sacred toposes of the Nizhny Novgorod land, the comprehension of the value vectors of Russian literature, which were configured in a number of stable images: the images of the city of Kitezh, the Volga, the Diveevsky and Sarov sacred toposes, the image of Seraphim of Sarov. The review article presents the representative characteristics of the national-regional component. Theese features establish the relationship of creativity with the cultural and historical geospace, which appears as the spiritual homeland of the writer (protopop Avvakum, M. Gorky, E. Chirikov, etc.). An important component of literary discourse is the national image-character, which retains positively marked, sometimes ideal features (from the life of Alexander Nevsky to the heroes of E. Dolmatovsky’s “Sormovskaya Lyric”). The article outlines prospects for further research.
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Кравець, Ярема. "REALITY, DREAM AND FANTASY IN THE SELECTION «THE NIGHT OF POLASTRI» BY ALBERT AYGUESPARSE." Sultanivski Chytannia, no. 8 (June 21, 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/sch.2019.8.102-116.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. The paper examines lexico-grammatical and syntactic specificity of the third novelistic collection by Albert Ayguesparse (1900–1996) – one of the more prominent Belgian Francophone writers of the 20th c. It aims at outlining the more important characteristics of individual novellas in the selection, where the reader comes to know the polyphony of the writer’s short prose, moving from Lyrical Realism through tragic episodes of life to the enigmatic and the fantastic. Research methodology. The article employs a systematic approach with the use of literary-historical and comparative methods. On the basis of these two methods, the specificity of the author’s writing, syntactic structure of the text, individualized language of the characters, places of the light-and-shadow, voice-and-silence, life-and-death playing have been determined. Results. The study provides a wider analysis of the selection’s first novella, viz. «Monica sans tête» [«Monica Without the Head»], as well as the novellas «Les Bottes» [«The High Boots»], full of horror stories; «Le Point rouge» [«The Red Spot»], presenting an interest by the functioning of the internal dialogue; the psychological triptych «Les chasses d’Eros» [«The Hunts of Eros»], «Je me nomme Jérôme» [«My Name Is Jérôme»], «Monsieur Oscar» [«Mr. Oscar»], the mystic in its conception novella «Les Survivants» [«Those Who Survived»]. Research novelty. The article is the first in Ukrainian Literary Studies research into the famous Belgian writer’s novellas, with whose novels the Ukrainian reader got acquainted owing to the translation of his work «Notre ombre nous précède» [«Our Shadow’s Ahead»], published in 1984/1985 on the pages of the «Vitchyzna» [«Motherland»] magazine. Practical value. The article may become the basis for a deeper reading of the work of one of the leading representatives of contemporary Belgian Francophone literature, lexical-stylistic features of the writer’s novellas.