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1
Siff, Stephen. "“Why Do You Think They Call It Dope?”: Richard Nixon’s National Mass Media Campaign Against Drug Abuse." Journalism & Communication Monographs 20, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 172–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637918787804.
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This monograph explores how corporate, political, and public health concerns shaped the Nixon administration’s public service advertising campaign against drug abuse. Between 1970 and 1973, the Nixon administration worked with the nonprofit Advertising Council to orchestrate a national, “one-voice” mass media campaign to change Americans’ attitudes toward the use of drugs. Papers preserved in the archives of the Advertising Council and by Nixon administration officials expose behind-the-scenes conflicts over the government’s drug-abuse message among the White House, federal agency staff, and private partners in the campaign, including drug companies and the advertising and broadcasting industries. Controversies included whether to include alcohol, marijuana, legally marketed prescription drugs such as amphetamines, and dangerous retail drugs such as headache medicines and caffeine, and whether the campaign should promote safe drug use or only discourage “abuse.” Archival records reveal the president’s power to set the government’s message, despite bureaucratic and expert resistance. However, government control over the propaganda campaign was limited by reliance on the Ad Council and the voluntary participation of networks and broadcasters to distribute public service announcements (PSAs). Through the Ad Council’s process of reviewing and obtaining broadcast network clearances for individual PSAs, advertisements that disparaged alcohol and other legally advertised products were weeded from the national campaign. Ultimately, the White House’s vision of a mass media offensive against drug abuse in all its forms was implemented primarily as a campaign against the use of illegal drugs, particularly by youth. Although successful with broadcasters, the campaign was terminated in 1973 amid concerns it was actually stimulating illegal drug use.
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Gibtiah, Gibtiah. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN ATAS PENGGUNAAN BAHAN FORMALIN PADA MAKANAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 19, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v19i1.2721.
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In food production, many producers use food technology that makes food quickly damaged, becomes durable and stays good, by adding preservatives. so that the food can remain fresh, smell and taste unchanged, not quickly damaged or rot due to exposure to bacteria / fungi, however, many manufacturers cheat by adding preservatives that are harmful to the body, and can rob human lives, such as formalin, substances Formalin is a chemical that is used for external purposes, which if consumed will cause many negative effects on the body. The use of formaldehyde is prohibited in the use of additives in food. and can be held accountable for penalties in the form of administrative sanctions and penalties. So how is the legal protection of consumers using formalin hazardous substances according to the Consumer Protection Act? And what is the view of Islamic law on the practice of using formaldehyde in food? and what is the role of relevant institutions to protect consumers from formalin-related additives in Palembang City? Legal protection for consumers of formalin substances in the form of regulations and laws, among others: business actors are held accountable for losses suffered by consumers (Article 15 of the Consumer Protection Act Number 8 of 1999. Whereas in Islamic law regarding food containing formalin ingredients) , categorized as illegitimate to be eaten because it has been mixed between the halal and the haram.Based on the Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council Number: 43 of 2012 concerning Formalin Abuse and other Hazardous Substances, formalin food is prohibited because it brings harm, ie if swallowed it can irritate the stomach, nausea, vomiting, and can lead to death, while those that are related to consumer protection are: a). Drug and Food Control Agency (BPOM); b). Institute for Self-Help Consumer Protection (LPKSM); c). National Consumer Protection Agency (BPKN) and d).Indonesian Consumers Foundation (YLKI).
Keywords: Formalin, Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, halal food.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "National Drug Control Policy and Prescription Drug Abuse: Facts and Fallacies." Pain Physician 3;10, no. 5;3 (May 14, 2007): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/399.
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In a recent press release Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Chairman and President of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University called for a major shift in American attitudes about substance abuse and addiction and a top to bottom overhaul in the nation’s healthcare, criminal justice, social service, and eduction systems to curtail the rise in illegal drug use and other substance abuse. Califano, in 2005, also noted that while America has been congratulating itself on curbing increases in alcohol and illicit drug use and in the decline in teen smoking, abuse and addition of controlled prescription drugs-opioids, central nervous system depressants and stimulants-have been stealthily, but sharply rising. All the statistics continue to show that prescription drug abuse is escalating with increasing emergency department visits and unintentional deaths due to prescription controlled substances. While the problem of drug prescriptions for controlled substances continues to soar, so are the arguments of undertreatment of pain. The present state of affairs show that there were 6.4 million or 2.6% Americans using prescription-type psychotherapeutic drugs nonmedically in the past month. Of these, 4.7 million used pain relievers. Current nonmedical use of prescription-type drugs among young adults aged 18-25 increased from 5.4% in 2002 to 6.3% in 2005. The past year, nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs has increased to 6.2% in the population of 12 years or older with 15.172 million persons, second only to marijuana use and three times the use of cocaine. Parallel to opioid supply and nonmedical prescription drug use, the epidemic of medical drug use is also escalating with Americans using 80% of world’s supply of all opioids and 99% of hydrocodone. Opioids are used extensively despite a lack of evidence of their effectiveness in improving pain or functional status with potential side effects of hyperalgesia, negative hormonal and immune effects, addiction and abuse. The multiple reasons for continued escalation of prescription drug abuse and overuse are lack of education among all segments including physicians, pharmacists, and the public; ineffective and incoherent prescription monitoring programs with lack of funding for a national prescription monitoring program NASPER; and a reactive approach on behalf of numerous agencies. This review focuses on the problem of prescription drug abuse with a discussion of facts and fallacies, along with proposed solutions. Key words: Prescription drug abuse, opioid abuse, opioid misuse, National Drug Control Policy, NASPER, prescription drug monitoring programs.
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Westermeyer, Joseph. "National and International Strategies to Control Drug Abuse." Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 8, no. 2 (December 1989): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j251v08n02_01.
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Abd-Elsayed, Alaa. "Prescription Drugs and the US Workforce: Results from a National Safety Council Survey." Pain Physician 1;23, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2020/23/1.
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Background: The cost of chronic pain in the United States is extremely high. Opioids are one of the most common medications prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain, and their misuse and addiction have been of concern. It has been found that opioids are frequently abused and negatively impact the American workforce. Objectives: The objective of this study was to obtain data on US employers’ concerns and priorities, perceptions of prescription drug abuse, perceived impact of prescription drug use on the workplace, identification of and response to drug abuse, perceived ability to handle prescription drug abuse in the workplace, and workplace initiatives, employee assistance programs, employee drug testing, workplace prescription drug training, insurance coverage of alternative treatment, and overall preparedness to deal with the issue. Study Design: This research used an employer proprietary questionnaire created by members of the National Safety Council in cooperation with market research experts at B2B International. Setting: Employers surveyed via an online survey represent diverse industries and geographical areas. Methods: The research was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire. Participants were recruited from a sample of verified panelists through Research Now, and fieldwork was conducted online by B2B International. This report is on 501 interviews that each represent a US employer with 50 or more employees. The employers sampled are extremely diverse in not only size and industry, but also geography and centralization. Results: Our results showed that 67% of employers reported concerns related to prescription drug misuse, which was comparable to workplace violence and more concerning than the use of illegal drugs. Sixty-one percent reported concerns related to prescription opioids, which was a higher concern than using anti-anxiety medications, stimulants, and even heroin. Limitations: Survey study with descriptive analysis with limited sample. Conclusions: Prescription drug misuse and abuse concern American employers. Their side effects are clear, but employers are less likely to acknowledge their detrimental business effect. Employers report being unprepared for dealing with issues related to this; however, the firms with programs in place feel more prepared to deal with misuse and abuse. Key words: Prescription drugs, US workforce, chronic pain
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Kurke, Martin I. "Congressional review of national problems in drug abuse and its control." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 3, no. 3 (June 1985): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370030302.
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Kurke, Martin I. "Congressional review of national problems in drug abuse and its control." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 3, no. 3 (1985): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(1985)3:3<241::aid-jhbs2300030303>3.0.co;2-x.
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Gillespie, Nathan A., Anjali K. Henders, Tracy A. Davenport, Daniel F. Hermens, Margie J. Wright, Nicholas G. Martin, and Ian B. Hickie. "The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study: Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence Project—Current Status, Preliminary Results, and Future Directions." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (November 28, 2012): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.111.
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We describe the data being collected from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study in Australia as part of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project, Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence. The history, recruitment, assessment, and retention of twin families in this project are described in detail, along with preliminary findings and plans for future research. The goal of this NIDA project is to make a significant contribution to the discovery of quantitative trait loci influencing cannabis use disorders. Although the focus is cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in young adults, measures of comorbid illicit drug use disorders are also being collected. In addition, a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders are being assessed, funded by support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Because these same twins have participated in numerous twin studies since 1992, future plans will include linking different phenotypes to investigate relationships between drug use, psychiatric disorders, and psychological phenotypes within cross-sectional and longitudinal or developmental frameworks.
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Standefer, J. C., and R. C. Backer. "Drug screening with EMIT reagents: a quantitative approach to quality control." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.5.733.
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Abstract We investigated the precision, linearity, accuracy, and stability of quantitative results for five drugs of abuse [amphetamines, benzoylecgonine, opiates, phencyclidine, and the cannabinoid-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-9-acid metabolite], analyzed in control specimens by using EMIT d.a.u. reagents (Syva Co.) with a Monarch 2000 analyzer with a nonlinear interpolation curve-fitting algorithm. The within-day and between-days coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 5% for all drugs except THC-9-acid, which had a CV between 10% and 20%. The drift of control values during a 30-day stability study was less than 10% from target values for three weeks after a single calibration, except for THC-9-acid control values, which were stable for only two to three days. Daily calibration reduced the drift away from target values during the 30-day stability study and produced optimum precision of all drug assays. Mean control values near the National Institute on Drug Abuse cutoff limits were within 10% of their target values.
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Ramlagan, Shandir, Karl Peltzer, and Gladys Matseke. "Epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i2.172.
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<p><strong>Background.</strong> The aim of the study was to explore the epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Treatment demand statistics were analysed from South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use records, and a rapid situation assessment was conducted. Twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in all 9 provinces among provincial substance abuse co-ordinators, and one manager per treatment centre from a sample of treatment centres. Three focus groups were conducted and 46 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among inpatients at 2 selected treatment centres in Free State and North West provinces. Qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory, and quantitative data analysed using SPSS. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Treatment records show that the most frequent substance of abuse was alcohol (51%), followed by cannabis (21%), crack/cocaine (9.6%), heroin/opiates (7.9%), methamphetamine (Tik) (4.5%), prescription/over-the-counter drugs (2.0%), and cannabis/mandrax (1.7%). More substance abusers were male, of lower education, white or black, than were female, more highly educated, coloured and Indian/Asian. Key informant interviews showed that females are the ‘hidden’ substance abusers and tend not to be identified in research statistics and at treatment centres. Poverty, unemployment, lack of recreational facilities, being surrounded by substance abusers, and long work shifts were also mentioned as factors contributing to substance abuse. The age of initiation of substance abuse using non-drugs such as glue was 9 years old, alcohol 10 - 12 years old, dagga 11 - 12 years old, poly-drug use (alcohol, tobacco and dagga) 14 years old, and harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin at 16 - 17 years old, as reported by key informants. Family care and support, improved socio-economic conditions and increased law enforcement would help to discourage substance abuse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Prevention interventions and policies in South Africa should focus on reducing substance abuse by targeting the ‘at risk populations’ identified in this study.</p>
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Болотин, Vladimir Bolotin, Ноздрина, and Tatyana Nozdrina. "ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM THE SPREAD OF NARCOTICS ABUSE." Journal of Public and Municipal Administration 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17885.
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The article considers the problem of social and economic losses from the spread of drugs and psychotropic substances in the society, taking into account emerging issues and conflicts implementation of anti-drug legislation. The authors distinguishes direct and indirect threats to the economy at the present time; their specificity and classification are allocated and given, including positions of the International Committee on drug control (UN). The problem of resource provision on creation of national system of comprehensive rehabilitation and resocialization of persons consuming narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for non-medical purposes is focuses on.
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Fitzgerald, John L. "The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) and Governance in the Australian Drug Policy Arena." Contemporary Drug Problems 32, no. 2 (June 2005): 259–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200205.
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The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) was introduced into the Australian drug policy community in 1997 by the Howard conservative government as part of its “Tough on Drugs” policy initiative. Support in 1997 by the states and territories through the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (MCDS) for a trial of prescribed heroin prompted the prime minister to attempt to directly control drug policy by changing national drug-policy-making processes. It has been suggested that the ANCD was introduced to short-circuit the power of the states and territories to structure national drug strategy, signaling a shift from consensus decision making through a policy community approach to centralized executive decision making through the prime minister's office. Interviews with key policy makers during 1999–2000 and findings from recent evaluations point to a climate of distrust, over-bureaucratization, slow decision making, and overt paranoia about the presence of new players in the drug policy arena, resulting not from inadequacies in governance but as a resistant response from policy makers to the introduction of the ANCD. This shift in the model of decision making may lead to an obsolete national drug strategy (NDS) and undermine a unified approach to national drug policy.
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Geyer, Stephan, Antoinette Lombard, and Gidraph Wairire. "A COMPARATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SOUTH AFRICAN AND KENYAN DRUG POLICIES FROM A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE." Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 144–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/364.
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South Africa and Kenya have both adopted a social development approach to shape their development agendas, as well as national policies in response to drug abuse. The goal of this study was to compare the content of South Africa’s National Drug Master Plan 2006-2011 (NDMP) and Kenya’s National Drug Abuse Control Policy 2011 (NDACP) from a social development perspective. A quantitative comparative study was undertaken to compare the manifest content of these policies. A checklist of five dimensions of social development, with concomitant themes and indicators, was compiled for this purpose. Both policies emphasise the dimensions ‘levels of service delivery’ and ‘integrated service delivery’, while paying limited attention to the ‘rights-based approach’ and ‘capital development’ dimensions of social development. Lessons learnt from the study are presented in an effort to align drug policies, especially those of developing countries, with a social development approach.
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Merianos, Ashley L., Judith S. Gordon, Kelsi J. Wood, and E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens. "National Institutes of Health Funding for Tobacco Control: 2006 and 2016." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118779013.
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Purpose: The study objective was to describe and compare changes in newly funded National Institutes of Health (NIH) tobacco-related awards between fiscal year (FY) 2006 and FY2016. Design: Secondary analysis of NIH data. Setting: National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool database was used. Subjects: National Institutes of Health tobacco-related awards newly funded during FY2006 and FY2016. Measures: Search terms included tobacco, smoking, nicotine, secondhand smoke, and e-cigarettes. Grants and funding amounts were retrieved. Analysis: We calculated frequency distributions to determine the number and percentage of total NIH grants funded overall and by specific institute, and inflation-adjusted total and median funding amounts. We computed percentage differences in number of new grants, funding amounts, and percentage of funding allocated overall, and by institute. Results: There was a 187% increase in the percentage of total NIH funding allocated to new tobacco-related awards from 0.09% in FY2006 to 0.25% in FY2016. Total number of awards increased by 67% in FY2016 (n = 144; $56 015 931) compared to FY2006 (n = 86; $22 076 987), and there was a 154% increase in inflation-adjusted total funding for tobacco control. The top funding institutes were National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism was third in FY2006; and National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in FY2016. Research grants were the most frequently funded. Smoking cessation was a common topic area and increased by 64%. Conclusion: NIH funding is critical for advancing the science of nicotine and tobacco research.
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Kendler, K. S., H. Ohlsson, B. Mezuk, K. Sundquist, and J. Sundquist. "Exposure to peer deviance during childhood and risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national co-relative control study." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 4 (September 17, 2014): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001937.
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Background.Peer deviance (PD) is associated with risk for drug abuse (DA). Is this association causal?Method.DA was recorded in official records. PD was defined as the percentage of peers residing in small communities with future DA registrations. We examined offspring in families whose community PD changed when the offspring was 0–15 years of age and then examined families where cousins or siblings differed in their years of exposure to low or high PD communities.Results.The duration of exposure to PD was strongly associated with future DA. Co-relative analyses for families whose exposure to PD declined suggested that the PD–DA association was largely non-causal. Within full-sibling pairs in such families, the length of exposure to low PD environments was unrelated to risk for DA. By contrast, co-relative analyses in families where exposure to PD increased over time indicated that the PD–DA association was largely causal. In such families, siblings who differed in the duration of their exposure to high PD differed in their risk for subsequent DA. These results were replicated in families whose PD changed because they moved or because of changes in the community in which they resided.Conclusions.Within families whose social environment is improving over time, the association between PD exposure and offspring DA outcomes is not causal but is due to familial confounding. Within families whose social environment is deteriorating, the PD–DA association seems to be largely causal. Our measure of PD may also reflect broader aspects of the community environment beyond peers.
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Sari, Devy Mulia, Mohammad Zainal Fatah, and Ira Nurmala. "Family’s Role in Helping Drug Abuser Recovery Process." Jurnal PROMKES 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jpk.v9.i1.2021.59-68.
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Background: The National Narcotics Board or Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) survey results found the prevalence of drug abuse in 2015 amount 42,900 people, and an increase of 20.84% in 2016, which amounted to 51,840 people. As a result of drug abuse, drug abusers often experience health problems both physically and mentally due to the influence of drugs or the environment that makes drug abusers depressed. One of the health treatments for drug abusers that can be done to motivate drug abusers is to provide family support. The family is a source of social support because, in family relationships, mutual trust is created. Objective: This research was conducted to determine how the family’s role based on Kroenke helped to recover the health of drug abusers from deciding to stop drug abuse. The government can later consider this research’s benefits in creating a family-based drug abuse prevention and recovery program. Methods: This study uses a review of international articles. The articles used are twenty articles published in the last ten years. Result: Research shows that the family’s role in helping recovering drug users’ health drug users’ health is different but still has the same goal. Support provided is based on the cause of individuals to commit drug abuse. Support could be provided in the form of assessment support, instrumental, informational, and social. A good family role’s functioning makes the recovery process more effective because an addict will feel motivated by their support. Conclusion: The research conducted that the family’s role is essential for the recovery of the health of drug addicts, providing a stimulus for change to stop drug abuse. The family’s ability and function in explaining the addict’s self-control varies according to how the response and the intensity of family support provided to the addict.
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Phing, Lee Seow. "A Three Year Study on Drug Abuse Tests at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (HTAR), Selangor Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 4, no. 7 (December 5, 2019): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v4i7.270.
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This study focused on drug epidemic in Selangor for 3 consecutive years (2016-2018). Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (HTAR) analysed an estimate of 12988 samples for drug abuse( opiates and cannabinoids) from 2016 until 2018 . Being the centre for receiving samples collected by Police and National Anti-Drug agencies in Southwest Selangor, these areas were combed for analytical study of habitual abusers, their age-related patterns and ethnic origins for better understanding and planning for advocates of control .
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Kinder, Douglas Clark. "Shutting Out the Evil: Nativism and Narcotics Control in the United States." Journal of Policy History 3, no. 4 (October 1991): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007454.
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The general public in the United States has been inundated during the 1980s and early 1990s with information about narcotics abuse, trafficking, and control. From journalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and the medical community, the American populace ascertained that illicit drug use and trading have recently become among the nation's most intractable problems. Repeatedly, those sources reported that the consumption of cocaine, especially “crack”, had reached epidemic proportions, that drug-related violence overran the country's major cities, that youths should (according to First Lady Nancy Reagan) “just say no” to the purveyors of addictive substances, and that Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush had declared war on drugs. Americans learned too that only partial gains had been made against narcotics abuse and trafficking. Such a realization proved difficult for them to fathom following the 1988 presidential election campaign with its antidrug rhetoric, after the enactment by Congress of the Omnibus Drug Act of 1988 (which created a cabinet level “drug czar”—the director of the office of National Drug Control Policy in the Executive Office of the President), and given the stormy two-year tenure of William Bennett in that post. Of greater concern by 1991, evaluations of the nation's antinarcotics endeavors by the press, government authorities, and other informed observers indicated that the fundamental strategy of drug control was in dispute. Notwithstanding compelling arguments which insisted that the narcotics problem would continue until the domestic demand for drugs ended, federal government efforts have generally sought to eliminate foreign narcotics production and the smuggling of those substances into the United States.
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de la Fuente, José, Marinela Contreras, Paul Kasaija, Christian Gortazar, Jose Ruiz-Fons, Rafael Mateo, and Fredrick Kabi. "Towards a Multidisciplinary Approach to Improve Cattle Health and Production in Uganda." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040165.
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A meeting and course supported by the Vice-Presidency for International Affairs of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda (NARO) were held at the National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI) in Nakyesasa, Wakiso, Uganda on September 2–9, 2019. The activities were conducted within the collaboration program between the Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Spain) and NARO for the development of vaccines and other interventions for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda.
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Kendler, K. S., H. Ohlsson, K. Sundquist, and J. Sundquist. "The causal nature of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drug abuse: a prospective national Swedish co-relative control study." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 12 (March 27, 2014): 2537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713003048.
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BackgroundRisk for drug abuse (DA) is strongly associated with neighborhood social deprivation (SD). However, the causal nature of this relationship is unclear.MethodThree Swedish population-based cohorts were followed up over 5 years for incident registration of DA in medical, legal or pharmacy records. In each cohort, we examined the SD–DA association, controlling carefully for individual socio-economic status (SES) with multiple measures, in the entire sample and among pairs of first cousins, paternal and maternal half-siblings, full siblings and monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for SD exposure. The number of informative relative pairs ranged from 6366 to 166 208.ResultsIn all cohorts, SD was prospectively related to risk for incident DA. In relative pairs discordant for SD exposure, the SD–DA association was similar to that seen in the entire population in cousins, half-siblings, full siblings and MZ twins. Eliminating subjects who were residentially unstable or had DA in the first two follow-up years did not alter this pattern. When divided by age, in the youngest groups, the SD–DA association was weaker in siblings than in the entire population.ConclusionsAcross three cohorts, controlling for individual SES and confounding familial factors, SD prospectively predicted risk for incident DA registration. These results support the hypothesis that the SD–DA association is in part causal and unlikely to result entirely from personal attributes, which both increase risk for DA and cause selection into high SD environments. At least part of the SD–DA association arises because exposure to SD causes an increased risk of DA.
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Chapagain, Kumud, Dillisher Rai, Bhawesh Koirala, and Gajendra Prasad Rauniyar. "Exploring the Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Abuse Amongst the Adolescents of Dharan, Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i2.2484.
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Background: The burden of substance abuse amongst the youths has increased worldwide including Nepal. There is limited data on prevalence of substance abuse among the adolescents. Hence this study aims to determine the prevalence of substance abuse amongst the adolescents of Dharan, Eastern Nepal.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to December 2018. Self-administered structured questionnaire adapted from National Youth Survey sponsored by the Centre for Substance Abuse Prevention was used for data collection from 1125 higher secondary school students. Data was cleaned in Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS version 11.5.Results: Prevalence of ever users of tobacco were 46.04% of which the current users were 20.46%, ever users of alcohol were 37.58% of which 15.20% were current users and ever users of drug was 18.19% of which 18.13% were current users. The average age of initiating tobacco, alcohol and drugs were 14.21 ± 3.51, 15.13 ± 7.43 and 14.32 ± 4.41 years respectively. More than half of the drug users (50.71%) used cannabis and the most common reason for using any substance was peer pressure (91.64%). More than one-third (39.5%) purchased any of these substance from local shops. Conclusions: The study reported significant proportion of adolescents involved in substance abuse. The findings of this study may be beneficial for revising/ updating action plans on prevention and control of substance abuse in Nepal.Keywords: Adolescents; alcohol; drug; substance abuse; tobacco.
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Kendler, K. S., H. Ohlsson, K. Sundquist, and J. Sundquist. "The rearing environment and risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national high-risk adopted and not adopted co-sibling control study." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 7 (January 12, 2016): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002858.
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BackgroundAlthough drug abuse (DA) is strongly familial, with important genetic influences, we need to know more about the role of rearing environment in the risk for DA. To address this question, we utilized a high-risk adopted and non-adopted co-sibling control design.MethodHigh-risk offspring had one or more biological parents registered for DA, alcohol use disorders or criminal behavior. Using Swedish registries, we identified 1161 high-risk full-sibships and 3085 high-risk half-sibships containing at least one member who was adopted-away and one member who was not. Registration for DA was via national criminal, medical and pharmacy registers. In Sweden, adoptive families are screened to provide high-quality rearing environment for adoptees.ResultsControlling for parental age at birth and gender (and, in half-siblings, high-risk status of the other parent), risk for DA was substantially lower in the full- and half-siblings who were adopted v. not adopted [hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals: 0.55 (0.45–0·69) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.48–0.63), respectively]. The protective effect of adoption on risk for DA was significantly stronger in the full- and half-sibling pairs with very high familial liability (two high-risk parents) and significantly weaker when the adoptive family was broken by death or divorce, or contained a high-risk parent.ConclusionsIn both full- and half-sibling pairs, we found replicated evidence that rearing environment strongly impacts on risk for DA. High-quality rearing environments can substantively reduce risk for DA in those at high genetic risk.
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Rivas, Samantha R., Alex C. Tessner, and Eli E. Goldwyn. "Calculating prescription rates and addiction probabilities for the four most commonly prescribed opioids and evaluating their impact on addiction using compartment modelling." Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA 38, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/dqab001.
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Abstract In 2016, more than 11 million Americans abused prescription opioids. The National Institute on Drug Abuse considers the opioid crisis a national addiction epidemic, as an increasing number of people are affected each year. Using the framework developed in mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, we create and analyse a compartmental opioid-abuse model consisting of a system of ordinary differential equations. Since $40\%$ of opioid overdoses are caused by prescription opioids, our model includes prescription compartments for the four most commonly prescribed opioids, as well as for the susceptible, addicted and recovered populations. While existing research has focused on drug abuse models in general and opioid models with one prescription compartment, no previous work has been done comparing the roles that the most commonly prescribed opioids have had on the crisis. By combining data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (which tracked the proportion of people who used or misused one of the four individual opioids) with data from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (which counted the total number of prescriptions), we estimate prescription rates and probabilities of addiction for the four most commonly prescribed opioids. Additionally, we perform a sensitivity analysis and reallocate prescriptions to determine which opioid has the largest impact on the epidemic. Our results indicate that oxycodone prescriptions are both the most likely to lead to addiction and have the largest impact on the size of the epidemic, while hydrocodone prescriptions had the smallest impact.
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Fielenbach, Sandra, Franc CL Donkers, Marinus Spreen, and Stefan Bogaerts. "Effects of a Theta/Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback Training Protocol on Measures of Impulsivity, Drug Craving, and Substance Abuse in Forensic Psychiatric Patients With Substance Abuse: Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): e10845. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10845.
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Background Forensic psychiatric patients are often diagnosed with psychiatric disorders characterized by high levels of impulsivity as well as comorbid substance use disorders (SUD). The combination of psychiatric disorders and SUD increases the risk of future violence. Chronic substance abuse can lead to a structural state of disinhibition, resulting in more drug taking and eventually loss of control over drug intake. When treating SUD, it is crucial to address high levels of impulsivity and lack of inhibitory control. Objective This study set out to investigate the effects of a theta/sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback training protocol on levels of impulsivity, levels of drug craving, and actual drug intake in a population of forensic psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of SUD. Methods A total of 21 participants received 20 sessions of theta/SMR neurofeedback training in combination with treatment-as-usual (TAU). Results of the intervention were compared with results from 21 participants who received TAU only. Results SMR magnitude showed a significant (P=.02) increase post training for patients in the neurofeedback training group, whereas theta magnitude did not change (P=.71). Levels of drug craving as well as scores on the motor subscale of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 decreased equally for patients in the neurofeedback training group and the TAU group. Other measures of impulsivity as well as drug intake did not change posttreatment (P>.05). Therefore, neurofeedback+TAU was not more effective than TAU only. Conclusions This study demonstrated evidence that forensic psychiatric patients are able to increase SMR magnitude over the course of neurofeedback training. However, at the group level, the increase in SMR activity was not related to any of the included impulsivity or drug craving measures. Further research should focus on which patients will be able to benefit from neurofeedback training at an early stage of the employed training sessions. Trial Registration Dutch National Trial Register: NTR5386; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5386 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6nXLQuoLl).
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Gleghorn, Alice A., and Nancy H. Corby. "Injection Drug Users' Reactions to Guidelines for Bleach Disinfection of Needles and Syringes: Implications for HIV Prevention." Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600408.
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The objective was to determine injection drug users' (IDUs) reactions to and willingness to adopt new National Institute on Drug Abuse, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, and Centers for Disease Control provisional guidelines for bleach disinfection of needles and syringes (NS). In 1993, 154 IDUs participated in 17 focus groups in 8 U.S. cities. Process evaluations of transcriptions were completed utilizing qualitative techniques. Active IDUs expressed willingness to adopt most new recommendations. Syringe agitation and use of full strength bleach were acceptable. Pre-bleach water rinse, complete filling of the NS, post-bleach rinsing with fresh water, and longer bleach contact times were possible under favorable injection conditions. Cleaning both before and after injection and disassembling the NS for cleaning were unlikely to be adopted. Multiple barriers to consistent bleach use were identified. IDUs were willing to attempt new guidelines, but many circumstances interfere with adequate bleach disinfection. To avoid HIV exposure, increased access to sterile NS is necessary. Implications for HIV prevention are discussed.
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SILVA, M. R., J. C. PEREIRA, R. R. COSTA, J. A. DIAS, M. D. C. GUIMARÃES, and I. C. G. LEITE. "Drug addiction and alcoholism as predictors for tuberculosis treatment default in Brazil: a prospective cohort study." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 16 (November 27, 2017): 3516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002631.
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SUMMARYThis study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) treatment default in a priority city for disease control in Brazil. A cohort of TB cases diagnosed from 2008 to 2009 was followed up from patients’ entry into three outpatient sites, in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais (Brazil), until the recording of the outcomes. Drug addiction, alcoholism and treatment site appeared to be independently associated with default. Current users of crack as the hardest drug (odds ratio (OR) 12·25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·04–49·26) were more likely to default than other hard drug users (OR 5·67, 95% CI 1·34–24·03), former users (OR 4·12, 95% CI 1·11–15·20) and those not known to use drugs (reference group). Consumers at high risk of alcoholism (OR 2·94, 95% CI 1·08–7·99) and those treated in an outpatient hospital unit (OR 8·22, 95% CI 2·79–24·21%) also were more likely to default. Our results establish that substance abuse was independently associated with default. National TB programmes might be more likely to achieve their control targets if they include interventions aimed at improving adherence and cure rates, by diagnosing and treating substance abuse concurrently with standard TB therapy.
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Vučinić, Slavica, Vesna Kilibarda, Snežana Đorđević, Dragana Đorđević, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Biljana Antonijević, Marijana Ćurčić, Evica Antonijević, and Gordana Brajković. "Clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre with synthetic cannabinoids." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3096.
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AbstractA rising number of patients are being treated for overdosing with new psychoactive substances (NPS) available at the illegal drug market in Serbia. The aim of this study was to report clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre of Serbia (NPCC) with synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) and point to the NPS available at the illegal drug market in our country. From January 2013 to December 2016, 58 patients (aged between 14 and 25) were treated for the effects of synthetic cannabinoids at the NPCC. Tachycardia was established in 53, mydriasis in 31, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, and agitation in 16, dizziness in 10, disorientation in 9, dyspnoea and chest pain in 4, and loss of consciousness, pallor, paraesthesia, muscle twitches, and short-term memory impairment in 2 patients. After receiving symptomatic and supportive treatment in the emergency ward, all patients had fully recovered within 8 h and were discharged shortly afterwards. Another part of the study was focused on the analysis of the products known under their local street names as “Biljni tamjan” (herbal incense), “Beli slez”, and “Rainbow Special” and the analysis of urine sampled from the patients with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The detected synthetic cannabinoids were AB-PINACA, JWH-018, JWH-122, JWH-210, 5F-AKB48, and MDMB-CHMICA in herbal products and AB-FUBINACA, AB-CHMINACA, and MDMB-CHMICA in the urine samples. Our findings have shown the great capacity of NPCC to I) monitor NPS abuse in Serbia, II) reliably detect SCs in illicit products and biological samples, and III) clinically manage the adverse effects in their users. Future commitments of the NPCC will include systematic collection of relevant data on SCs and their adverse effects, detection of changes in purity and composition of the controlled NPS-based products, and raising the public awareness of NPS to improve the effectiveness of the national Early Warning System.
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Subantara, I. Made, Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Rehabilitasi terhadap Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 1, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.1.1.1992.243-248.
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Narcotics continues to be produced at this time in addition to medicine as well as for the development of scientific studies. Narcotics, on the one hand, is a drug or substance that is useful in the field of medicine or health services and scientific development, on the other hand, it can lead to dependence and cause harm if it is not used properly and without strict and careful control and supervision. When used irregularly according to dosages, it can be physically and mentally damaging for those who use it to become dependent. This study aims to determine the procedures for implementing rehabilitation of victims of narcotics abuse and the obstacles faced by the National Narcotics Agency of Bali Province in rehabilitating narcotics abuse at the National Narcotics Agency of Bali Province. This research uses the normative method because there are still vague norms, based on the opinion of the undergraduate law and law.
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Hopkins, Richard S., Michael Landen, and Megan Toe. "Development of Indicators for Public Health Surveillance of Substance Use and Mental Health." Public Health Reports 133, no. 5 (August 3, 2018): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918784913.
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Substance use and mental health disorders can result in disability, death, and economic cost. In the United States, rates of death from suicide, drug overdose, and chronic liver disease (a marker for alcohol abuse) have been rising for the past 15 years. Good public health surveillance for these disorders, their consequences, and their risk factors is crucially important for their prevention and control, but surveillance has not been conducted consistently in the states. In 2015, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists convened a workgroup to develop a set of uniformly defined surveillance indicators that could be used by state and local health departments to monitor these disorders and to compare their occurrence in various jurisdictions. This report briefly describes the indicators and outlines the process used to develop them.
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Tricker, Raymond, and Declan Connolly. "Drug Education and the College Athlete: Evaluation of a Decision-Making Model." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/11q1-r721-qtwj-r6a5.
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In general there is a lack of information describing the components and structure of drug education and prevention programs (DEPP) for college student athletes. While concern about the prevalence of drug abuse among college student athletes has increased, a relative lack of clarity remains regarding what elements of drug education prevention programs have been successful or unsuccessful in this setting. In an effort to address this issue at Oregon State University a two-credit ten-week DEPP was implemented as a requirement for all collegiate athletes. This article describes the evaluation of this program. Altogether 635 student athletes from three National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division One universities provided data in this two-year evaluation project. Participants were student athletes from Oregon State University (OSU), a Mid-Western University (MWU), and another Pacific North-Western University (PNWU). Pre- and post-test data were collected regarding knowledge about drugs, attitudes toward drug use, drug use, and decision-making factors. Students at OSU and MWU were enrolled in a structured DEPP, and the third group from PNWU was used as a control and did not receive regular instruction. The baseline data taken before the drug education course indicated that athletes at OSU, MWU, and PNWU were no different in their knowledge of drugs, attitudes toward drugs, or perception of the value of drug education in preventing drug abuse among student athletes. However, the data at the end of the ten-week course revealed many significant improvements among OSU and MWU students athletes, in knowledge, attitude related to performance enhancing drugs and recreational drugs, and perceptions of drug education. At the end of the course 88 percent of the participating OSU athletes agreed that drug education can be effective in preventing drug abuse among student athletes.
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Atluri, Sairam. "Assessment of the Trends in Medical Use and Misuse of Opioid Analgesics from 2004 to 2011." Pain Physician 2;17, no. 2;3 (March 14, 2014): E119—E128. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/e119.
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Background: The epidemic of medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics is linked to the economic burden of opioid-related abuse and fatalities in the United States. Multiple studies have estimated the extent to which prescription opioid analgesics contribute to the national drug abuse problem; studies also assessing the trends in medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics have confirmed the relationship between increasing medical use of opioids and increasing fatalities. The available data is limited until 2002.. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of data from 2004 to 2011 from 2 databases: Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) for opioid use data and Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) for drug misuse data. Objective: To determine the proportion of drug abuse related to opioid analgesics and the various trends in the medical use and abuse of 8 opioid analgesics commonly used to treat pain: buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone. Methods: The data obtained from DAWN is a nationally representative sample of hospital emergency department admissions resulting from drug abuse. Main outcome measure was the identification of trends in the medical use and misuse of opioid analgesics from 2004 to 2011. Results: From 2004 to 2011, there was an increase in the medical use of all opioids except for a 20% decrease in codeine. The abuse of all opioids including codeine increased during this period. Increases in medical use ranged from 2,318% for buprenorphine to 35% for fentanyl, including 140% for hydromorphone, 117% for oxycodone, 73% for hydrocodone, 64% for morphine, and 37% for methadone. The misuse increased 384% for buprenorphine with available data from 2006 to 2011, whereas from 2004 to 2011, it increased 438% for hydromorphone, 263% for oxycodone, 146% for morphine, 107% for hydrocodone, 104% for fentanyl, 82% for methadone, and 39% for codeine. Comparison of opioid use showed an overall increase of 1,448% from 1996 to 2011, with increases if 690% from 1996 to 2004 and 100% from 2004 to 2011. In contrast, misuse increased more dramatically: 4,680% from 1996 to 2011, with increases of 1,372% from 1996 through 2004 and 245% from 2004 to 2011. The number of patients seeking rehabilitation for substance abuse also increased 187% for opioids, whereas it increased 87% for heroin, 40% for marijuana, and decreased 7% for cocaine. Limitations: Limitations of this assessment include the lack of data from 2003, lack of data available on meperidine, and that the aggregate data systems used in the study did not identify specific formulations or commercial products. Conclusion: The present trend of continued increase in the medical use of opioid analgesics appears to contribute to increases in misuse, resulting in multiple health consequences. Key words: Medical use of opioids, inappropriate use of opioids, abuse of opioids, opioid-related fatalities, Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS), Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
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Garcia, Maria Lúcia Teixeira. "Russia and Intolerance towards Drug Problems." Journal of Sociological Research 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v5i1.5648.
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The aim of this article is to examine the problem of drug use in Russia by analysing the direction taken by the drug policies in that country. We conducted an Internet-based literature search using two keywords in English: Russia and drug policy. We began reading the materials identified in the search and organising data. The other sources we used included the websites for the World Health Organization and the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation. The estimated number of people who use illegal drugs in Russia is five million, and of these, 1.7 million are opiate users. In 2012, approximately 2.5 million Russians were drug-dependent[1], and 90% of them used heroin from Afghanistan. With a population of 143 million people, Russia consumes 70 tons of Afghan heroin every year – more than one-fifth of the drug consumed globally – according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Russian drug policy thus calls the world’s attention to what we should not do: focus public policy on actions known to be ineffective for responding to drug use problems.[1] CNPq and Fapes researcher. Research study (no. 485937/2012-3) funded by CNPq – Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Member of Fênix group2 The number of heroin users in countries in Western Europe such as Germany or the United Kingdom is significantly lower – up to 150,000 and 300,000, respectively, according to several estimates.
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Whitesell, Mackenzie, Annette Bachand, Jennifer Peel, and Mark Brown. "Familial, Social, and Individual Factors Contributing to Risk for Adolescent Substance Use." Journal of Addiction 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/579310.
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Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveal high numbers of adolescent substance use in the United States. Substance use among adolescents can lead to increased risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections, vehicular fatalities, juvenile delinquency, and other problems associated with physical and mental health. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to involvement in substance use due to the underdeveloped state of the adolescent brain, which can lead to reduced decision-making ability and increased long-term effects of drugs and alcohol. Understanding the causes of adolescent substance use is vital for successful prevention and intervention programs.
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Wright, Maria da Gloria Miotto, and Maria Juliana Lujan. "The ES/CICAD/OAS schools of nursing project: a model of excellence for professional and scientific development on drug related issues in Latin America." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 22, no. 2 (June 2013): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072013000200035.
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This paper presents the Executive Secretariat of Interamerican Drug Abuse Control Commission (ES/CICAD)'s successful experience introducing drug related content into nursing curricula, fostering the implementation of outreach activities at the community level, and promoting research studies on drug issues in Latin America. The "Critical-holistic international health model applied to the drug phenomenon" is used as the project's theoretical framework. The three basic components of the project are education, outreach activities, and drug research studies, which provide the scientific basis for the development and advancement of future nursing professionals to work and study drug issues in Latin America. Through this project, more than 50,000 nursing students have been or are being educated on drug-related issues; the participating schools have implemented 400 outreach activities, developed more than 500 research studies on drug-related issues, and published more than 270 articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. The ES/CICAD Schools of Nursing Project has served as a model to address the drug phenomenon from an international health perspective for other academic areas such as medicine, public health, education, psychology, social work, social communication, and law in Latin America.
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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (July 10, 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.1.
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Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/-nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.
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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (February 1, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.2.
Full textAbstract:
Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/-nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.
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Sepah, Yasir, Lubna Samad, Arshad Altaf, Muhammad Sohail Halim, Nithya Rajagopalan, and Aamir Javed Khan. "Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?" F1000Research 3 (March 1, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.3.
Full textAbstract:
Aspiration during any kind of injection is meant to ensure that the needle tip is at the desired location during this blind procedure. While aspiration appears to be a simple procedure, it has generated a lot of controversy concerning the perceived benefits and indications. Advocates and opponents of aspiration both make logically sound claims. However, due to scarcity of available data, there is no evidence that this procedure is truly beneficial or unwarranted. Keeping in view the huge number of injections given worldwide, it is important that we draw attention to key questions regarding aspiration that, up till now, remain unanswered. In this review, we have attempted to gather and present literature on aspiration both from published and non-published sources in order to provide not only an exhaustive review of the subject, but also a starting point for further studies on more specific areas requiring clarification. A literature review was conducted using the US National Institute of Health’s PubMed service (including Medline), Google Scholar and Scopus. Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, Safe Injection Global Network, International Council of Nursing, Center for Disease Control, US Federal Drug Agency, UK National Health Services, British Medical Association, Europe Nursing and Midwifery Council, Public Health Agency Canada, Pakistan Medical Association and International Organization of Standardization recommendations 7886 parts 1-4 for sterile hypodermics were reviewed for relevant information. In addition, curricula of several medical/nursing schools from India, Nigeria and Pakistan, the US pharmacopeia Data from the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring network in regard to adverse events as a result of not aspirating prior to injection delivery were reviewed. Curricula of selected major medical/nursing schools in India, Nigeria and Pakistan, national therapeutic formularies, product inserts of most commonly used drugs and other possible sources of information regarding aspiration and injections were consulted as well.
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Oliveira, Olena, Rita Gaio, Margarida Correia-Neves, Teresa Rito, and Raquel Duarte. "Evaluation of drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcome in Portugal, 2000–2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): e0250028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250028.
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Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), which is usually less successful than that of drug-susceptible TB, represents a challenge for TB control and elimination. We aimed to evaluate treatment outcomes and to identify the factors associated with death among patients with MDR and XDR-TB in Portugal. We assessed MDR-TB cases reported for the period 2000–2016, using the national TB Surveillance System. Treatment outcomes were defined according to WHO recommendations. We identified the factors associated with death using logistic regression. We evaluated treatment outcomes of 294 MDR- and 142 XDR-TB patients. The treatment success rate was 73.8% among MDR- and 62.7% among XDR-TB patients (p = 0.023). The case-fatality rate was 18.4% among MDR- and 23.9% among XDR-TB patients. HIV infection (OR 4.55; 95% CI 2.31–8.99; p < 0.001) and resistance to one or more second-line injectable drugs (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.26–5.92; p = 0.011) were independently associated with death among MDR-TB patients. HIV infection, injectable drug use, past imprisonment, comorbidities, and alcohol abuse are conditions that were associated with death early on and during treatment. Early diagnosis of MDR-TB and further monitoring of these patients are necessary to improve treatment outcome.
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Raharni, Raharni, Sri Idaiani, and Yuyun Yuniar. "Kekambuhan pada Pasien Penyalahguna Narkotika, Psikotropika, Zat Adiktif (Napza) Pasca Rehabilitasi: Kebijakan dan Program Penanggulangan." Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan 30, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v30i2.2699.
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Abstract
Narcotics, Psychotropic, and Addictive Substance Abuse (NAPZA) is a problem in Indonesia, one of the consequences is relapse. Relapse is a process where someone has been declared abstinence (recovered) and returns to using drugs. Relapse rates also still high in some countries. Drug users experience a relapse between one month to one year after leaving the treatment program. The aim of this research was to find out the policies and programs related to handling of NAPZA relapse in rehabilitation centers. The study design was cross sectional with qualitative study by conducting round table discussion (RTD) with stakeholders from the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), Drug and Food Control Agency (BPOM), Directorate for Prevention and Control of Mental Health and Drug Problems Ministry of Health, Drug Addiction Hospital, psychiatric practioners, volunteers, and confirmation to the rehabilitation center. The results of study showed that there was no national minimum standard for handling NAPZA relapse. The various relapse definition caused differences in relapse rates. Relapse rate according to Directorate Mental Health and NAPZA of the Ministry of Health in 2018 was 24.3% as rough figures (claim data). NAPZA relapse rates in the National Narcotics Agency, prior to the post rehabilitation program, was 90%, and decreasing to 30% after conducting post-rehabilitation program. While relapse rate in Rehabilitation and Therapy House, Lido Bogor was around 7%. There is no national standard for how many times a drug user is considered a victim or categorized as criminal action. In conclusion, there is Ministries/institutions of egocentrism in handling NAPZA relapse. Ministry of Health emphasizes medical rehabilitation, Ministry of Social emphasizes social rehabilitation, while BNN more comprehensively covering medical rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, and post rehabilitation. Narcotics, psychotropic, and comprehensive precursor control is carried out by the BPOM comprehensively, from imports, production, distribution, delivery and the use. The existence of E-NAPZA, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions will reduce illicit trafficking and drug abuse. Indonesian Presidential Instruction No. 6 of 2018 concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention of Eradication of drug abuse and Circulation (P4GN), in ministries/institutions is expected to decrease the number of NAPZA relapse.
Abstrak
Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika, dan Zat Adiktif (NAPZA) merupakan masalah di Indonesia yang salah satu akibatnya yaitu kekambuhan (relapse). Relapse merupakan suatu proses dimana seseorang telah dinyatakan abstinence (pulih) dan kembali menggunakan NAPZA. Angka relapse masih tinggi di beberapa negara. Pengguna NAPZA mengalami kekambuhan antara satu bulan sampai dengan satu tahun setelah keluar dari program pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan dan program yang terkait dengan penanggulangan relapse NAPZA di panti rehabilitasi. Desain penelitian berupa cross sectional dan studi kualitatif melalui round table discussion (RTD) dengan para pemangku kepentingan yaitu Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN), Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Direktorat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Masalah Kesehatan Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan, Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat (RSKO), praktisi kejiwaan, dan relawan, serta konfirmasi ke panti rehabilitasi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan belum ada standar minimal nasional untuk penanganan relapse NAPZA. Definisi relapse yang beragam menyebabkan perbedaan angka relapse. Angka relapse di Direktorat Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2018 yaitu 24,3% sebagai angka kasar (data klaim). Angka relapse NAPZA di BNN sebelum adanya program pasca rehabilitasi yaitu 90% dan setelah ada program pasca rehabilitasi menjadi 30%. Angka relapse di UPT Rumah Rehabilitasi dan Terapi NAPZA, Lido Bogor sekitar 7%. Belum ada standar secara nasional sampai berapa kali seorang penyalahguna NAPZA dianggap sebagai korban atau masuk kategori tindakan pidana. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan adanya egosentrisme di masing-masing kementerian/lembaga dalam melakukan kebijakan penanganan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Kebijakan Kementerian Kesehatan lebih menekankan pada rehabilitasi medis, Kementerian Sosial menekankan pada rehabilitasi sosial, sedangkan kebijakan BNN lebih komprehensif meliputi rehabilitasi medis, rehabilitasi sosial, dan pasca rehabilitasi. Pengawasan narkotika, psikotropika, dan prekusor komprehensif dilakukan oleh BPOM, mulai dari hulu sampai hilir yaitu dari impor, produksi, penyaluran, penyerahan, dan penggunaan. Aadanya aplikasi E-NAPZA serta sanksi administratif dan pidana dapat mengurangi peredaran gelap dan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Melalui Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan Pemberantasan Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran NAPZA dan Prekusor (P4GN) di kementerian/lembaga diharapkan membantu menurunkan angka relapse NAPZA.
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Wright, Maria da Gloria Miotto, Catherine Caufield, Genevieve Gray, Joanne Olson, Alicia del Carmen Luduena, Flor Yesenia Musayon Oblitas, Julia Huaiquian Silva, et al. "International nursing leadership related to the drugs phenomenon: a case study of the partnership experience between the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) and the University of Alberta - Faculty of Nursing." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 13, spe2 (December 2005): 1102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692005000800003.
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In this article, the authors discuss the value of international health in advancing the nursing profession through the development of strong leadership in the area of drug demand reduction. Paradigms for nursing leadership are briefly reviewed and linked to the development of the "International Nursing Leadership Institutes" organized by the Inter-American Commission for the Control of Drug Abuse (CICAD). The "International Nursing Leadership Institutes" have facilitated the implementation of Phase III of the CICAD Schools of Nursing Project: a) planning and implementing the first "International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in Latin America", b) development of Regional and National Strategic Plans for Nursing Professionals in the Area of Demand Reduction in Latin America, and c) preparation of a document that provides guidelines on how to include drug content into undergraduate and graduate nursing curricula. The article also brings reflections directly from several of the participants in the first International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas, offered in collaboration with the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. These reflections demonstrate the multiplicity of ways in which this capacity-building program has made it easier for these members of Latin American Schools of Nursing to show leadership in the area of drug demand reduction.
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Švedaitė, Ramunė, and Sigita Švedienė. "THOSE DEPENDANT ON THE DRUGS DO NOT SIT AT AUDITORIUM’S DESK." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/11.8.30.
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The authors‘ of the article assumption that the majority of traffic accidents are caused by drivers – drug and psychotropic substances abusers – is based on the findings of the European Union DRUID Project. Drug addiction is spreading rapidly in Lithuania. The statistical data of the Drug Control Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania prove that the majority of drug abusers are young people of 20–39 years of age. Young people whose efforts and time should be directed towards education and studies. The authors focus attention on the increasing delinquency among drug abusers and the lethal outcome of the drug overdosage. However, it is not a specific national feature. This phenomenon is widely spread from both time and geographical perspective. The established in vitro methods of detection at major extent facilitate the struggle against drug abuse and distribution. In many European cities this method is already being applied when detecting islands of cocaine abusers by the chemical analysis of communal sewage, thus quantitatively identifying the concentration of benzoilekgonin - the stable cocaine metabolite. The article provides a description of the SYNCHRON CX test for identification of cocaine in urine produced by „Beckman Coulter“. Key words: drugs, the metabolite of cocaine, urban wastewater treatment.
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Sandoval, Daniela, Carolina Nazzal, and Tomás Romero. "Clinical, Socioeconomic, and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Control and Adherence: Results from a Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular National Program Providing Universal Coverage in a Developing Country." International Journal of Hypertension 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5634352.
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Background. Limited information exists on blood pressure (BP) control factors and adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy (Rx) in developing countries. Methods. Cross-sectional study in randomly selected 992 hypertensive patients under a Chilean national comprehensive Cardiovascular Health Program (CVHP). Association of education, income, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, psychosocial characteristics, smoking, and alcohol abuse with BP control and adherence were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Results. BP control (<140/90 mmHg) was achieved in 63.1% of patients, with 38.4% adherent to Rx. Uncontrolled BP significantly associated with male sex (OR: 1.73 [95% CI 1.35-2.22]), low family income, high emotional-stress-depression score, body mass index, no adherence (OR: 1.83 [95% CI 1.44 - 2.32]), multiple Rx, baseline systolic BP value, and sedentary life style. Males (OR: 1.54 [95% CI 1.23 - 1.93]), low family income, high emotional stress-depression score (OR: 2.15 [95% CI 1.68 - 2.76]), low social support, and uncontrolled BP (OR: 1.52 [95% CI 1.22-1.90]) associated with no adherence. Conclusions. Comparable BP control (63.1%) to higher-income societies was observed. Uncontrolled BP associated significantly to no adherence and both to male sex, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. Global low adherence (38.4%) and improved BP control and adherence in diabetics were noted.
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Pestrikova, A. A. "Risks of genomic research." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 8 (September 20, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.105.8.055-061.
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The article considers the main achievements in the field of genetic engineering and biomedicine in the context of formation of the concept of legal regulation of relations in question. The article considers the issues of applying the human DNA editing technology considered by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics in July 2018. The author substantiates the necessity of determining the legal status of the embryo for its use in clinical trials of gene modifications. The paper considers the risks regarding the use of genetic engineering in relation to the person associated with the possibility of social inequality in the society, application of eugenistic approaches, and the probability of selecting the quality characteristics of embryos by parents resorting to in vitro fertilization. The author concludes that it is necessary to form national and international legislation that will protect the rights and legitimate interests of all subjects and will exclude circumvention of the law and abuse of the right. In addition, it is important to ensure international and public control over the use of the latest advances in genetic engineering and biomedicine prior to conducting clinical trials on humans.
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Hakkarainen, Pekka, and Christoffer Tigerstedt. "Artikel." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 22, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072505022003-412.
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■ Aims Official records indicate that in 1996 no more than five drug addicts in Finland received medically assisted treatment. By 2004 that figure had grown to 600–700 persons. This article retraces the path to this crucial change. ■ Design Several factors of this change are scrutinised. In the latter part of the 1990s, Finland saw a significant increase in drug-related harms, resulting in a gradual revision of drug policies. Medically assisted treatment was brought under the spotlight through serious public controversies, centred on two private doctors prescribing buprenorphine for their heroin-using patients. Claims-makers, representing a variety of agencies, stood up for substitution treatment. International trends in substitution treatment, as well as scientific research, facilitated the advocacy of such treatment. ■ Results The drug user has been redefined in terms of private and public health, and civil rights, engendering a more liberal attitude towards substitution treatment. National drug policy is characterised by a joint move: social and health policy initiatives, on the one hand, and criminal policy, on the other, are running on separate tracks, making it possible to increase control powers and to expand treatment services. ■ Conclusions Several questions are still unresolved. For example, there has been very little debate on the widely known problem of buprenorphine abuse.
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Dashutin, I. V., and I. A. Tenytska. "Peculiarities of administrative and legal work on counteraction to offenses committed by minors in the field of drug trafficking." Legal horizons, no. 24 (2020): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i24.p72.
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Illicit use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors is dangerous to human health and society. This causes changes in behavior, emotional state and can cause severe psychological disorders. It also undermines the social structure of the community. Due to their effect on the brain, drugs can be addictive, leading to loss of interest in many areas of life. Drugs are under national and international control to prevent the negative health and social consequences of drug abuse. Given the fact that minors are important stakeholders in the system of state policy to combat drug use and distribution, there is no doubt that there are certain specific features of drug addiction among minors depending on the country's geographical location, drug policy, drug or psychotropic substance sales and cultural factor. For example, drug-addicted juveniles are addressed at the state level, such policies are aimed at responding quickly to the increasing number of juvenile crimes committed by juveniles in society, and it is young people who are often the focus of drug policy decisions. There are a number of initiatives and activities aimed at better understanding the specifics of drug use among young people. However, the analysis of minors' opinions and ideas about programs and control measures aimed at reducing the harm caused by drug use is currently limited. As in all areas of public policy, adequate consultation with all relevant stakeholders is an important part of the process of effectively developing measures to combat drug trafficking. Therefore, the main administrative and legal measures to combat juvenile delinquency in relation to illicit trafficking, use and distribution of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors were identified. The main authorized subjects and their role in the development and implementation of effective measures of administrative and legal nature to reduce the use, distribution and circulation of drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors among minors are also identified.
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Hurme, Toivo. "Harm reduction in Finnish drug policy: conceptual problems and contradictions." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 19, no. 4 (August 2002): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250201900412.
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The article discusses the use of the term “harm reduction” in Finland's contemporary drug policy. The focus is not on the meaning of the term, but rather on its actual use, on how “harm reduction” has been put into play in the governing of the drug question and what is done and has been claimed in the name of “harm reduction”. This brings to light the problems and contradictions that arise if “harm reduction” is taken as a standpoint for policy making or as an analytical tool for drug policy research. The paper reviews different connections and situations where “harm reduction” has been defined or used as an argument for general or specific goals and interventions. Harm reduction is often seen as a general strategy for national drug policy, as opposed to the traditional repressive and punitive strategy. On the other hand, it is also represented as pragmatic, reactive and situational work without general ideals or principles challenging repressive politics. Two main perspectives can be distinguished in the discussion on harm reduction: the human rights perspective and the public health perspective. From a human rights perspective harm reduction is advocated by stressing the rights and equality of drug users. The focus is on the harms that the strict policy of control is causing to abusers. Harm reduction from a public health perspective stresses the harms that drug abuse causes to the nation's population, such as HIV, accidents etc. On the side of these main trends, there are however a wide range of practices which are represented in the name of “harm reduction”, among these tighter police control and surveillance to efface the nuisance problems. The article concludes that in Finland, “harm reduction” is neither a coherent political approach to the drug question nor an exact concept for analytical social research. It is rather a slogan that is used in very different occasions by various political agents as an argument for different interventions, aiming for ideals and goals that might easily contradict each other.
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Kumar. Shrestha, Sailesh, Ratna Bhattarai, Lok Raj Joshi, Suvesh Kumar Shrestha, Rajendra Basnet, Anil Thapa, and Kedar Narsingh Kc. "1361. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Infection Control Among Healthcare Workers in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1225.
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Abstract Background Healthcare centers are important sites for tuberculosis transmission, particularly in low-income settings where the burden of tuberculosis is high and infection control practices are often inadequate. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of drug-resistant tuberculosis infection control among the healthcare workers under the National Tuberculosis Control Program in Nepal. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional survey, we studied the healthcare workers from all the functioning drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment centers across Nepal between March 1, 2018 and March 15, 2018. Nepal Health Research Council provided ethical clearance. Trained enumerators obtained informed consent and conducted face-to-face interviews with a pretested questionnaire to collect data on the basic characteristics of healthcare workers, their self-reported knowledge, attitude, and practice on tuberculosis infection control. We assigned a score of one to the correct response and zero to the incorrect or no response and calculated a composite score in each of the knowledge, attitude, and practice domains. We ascertained the healthcare workers as having good knowledge, appropriate attitude, and optimal practices when the composite score was at least 50%. We summarized the numerical variables with median and interquartile range (IQR) and the categorical variables with proportions. Results A total of 95 out of 102 healthcare workers from 11 drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment centers participated in the study. There were 46 male and 49 female respondents. The median age was 33 years (IQR 26–42). The majority of them (53, 56%) were mid-level paramedics. The median work experience in drug-resistant tuberculosis was 2 years (IQR 1–5). We found 91 (96%) respondents had a good knowledge of tuberculosis infection control with the median knowledge score of 14 (IQR 12–14), 49 (52%) respondents had an appropriate attitude with the median attitude score of 5 (IQR 4–6) and 35 (37%) respondents had optimal practices with the median practice score of 5 (IQR 4–7). Conclusion Healthcare workers at the drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment centers in Nepal had good knowledge of tuberculosis infection control but it did not translate into an appropriate attitude or optimal practices. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Marmorstein, Naomi R. "Adult Antisocial Behaviour without Conduct Disorder: Demographic Characteristics and Risk for Cooccurring Psychopathology." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 4 (March 2006): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100404.
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Objective: Several studies note people who demonstrate adult antisocial behaviour (AAB) in the absence of conduct disorder (CD) before age 15 years. Perhaps because they do not meet diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), this group of people exhibiting late-onset AAB has been underrecognized and understudied. Thus the goal of this study was to examine the demographic features and patterns of cooccurring psychopathology of people exhibiting late-onset antisocial behaviour (AB; AAB but not CD), compared with people suffering from ASPD (CD and AAB), people suffering from CD but not AAB, and members of a nonantisocial control group. Method: This study used the population-based sample of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The demographic features examined were sex, percentage living in poverty, annual income, and years of formal education. The possibly cooccurring diagnoses examined were alcohol abuse and dependence, drug abuse and dependence, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, simple phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Results: About 2.3% of participants exhibited AAB but not CD. These individuals had patterns of demographic characteristics and cooccurring psychiatric disorders quite similar to those of people diagnosed with full ASPD. Conclusion: Individuals who demonstrate this pattern of late-onset AB are at levels of risk comparable to those of individuals suffering from ASPD; therefore, they are equally in need of research and clinical attention.
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Biggs, Jessica M., Jill A. Morgan, Allison B. Lardieri, Omayma A. Kishk, and Wendy Klein-Schwartz. "Abuse and Misuse of Selected Dietary Supplements Among Adolescents: a Look at Poison Center Data." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.385.
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OBJECTIVE The use of dietary supplements has increased and is associated with adverse effects. Indications for use include recreation, body image concerns, mood enhancement, or control of medical conditions. The risk of adverse effects may be enhanced if agents are used improperly. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of abuse and misuse of 4 dietary substances among adolescents reported nationally to poison centers. Secondary outcomes included an assessment of medical outcomes, clinical effects, location of treatments provided, and treatments administered. METHODS This descriptive retrospective review assessed data concerning the use of garcinia (Garcinia cambogia), guarana (Paullinia cupana), salvia (Salvia divinorum), and St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) among adolescents reported nationally to poison centers from 2003 to 2014. Adolescents with a singlesubstance exposure to one of the substances of interest coded as intentional abuse or misuse were included. Poison center calls for drug information or those with unrelated clinical effects were excluded. Data were collected from the National Poison Data System. RESULTS There were 84 cases: 7 cases of Garcinia cambogia, 28 Paullinia cupana, 23 Salvia divinorum, and 26 Hypericum perforatum. Garcinia cambogia was used more frequently by females (100% versus 0%), and Paullinia cupana and Salvia divinorum were used more frequently by males (61% versus 36% and 91% versus 9%, respectively). Abuse, driven by Salvia divinorum, was more common overall than misuse. Abuse was also more common among males than females (p <0.001). Use of these agents fluctuated over time. Overall, use trended down since 2010, except for Garcinia cambogia use. In 62 cases (73.8%), the medical outcome was minor or had no effect or was judged as nontoxic or minimally toxic. Clinical effects were most common with Paullinia cupana and Salvia divinorum. Treatment sites included emergency department (n = 33; 39.3%), non-healthcare facility (n = 24; 28.6%), admission to a health care facility (n = 8; 9.5%), and other/unknown (n = 19; 22.6%). CONCLUSIONS Abuse and misuse of these dietary supplements was uncommon, and outcomes were mild. Further research should be performed to determine use and outcomes of abuse/misuse of other dietary supplements in this population.
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Adejumo, Olusola A., Bolanle Olusola-Faleye, Victor A. Adepoju, Mustapha Gidado, Moses O. Onoh, Oluwatosin Adegboye, H. Abdur-Razzaq, Olanike Moronfolu, and Yeside Shogbamimu. "The pattern of comorbidity and its prevalence among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients at treatment initiation in Lagos, Nigeria." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 6 (January 11, 2020): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz126.
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Abstract Background Multimorbidity is increasingly being recognized as a serious public health concern in the control of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). This study assessed the pattern of comorbidities and their prevalence in DR-TB patients at treatment initiation in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. The baseline laboratory records (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] status, fasting blood sugar, audiometry, thyroid function tests, serum electrolyte, haemoglobin level and pregnancy test) of DR-TB patients initiated on treatment in Lagos, Nigeria between 1 August 2014 and 31 March 2017 were reviewed. Results A total of 565 DR-TB patients’ laboratory records were reviewed, of which 397 (70.3%) had comorbidities. The proportion with one, two, three and four comorbidities was 60.2%, 29.7%, 8.1% and 2.0%, respectively. Anaemia was the most common (48.1%) comorbid condition, while anaemia and hypokalaemia (7.3%), anaemia and hypothyroidism (6.5%) and anaemia and HIV (5%) were most common among patients with more than one comorbid condition. DR-TB patients with comorbidity were significantly older (34.8±12.3 y) than those without comorbidity (32.0±12.8 y) (p=0.038). Of the 176 females in the reproductive age group, 8 (4.5%) were pregnant at baseline. Conclusions The prevalence of comorbidity among DR-TB patients was high. There is a need for the national TB program to expand its DR-TB council of experts and also integrate reproductive health services into DR-TB management in Nigeria.