Journal articles: 'National Cyprus Puerto Rico'

1

Cabán, Pedro. "Puerto Rico: National security, economic growth and colonialism." New Political Science 15, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07393149408429716.

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Crassweller, Robert D., and Richard J. Bloomfield. "Puerto Rico: The Search for a National Policy." Foreign Affairs 64, no. 1 (1985): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042517.

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Charles, Guy-Uriel, and Luis Fuentes-Rohwer. "No Voice, No Exit, But Loyalty? Puerto Rico and Constitutional Obligation." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 26.0 (2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.26.sp.no.

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The Michigan Law Review is honored to have supported Professors Charles and Fuentes-Rohwer's Essay on the subjugated status of Puerto Rico as an "unincorporated territory." This Essay contextualizes Puerto Rico not as an anomalous colonial vestige but as fundamentally a part of the United States' ongoing commitment to racial economic domination. We are thrilled to highlight this work, which indicts our constitutional complacence with the second-class status of Puerto Rican citizens and demands a national commitment to self-determination for Puerto Rico.

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Cruz-Correa, Marcia, Elba C. Díaz-Toro, Jorge L. Falcón, Enid J. García-Rivera, Humberto M. Guiot, Wanda T. Maldonado-Dávila, Karen G. Martínez, et al. "Public Health Academic Alliance for COVID-19 Response: The Role of a National Medical Task Force in Puerto Rico." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 5, 2020): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134839.

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Alliances between the government and academic communities can be a key component of the public health response to an emergency such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The Governor of Puerto Rico designated the Puerto Rico Medical Task Force (MTF) COVID-19 to provide direct guidance and evaluation of the government response to the epidemic in Puerto Rico. Several work groups were formed within the MTF to create protocols and provide evidence-based recommendations on different public health aspects. The collaboration between the academia and the government enhanced the Puerto Rican public health response and contributed to the reduction seen in the contagion curve. Healthcare services and hospitals have not reached their maximum patient care capacity and the death toll has been controlled. Incorporating a national MTF with members of the academia into the government structure was beneficial during the COVID-19 response in Puerto Rico. A similar strategy could serve as a model for other states or territories and countries in similar scenarios.

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Gems, Gerald. "Puerto Rico: Sport and the Restoration of National Pride." International Journal of Regional and Local Studies 1, no. 1 (January 2005): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jrl.2005.1.1.107.

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Soto, Samantha, Steffanie Munguía, Nana Yaa Boatemaa Britwum, Leandra Gonzalez, Celina Gray, Bobby Moakley, and Charmaine Pedrozo. "Ecology, Policy, and Puerto Rico: El Yunque National Forest." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 98, no. 4 (September 29, 2017): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1346.

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Alexander, Isha R., and Keith Geluso. "Bats of Vieques National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles." Check List 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.2.294.

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Herein, we present captures of bats from Vieques, a small subtropical island located southeast of Puerto Rico. We captured 82 individuals representing 4 species, including 59 Noctilio leporinus, 9 Artibeus jamaicensis, 9 Molossus molossus, and 5 Stenoderma rufum. All S. rufum and M. molossus were captured in subtropical moist forests, whereas both N. leporinus and A. jamaicensis were captured in both subtropical moist and dry forests. Sternoderma rufum is an endemic species of concern in the region. Vieques represents only the 5th island where this relatively rare species has been captured in the past 30 years. Conservation of subtropical moist forests on Vieques likely is important for the conservation and management of S. rufum and additional information about the natural history of all bats is warranted on Vieques.

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DuBord, Elise. "La mancha del plátano." Spanish in Context 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2007): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.4.2.06dub.

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The present work seeks to identify sources of the persistent link between the Spanish language and national identity in Puerto Rico. By examining mass media discourse in the 1940s as a turbulent period of language policy conflict between Puerto Rico and the U.S. federal government, I suggest that the federal imposition of language policy without the consent or approval of local politicians or educators was influential in the construction of national identity that included language as a major defining factor. Local elites reacted to the colonial hegemony by defining Puerto Rican identity in opposition to American identity. The construction of identity in the 1940s is characterized by a cultural conception of nation that redefined national symbols, such as language, in social rather than political terms in order to avoid disturbing the existing colonial hegemony.

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Preble, Kristen, and Bradford Benggio. "MANAGING THE RESOURCE CONSULTATION PROCESS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE JIREH GROUNDING RESPONSE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 686–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.686.

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ABSTRACT The grounding of the 202-foot freight vessel JIREH, which occurred on June 21, 2012 on the Mona Island Natural Reserve in Puerto Rico, triggered a three month long response in what is arguably the most environmentally sensitive location in Puerto Rico and much of the Caribbean. Prior to, during, and after the response, the Federal On-Scene Coordinator worked closely with United States Government and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico agencies to ensure all natural and historic resource consultation mandates required under Federal law were initiated properly. This paper explores how the Endangered Species Act, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and National Historic Preservation Act consultation requirements were applied before the JIREH response through development of the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Area Contingency Plan, during the response through multiple informal Emergency Consultations, and post-response through Formal Consultations. This examination will serve to highlight, through the lens of the JIREH response, the complexities of pre-planning for resource consultations, the challenges experienced by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator during an event, and provide recommendations to ensure resource consultation requirements are applied consistently and transparently in the future.

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Archibald, James. "The Pragmatics of Professionalism: Translation and Interpretation in Puerto Rico and Quebec." Meta 42, no. 4 (September 30, 2002): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001900ar.

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Abstract This article discusses the impact of official language policy on translation following the adoption of a 1993 law establishing Spanish/English bilingualism in Porto Rico. Using Quebec's official language legislation as an example, the author studies the possible long-lasting effects of language policy on the national and economic developemnt of Puerto Rico.

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Cruz-Cantillo, Yesenia. "A System Dynamics Approach to Humanitarian Logistics and the Transportation of Relief Supplies." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 3, no. 3 (July 2014): 96–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2014070105.

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A system dynamics model was developed for the forecasting, prioritization, and distribution of critical supplies during relief operations in case of a hurricane event, while integrating GIS information. Data was obtained from operational reports gathered during Hurricane George from agencies such as: Puerto Rico Department of Housing (PRDOH), Puerto Rico National Guard (PRNG), Civil Defense State Agency of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works (PRDOTPW) and Puerto Rico Highway & Transportation Authority (PRHTA), along with reports from other U.S. agencies. Information about travel times, roadway classification, and geometric characteristics of the roads as well as the location of distribution centers, shelters, points of distribution and kitchens facilities were also gathered through visual field inspections and interviews with local residents. The model developed is able to (1) establish the people's decision and transportation characteristics that determine the time of evacuation; (2) simulate the behavior of key variables due to the relation between level of hazard and people's decision to evacuate; (3) estimate for each level of natural hazard the time frequency to order and the order size of each relief supply to be needed in shelters and points of distribution; and (4) reveal which routes cause more delays during distribution of relief supplies. It was demonstrated that the number of people that leave the disaster site increases despite their concerns about the road conditions and that a Category 3 hurricane will produce the higher amount of people that will evacuate.

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Johnson, A. H., Hao Xing Xing, and F. N. Scatena. "Controls on Soil Carbon Stocks in El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico." Soil Science Society of America Journal 79, no. 1 (December 19, 2014): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.05.0199.

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Royer, Dana L., Kylen M. Moynihan, Carolyn Ariori, Gavin Bodkin, Gabriela Doria, Katherine Enright, Rémy Hatfield-Gardner, et al. "Tank bromeliads capture Saharan dust in El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico." Atmospheric Environment 173 (January 2018): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.018.

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Diaz-Zabala, Hector, Ana Ortiz, Lisa Garland, Kristine Jones, Cynthia Perez, Edna Mora, Nelly Arroyo, et al. "A Recurrent BRCA2 Mutation Explains the Majority of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Cases in Puerto Rico." Cancers 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10110419.

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Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer diagnosis in women and is responsible for considerable mortality among the women of Puerto Rico. However, there are few studies in Puerto Rico on the genetic factors influencing risk. To determine the contribution of pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, we sequenced these genes in 302 cases from two separate medical centers, who were not selected for age of onset or family history. We identified nine cases that are carriers of pathogenic germline mutation. This represents 2.9% of unselected cases and 5.6% of women meeting National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria for BRCA testing. All of the identified pathogenic mutations were in the BRCA2 gene and the most common mutation is the p.Glu1308Ter (E1308X) mutation in BRCA2 found in eight out of nine cases, representing 89% of the pathogenic carriers. The E1308X mutation has been identified in breast and ovarian cancer families in Spain, and analysis of flanking DNA polymorphisms shows that all E1308X carriers occur on the same haplotype. This is consistent with BRCA2 E1308X being a founder mutation for the Puerto Rican population. These results will contribute to better inform genetic screening and counseling of breast and ovarian cancer cases in Puerto Rico and Puerto Rican populations in mainland United States.

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15

Azofeifa, Alejandro, Diana Valencia, Carmen J. Rodriguez, Maritza Cruz, Devin Hayes, Edén Montañez-Báez, Betzaida Tejada-Vera, Joshua E. Villafañe-Delgado, Jessica J. Cabrera, and Miguel Valencia-Prado. "Estimating and Characterizing COVID-19 Deaths, Puerto Rico, March–July 2020." Public Health Reports 136, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354921991521.

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Objectives Using the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) classification guidelines, we characterized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–associated confirmed and probable deaths in Puerto Rico during March–July 2020. We also estimated the total number of possible deaths due to COVID-19 in Puerto Rico during the same period. Methods We described data on COVID-19–associated mortality, in which the lower bound was the sum of confirmed and probable COVID-19 deaths and the upper bound was excess mortality, estimated as the difference between observed deaths and average expected deaths. We obtained data from the Puerto Rico Department of Health COVID-19 Mortality Surveillance System, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Electronic Disease Surveillance System Base System, and the National Center for Health Statistics. Results During March–July 2020, 225 COVID-19–associated deaths were identified in Puerto Rico (119 confirmed deaths and 106 probable deaths). The median age of decedents was 73 (interquartile range, 59-83); 60 (26.7%) deaths occurred in the Metropolitana region, and 140 (62.2%) deaths occurred among men. Of the 225 decedents, 180 (83.6%) had been hospitalized and 93 (41.3%) had required mechanical ventilation. Influenza and pneumonia (48.0%), sepsis (28.9%), and respiratory failure (27.1%) were the most common conditions contributing to COVID-19 deaths based on death certificates. Based on excess mortality calculations, as many as 638 COVID-19–associated deaths could have occurred during the study period, up to 413 more COVID-19–associated deaths than originally reported. Conclusions Including probable deaths per the CSTE guidelines and monitoring all-cause excess mortality can lead to a better estimation of COVID-19–associated deaths and serve as a model to enhance mortality surveillance in other US jurisdictions.

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16

Duany, Jorge. "Colonial Migrants: Recent Work on Puerto Ricans on and off the Island." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2008): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002509.

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[First paragraph]Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective. Ramón Grosfoguel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xi + 268 pp. (Paper US $ 21.95)Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City. Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón & Félix Matos Rodríguez (eds.). Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004. viii + 240 pp. (PaperUS $ 24.95)Recent studies of Puerto Ricans have revisited their colonial status, national identity, and transnational migration from various standpoints, including postcolonial, transnational, postmodern, queer, and cultural studies.1 Most scholars in the social sciences and the humanities no longer question whether Puerto Rico is a colony of the United States. What is often discussed, sometimes angrily, is the exact nature of U.S. colonialism, the extent to which the Island has acquired certain “postcolonial” traits such as linguistic and cultural autonomy, and the possibility of waging an effective decolonization process. The issue of national identity in Puerto Rico is still contested as intensely as ever. What is new about current scholarly discussions is that many intellectuals, especially those who align themselves with postmodernism, are highly critical of nationalist discourses. Other debates focus on the appropriate approach to population movements between the Island and the U.S. mainland. For example, some outside observers insist that, technically speaking, the Puerto Rican exodus should be considered an internal, not international, migration, while others, including myself, refer to such a massive dispersal of people as transnational or diasporic. Much of this1. D uany 2002; Pabón 2002; Martínez-San Miguel 2003; Ramos-Zayas 2003; Rivera 2003; Negrón-Muntaner 2004; Pérez 2004. controversy centers on whether the geopolitical “border” between the Island and the mainland is equivalent to a national “frontier” in the experiences of Puerto Rican migrants.

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Duany, Jorge. "Colonial Migrants: Recent Work on Puerto Ricans on and off the Island." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2005): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002509.

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[First paragraph]Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective. Ramón Grosfoguel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xi + 268 pp. (Paper US $ 21.95)Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City. Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón & Félix Matos Rodríguez (eds.). Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004. viii + 240 pp. (PaperUS $ 24.95)Recent studies of Puerto Ricans have revisited their colonial status, national identity, and transnational migration from various standpoints, including postcolonial, transnational, postmodern, queer, and cultural studies.1 Most scholars in the social sciences and the humanities no longer question whether Puerto Rico is a colony of the United States. What is often discussed, sometimes angrily, is the exact nature of U.S. colonialism, the extent to which the Island has acquired certain “postcolonial” traits such as linguistic and cultural autonomy, and the possibility of waging an effective decolonization process. The issue of national identity in Puerto Rico is still contested as intensely as ever. What is new about current scholarly discussions is that many intellectuals, especially those who align themselves with postmodernism, are highly critical of nationalist discourses. Other debates focus on the appropriate approach to population movements between the Island and the U.S. mainland. For example, some outside observers insist that, technically speaking, the Puerto Rican exodus should be considered an internal, not international, migration, while others, including myself, refer to such a massive dispersal of people as transnational or diasporic. Much of this1. D uany 2002; Pabón 2002; Martínez-San Miguel 2003; Ramos-Zayas 2003; Rivera 2003; Negrón-Muntaner 2004; Pérez 2004. controversy centers on whether the geopolitical “border” between the Island and the mainland is equivalent to a national “frontier” in the experiences of Puerto Rican migrants.

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Klare, Michael T. "Beyond Harvey and Irma Militarizing Homeland Security in the Climate-Change Era." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Avançadas do Terceiro Setor 2, no. 2 (August 18, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/repats.v2i2.10400.

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Deployed to the Houston area to assist in Hurricane Harvey relief efforts, U.S. military forces hadn’t even completed their assignments when they were hurriedly dispatched to Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to face Irma, the fiercest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. Florida Governor Rick Scott, who had sent members of the state National Guard to devastated Houston, anxiously recalled them while putting in place emergency measures for his own state. A small flotilla of naval vessels, originally sent to waters off Texas, was similarly redirected to the Caribbean, while specialized combat units drawn from as far afield as Colorado, Illinois, and Rhode Island were rushed to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Meanwhile, members of the California National Guard were being mobilized to fight wildfires raging across that state (as across much of the West) during its hottest summer on record.

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González, Félix R. Huertas. "The Sovereign Colony: Olympic Sport, National Identity, and International Politics in Puerto Rico." Journal of American History 104, no. 2 (September 2017): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax296.

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McDowell, Matthew L. "The sovereign colony: Olympic sport, national identity, and international politics in Puerto Rico." Sport in History 37, no. 4 (April 26, 2017): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2017.1315025.

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Arango-Lasprilla, J., W. Rodríguez-Irizarry, R. Oliveras-Rentas, and L. Olabarrieta-Landa. "C-01The Practice of Neuropsychology in Puerto Rico: Results of a National Survey." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 32, no. 6 (September 2017): 667–765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx076.168.

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Dávila, Arlene. "El Kiosko Budweiser: The Making of a “National” Television Show in Puerto Rico." American Ethnologist 25, no. 3 (August 1998): 452–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1998.25.3.452.

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Wu, Shanshan, and Matthew T. Heberling. "Estimating Green Net National Product for Puerto Rico: An Economic Measure of Sustainability." Environmental Management 57, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 822–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0649-z.

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Schizas, Nikolaos. "Hurricane Maria and its Impact on the Zoological and Botanical Collections of the University of Puerto Rico." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 5, 2018): e26014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26014.

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With a total of more than 150,000 specimens, the 85-year old collections of insects and terrestrial, freshwater, and marine invertebrates of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM), western Puerto Rico, are among the most significant repositories for these groups in the Caribbean region. Located in Mayagüez and on Magueyes Island, these collections were created by outstanding insect and invertebrate specialists working in Puerto Rico and surrounding islands. Holdings are particularly strong in the Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Collembola, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Cnidaria. Collecting and curatorial activities, initiated in the 1920s, were maintained throughout the 1980s, resulting in many taxonomically and historically valuable records for the region. From 1990 to 2005, the invertebrate collections were increasingly neglected, with certain parts scattered throughout multiple buildings and rooms, inaccessible, or inadequately stored and at risk of becoming damaged or lost. The support for these collections was not sustained at high levels due to a variety of factors, including changes in the research profile of new academic appointments and the shortsightedness of administrators to fully understand the cultural, educational and scientific value of the museum holdings. With the exception of a federal grant through NSF - DBI (National Science Foundation - Biological Research Collections - PI Frantz - 2007-2010), which initiated a flurry of Museum related activities to improve the deteriorating museum facilities throughout the UPRM campus, the Museum collections are now facing even more challenges, some anthropogenic and very recently, some natural. Major Hurricane Maria (Category 4), delivered a devastating blow to the island of Puerto Rico on 20 September 2017. Both terrestrial and marine ecosystems were heavily impacted. Extensive structural damage to roads, telecommunications, water systems, the energy grid and approximately 60,000 houses/buildings made Hurricane Maria the most damaging Hurricane (estimated cost ~ 90 billion dollars) in the USA after Katrina and Harvey. Flooding caused by the direct impact of Hurricane Maria (5 to 40 inches of rain fell during the first 48 hours in Puerto Rico) and subsequent extensive loss of electricity caused unfavorable conditions for the collections. The University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez closed for approximately 45 days and limited electricity, if any, was available through diesel generators. High levels of humidity and heat can cause further structural damage as well as favor the growth of fungus in enclosed areas of UPRM, including the Museums. Efforts to safeguard the collections will be outlined here to ensure the collections remain a valuable natural asset of the people of Puerto Rico as part of their natural patrimony and as an irreplaceable education tool.

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Dobles, Ricardo, and Jose Antonio Segarra. "Introduction: Symposium: Puerto Rican Education." Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): vii—xvi. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.68.2.l15pq831t2671850.

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When the writers and producers of the NBC television series Seinfeld, including Jerry Seinfeld himself, decided to burn the Puerto Rican flag on national television, they performed a great service for the Puerto Rican people. Albeit unwittingly, this singular event reminded Puerto Ricans of how poorly we are regarded in the American psyche. Puerto Ricans everywhere were forced to ask themselves, would the people of Seinfeld and NBC dare burn any flag other than the Puerto Rican flag? That act, committed presumably in the interest of humor, only poured salt on a hundred-year-old wound. Since October 18, 1898, the day the United States raised its flag on the island of Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans and their flag have been little more than a joke and an occasional nuisance to the American people.

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Sawyer, Mark Q., Yesilernis Peña, and Jim Sidanius. "CUBAN EXCEPTIONALISM: Group-based Hierarchy and the Dynamics of Patriotism in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 1, no. 1 (March 2004): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x04040068.

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This paper examined the interface between “racial” and national identity from the perspective of two competing theoretical frameworks: the ideological asymmetry hypothesis and the thesis of Iberian Exceptionalism. In contrast to previous results found in the United States and Israel, use of survey data from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba showed some support for both theoretical positions. Consistent with the asymmetry thesis, there was strong and consistent evidence of racial hierarchy within all three Caribbean nations. However, contradicting the asymmetry hypothesis and more in line with the Iberian Exceptionalism perspective, there was a general tendency for all “races” to be equally attached to the nation in both the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Somewhat unexpectedly, Cuban Blacks tended to be slightly more positively attached to the nation than Cuban Whites. These results suggest that the precise interface between racial and national identity will be acutely influenced by the specific socio-political context within each nation.

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Rosario, Lumariz Hernandez, Juan O. Rodríguez Padilla, Desiree Ramos Martínez, Alejandra Morales Grajales, Joel A. Mercado Reyes, Gabriel J. Veintidós Feliu, Benjamin Van Ee, and Dimuth Siritunga. "DNA Barcoding of the Solanaceae Family in Puerto Rico Including Endangered and Endemic Species." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 144, no. 5 (September 2019): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04735-19.

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The Solanaceae family is one of the largest and well-distributed plant families in the world. It contains species of agricultural and economical importance, such as Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Capsicum annuum. In Puerto Rico, there are ≈46 species of Solanaceae of which six are endemic: Brunfelsia densifolia, Brunfelsia lactea, Brunfelsia portoricensis, Goetzea elegans, Solanum ensifolium, and Solanum woodburyi. Our objective was to use DNA barcoding to identify the Solanaceae species in Puerto Rico, including the endemics, and to assess the species relationships between them. To accomplish our objective, two chloroplast regions (psbA-trnH and matK) and a nuclear region [internal transcribed spacer (ITS)] were assessed. Pairwise distance and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that DNA barcoding can be used to discriminate at the species level among these taxa in Puerto Rico. For all three markers, the genus that showed the highest pairwise distance between represented species was Solanum, whereas the genus that displayed the least was Capsicum. Phylogenetic trees of single and concatenated regions were generated from sequences obtained in this study and from data downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Our results show that this technique can be used to identify species with one, two, or three combinations of DNA barcode markers depending on the taxon. In addition, this is the first study to include the endemic species S. woodburyi in a molecular phylogenetic analysis, and it was found to have a close relationship with S. ensifolium, also endemic to Puerto Rico, and to Solanum bahamense from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles. Therefore, we suggest that S. woodburyi might be part of the Bahamense clade.

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Rossman, A. Y., R. Goenaga, and L. Keith. "First Report of Dolabra nepheliae on Rambutan and Litchi in Hawaii and Puerto Rico." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1685c.

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A stem canker disease on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) was found in plants in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. A fungus associated with cankers was identified as Dolabra nepheliae C. Booth & Ting (1). Numerous black, stipitate, elongate ascomata were produced within cracks of cankers. These ascomata contain elongate, bitunicate asci amid unbranched, interthecial elements and thin, cylindrical, hyaline ascospores measuring 96 to 136 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. This fungus was originally described from Malaysia on N. lappaceum (1) and is also known on pulasan (N. mutabile Blume) in Australia (2). Classified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a ‘minor disease’, the canker appears to be relatively common in Hawaii and was most likely introduced into Puerto Rico on imported germplasm. Nevertheless, efforts are underway to study the potential damage of this disease as well as mechanisms of control, including introduction of disease resistant clones. Specimens have been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections (Hawaii on Nephelium BPI 878189, Puerto Rico (PR) on Nephelium BPI 878188, and PR on Litchi BPI 878190). Although a specimen of D. nepheliae on L. chinensis was collected from Hawaii in 1984 by G. Wong and C. Hodges and deposited as BPI 626373, this fungus was not known on Nephelium spp. in Hawaii and was not previously known from Puerto Rico on either host. References: (1) C. Booth and W. P. Ting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47:235, 1964. (2) T. K. Lim and Y. Diczbalis. Rambutan. Page 306 in: The New Rural Industries. Online publication. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia, 1997.

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Moore, Donna L., and Frederick W. Spiegel. "Microhabitat Distribution of Protostelids in Tropical Forests of the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico." Mycologia 92, no. 4 (July 2000): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761419.

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Moore, Donna L., and Frederick W. Spiegel. "Microhabitat distribution of protostelids in tropical forests of the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico." Mycologia 92, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061202.

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Gioda, Adriana, Ulda Pérez, Zenaida Rosa, and Braulio D. Jimenez-Velez. "Concentration Of Trace Elements in Airborne PM10 from Jobos Bay National Estuary, Puerto Rico." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 174, no. 1-4 (June 10, 2006): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9069-7.

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Irish, B. M., R. Goenaga, and R. C. Ploetz. "Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Causal Agent of Black Sigatoka of Musa spp. Found in Puerto Rico and Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction." Plant Disease 90, no. 5 (May 2006): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0684a.

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Black Sigatoka, also known as black leaf streak, is caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton). It is the most significant disease of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) because most of the economically important cultivars of exported and staple commodities are highly susceptible. The Caribbean is one of the few regions of the world where black Sigatoka is not widespread. Black Sigatoka has been reported in the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica (2). Yellow Sigatoka, caused by M. musicola Leach (anamorph P. musae (Zimm.) Deighton), has been recognized in Puerto Rico since 1938-1939 (3). In August 2004, symptoms resembling black Sigatoka were first observed in Añasco, Puerto Rico by extension personnel from the University of Puerto Rico. Since black and yellow Sigatoka produce similar disease symptoms, a survey was conducted in the western banana- and plantain-production region of Puerto Rico to confirm the presence of black Sigatoka. Leaf samples were collected from production fields near the towns of Las Marias, Maricao, and Añasco. Single-ascospore isolates were recovered using the discharge technique from moistened pseudothecia in necrotic lesions that were inverted over water agar, and ascospores were transferred to potato dextrose agar. The isolates were subcultured in potato dextrose broth for mycelium production. DNA was isolated from mycelium with the FastDNA kit (Q-Biogen, Irvine, CA) for 19 isolates. Internal transcribed spacer as well as the 5.8s rDNA regions were polymerase chain reaction amplified with primers specific to M. fijiensis or M. musicola (1). Amplification products (˜1,100 bp) were observed for 18 of the 19 isolates, 6 of which were M. fijiensis and the remaining 12 were M. musicola, while the positive controls for both species were also amplified with the respective primer pairs. M. fijiensis was recovered from production fields close to all three towns. The source of M. fijiensis in Puerto Rico is unclear, but it may have originated from introduced leaf material and/or wind dispersed ascospores from neighboring countries. The presence of black Sigatoka in Puerto Rico will most likely increase production costs where fungicide applications will be needed to maintain yields. The USDA-ARS, Tropical Agriculture Research Station is the official Musa spp. germplasm repository for the National Plant Germplasm System. As such, efforts are underway to introduce and evaluate black Sigatoka disease-resistant clones that can satisfy local and export market criteria. References: (1) A. Johnasen. Detection of Sigatoka leaf spot pathogens of banana by the polymerase chain reaction. Chatman, UK, Natural Resource Institute, 1997. (2) R. C. Ploetz. Plant Dis. 88:772, 2004. (3) R. H. Stover. Trop. Agric. Trinidad. 39:327, 1962.

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Hemler, Elena, Martha Tamez, Jose Rodriguez Orengo, and Josiemer Mattei. "Positive Attitudes and Reasons for Consuming Legumes Are Associated with Legume Intake Among Adults in Puerto Rico." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_052.

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Abstract Objectives Legumes are a healthy staple of the traditional Puerto Rican diet. Emphasizing legume intake could be a culturally acceptable strategy for chronic disease prevention in Puerto Rico. This study aimed to investigate attitudes, reasons, intentions, and expectations about legume consumption in Puerto Rico and associations with dietary intake. Methods This study includes adult participants (30–75y) from the Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle and Diseases, who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire and a legumes questionnaire (n = 206). Attitudes and reasons were assessed with a Likert scale and assigned 0 points for disagree, 1 point for neutral, and 2 points for agree. Scores were computed by summing the points for 12 attitudes or 12 reasons; higher scores indicate more positive attitudes and stronger reasons for consuming legumes. Adjusted linear regression models examined associations between each score and bean intake, rice intake, and ratio of bean to rice intake. Adjusted logistic regression models tested the associations between specific intentions and expectations about legume consumption and bean intake. Results Most participants were female (70%), Puerto Rican (80%), and lived in urban areas (90%). Participants reported consuming a median of 0.47 servings/d of beans and 0.57 servings/d of rice. After adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, each additional positive attitude was associated with a 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.1) servings/d higher bean intake and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.04, 1.28) higher ratio of bean to rice intake. Each additional reason to consume legumes was associated with a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.004, 0.06) servings/d higher bean intake. No other significant associations were observed for the attitudes or reasons scores, nor for expectations or intentions to consume legumes. Conclusions Having positive attitudes and more reasons for consuming legumes are associated with higher bean intake. Positive attitudes are also associated with a higher ratio of bean to rice intake. Interventions aiming to increase legume intake to prevent cardiometabolic disease in Puerto Rico should emphasize building positive attitudes and reasons for consuming legumes. Funding Sources Anonymous donations; Northarvest Bean Growers Association; FDI Clinical Research; and National Institutes of Health.

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Sawyer, Mark Q., and Tianna S. Paschel. "“WE DIDN'T CROSS THE COLOR LINE, THE COLOR LINE CROSSED US”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 2 (2007): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070178.

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We examine the interlinked migrations between the Dominican Republic and Haiti, between the Dominican Republic and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and, finally, migrations from these three countries to the United States. The literature tends to draw stark differences between race and racism in the United States and the nonracial societies of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. However, although Blackness is a contextual category, through analyzing how “Black” migrants are racialized using these three contexts, we find that there is a simultaneously global and local derogation of “Blackness” that places Black migrants at the bottom of socioeconomic hierarchies. Further, these migrants remain largely outside of conceptions of the nation, and thus Blackness is constructed as a blend of racial phenotype and national origin, whereby native “Blacks” attempt to opt out of Blackness on account of their national identity. This dynamic is particularly true in the Caribbean where Blanqueamiento, or Whitening, is made possible through a dialectical process in which a person's Whiteness, or at least his or her non-Blackness, is made possible by contrast to an “Other.” Consequently, we argue that immigration becomes a key site for national processes of racialization, the construction of racial identities, and the maintenance of and contestation over racial boundaries.

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Stark, David M. "Rescued from their Invisibility: The Afro-Puerto Ricans of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century San Mateo de Cangrejos, Puerto Rico." Americas 63, no. 4 (April 2007): 551–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0091.

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The black “root” has been systematically “uprooted” from the main “trunk” of the Puerto Rican nation.Jorge DuanyScholars who study Puerto Rico's past have struggled with the question of how to define the island’s national identity. Is the essence of Puerto Rican identity rooted in Spain, does it have its origins in Africa, in the legacy of the native Tainos, or is it a product of two or all three of these? This polemical question has yet to be resolved and remains a subject of much debate. The island's black past is often overlooked, and what has been written tends to focus on the enslaved labor force and its ties to the nineteenth-century plantation economy. Few works are specifically devoted to the study of the island's seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Afro-Puerto Rican population. Recent scholarship has begun to address this oversight. For example, the efforts of fugitive slaves and free black West Indian migrants making their way to Puerto Rico have been well documented. Yet, little is known about the number or identity of these runaways. How many slaves made their way to freedom in Puerto Rico, who were they, and where did they come from? Perhaps more importantly, what about their new lives on the island? How were they able to create a sense of belonging, both as individuals and as part of a community within the island's existing population and society? What follows strives to answer these questions by taking a closer look first at the number and identity of these fugitives, and second at how new arrivals were assimilated into their new surroundings through marriage and family formation while their integration was facilitated by participation in the local economy. Through their religious and civic activity Afro-Puerto Ricans were able to create a niche for themselves in San Juan and eventually a community of their own in Cangrejos. In doing so, they helped shape the island's national identity.

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Huish, Robert. "Puerto Rico - The Sovereign Colony: Olympic Sport, National Identity and International Politics in Puerto Rico. By Antonio Sotomayor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. Pp. 302. $60.00 cloth." Americas 75, no. 2 (April 2018): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.161.

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Valle, Ariana J. "Race and the Empire-state: Puerto Ricans’ Unequal U.S. Citizenship." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218776031.

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Contemporary theorizing regarding citizenship emphasizes the legal and social significance of citizenship status. Citizenship awards individuals a formal status and exclusive rights while also granting them membership into a national community. This study investigates tenets of liberal citizenship by examining the meaning of U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans. Drawing on 98 in-depth interviews with Puerto Ricans in Orlando, Florida, this study finds incongruences between theoretical understandings of citizenship and the experience of citizenship on the ground. Specifically, respondents define U.S. citizenship as a formal status and a set of rights; however, they express that their U.S. citizen status does not grant them membership into the American community. This study captures incompatibilities between legal and social dimensions of citizenship. I argue Puerto Ricans’ understandings of and experiences with U.S. citizenship stem from (1) the state’s marking Puerto Rico (as a place) and Puerto Ricans (as a people) as different and inferior and (2) racialization processes that conflate Latino with foreign and racial other. I advance the argument here that Puerto Ricans have a colonial/racialized citizenship constituted by unequal citizen status, differentiated citizen rights, and exclusion from the American national imaginary. As such, this study highlights the stratified structure of the institution of U.S. citizenship.

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Miguel, Pedro L. San, and Lillian Guerra. "Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for Self, Community, and Nation." American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649677.

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Nalbone, Lisa, and Lillian Guerra. "Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for Self, Community, and Nation." South Atlantic Review 64, no. 4 (1999): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3201522.

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Román, Reinaldo L. "Antonio Sotomayor. The Sovereign Colony: Olympic Sport, National Identity, and International Politics in Puerto Rico." American Historical Review 122, no. 3 (June 2017): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.3.897.

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Godreau, Isar, and Hilda Llórens. "‘Pulling Up Myths from the Root:’ Designing and Implementing an Anti-Racist Curriculum About the African Heritage for Third Graders in Puerto Rico." Practicing Anthropology 32, no. 1 (December 25, 2009): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.32.1.0614t6q873182418.

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When defining the foundations of Puerto Rico's national culture, indigenous Taínos and Spanish influences are often referred to as the first and second roots respectively. African heritage is known as "the third root." This ranking reveals deeply entrenched racial hierarchies that position blackness as the least important or desirable element of Puerto Rican identity. This article is based on a five-year ethnographic research project that documents the impact of this racial hierarchy in the third grade classroom in order to provide educational materials to deal with the problem of racism in Puerto Rico. Here, we describe the research carried out with third graders, teachers, and parents in two elementary schools. We discuss the findings and elucidate the challenges faced in conceptualizing and designing an anti-racist intervention in one of the schools.

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White, Thomas H., Wilfredo Abreu, Gabriel Benitez, Arelis Jhonson, Marisel Lopez, Limary Ramirez, Iris Rodriguez, Miguel Toledo, Pablo Torres, and Jafet Velez. "Minimizing Potential Allee Effects in Psittacine Reintroductions: An Example from Puerto Rico." Diversity 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010013.

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The family Psittacidae is comprised of over 400 species, an ever-increasing number of which are considered threatened with extinction. In recent decades, conservation strategies for these species have increasingly employed reintroduction as a technique for reestablishing populations in previously extirpated areas. Because most Psittacines are highly social and flocking species, reintroduction efforts may face the numerical and methodological challenge of overcoming initial Allee effects during the critical establishment phase of the reintroduction. These Allee effects can result from failures to achieve adequate site fidelity, survival and flock cohesion of released individuals, thus jeopardizing the success of the reintroduction. Over the past 20 years, efforts to reestablish and augment populations of the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) have periodically faced the challenge of apparent Allee effects. These challenges have been mitigated via a novel release strategy designed to promote site fidelity, flock cohesion and rapid reproduction of released parrots. Efforts to date have resulted in not only the reestablishment of an additional wild population in Puerto Rico, but also the reestablishment of the species in the El Yunque National Forest following its extirpation there by the Category 5 hurricane Maria in 2017. This promising release strategy has potential applicability in reintroductions of other psittacines and highly social species in general.

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Willison, Charley E., Phillip M. Singer, Melissa S. Creary, and Scott L. Greer. "Quantifying inequities in US federal response to hurricane disaster in Texas and Florida compared with Puerto Rico." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 1 (January 2019): e001191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001191.

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If disaster responses vary in their effectiveness across communities, health equity is affected. This paper aims to evaluate and describe variation in the federal disaster responses to 2017 Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, compared with the need and severity of storm damage through a retrospective analysis. Our analysis spans from landfall to 6 months after landfall for each hurricane. To examine differences in disaster responses across the hurricanes, we focus on measures of federal spending, federal resources distributed and direct and indirect storm-mortality counts. Federal spending estimates come from congressional appropriations and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) records. Resource estimates come from FEMA documents and news releases. Mortality counts come from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports, respective vital statistics offices and news articles. Damage estimates came from NOAA reports. In each case, we compare the responses and the severity at critical time points after the storm based on FEMA time logs. Our results show that the federal government responded on a larger scale and much more quickly across measures of federal money and staffing to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in Texas and Florida, compared with Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. The variation in the responses was not commensurate with storm severity and need after landfall in the case of Puerto Rico compared with Texas and Florida. Assuming that disaster responses should be at least commensurate to the degree of storm severity and need of the population, the insufficient response received by Puerto Rico raises concern for growth in health disparities and increases in adverse health outcomes.

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Nwangwu-Ike, Ndidi, Chan Jin, Zanetta Gant, Shacara Johnson, and Alexandra B. Balaji. "An Examination of Geographic Differences in Social Determinants of Health Among Women with Diagnosed HIV in the United States and Puerto Rico, 2017." Open AIDS Journal 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613602115010010.

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Objective: To examine differences, at the census tract level, in the distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses and social determinants of health (SDH) among women with diagnosed HIV in 2017 in the United States and Puerto Rico. Background: In the United States, HIV continues to disproportionately affect women, especially minority women and women in the South. Methods: Data reported in the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used to determine census tract-level HIV diagnosis rates and percentages among adult women (aged ≥18 years) in 2017. Data from the American Community Survey were combined with NHSS data to examine regional differences in federal poverty status, education level, income level, employment status, and health insurance coverage among adult women with diagnosed HIV infection in the United States and Puerto Rico. Results: In the United States and Puerto Rico, among 6,054 women who received an HIV diagnosis in 2017, the highest rates of HIV diagnoses generally were among those who lived in census tracts where the median household income was less than $40,000; at least 19% lived below the federal poverty level, at least 18% had less than a high school diploma, and at least 16% were without health insurance. Conclusion: This study is the first of its kind and gives insight into how subpopulations of women are affected differently by the likelihood of an HIV diagnosis. The findings show that rates of HIV diagnosis were highest among women who lived in census tracts having the lowest income and least health coverage.

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Hernández, J. R. "First Report of Puccinia puta on Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa from Puerto Rico." Plant Disease 90, no. 2 (February 2006): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0245c.

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Leaves of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. Austin (Convolvulaceae) with conspicuous, round, yellowish orange leaf spots measuring up to 8 mm in diameter were collected from a garden plant in Cabo Rojo, Miradero, Puerto Rico on 8 December 2004. Uredinia and telia were observed in the symptomatic areas. The uredinia were aecioid, amphigenous but mainly hypophyllous, cupulate, and grouped in the round chlorotic leaf spots. The peridial cells measured 24 to 36 × 18 to 25 μm with walls 4 to 6 μm thick, the outer wall was striate to verrucose and the inner wall was verrucose. Urediniospores were catenulate, globoid to ellipsoid, sometimes narrow at the apex, and measured 28 to 36 × 20 to 30 μm. The urediniospore walls were colorless to yellowish, verrucose, 2 to 3 μm at the sides, and as much as 15 μm at the apex. Telia were epiphyllous, in the same spots as the uredinia, rounded, chestnut brown, and subepidermal, becoming erumpent. Teliospores measured 42 to 57 × 28 to 36 μm and were pale to cinnamon brown when young, becoming chestnut brown at maturity. The teliospores were ellipsoid or oblong, rounded at the top and bottom, with no constriction at the septum, and with walls verrucose, 3 to 4 μm at the sides and 5 to 7 μm at the septum and apex. Each teliospore had a pedicel that was colorless except close to the spore it was pale brown. Pedicels measured as much as 70 μm long and 10 μm thick and were easily broken. The rust was identified as Puccinia puta H.S. Jacks. & Holw. ex F. Kern, Thurst. & Whetzel (2), as compared macroscopically and microscopically with specimens in the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI) and also with published descriptions. P. puta has been reported from South America and Mexico on species of Ipomoea (1). I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is cultivated as an ornamental plant and widely distributed mainly in wet areas in the Americas from Argentina to Florida and Texas. To my knowledge this is the first report of P. puta in Puerto Rico. It has not been reported in the continental United States. The voucher specimen has been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collection as BPI 872006. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (2). F. D. Kern et al. Mycologia 25:448, 1933.

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Heinen, JoelT, Ana Guzman, and JayP Sah. "Evaluating the Conservation Attitudes, Awareness and Knowledge of Residents towards Vieques National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico." Conservation and Society 18, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_19_46.

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Alicea‐Pou, Jose, and Milagros Navon‐Rivera. "Progress in the development of a national noise action plan for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778632.

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Guzmán, Will. "Silencing Race: Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and National Identities in Puerto Rico by Ilena M. Rodríguez-Silva." PALARA, no. 22 (November 6, 2018): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32855/palara.2018.005.

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Rodríguez-Silva, Ileana M. "The Caribbean House of Mirrors." positions: asia critique 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8722797.

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This article introduces the house of mirrors as an analytical device with the aim of cracking open binary comparative work. It offers close readings of debates regarding US colonialism among Puerto Rican intellectuals and politicians at two distinct historical moments. These are the 1910s, prompted specifically by the 1912 War in Cuba, and the early Cold War, the 1950s and 1960s moment of intentionally modeling Puerto Rico as the “Showcase of the Americas.” In changing the focus to examine the play of images intrinsic to the house of mirrors, this meditation seeks to avoid reproducing the single and contained national gaze that often frames comparative narratives, even when they acknowledge the overlapping geographic, sociocultural, and political circuits shaping historical subjects. Instead, the house of mirrors reveals the operational mechanisms of the national modern gaze historical actors often employed to organize their experiences, project themselves onto others, and advance their political desires.

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Cruz-Martínez, Gibrán. "A Bottom-up picture of intra-national welfare regimes: the case of marginalised communities in Puerto Rico." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 36, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1526696.

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ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this article is twofold: (1) an examination of welfare regimes using a bottom-up approach, which enables a comprehensive analysis of welfare production based on recipients perceptions; and (2) an examination of more than one type of welfare-mix coexisting inside the national level across policy sectors. A classification of welfare regimes is carried out following a bottom-up approach and relying on the basis of the importance of welfare providers to satisfy social risks and promote well-being. Three traditional (e.g. state, market, family) and one alternative welfare providers (e.g. community) are considered. Data is collected through twenty semi-structured interviews in seven marginalised communities of Puerto Rico. The results show five configurations of intra-national welfare-mixes across the following welfare areas: housing, nourishment, health, education, maternity/paternity, disability, work-unemployment and older-age. This paper contributes to the theoretical proposals of intra-national welfare regimes, and alternatives providers in the welfare-mix.

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Journal articles on the topic 'National Cyprus Puerto Rico'

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