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1
Ubani, Chikwendu, and Ubong Ikpaisong. "Use of CNG as Autofuel in Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.10.668.
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Natural gas is a clean-burning, safe fuel that can save you money at the pump while benefitting the environment and reducing Nigeria’s dependence on petroleum. It is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon, non-gaseous non-hydrocarbons and gaseous non-hydrocarbons found in underground reservoir rocks either on its own (non-associated gas) or in association with crude oil (associated gas). Natural gas is today accepted as one of the best sources of energy for the world and for the future because of its environmentally-friendly nature compared to other kinds of fossil fuels. Nigeria is ranked as the seventh most natural gas endowed nation in the world and relaxes on number one spot in Africa as she seats on about one hundred and eighty-eight trillion cubic feet of natural gas deposits.Current opportunities to utilize gas in Nigeria include: Gas to reinjection schemes, Gas to power schemes, Gas to petrochemicals (as feedstock), LNG-Liquefied Natural Gas, LPG- Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and CNG- Compressed Natural Gas. The use of CNG as auto fuel in Nigeria presents so much benefits as have been highlighted in this paper with emphasis on the economic advantage. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a product of compressing natural gas to one hundredth the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure.A comprehensive economic analysis to determine the cost savings from driving a car on CNG against PMS considered the case of a motorist who covers an average of 100 km every day in the approximately thirty days that make a month was employed. Results established that running a car on CNG amounts to saving N1 143 daily and N34 284 monthly, the cost of converting the car from PMS - driven to CNG - driven is recovered before the end of the sixth month. From the sixth month to the end of the first year, savings of N211 402 is made. Savings of N411 408 is enjoyed each year after the first year.Running vehicles on CNG will greatly reduce the friction and troubles encountered in importing fuel into the country. This will also cut down largely the hardly available foreign exchange expended in bringing in PMS for fuelling vehicles. To this end, the Nigerian Government should as a matter of national development ensure legal and regulatory framework encompassing both technical and commercial aspects for natural gas utilization in Nigeria. Worthy of note is the aspect of gas gathering, gas transmission and distribution which will further encourage the planting of CNG refuelling stations that will serve the expected large fleet of natural gas vehicles. Currently, Green Gas Limited, a joint venture between Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) a Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and NIPCO Plc. that has nine operational CNG refuelling stations and others under construction is the only company driving the CNG revolution in the country.
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Arya, Adarsh Kumar. "Optimal operation of a multi-distribution natural gas pipeline grid: an ant colony approach." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 10 (August 25, 2021): 3859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01266-3.
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AbstractThe enormous cost of transporting oil and gas through pipelines and the operational benefits that the industry receives through optimization has incited analysts for decades to find optimization strategies that help pipeline managers operate pipeline grids with the least expense. The paper aims to minimize the pipeline grids' operating costs using an ant colony optimization strategy. The article constructs a multi-objective modeling framework for a natural gas pipeline grid based on data from the French gas pipeline network corporation 'Gaz De France,' using pipeline and compressor hydraulics. The gas pipeline grid comprises seven gas supply nodes and nineteen gas distribution centers. Seven compressor stations provided at various locations on the pipeline route raise the gas pressure. Two competing objectives of reducing fuel usage in compressors and increasing throughput at distribution centers are acknowledged to reduce the pipeline's operating cost. The 'multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO)' approach is implemented to the pipeline transportation model to reduce the natural gas pipeline grid's operating cost. The process variables include the amount of gas flowing through the pipe and the pressure at pipe nodes. This method provides the optimum solution for each fuel consumption level on each compressor, and it does so by producing a Pareto front for each of the nineteen gas distribution points. The blueprints of the methodology used and the findings collected intend to guide pipeline managers and select the best of the most preferred solutions.
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Tiwari, Arvind Kumar, Mohd Muzaffarul Hasan, and Mohd Islam. "EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 4 (December 2013): 1177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0099.
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The aim of the present paper is to examine the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of a combined cycle power plant. For this work, the combined cycle plant chosen is NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) Dadri, India where a gas unit of 817 MW is installed. The effect of ambient temperature on combined cycle efficiency, gas turbine cycle efficiency, exergy destruction in different components, exergy loss via exhaust and air fuel ratio at lower and higher turbine inlet temperature are reported. The results show that the net decrease in combined cycle efficiency is 0.04% and the variation in exergy destruction of different plant components is up to 0.35% for every °C rise in ambient temperature.
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Nagarkatti, Arun, and Ajit Kumar Kolar. "Assessment of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants in India." Applied Mechanics and Materials 704 (December 2014): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.704.487.
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More than two third share of electricity come from coal fired power plants in India. Coal fired power plants are the largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generation among all fossil fuel based power plants. There has been climate change and global warming globally due to increasing anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere. This paper examines life cycle GHG emission such as CH4, CO2 and N2O of a National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited power plant using life cycle approach. The various stages involved in the assessment of life cycle GHG emissions in the present study include coal mining, transportation of coal to the power plant and coal combustion for electricity generation. The results show that direct CO2 emission from coal combustion is about 890 g CO2-e/kWh, whereas life cycle GHG emissions amount to 929.1 g CO2-e/kWh. Indirect GHG emissions add up to 4.2% of total emissions. Coal mine methane leakage into atmosphere in India is low since more than 90% of the coal mining is surface mining.
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Pillsbury, P. W., W. R. Ryan, and J. R. Moore. "Dual-Use Conversion of a High-Mach-Number Jet Engine Test Cell for Industrial Gas Turbine Low-Emission Combustor Development." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815562.
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With the recent trend of reducing U.S. military expenditures, it has become desirable to develop dual use of certain Department of Defense facilities. These efforts have a commercial purpose, while still retaining a military benefit. The goals of these efforts are to make U.S. business more competitive in world markets, to develop the technology to solve pressing national problems, and to maintain intact the necessary talent pool and equipment for possible military needs. In a recent initiative described in this paper, test cell equipment at the Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFB, Tennessee, was modified and expanded to allow development by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation of low-emission combustors for heavy-duty gas turbines for commercial power generation.
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Liu, Dian Fu, Fang Qing Zhu, and Xiao Lin Wei. "Investigation on the Combustion Properties of Refuse Derived Fuel in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.170.
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An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of refuse derived fuels (RDF) incineration. The temperature distribution along bed height was measured by the thermocouple and the pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry Gasmet DX-3000. In the tests the concentrations of the species CO CO2 HCl N2O SO2 were measured online. The experimental results showed that the RDF could combust steadily in the fluidized bed. The concentrations of the CO HCl N2O in flue gas were higher than the values of national environmental standards.
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Saleh, Martha, and Osundina Olasunkanmi. "Currency Devaluation and Fuel Subsidy Removal for Nigeria’s Economic Development." International Journal of Social Science Research 5, no. 2 (September 20, 2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v5i2.11919.
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Currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal are policies that are phenomena to the Nigerian economic environment. The implementation of the policies has further caused more challenges in the pursuit for economic development than remedy to alleviate the crisis in the Nigeria economy. However, the continuous exploration of this policies by successive administration was a concern to this research work. It is as a result of this persistent policies that this paper wants to analyse its viability for economic development in Nigeria.The paper adopted survey research design with the use of questionnaire administered to 387 respondents. Three major organizations were purposefully selected as sources for data collection which were the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and the Nigeria Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG).The paper found out that currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal is a resultant effect of the mono-productive characteristics of the Nigerian economy which has continually led to balance of payment deficit, low competitiveness in the economy and fall short in living quality of the citizenry. Further exposition revealed that not until diversification of the economy is attained, revitalization of the power sector and industrialization for local manufacturing; economic development might not be feasible. Therefore, it is recommended that industrialization of the economy is highly overdue, infrastructural development imperative and economic policies such as devaluation and subsidy regime should be mildly used when economic downturns are experienced.
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Sitorus, Budi. "Kajian Menaikkan Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Gas Untuk Transportasi Jalan Sekaligus Menekan Pencemaran Udara." Warta Penelitian Perhubungan 23, no. 3 (May 15, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v23i3.1069.
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The use of fuel oil for transportation is the largest 56% of national consumption, and road transport which is the largest consuming 88%. In urban areas, transport causes 87% of air riollution that reduce air quality resulting from the use of fossil fuels. The use of gaseous fuels for transport has not grown significantly in part because of gas supply iifficulties. The main problem is haw to increase the use of gas fuel for road transport, especially in urban areas. Study goal is to formulate recommendations to raise the use of CNG for road transport. The benefit for reducing fossil fuel consumption without reducing public services. The method : s descriptive qualitative approach and comparison with developed countries. The study re;ults suggest that steps need to be taken from the development capacity of the source gas, 'ransmission and distribution, SPBG, slowfill and fast fill, socialization and supervision of nstallation of converter kits for public transportation, certification workshops, mechanics to nstall converter kit, pricing pro-society.Keywords: Increased, use of CNG road transport
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Gacek, Zbigniew. "Wpływ magnesów neodymowych na pomiar paliwa gazowego gazomierzami miechowymi." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 1 (January 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.01.06.
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The article deals with the problem of illegal fuel gas consumption among individual consumers in households, especially with regard to gas theft using neodymium magnets attached to diaphragm gas meters. First, the author presents a historical outline of the use of neodymium magnets for the purpose of illegal consumption of fuel gas. The current legal status regarding the requirements for gas meters resistance to tampering and the activities of the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute (INiG – PIB) and Distribution System Operators aimed at eliminating the possibility of illegal gas consumption with the use of neodymium magnets were discussed. Currently possible methods of confirming gas theft using gas meters exposed to the magnetic field of neodymium magnets were presented. Next, the methods of performing at the INiG – PIB laboratory expert examinations of gas meters suspected to be used for illegal gas consumption after their removal from the distribution network were described, and the criteria for assessing these gas meters were given. Based on the expert examinations of gas meters carried out at the Laboratory of Flow Metrology INiG – PIB in the years 2006–2020, a summary of the share of gas meters tampered with the use of neodymium magnets and gas meters with an increased remanence level was presented in relation to performed in a given year expert examinations of gas meters suspected to be used for illegal gas consumption. The methods of counteracting the theft of fuel gas with diaphragm gas meters tampered with the use of neodymium magnets were shown. It has been proved that at present the EC type examination certificate (MID Directive) and the certificate of compliance with the requirements of EN 1359 or OIML R 137-1 & 2 specification do not confirm gas meters resistance to gas theft involving the use of a strong magnetic field. Requirements for new diaphragm gas meters in terms of their resistance to neodymium magnets were presented, and updated criteria for the evaluation of the test results of gas meters exposed to these magnets were given. Finally, a conclusion was proposed regarding the necessity to include provisions on the resistance of diaphragm gas meters to magnetic field in the relevant normative documents for gas meters in order to provide a systemic safeguard for the parties to fuel gas supply contracts.
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Chengguo, Fu, Feng Yipeng, Tian Yishui, Liang Mingchao, and Zhang Zhengchuan. "Design of a 1 t/h Biomass Chain Boiler and ιts Fuel Adaptability Analysis." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 13, no. 5 (2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.135.17.
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The arch is an important component of a biomass boiler. Initial arch design of most boilers is generally gained through manual computation, thus resulting in uncertain reasonability of flue gas flow. Moreover, biomass fuels in the market have instable characteristics, which influence the utilization of biomass energies considerably. To address the problems concerning reasonable flue gas flow caused by the collaborative design of arch and air staging and the combustion adaptability of fuels, a cold modeling experiment of a 1 t/h biomass boiler under different staged air distribution ratios when the rear arch coverage varies was conducted using Fluent software in this study after thermal performance computation and initial structural design of grate and furnace. Furthermore, a boiler performance test based on main fuels and a combustion adaptation test of auxiliary fuels were also performed. The experiments show that the best flue gas flow in the furnace is achieved when the rear arch coverage is 60% and the primary–secondary air distribution ratio is 4:6. The mean boiler efficiency and the mean boiler heat output are 81.26% and 715.76 kW/h by using Pinus koraiensis pellets, wood–straw mixed pellets, and cotton straw briquettes as main fuels; and the tested pollutant emissions are in compliance with the limits of the national standard. The results of the combustion adaptation test reveal that the excessive particle size, the high ash content and the relatively low calorific value of biomass molded fuels are all against the combustion of biomass boilers. Fuel upgrading based on washing process and other methods is suggested. This study can provide references to the performance optimization of traditional small-scale biomass chain heating boilers.
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Fatimah, Atika. "ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTION COSTS OF LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) 3 KG SUPPLY CHAIN IN YOGYAKARTA CITY." Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi 14, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v14i2.1508.
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Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) 3 kg is subsidized fuel circulated by Pertamina Corporation. The objective of this research was to analyze the supply chain, the selling margin among distribution agencies, and the transaction cost in the market supply chain of LPG 3 kg in Yogyakarta. The research used primary data such as interview and observation. The data was analyzed with qualitative descrptive analysis. The result of this research show two LPG 3 kg supply chain in Yogyakarta which are Pertamina – Agent – Base Seller – Retailer – Shop Seller – Cosumer and Pertamina – Agent – Base Seller – Retailer – Small and Medium Enterprises. The highest marketing margin obtained by retailers are Rp. 2942/ gas tube in the first supply chain and second supply chain. The hihgest transaction cost is managerial transaction cost is first supply chain and second supply chain which equals to 62,56 percent and 61,97 percent. Followed by 31,26 percent of market transaction cost in the first supply chain and 31,75 percent in the second supply chain. The lowest transaction costs are 6,13 percent of political transaction cost in the first supply chain and 6,26 percent of political transaction cost in the second supply chain. Therefore, the solution to this problem is a review of the highest retail price for LPG 3 kg in Yogyakarta so it could be relevant for agents who experienced the highest transaction cost.
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Omoniyi, Oluwafemi, Thomas Bacquart, Niamh Moore, Sam Bartlett, Katie Williams, Sharon Goddard, Bob Lipscombe, Arul Murugan, and David Jones. "Hydrogen Gas Quality for Gas Network Injection: State of the Art of Three Hydrogen Production Methods." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061056.
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The widescale distribution of hydrogen through gas networks is promoted as a viable and cost-efficient option for optimising its application in heat, industry, and transport. It is a key step towards achieving decarbonisation targets in the UK. A key consideration before the injection of hydrogen into the UK gas networks is an assessment of the difference in hydrogen contaminants presence from different production methods. This information is essential for gas regulation and for further purification requirements. This study investigates the level of ISO 14687 Grade D contaminants in hydrogen from steam methane reforming, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, and alkaline electrolysis. Sampling and analysis of hydrogen were carried out by the National Physical Laboratory following ISO 21087 guidance. The results of analysis indicated the presence of nitrogen in hydrogen from electrolysis, and water, carbon dioxide, and particles in all samples analysed. The contaminants were at levels below or at the threshold limits set by ISO 14687 Grade D. This indicates that the investigated production methods are not a source of contaminants for the eventual utilisation of hydrogen in different applications including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV’s). The gas network infrastructure will require a similar analysis to determine the likelihood of contamination to hydrogen gas.
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Goettler, Claudia E., Lisa L. Schlitzkus, Brett H. Waibel, Melinda Edwards, Bruce Wilhelmsen, and Michael F. Rotondo. "Running Out of Gas but not Trauma Patients: The Effect of the Price of Gas on Trauma Admissions." American Surgeon 76, no. 1 (January 2010): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481007600112.
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As fuel costs steadily rise and motor vehicle collisions continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, we examined the relationship between the price of gasoline and the rate of trauma admissions related to gasoline consumption (GRT). The National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons data of a rural Level I trauma center were queried over 27 consecutive months to identify the rate of trauma admissions/month related to gas utilization compared with the number of nongasoline related trauma admissions, based on season and day of the week. The average price/gallon of regular gas in our region was obtained from the NorthCarolinaGasPrices. com database. A log linear model with a Poisson distribution was created. No significant association exists between the average price/gallon of gasoline and the GRT rate across the months, seasons, and weekday and weekend periods. As the price of gas continues to rise, the rate of rural GRT does not decrease. Over a longer period of time and with skyrocketing prices, this relationship may not hold true. These findings may also be explained by the rural area where limited alternative transportation opportunities exist and a trauma patient population participating in high risk behavior regardless of cost.
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Qi, Fengsheng, Zisong Wang, Baokuan Li, Zhu He, Jakov Baleta, and Milan Vujanovic. "Numerical study on characteristics of combustion and pollutant formation in a reheating furnace." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180118277q.
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Energy consumption of fuel-fired industrial furnace accounts for about 23% of the national total energy consumption every year in China. Meanwhile, the reduction of combustion-generated pollutants in furnace has become very important due to the stringent environment laws and policy introduced in the recent years. It is therefore a great challenge for the researchers to simultaneously enhance the fuel efficiency of the furnace while controlling the pollution emission. In this study, a transient 3-D mathematical combustion model coupled with heat transfer and pollution formation model of a walking-beam-type reheating furnace has been developed to simulate the essential combustion, and pollution distribution in the furnace. Based on this model, considering nitrogen oxides formation mechanism, sensitivity study has been carried out to investigate the influence of fuel flow rate, air-fuel ratio on the resultant concentration of nitrogen oxides in the flue gas. The results of present study provide valuable information for improving the thermal efficiency and pollutant control of reheating furnace.
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Zemite, L., E. Nevercika, L. Jansons, I. Bode, A. Koposovs, N. Kondrahins, and A. Jasevics. "The Natural Gas Supply of the Latvian Municipality during the Local Energy Crisis." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0025.
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Abstract Natural gas is an essential element of the Latvian and the Baltic energy portfolio, so its supply disruption can seriously affect the national economy and energy security of our country. The article focuses on a basic case study of the natural gas supply to one of the Latvian municipalities, when the energy crisis is announced. It also marks potential vulnerabilities factors that may cause the natural gas supply shortages or disruption periods of different length for a wide spectrum of the Latvian natural gas consumers – starting with households and finishing with large industrial consumers and energy producers. A legal framework analysis along with an emergency natural gas supply review has been proposed as well, taking into account the actual distribution of the natural gas consumption among the urban energy users, which can be compared with references included into the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No. 312 “Procedures for the Supply of Energy Users and Sale of Heating Fuel during Declared Energy Crisis and in Case of Endangerment to the State” (hereinafter – Regulation 312).
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Narayanan, Keshav. "Technology Focus: Intelligent Operations (May 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0051-jpt.
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The last year has seen people in many sectors unexpectedly confronting a new challenge—working remotely. Even before this, our industry has been trying to operate fields remotely (either partially or fully) and make operations smarter and more automated. Key drivers are to improve safety in operations, maximize production, and make operations more efficient. These efforts have been enabled by the rapidly changing technology landscape—in sophisticated acquisition and analysis of data and increased connectivity (from both fiber-optic and cellular networks). It also has been accelerated by the push across the industry to digitalize. We now acquire, process, and analyze much more detailed operations data and use the analysis to actively control wells and operations. This feature highlights recently presented papers that cover the following topics. How Digital Transformation Has Progressed. Paper OTC 30794 discusses similar efforts in other sectors, including marine/ship building and auto manufacturing. Paper SPE 200728 discusses use of a digital twin to improve operational efficiency in a mature brownfield setting (Brage Field in the Norwegian North Sea). Paper OTC 30488 describes extensible and scalable remote monitoring and control using a digital decision assistant. How Technology Has Enabled Data Acquisition and Analysis From Relatively New Sources [e.g., Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) or Distributed Acoustic Sensing]. Paper SPE 200826 describes seven DTS applications from around the world that monitor well integrity, stimulation, and injection profiles and identify gas, water, or sand production. Paper OTC 30442 and other papers from the Bokor field in Malaysia describe DTS data from fiber-optic cable behind casing in wells with smart completions. Papers IPTC 19574 and SPE 202349 show how pressure telemetry can enable wireless control of completions. The Path to Fully Remotely Operated Fields. Paper SPE 203461 discusses the design and execution of digitalization and remote operations in a new development area with high hydrogen sulfide (the Mender satellite field in the UAE). Paper SPE 202667 describes the applications for multiple autonomous robots controlled remotely. Digital transformation of work flows and operations clearly is happening across the industry and adding significant value. The next frontier on the digital transformation and Industry 4.0 journey might be to achieve step-change increases in oil and gas recovery factors. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 200728 - The Digitalization Journey of the Brage Digital Twin by Peter Kronberger, Wintershall, et al. OTC 30442 - Innovative Solution for IWAG Injection Monitoring Using Fiber-Optic Cable Cemented Behind Casing in an Intelligent Well: A First in Malaysia by Nur Faizah P. Mosar, Schlumberger, et al. SPE 202667 - Operations Room: A Key Component for Upscaling Robotic Solutions on Site by Jean-Michel Munoz, Total, et al. OTC 30488 - Machine-Learning-Enabled Digital Decision Assistant for Remote Operations by Vitor Alves da Cruz Mazzi, Intelie, et al. IPTC 19574 - Research and Application of Downhole Remote Wireless Control Technology Based on Gas Pressure Wave in Tubing by Mingge He, China National Petroleum Corporation, et al. SPE 202349 - Pressure Wave Downhole Communication Technique for Smart Zonal Water Injection by Quanbin Wang, China National Petroleum Corporation, et al.
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Абдулмуталибов and Ragim Abdulmutalibov. "DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX: THE CHALLENGE OF 2014." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7722.
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In conditions when against the Russian Federation economic sanctions are imposed, it is especially important to intensify work on attraction of investments and counteraction to outflow of the capital from the country. The energy industry as the turbulent situation with presence of such giants as Exxon Mobil Corporation in Russia showed, the unprecedented contract with the Chinese party on construction of the Force of Siberia gas pipeline, cooperation with French "Total", remains to one of the most investment and attractive branches of economy cooperation in which has strategic and long-term character. In present difficult conditions for realization of policy of attraction and deduction of investments into the Russian energy industry it is obviously necessary to pay attention, first of all, to effective use of instruments of state regulation. Considering strategic character of energy industry for Russia and importance of high efficiency, the attracted investments for domestic economy, it is necessary to provide as it was told above, balance of interests of the state and the attracted investors. Increase of efficiency of state regulation of foreign investment and investment activity in energy industry has to consider two macroeconomic conditions. In - the first, this creation of the friendly environment for the investor who came to fuel and raw sector of a national economy of the country guaranteeing protection of interests and minimizing risks of the investor. Secondly, it is necessary to displace emphasis on investment into adjacent sectors of energy industry. It is reached by interindustry transfer of investments (capital) on the enterprises occupied with profound processing of initial natural raw materials on the one hand and also in productions which provide organizational and technical, logistic and material deliveries of products for fuel and raw spheres on the other hand. The country with economies in transition accepting foreign investments is faced by an important task to define an optimum ratio of the foreign and national capital which will allow to accelerate its development and to avoid negative consequences of foreign investment. Need to control inflow of the foreign capital to the country is obvious, and for effective management of economy it is necessary to improve important legislative base, to create system of monitoring of direct foreign investments in which the branch and regional orientation of direct foreign investments has to be analyzed. Performance and observance of these conditions will demand a complex of regulatory measures, development and which acceptance depends on harmonious cooperation and actions of the external economic, antimonopoly and tax administration of the Russian state.
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Mustika, Deni, Sudirman Sudirman, Adel Fisli, I. Made Joni, and Th Rina M. "THE POTENTIAL OF INDONESIAN GRAPHITE AS RDE FUEL MATRIX." Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 20, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2019.20.2.5472.
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THE POTENTIAL OF INDONESIAN GRAPHITE AS RDE FUEL MATRIX. The development plan of Ex- perimental Power Reactor (RDE) in Indonesia is non-commercial and leads to the technology type of Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) - High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR). The fuel used for PBR reactors is kernel dispersed in spherical fuel elements. The matrix used in PBR nuclear fuel is graphite which functions as a neutron moderator, fuel protective material and heat conductor. Domestication of the domestic fuel matrix needs to be conducted to improve national independence. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on the potential of local graphite to be used as RDE fuel matrix. This study focused on the identification and characterization of local and commercial graphite. The results are compared with the literature, how far it is fulfilling nuclear grade graphite for PBR fuel matrix. Characterization of graphite includes phase analysis with XRD, micro- structure with SEM, surface area/porosity, impurities determination with AAS, ICP-OES and NAA, equivalent boron content, carbon content, density, particle size distribution and ash content. The characterization results show that the carbon content obtained was 87.0 ± 4.2% for local graphite and 100% for commercial graphite. Meanwhile, for the purposes of nuclear graphite it requires a carbon content of >99%. The impurity content in local and commercial graphite still does not meet the RDE fuel matrix standard. The results of XRD analysis show that the local graphite phase is the same as the commercial graphite phase, namely the 2H graphite hexagonal crystal system with the lattice group of P 63/mmc. Particle size distribution and surface area of local graphite are higher compared to nuclear graphite literature. The ash content of commercial graphite was 0.236 ± 0.029 and local graphite was 9.587 ± 0.010%. The results of this study indicate that the local graphite from the flotation still requires a further refinement process to obtain local graphite that can be used as a fuel matrix for RDE.
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Saibuatrong, Worayut, and Thumrongrut Mungcharoen. "Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Alternative Vehicle Fuels in Thailand Using Well to Wheel Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2538.
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Energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) of major Alternative vehicle fuels (AVFs) in Thailand are estimated and compared with conventional fuels by means of full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The tool utilized here is the Well-to-Wheels (WtW) module of own model covering the entire lifecycle including: raw materials cultivation (or feedstock collection); fuel production; transportation and distribution; and application in automobile engines (ICE and hybrid engine), compared with conventional petroleum-based gasoline and diesel pathways. The model is based on Thailand’s national conditions with Tsinghua-CA3EM model. Part of this model structure has been adjusted to Thailand specific situations. Therefore, a majority of the parameters have been modified with local Thailand data. Results showed that the all alternative vehicle fuels can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions compared to conventional fuels. Hybrid ICE engine to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions when compared to the ICE engine. Biofuels-ICE engine, especially bioethanol from molasses, had the highest reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. LPG- Hybrid ICE engine had the highest reduce energy consumption.
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Huszał, Anna, and Albert Albert. "Badanie wpływu zwiększonej zawartości wybranych związków siarki na odpowiedź detektora THT stosowanego w analizatorach ANAT-M." Nafta-Gaz 76, no. 11 (November 2020): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2020.11.09.
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Proper and systematic control of the odorization process is a basic condition for ensuring public safety in the distribution and use of gaseous fuels and for the continuity of the process. Maintaining a constant level of gas odorization requires gas network operators to constantly monitor the odorizing process. The control is carried out, among others by measuring the concentration of odorant in the gas. This is an important and inseparable element of controlling the degree of odorization of gaseous fuels, aimed at controlling the operation of odorizing devices by verifying the dose of odorizing agent or controlling the composition of gaseous fuel at any point of the gas distribution network. The correctness of uninterrupted control of the degree of gas odorization depends on the availability and quality of measuring instruments. The only process chromatographic analyzer intended for continuous measurement of the odorant concentration in gaseous fuels used on a national scale is the ANAT-M analyzer. Since this device works under process conditions, not supervised by an analyst, it is extremely important to recognize the restrictions on the correctness of its indications resulting from the presence of certain compounds in the gas. The article presents the analysis of observations and results of analyzes regarding the impact of selected sulfur compounds and other components of high-methane natural gas on the response of the THT detector currently used in ANAT-M analyzers. The significance of this influence for the quality of obtained THT concentration measurement results was determined. Gases containing sulfur compounds that may be present in the network gas, such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, as well as network gas containing the addition of LNG and biogas gases were tested. The obtained test results were analyzed in terms of determining the magnitude of the impact of the tested parameters on the precision of measurements performed with the ANAT-M analyzer.
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Druzhinin, Alexander G. "Large business in the coastal zones of Russia: features and factors of localisation." Baltic Region 11, no. 4 (2019): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2019-4-8.
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Russia’s evident ‘turn to the sea’ as regards the economy, the infrastructure, and population distribution patterns is very much in line with the interests and projects of large businesses. This change manifests itself in the development of port and logistics complexes, the port industry, the construction of offshore pipelines, more active offshore oil and gas production, the growing demographic potential of coastal cities, etc. This article aims to explore the localisation of large businesses in Russian coastal zones and to analyse the ‘coastalisation’ of the country’s largest companies. It is shown that ‘coastalisation’ has taken place in forty-two of Russia’s top 100 companies, as rated by the Russian Business Channel. Another objective of the study is to identify large businesses’ industrial and regional priorities in the maritime economy and investigate how they are transformed under the influence of geopolitical and geo-economic factors. Amid active Eurasian integration, which includes the Greater Eurasia project, big businesses are spurring the development of maritime economic complexes and the formation of sea-land economic structures, including cross-border ones. The study identifies which national coastal zones are most attractive to Russian large businesses. Special attention is paid here to the Baltic Sea and the exclave of Kaliningrad where both local (Sodruzhestvo and Avtotor) and interregional/transnational companies (United Shipbuilding Corporation, Gazprom, LUKOIL, etc.) are benefitting from the coastal factor in the socio-economic development.
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Еfimova, M. R., and N. A. Korolkova. "Improvement of the System of Statistical Indicators of the State and Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Russian Federation." Voprosy statistiki 26, no. 12 (December 23, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-12-27-38.
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The article proposes an improved system of statistical indicators for assessing the state and development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, which defines a methodological approach to identifying factors and trends in its development. The introduction highlights the relevance of modernization of information and methodological support for reaching decisions on new tasks, including those related to the digitalization of the economy and implementation of the national projects’ portfolio. The body of the article critically examines the current configuration of official and departmental statistical information, based on which the authors selected 85 key indicators reflecting the state and development level of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. All of them can be delineated by sectors and analysis tasks. This evaluation system includes 7 blocks: general block characterizing the role of the fuel and energy complex in the economic system; key industry performance indicators; indicators of the production structure by industry; technological indicators of industries; prices for fuel and energy resources; production costs by industry; distribution indicators of fuel and energy resources. The paper analyses development trends in the fuel and energy sectors for 2008-2018. In particular, the authors’ research showed that modern oil production is characterized by a change in the territorial structure, as well as the reinstatement of the role of vertically integrated companies in the development of oil production. The article presents findings on the technological upgrading of Russian oil refining. However, the authors’ research proved that oil refining depth has ceased to be a reliable indicator of the level of technological equipment and modernization level of oil refineries. With regard to the development of the gas industry, there has been a steady increase in gas production, which is supported by maintaining a steady increase in demand for Russian gas in the domestic and foreign markets. The all-time high domestic consumer demand for gas fuel, associated with the Russian Regions Gasification Program implemented by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, was recorded. At the same time, the authors identified the main risk factors in the development of the industry related to Gazprom (a backbone of the energy sector) activities. The persistent positive growth dynamics in commodity production of associated petroleum gas was established. It was also noted that the highest percentage of its beneficial use is characteristic of operators of production sharing agreements. As for the results of the analysis of the coal industry, a matter of interest is the growth of domestic prices for coal products and related derivative trends. Particular attention is paid to the development of the possibilities of using over-the-counter coal price indicators. Replacement of coal with natural gas at a thermal power station in most regions of the country is of interest within the identified development trends of the electric power industry in Russia, which is explained by the environmental friendliness of electricity generation.
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Such, Piotr. "Magazynowanie wodoru w obiektach geologicznych." Nafta-Gaz 76, no. 11 (November 2020): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2020.11.04.
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Hydrogen economy became one of the main directions in EU’s Green Deal for making Europe climate neutral in 2050. Hydrogen will be produced with the use of renewable energy sources or it will be obtained from coking plants and chemical companies. It will be applied as ecological fuel for cars and as a mix with methane in gas distribution networks. Works connected with all aspects of hydrogen infrastructure are conducted in Poland. The key problem in creating a hydrogen system is hydrogen storage. They ought to be underground (RES) because of their potential volume. Three types of underground storages are taken into account. There are salt caverns, exploited gas reservoirs and aquifers. Salt caverns were built in Poland and now they are fully operational methane storages. Oli and Gas Institute – National Research Institute has been collaborating with the Polish Oil and Gas Company since 1998. Salt cavern storage exists and is used as methane storages. Now it is possible to use them as methane-hydrogen mixtures storages with full control of all operational parameters (appropriate algorithms are established). Extensive study works were carried out in relation to depleted gas reservoirs/aquifers: from laboratory investigations to numerical modelling. The consortium with Silesian University of Technology was created, capable of carrying out all possible projects in this field. The consortium is already able to undertake the project of adapting the depleted field to a methane-hydrogen storage or, depending on the needs, to a hydrogen storage. All types of investigations of reservoir rocks and reservoir fluids will be taken into consideration.
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Palmer, Paul I., Simon O'Doherty, Grant Allen, Keith Bower, Hartmut Bösch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sarah Connors, et al. "A measurement-based verification framework for UK greenhouse gas emissions: an overview of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (August 17, 2018): 11753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11753-2018.
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Abstract. We describe the motivation, design, and execution of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project. The overarching scientific objective of GAUGE was to use atmospheric data to estimate the magnitude, distribution, and uncertainty of the UK greenhouse gas (GHG, defined here as CO2, CH4, and N2O) budget, 2013–2015. To address this objective, we established a multi-year and interlinked measurement and data analysis programme, building on an established tall-tower GHG measurement network. The calibrated measurement network comprises ground-based, airborne, ship-borne, balloon-borne, and space-borne GHG sensors. Our choice of measurement technologies and measurement locations reflects the heterogeneity of UK GHG sources, which range from small point sources such as landfills to large, diffuse sources such as agriculture. Atmospheric mole fraction data collected at the tall towers and on the ships provide information on sub-continental fluxes, representing the backbone to the GAUGE network. Additional spatial and temporal details of GHG fluxes over East Anglia were inferred from data collected by a regional network. Data collected during aircraft flights were used to study the transport of GHGs on local and regional scales. We purposely integrated new sensor and platform technologies into the GAUGE network, allowing us to lay the foundations of a strengthened UK capability to verify national GHG emissions beyond the project lifetime. For example, current satellites provide sparse and seasonally uneven sampling over the UK mainly because of its geographical size and cloud cover. This situation will improve with new and future satellite instruments, e.g. measurements of CH4 from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard Sentinel-5P. We use global, nested, and regional atmospheric transport models and inverse methods to infer geographically resolved CO2 and CH4 fluxes. This multi-model approach allows us to study model spread in a posteriori flux estimates. These models are used to determine the relative importance of different measurements to infer the UK GHG budget. Attributing observed GHG variations to specific sources is a major challenge. Within a UK-wide spatial context we used two approaches: (1) Δ14CO2 and other relevant isotopologues (e.g. δ13CCH4) from collected air samples to quantify the contribution from fossil fuel combustion and other sources, and (2) geographical separation of individual sources, e.g. agriculture, using a high-density measurement network. Neither of these represents a definitive approach, but they will provide invaluable information about GHG source attribution when they are adopted as part of a more comprehensive, long-term national GHG measurement programme. We also conducted a number of case studies, including an instrumented landfill experiment that provided a test bed for new technologies and flux estimation methods. We anticipate that results from the GAUGE project will help inform other countries on how to use atmospheric data to quantify their nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement.
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Gurney, Kevin R., Risa Patarasuk, Jianming Liang, Yang Song, Darragh O'Keeffe, Preeti Rao, James R. Whetstone, Riley M. Duren, Annmarie Eldering, and Charles Miller. "The Hestia fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data product for the Los Angeles megacity (Hestia-LA)." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 1309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1309-2019.
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Abstract. High-resolution bottom-up estimation provides a detailed guide for city greenhouse gas mitigation options, offering details that can increase the economic efficiency of emissions reduction options and synergize with other urban policy priorities at the human scale. As a critical constraint to urban atmospheric CO2 inversion studies, bottom-up spatiotemporally explicit emissions data products are also necessary to construct comprehensive urban CO2 emission information systems useful for trend detection and emissions verification. The “Hestia Project” is an effort to provide bottom-up granular fossil fuel (FFCO2) emissions for the urban domain with building/street and hourly space–time resolution. Here, we report on the latest urban area for which a Hestia estimate has been completed – the Los Angeles megacity, encompassing five counties: Los Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County and Ventura County. We provide a complete description of the methods used to build the Hestia FFCO2 emissions data product for the years 2010–2015. We find that the LA Basin emits 48.06 (±5.3) MtC yr−1, dominated by the on-road sector. Because of the uneven spatial distribution of emissions, 10 % of the largest-emitting grid cells account for 93.6 %, 73.4 %, 66.2 %, and 45.3 % of the industrial, commercial, on-road, and residential sector emissions, respectively. Hestia FFCO2 emissions are 10.7 % larger than the inventory estimate generated by the local metropolitan planning agency, a difference that is driven by the industrial and electricity production sectors. The detail of the Hestia-LA FFCO2 emissions data product offers the potential for highly targeted, efficient urban greenhouse gas emissions mitigation policy. The Hestia-LA v2.5 emissions data product can be downloaded from the National Institute of Standards and Technology repository (https://doi.org/10.18434/T4/1502503, Gurney et al., 2019).
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Cowie, Annette, Richard Eckard, and Sandra Eady. "Greenhouse gas accounting for inventory, emissions trading and life cycle assessment in the land-based sector: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 3 (2012): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11188.
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Governments, organisations and individuals have recognised the need to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To identify where savings can be made, and to monitor progress in reducing emissions, we need methodologies to quantify GHG emissions and sequestration. Through the Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) landholders may generate credits for reducing emissions and/or sequestering carbon (C). National GHG inventories for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and accounting under the Kyoto Protocol use a sectoral approach. For example, fuel use in agriculture is reported in the transport component of the energy sector; energy use in producing herbicide and fertiliser is included in the manufacturing section of the energy sector; sequestration in farm forestry is reported in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, while emissions reported in the agriculture sector include methane (CH4) from ruminant livestock, nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils, and non-carbon dioxide (CO2) GHG from stubble and savannah burning. In contrast, project-level accounting for CFI includes land-use change, forestry and agricultural sector emissions, and significant direct inputs such as diesel and electricity. A C footprint calculation uses a life cycle approach, including all the emissions associated with an organisation, activity or product. The C footprint of a food product includes the upstream emissions from manufacturing fertiliser and other inputs, fuel use in farming operations, transport, processing and packaging, distribution to consumers, electricity use in refrigeration and food preparation, and waste disposal. Methods used to estimate emissions range from simple empirical emissions factors, to complex process-based models. Methods developed for inventory and emissions trading must balance the need for sufficient accuracy to give confidence to the market, with practical aspects such as ease and expense of data collection. Requirements for frequent on-ground monitoring and third party verification of soil C or livestock CH4 estimates, for example, may incur costs that would negate the financial benefit of credits earned, and could also generate additional GHG emissions. Research is required to develop practical on-farm measures of CH4 and N2O, and methods to quantify C in environmental plantings, agricultural soils and rangeland ecosystems, to improve models for estimation and prediction of GHG emissions, and enable baseline assessment. There is a need for whole-farm level estimation tools that accommodate regional and management differences in emissions and sequestration to support landholders in managing net emissions from their farming enterprises. These on-farm ‘bottom-up’ accounting tools must align with the ‘top-down’ national account. To facilitate assessment of C footprints for food and fibre products, Australia also needs a comprehensive life cycle inventory database. This paper reviews current methods and approaches used for quantifying GHG emissions for the land-based sectors in the context of emissions reporting, emissions trading and C footprinting, and proposes possible improvements. We emphasise that cost-effective yet credible GHG estimation methods are needed to encourage participation in voluntary offset schemes such as the CFI, and thereby achieve maximum mitigation in the land-based sector.
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Cichowicz, Robert, and Maciej Dobrzański. "Modeling Pollutant Emissions: Influence of Two Heat and Power Plants on Urban Air Quality." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175218.
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Large industrial plants, power plants, and combined heat and power plants are popularly believed to be the main sources of point emissions, affecting both local and global air quality. This is because these installations emit significant amounts of pollutants at high altitudes every year. In this study, we investigate the impact of two solid fuel (hard coal)-fired CHP plants located within the urban agglomeration on the air quality of the city of Lodz in Poland (Europe). We used an OPA03 computer software to model the spatial distribution of pollutants. The results show that the annual average concentrations of pollutants were highest at an altitude of 25 m above ground level and decreased at lower measurement heights. The concentrations did not exceed permissible levels, reaching only 4% of national and international regulatory limits. We also made field measurements during the winter heating period, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with sensors to map the distributions of dust and gas pollutants in the areas with the highest concentrations of emissions from the two heat and power plants. Overall, the field measurements confirmed that it is not high-altitude emissions that have the greatest impact on local air quality.
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Farnham, April. "“Their Sleep Is To Be Desecrated”: California's Central Valley Project and the Wintu People of Northern California, 1938-1943." Ethnic Studies Review 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2007.30.1.135.
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The morning of July 14, 1944, was intended to be a moment of celebration for the City of Redding, California. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had been scheduled to arrive in the booming city to dedicate Shasta Dam, a national reclamation project of great pride to local citizens and construction workers. Just days prior, however, the dedication ceremony had been canceled due to the inability of Ickes to leave Washington D.C.. Instead, a small group of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) officials, Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) officials, and local city officials quietly gathered within the dam's $19,400,000 power plant. A BOR official flipped a switch to start one of the plant's two massive generators, sending a surge of 120,000 watts of hydroelectricity into California's transmission lines and the Pacific, Gas, and Electric (PG&E) distribution system. This energy would fuel the West's war industries and the federal defense effort in World War II. Though without fanfare, the switching event signaled the official start of commercial production of power from the world's second largest dam and keystone of the Central Valley Project (CVP). From Washington, D.C., the event was heralded by BOR Commissioner Harry W. Bashore as “a milestone in the fulfillment of visions Californians have had for nearly 100 years.”2
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Makkar, Harinder P. S. "Smart livestock feeding strategies for harvesting triple gain – the desired outcomes in planet, people and profit dimensions: a developing country perspective." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15557.
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Of the total greenhouse gas emission from the livestock sector, 45% relates to feed production and processing. Enteric methane (35%), land-use change (9%) and manure nitrous oxide and manure methane together (9.5%) are the other sources of greenhouse gas emissions, which to a large extent depend on feed types. Inefficient use of feeds reduces profitability. Increasing future feed demand and food-feed-fuel competition have environmental and social impacts. The growth for demand in livestock products comes with social, economic and environmental challenges. This paper argues that the efficient utilisation of feed resources and application of appropriate feeding strategies are vital for strengthening the three conventional pillars of sustainability (environment, social and economic). Towards this end, it identifies and explores a series of promising innovations and practices in feed production and feeding including balanced and phased feeding; increase in the quality and level of use of forages in diets; reduction in use of grains; harvesting forages when nutrient availability per unit of land is maximum; targeted mineral feeding; reduction in feed losses; use of straw-based densified feed blocks; better recycling of human food wastes and human-inedible food components to feed; new business models for production and use of urea-ammoniated straws, urea-molasses blocks, forages and silages in smallholder farms; and use of underutilised locally available feed crops linked with strengthening of seed development and distribution infrastructure. The development of simple tools and on-site assays for correcting nutritional imbalances also offers interesting opportunities. Collection of data on feed availability at the national level, and generation of sound chemical composition and nutritional value data of feeds, are a prerequisite to innovate. The focus of the discussion will be on low-input livestock systems in developing world. A large number of livestock are found in such systems and small improvements can have high global impact. In addition to the technological aspects, policy and institutional building options required to realise large impact are also discussed.
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Apel, E. C., L. K. Emmons, T. Karl, F. Flocke, A. J. Hills, S. Madronich, J. Lee-Taylor, et al. "Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 5 (March 8, 2010): 2353–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2353-2010.
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Abstract. The volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its evolution as it is uplifted and transported out of the MCMA basin was studied during the 2006 MILAGRO/MIRAGE-Mex field campaign. The results show that in the morning hours in the city center, the VOC distribution is dominated by non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) but with a substantial contribution from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), predominantly from primary emissions. Alkanes account for a large part of the NMHC distribution in terms of mixing ratios. In terms of reactivity, NMHCs also dominate overall, especially in the morning hours. However, in the afternoon, as the boundary layer lifts and air is mixed and aged within the basin, the distribution changes as secondary products are formed. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) model and MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers) were able to approximate the observed MCMA daytime patterns and absolute values of the VOC OH reactivity. The MOZART model is also in agreement with observations showing that NMHCs dominate the reactivity distribution except in the afternoon hours. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models showed higher reactivity than the experimental data during the nighttime cycle, perhaps indicating problems with the modeled nighttime boundary layer height. A northeast transport event was studied in which air originating in the MCMA was intercepted aloft with the Department of Energy (DOE) G1 on 18 March and downwind with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C130 one day later on 19 March. A number of identical species measured aboard each aircraft gave insight into the chemical evolution of the plume as it aged and was transported as far as 1000 km downwind; ozone was shown to be photochemically produced in the plume. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models were used to examine the spatial extent and temporal evolution of the plume and to help interpret the observed OH reactivity. The model results generally showed good agreement with experimental results for the total VOC OH reactivity downwind and gave insight into the distributions of VOC chemical classes. A box model with detailed gas phase chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism), initialized with concentrations observed at one of the ground sites in the MCMA, was used to examine the expected evolution of specific VOCs over a 1–2 day period. The models clearly supported the experimental evidence for NMHC oxidation leading to the formation of OVOCs downwind, which then become the primary fuel for ozone production far away from the MCMA.
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Ahmad, N. A., and H. Byrd. "Empowering Distributed Solar PV Energy for Malaysian Rural Housing: Towards Energy Security and Equitability of Rural Communities." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 1 (February 4, 2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.1.59-68.
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This paper illustrates on how Malaysia’s development landscapes has been poweredby cheap oil and gas making it dependent and addicted on using large amounts of fossil fuels. As acountry that is primarily depended on fossil fuels for generating power supply, Malaysia needs tocogitate of long-term energy security due to fossil fuel depletion and peak oil issues. Loss of theseresources could leadto thereduction of power generation capacitywhich will threaten the stabilityof the electricity supply in Malaysia. This could potentially influence in an increase in electricitycosts which lead to a phase of power scarcity and load shedding for the country. With the risk ofinterrupted power supplies, rural households, especially those of low-income groups areparticularly vulnerable to the post-effects of a power outage and an inequitable distribution to thepeople. Distributed generation of electricity by solar PVs diminishes the vulnerability of thesehouseholds and can also offer an income to them by feeding the power supply to the national gridthrough Feed-in Tariff scheme. At the moment, the deployment of solar PV installations is still inthe introductory stage in Malaysia, where roof-mounted PV panels are only available to commercialand urban residential buildings. This is due to the lack of a suitable renewable energy policy forrural households and the high cost of the solar PV technology. This paper will put forward ananalysis for incorporating solar photovoltaic on roofs of rural houses by identifying the energyconsumption of these households and the extent to which PVs can alleviate electricity insecurity.The results present significant potential for distributed PV power generation in rural areas inMalaysia which shown a considerable amount of electricity needed to be harvested from roofmountedsolar PV for rural people in Malaysia.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (February 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0221-0020-jpt.
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Jersey Oil and Gas Unearths Wengen Prospect The Greater Buchan Area (GBA) now has four drill-ready prospects to add to discoveries already slated for development. In a new subsurface evaluation, Jersey Oil & Gas, a British-independent North Sea-focused upstream oil and gas company, has uncovered a new prospect, named Wengen, to complement its Verbier Deep, Cortina NE, and Zermatt drill-ready prospects. The four are estimated to host some 222 million bbl of P50 prospective resources, all in the immediate vicinity of Jersey’s planned GBA production facility. The consolidated Greater Buchan venture comprises Buchan field (80 million bbl), Verbier (c25 million bbl), J2 (c20 million), and Glenn (14 million). The new prospect, located in License P2170, is directly west of the Tweedsmuir field and should host some 62 million bbl of potential resources (P50), with the probabilistic range set at 31 million bbl at P90 (higher confidence) and 162 mil-lion for P10 (lower confidence). Probability of geological success is 22% for the prospect. Contractor Rockflow previously estimated the recoverable resources in the GBA at 94.7 million bbl, including the parts within P2170. In late November, Jersey announced it is taking full ownership of License P2170, which hosts most of the Verbier discovery, as part of the GBA. In March, Jersey told investors the project is fully funded and that it intends to take the project to potential industry partners via a farm-out process. An exploratory drilling campaign is being planned for 2022. Jordan Finds “Promising” Gas Reserves Near Iraq Border Jordan’s majority state-owned National Petroleum Company (NPC) has discovered “promising” natural gas in the Risha gas field along its eastern border with Iraq. Risha makes up nearly 5% of the kingdom’s consumption of natural gas of around 350 MMcf/D for power generation, Jordanian officials said. The flow of new gas supplies will raise the productivity of the gas field and help Jordan cut dependence on oil imports to fuel its power sector and industries. The country, which now imports over 93% of its total energy supplies, is burdened by a $3.5-billion annual bill, comprising almost 8% of Jordan’s GDP. Although British supermajor BP abandoned the eastern desert area in 2014 after investing over $240 million, Jordanian exploration has stepped up since 2019, boosting quantities by at least 70%, Mohammad al Khasawneh, head of NPC, said. An ambitious 10-year energy plan unveiled in 2019 aims to secure nearly half of the country’s electricity generation from local energy sources com-pared to a current 15%, according to Iraq Energy Minister Hala Zawati. The plan is meant to diversify local energy sources by expanding investments in renewable and oil shale to reduce costly foreign fuel imports, Zawati added. ExxonMobil Discovers Hydrocarbons Offshore Suriname ExxonMobil and Petronas have discovered several hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone zones with good reservoir qualities in the Campanian section of the Sloanea-1 exploration well on Block 52 offshore Suriname, adding to ExxonMobil’s finds in the Guyana-Suriname basin. The well was drilled by operator Petronas. ExxonMobil said in November that it is prioritizing near-term capital spending on advantaged assets with the highest potential future value. Maersk Drilling reported in early July that it had secured the Maersk Developer from Petronas subsidiary PSEPBV in a $20.4-million one-well exploration con-tract offshore Suriname. The semisubmersible rig drilled the Suriname-Guyana basin well to a total depth of 15,682 ft. “We are pleased with the positive results of the well,” Emeliana Rice-Oxley, Petronas’ vice president of upstream exploration, said. “It will provide the drive for Petronas to continue exploring in Suriname, which is one of our focus basins in the Americas.” Block 52 covers an area of 1.2 million acres and is located approximately 75 miles offshore north of Paramaribo. The water depths on Block 52 range from 160 to 3,600 ft. ExxonMobil E&P Suriname BV, an affiliate of ExxonMobil, holds 50% interest in Block 52. PSEPBV is operator and holds 50% interest. CNOOC Starts Production on Penglai 25-6 Oil Field Area 3 Project China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) announced on 14 December that its Bohai Sea Project - the Penglai 25-6 oil field area 3 - has started production ahead of schedule. The biggest offshore oil field and the second biggest oil field in China, the Penglai is located in the south central Bohai Sea, with average water depth of about 27 m. In addition to fully utilizing the existing processing facilities of Penglai oil fields, the project has built a new wellhead platform and plans 58 development wells, including 38 production wells and 20 water-injection wells. The project is expected to reach its peak production of approximately 11,511 B/D of crude oil in 2023. Six successful appraisal wells were also drilled, which confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in reservoirs located with-in Miocene, Lower Minghuazhen, and Guantao sandstones. The Penglai 19-3 oil field is located in Block 11/05 of Bohai Bay, approximately 235 km southeast of Tanggu. The production-sharing contract for block 11/05 was signed between CNOOC and ConocoPhillips China (COPC) in December 1994; the field was discovered jointly by CNOOC and COPC in 1999. The oil field was developed in two phases. Phase I production started in December 2002; production from the wellhead platform C, which is tied back temporarily to the production facilities of Phase I, began in June 2007. Since June 2020, CNOOC has announced five production startups: the Jinzhou 25-1 oilfield 6/11 area project, the Liuhua 16-2 oilfield/ 20-2 oil-field joint development project, the Nan-bao 35-2 oilfield S1 area project, the Luda 21-2/16-3 regional development project, and the Qinhuangdao 33-1S oilfield phase-I project. In Q3 2020, CNOOC achieved a total net production of 131.2 million BOE, which the company said represented an increase of 5.1% year over year. Production from China was said to have increased by 10.4% year over year to 88.6 million BOE. In November, CNOOC revealed that the Liuhua 29-1 gas field had begun production; in September, the company said the Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field pilot area development project had also begun. Operator CNOOC holds 51% interest while COPC holds 49% interest in the Penglai 25-6 oilfield area 3 project. Equinor’s Snorre Expansion Project Starts Ahead of Schedule, Below Cost Work began in December on the Snorre Expansion Project in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. This increased-oil-recovery project will add almost 200 million bbl of recoverable oil reserves and help extend the productive life of the Snorre field through 2040. The expansion project is proposed in blocks 34/4 and 34/7 of the Tampen area, approximately 124 miles west of Florø in the Norwegian North Sea. “I am proud that we have managed to achieve safe startup of the Snorre Expansion Project ahead of schedule in such a challenging year as 2020. In addition, the project is set to be delivered more than NOK 1 billion below the cost estimate in the plan for development and operation,” Geir Tungesvik, Equinor’s executive vice president for technology, projects, and drilling, said. Originally scheduled to come onstream in the first quarter of 2021, the project comprises 24 new wells divided into six subsea templates, drilled to recover the new volumes. Bundles connecting the new wells to the platform have been installed, in addition to new risers. The project also includes a new module and modifications on Snorre A. In December 2017, Equinor submitted a modified plan for development and operation of the field. With the expansion, the recovery factor will increase from 46 to 51%, representing significant value for a field with 2 billion bbl of recoverable oil reserves. Wind power will supply about 35% of the power requirement for the Snorre and Gullfaks fields. The Hywind Tampen project, featuring 11 floating wind turbines, should start up in Q3 2022. The investments in the expansion project total NOK 19.5 billion (2020 value). The project has had substantial spin-off effects for the supply industry in Norway, particularly in eastern Norway and in Rogaland. The Snorre field partnership comprises Equinor (operator) 33.27%, Petoro 30%, Vår Energi 18.55%, Idemitsu 9.6%, and Wintershall Dea 8.57%. Petrobras To Sell Entire Stake in Onshore Field of Sergipe Petrobras on 11 December signed a contract with Energizzi Energias do Brasil to sell its entire stake in the onshore field of Rabo Branco, located south of the Carmópolis field in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Sergipe state. The Rabo Branco field is part of the BT-SEAL-13 concession. The $1.5-million sale is in line with Petrobras’ strategy to cut costs and improve its capital allocation, to focus its resources increasingly on deep and ultradeep waters. The average oil production of the field, from January to October 2020, was 138 B/D. Energizzi Energias do Brasil will own 50% stake in the Rabo Branco field; operator Produção de Óleo e Gás (Petrom) holds the remaining 50%. On 10 December, Petrobras closed the divestiture of its full ownership in four onshore fields at the Tucano Basin site in the state of Bahia. Petrobras sold its entire interest to Eagle Exploração de Óleo e Gás (Eagle). Petrobras earned $2.571 million from this sale, in addition to the $602,000 that the company received at the time of signing the sale contract, for a total of $3.173 million. BP, Reliance Announce First Gas From Asia’s Deepest Project Oil-to-telecom conglomerate Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and BP have started production from India’s first ultradeepwater gas project, the first of three such projects in the KG D6 block. The R Cluster gas field is located off the east coast of India, about 60 km from the existing KG D6 control-and-riser platform (CRP), and comprises a subsea production system tied back to the CRP via a subsea pipeline. It is the deepest offshore gas field in Asia at a depth greater than 2000 m. The companies’ next project, the Satellites Cluster, is expected to come on stream this year, followed by the MJ project in 2022. These projects will utilize the existing hub infrastructure in the KG D6 block. “Growing India’s own production of cleaner-burning gas to meet a significant portion of its energy demand, these three new KG D6 projects will support the country’s drive to shape and improve its future energy mix,” BP Chief Executive Bernard Looney said. The R Cluster field is expected to reach plateau gas production of about 12.9 million standard cubic meters per day (MMscm/D) in 2021. Peak gas production from the three fields should be 30 MMscm/D (1 Bcf/D) by 2023, about 25% of India’s domestic production, and will help reduce the country’s dependence on imported gas. RIL is the operator of KG D6 with a 66.67% interest; BP holds a 33.33% participating interest.
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Pienaar, Wessel. "Logistics aspects of pipeline transport in the supply of petroleum products." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 2 (September 16, 2008): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i2.85.
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The commercial transportation of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline is receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipeline Transport has recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new petroleum products pipeline of 60 cm diameter from Durban to Gauteng. At an operating speed of 10 km/h the proposed 60 cm Transnet pipeline would be able to deliver 3,54 million litres of petroleum product per hour. This is equivalent to 89 deliveries per hour using road tank vehicles with an average carrying capacity of 40 000 litres of fuel per vehicle. This pipeline throughput is also equivalent to two trains departing per hour, each consisting of 42 petroleum tank wagons with an average carrying capacity of 42 500 litres of fuel per wagon. Considering that such road trucks and rail wagons return empty to the upstream refineries in Durban, it is clear that there is no tenable long-term alternative to pipeline transport:pipeline transport is substantially cheaper than road and rail transport;pipeline transport is much safer than rail and especially road transport; andpipeline transport frees up alternative road and rail transport capacity.Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport for the carriage of suitable liquids (for example, petroleum commodities, which include crude oil, refined fuel products and liquid petro-chemicals), gas, slurrified coal and certain water-suspended ores and minerals. InSouth Africa, petroleum products account for the majority of commercial pipeline traffic, followed by crude oil and natural gas. There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:Gathering pipeline systemsCrude oil trunk pipeline systemsRefined products pipeline systems Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between extraction, processing, distribution, and wholesalers’ depots in areas of consumption. The following activities are involved in the flow of goods between place of origin and place of consumption or application:Demand forecasting, Facility site selection, Procurement,Materials handling, Packaging, Warehouse management, Inventory management,Order processing, Logistics communications, Transport, Reverse logistics. Because cost is incurred without adding value each time goods are handled (activity 4) at a terminal or storage facility, a primary logistics objective is to eliminate handling wherever possible. With the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline this objective is fully met. Commodity intake, haulage, and discharge are combined in one process, usually a remote-controlled operation. Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport thereby obviating the need for packaging (activity 5) and returning empty containers. Pipelines provide a direct and long-term link between these origins and destinations. If necessary a continuous service can be provided with no need for a return trip or a reverse pumping process (activity 11).The elimination of handling, packaging and reverse logistics activities contribute substantially to the high measure of economies of scale that pipeline transport enjoys. The article provides adscription of each of the eleven logistics activities in the context of pipeline transport. Effective logistics service is a prerequisite to help ensure that customers receive the required products at the desired quality and quantity, where and when needed. The most pertinent determinants of logistics service performance aresuitability, accessibility, goods security, transit time, reliability and flexibility. The article offers a discussion of the extent to which pipeline transport conforms to each of these measures of effectiveness.
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Vigueras-Zúñiga, Marco Osvaldo, Carlos Augusto Ramírez-Ruíz, Agustín L. Herrera-May, and María Elena Tejeda-del-Cueto. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Effect of a Swirler with a High Swirl Number in a Biogas Combustor." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102768.
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Climate change as a worldwide phenomenon is the cause of multinational agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas is one of the most promising biofuels for the integration of clean energy sources; however, biogas has the disadvantage of a low calorific value. To overcome this problem, mechanical devices such as swirlers are implemented in combustion chambers (CCs) to increase their combustion efficiencies. A swirler induces rotation in the airstream that keeps a constant re-ignition of the air–fuel mixture in the combustion. We present the numerical modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental testing of combustion with biogas in a CC, including an optimized swirler in the airstream with a swirl number (Sn) of 2.48. A turbulence model of the renormalization group (RNG) was used to analyze the turbulence. Chemistry was parameterized using the laminar flamelet model. The numerical model allows visualizing the recirculation zone generated at the primary zone, and partially at the intermediate zone of the CC caused by the strong swirl. Temperature distribution profiles show the highest temperatures located at the intermediate and dilution zones, with the last one being a characteristic feature of biogas combustion. A strong swirl in the airstream generates low-velocity zones at the center of the CC. This effect centers flame, avoiding hot spots near the flame tube and flashback at the structural components. Regarding pollutant emissions, the goal of a biogas that generates less pollutants than nonrenewable gases is accomplished. It is observed that the mole fraction of NO in the CC is close to zero, while the mole fraction of CO2 after combustion is lowered compared to the original mole fraction contained in the biogas (0.25). The mole fraction of CO2 obtained in experimental tests was 0.0127. Results obtained in the numerical model for temperatures and mole fractions of CO2 and NO show a behavior similar to that of the experimental model. Experimental results for mole fraction of CO emissions are also presented and have a mean value of 0.0009. This value lies within allowed pollutant emissions for CO according to national environmental regulations.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (April 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0015-jpt.
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Shell Selling Onshore Egypt Assets Shell Egypt and one of its affiliates have signed an agreement with a consortium made up of subsidiaries of Cheiron Petroleum Corporation and Cairn Energy PLC to sell its upstream assets in Egypt’s Western Desert for a base consideration of $646 million. Additional payments of up to $280 million between 2021 and 2024 will be made contingent on the oil price and the results of further exploration. The transaction is subject to government and regulatory approvals and is expected to complete in the second half of 2021. The package of assets comprises Shell Egypt’s interest in 13 onshore concessions and the company’s share in Badr El-Din Petroleum Company. Shell will shift its exploration focus in Egypt offshore, which includes seven new blocks in the Nile Delta, West Mediterranean, and Red Sea. Chevron Begins Production From Sarta-2 Well in Iraq Chevron has started production from the Sarta-2 well at the Sarta field in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, partner Genel Energy said. Gross field production now stands at more than 10,000 B/D. Sarta production is expected to increase from the existing two producing wells as facility optimization continues after production startup. A fresh appraisal drilling campaign is scheduled to begin soon, with the Sarta-5 and Sarta-6 wells set to be drilled back-to-back. Chevron is operator of the Sarta production-sharing contract (50%) with partners Genel Energy (30%) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (20%). Colombia Eyes Licensing Round Results in November Colombia is expected to soon reveal the schedule for its 2021 licensing round offering 32 blocks for oil and gas exploration, with results expected in November. In 2020, the nation awarded three areas to Canada-based companies Parex Resources and Canocol Energy despite the double-whammy of crashing crude demand and a global pandemic. With oil prices on the mend and an aggressive vaccine dissemination program, Colombia is hopeful that interest in its oil and gas acreage returns to pre-pandemic levels. The National Hydrocarbon Agency (ANH) expects to award at least half of the available tracts, which are part of more than 500 areas identified by the ANH in the country and include mature fields, emerging basins, and bordering areas. Exploration in Colombia fell dramatically in 2020 with only 18 wildcats drilled vs. the 45 planned, with most of the expected investment deferred to 2021-2022. While the country has allowed pilot projects testing for unconventional oil, there currently is a ban on fracking operations in the country. Israel Begins Prep Work for Fourth Offshore Round Israel’s Ministry of Energy has announced plans to launch the fourth offshore bidding round (OBR 4) for exploration licenses in the country’s exclusive economic zone soon. OBR 4 is part of a multiyear program to encourage the exploration and development of Israel’s natural resources to provide low-cost, environmentally friendly energy to Israel’s consumers and businesses and to develop markets for Israeli natural gas beyond its borders. As in OBR 2, the Ministry is planning to offer several zones to qualified companies, with each zone comprising approximately four licenses having a total area of up to 1600 sq km. Around 25 exploration licenses (blocks) have been mapped and will be grouped into six clusters. The exact dates of the stages of the bid round and grouping of the licenses in clusters will be determined later. No decision has yet been made on the winner of the license for natural gas and oil exploration in Block 72 in the third competitive bid round carried out in 2020. The Ministry will announce the formal commencement of OBR 4 and its delineation in the near future and provide detailed information on its website www.energy-sea.energy.gov.il at that time. Exxon Drills Dud at Bulletwood Offshore Guyana Exxon encountered noncommercial hydrocarbons with a test of its Bulletwood prospect in the Canje Block in the Guyana-Suriname basin. The well, located in 2846 m of water, was drilled to its planned target depth of 6690 m using drillship Stena Carron. Data collection from the Bulletwood-1 well confirms the presence of the Guyana-Suriname petroleum system and the potential prospectivity of the Canje Block, said partner Westmount Energy. Bulletwood-1 was the first of three scheduled wells to be drilled on the block in 2021. Wells Jabillo-1 and Sapote-1 are expected to spud over the coming months. Exxon operates the Canje Block via its Esso Exploration and Production Guyana unit, which has a 35% stake. Total has 35%, JHI 17.5%, and Mid-Atlantic Oil & Gas 12.5. Westmount holds a 7.7% stake in JHI. While the well results were disappointing, Exxon’s success rate in the area is still around 80% from 18 wells and expects its production from the region to reach 750,000 B/D by 2026. Neptune Earmarks $150 Million for Exploration and Appraisal in 2021 UK-based independent Neptune Energy said its exploration and appraisal spend for 2021 will remain flat at around $150 million. The company said it had up to 11 wells planned for the year including followup wells at the Dugong and Maha discoveries as well as a wild-cat at Dugong Tail. Dugong was discovered in the Norwegian portion of the North Sea in 2020. Neptune believes the prospect holds between 40–120 million BOE. Dugong is located 158 km west of Florø, Norway, at a water depth of 330 m, and is close to existing production facilities. The Dugong prospect comprises two reservoirs that lies at a depth between 3250–3500 m. The Maha discovery offshore East Kalimantan is estimated to hold gas resources in excess of 600 Bcf. In 2019, Neptune and its partners, Eni (operator) and Pertamina, were awarded the West Ganal production-sharing contract that holds the Maya find. An exploration well targeting the Dugong Tail prospect, adjacent to the south of the Dugong find, is slated for the third quarter of this year and will be drilled using Odjfell semisubmersible Deepsea Yantai. Interest Wanes in Norway’s Arctic Frontier Seven companies applied for new acreage in the Barents Sea in Norway’s latest licensing round, down from 26 in a similar round in 2013. The government had offered 125 new blocks in eight frontier regions of the Barents. More than 60% of the undiscovered hydrocarbons offshore Norway are in the Barents frontier, according to the nation’s petroleum directorate. However, appetites for frontier drilling have diminished as oil prices weakened and recent results from the region have disappointed. Companies that applied for the new acreage round were Norske Shell, Equinor, Idemitsu Petroleum Norge, Ineos E&P Norge, Lundin Norway, OMV Norge, and Var Energi. Oman Transfers Ownership of Massive Block 6 The government of Oman has transferred its stake in one of the Middle East’s largest oil blocks to a newly established firm. By royal decree, the new, state-controlled Energy Development Oman (EDO) will hold the country’s 60% stake in Block 6. The stake was moved from Petroleum Development Oman (PDO), another government-run company. Oman, which is struggling under a soaring budget deficit, is looking to finance its spending by leveraging its energy assets. Block 6 has a production capacity of 650,000 BOED. Shell holds 34% in the block, while Total holds the remaining 4%. The government appointed Haifa Al Khaifi as head of EDO in January. She joined from PDO and is also chairwoman of the Saudi Arabian unit of State Street Corp., the Boston-based custodian and money manager. EDO will also be able to invest abroad and deal in renewable-energy products.
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Sciare, J., H. Cachier, K. Oikonomou, P. Ausset, R. Sarda-Estève, and N. Mihalopoulos. "Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols during the MINOS campaign in Crete, July–August 2001: a multi-analytical approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 3373–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-3373-2003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. During the major part of the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) campaign (summer 2001, Crete Isl.), the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) air was influenced by long range transport of biomass burning from the northern and western part of the Black Sea. During this campaign, carbonaceous aerosols were collected on quartz filters at a Free Tropospheric (FT) site, and at a MBL site together with size-resolved distribution of aerosols. Three Evolution Gas Analysis (EGA) protocols have been tested in order to better characterize the collected aged biomass burning smoke: A 2-step thermal method (Cachier et al., 1989) and a thermo-optical technique using two different temperature programs. The later temperature programs are those used for IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) and NIOSH 5040 (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health). Artifacts were observed using the NIOSH temperature program and identified as interactions between carbon and dust deposited on the filter matrix at high temperature (T=550°C) under the pure helium step of the analysis. During the MINOS campaign, Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) concentrations were on average respectively 1.19±0.56 and 3.62±1.08 μgC/m3 for the IMPROVE temperature program, and 1.09±0.36 and 3.75±1.24 μgC/m3 for the thermal method. Though these values compare well on average and the agreement between the Total Carbon (TC) measurements sample to sample was excellent (slope = 1.00, r2=0.93, n=56), important discrepancies were observed in determining BC concentrations from these two methods (average error of 33&plusmn22%). BC from the IMPROVE temperature program compared well with non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K) pointing out an optical sensitivity to biomass burning. On the other hand, BC from the thermal method showed a better agreement with non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4), considered as a tracer for fossil fuel combustion during the MINOS campaign. The coupling between these two methods for determining BC brings here new insights on the origin of carbonaceous aerosols in a complex mixture of different sources. It brings also to our attention that important deviations in BC levels are observed using three widely used EGA techniques and most probably none of the EGA tested here are well adapted to fully characterize this aerosol mixture. Spherical, smooth and silico-aluminated fly-ash observed by Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (ASEM) confirm the influence of coal combustion on the carbonaceous aerosol load throughout the campaign. A raw calculation based on BC/nss-SO4 mass ratio suggests that biomass burning could be responsible for half of the BC concentration recorded during the MINOS campaign. From the plot of BC as a function of TC, two linear correlations were observed corresponding to 2 times series (before and after 12 August). Such good correlations suggest, from a first look, that both BC and OC have similar origin and atmospheric transport. On the other hand, the plot of BC as a function of TC obtained from the 2-step thermal method applied to DEKATI Low Pressure Cascade Impactor samples does not show a similar correlation and points out a non conservative distribution of this ratio with 2 super micron modes enriched in OC, correlated with sea salt aerosols and probably originating from gas-to-particle conversion.
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Sciare, J., H. Cachier, K. Oikonomou, P. Ausset, R. Sarda-Estève, and N. Mihalopoulos. "Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols during the MINOS campaign in Crete, July–August 2001: a multi-analytical approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 5 (October 16, 2003): 1743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1743-2003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. During the major part of the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) campaign (summer 2001, Crete Isl.), the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) air was influenced by long range transport of biomass burning from the northern and western part of the Black Sea. During this campaign, carbonaceous aerosols were collected on quartz filters at a Free Tropospheric (FT) site, and at a MBL site together with size-resolved distribution of aerosols. Three Evolution Gas Analysis (EGA) protocols have been tested in order to better characterize the collected aged biomass burning smoke: A 2-step thermal method (Cachier et al., 1989) and a thermo-optical technique using two different temperature programs. The later temperature programs are those used for IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) and NIOSH 5040 (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health). Artifacts were observed using the NIOSH temperature program and identified as interactions between carbon and dust deposited on the filter matrix at high temperature (T>550ºC) under the pure helium step of the analysis. During the MINOS campaign, Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) mass concentrations were on average respectively 1.19±0.56 and 3.62±1.08 mgC/m3 for the IMPROVE temperature program, and 1.09±0.36 and 3.75±1.24 mgC/m3 for the thermal method. Though these values compare well on average and the agreement between the Total Carbon (TC) measurements sample to sample was excellent (slope=1.00, r2=0.93, n=56), important discrepancies were observed in determining BC concentrations from these two methods (average error of 33±22%). BC from the IMPROVE temperature program compared well with non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K) pointing out an optical sensitivity to biomass burning. On the other hand, BC from the thermal method showed a better agreement with non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4), considered as a tracer for fossil fuel combustion during the MINOS campaign. The coupling between these two methods for determining BC brings here new insights on the origin of carbonaceous aerosols in a complex mixture of different sources. It brings also to our attention that important deviations in BC levels are observed using three widely used EGA's techniques and most probably none of the EGA tested here are well adapted to fully characterize this aerosol mixture. Spherical, smooth and silico-aluminated fly-ash observed by an Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (ASEM) confirm the influence of coal combustion on the carbonaceous aerosol load throughout the campaign. A rough calculation based on a BC/nss-SO4 mass ratio suggests that biomass burning could be responsible for half of the BC concentration recorded during the MINOS campaign. From the plot of BC as a function of TC, two linear correlations were observed corresponding to 2 times series (before and after 12 August). Such good correlations suggest, from a first look, that both BC and OC have similar origin and atmospheric transport. On the other hand, the plot of BC as a function of TC obtained from the 2-step thermal method applied to DEKATI Low Pressure Cascade Impactor samples does not show a similar correlation and points out a non conservative distribution of this ratio with 2 super micron modes enriched in OC, correlated with sea salt aerosols and probably originating from gas-to-particle conversion.
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Williams, Martin L., Sean Beevers, Nutthida Kitwiroon, David Dajnak, Heather Walton, Melissa C. Lott, Steve Pye, Daniela Fecht, Mireille B. Toledano, and Mike Holland. "Public health air pollution impacts of pathway options to meet the 2050 UK Climate Change Act target: a modelling study." Public Health Research 6, no. 7 (June 2018): 1–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr06070.
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BackgroundThe UK’sClimate Change Act 2008(CCA; Great Britain.Climate Change Act 2008. Chapter 27. London: The Stationery Office; 2008) requires a reduction of 80% in carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions by 2050 on a 1990 base. This project quantified the impact of air pollution on health from four scenarios involving particulate matter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Two scenarios met the CCA target: one with limited nuclear power build (nuclear replacement option; NRPO) and one with no policy constraint on nuclear (low greenhouse gas). Another scenario envisaged no further climate actions beyond those already agreed (‘baseline’) and the fourth kept 2011 concentrations constant to 2050 (‘2011’).MethodsThe UK Integrated MARKAL–EFOM System (UKTM) energy system model was used to develop the scenarios and produce projections of fuel use; these were used to produce air pollutant emission inventories for Great Britain (GB) for each scenario. The inventories were then used to run the Community Multiscale Air Quality model ‘air pollution model’ to generate air pollutant concentration maps across GB, which then, combined with relationships between concentrations and health outcomes, were used to calculate the impact on health from the air pollution emitted in each scenario. This is a significant improvement on previous health impact studies of climate policies, which have relied on emissions changes. Inequalities in exposure in different socioeconomic groups were also calculated, as was the economic impact of the pollution emissions.ResultsConcentrations of NO2declined significantly because of a high degree of electrification of the GB road transport fleet, although the NRPO scenario shows large increases in oxides of nitrogen emissions from combined heat and power (CHP) sources. Concentrations of PM2.5show a modest decrease by 2050, which would have been larger if it had not been for a significant increase in biomass (wood burning) use in the two CCA scenarios peaking in 2035. The metric quantifying long-term exposure to O3is projected to decrease, while the important short-term O3exposure metric increases. Large projected increases in future GB vehicle kilometres lead to increased non-exhaust PM2.5and particulate matter of ≤ 10 µm emissions. The two scenarios which achieve the CCA target resulted in more life-years lost from long-term exposures to PM2.5than in the baseline scenario. This is an opportunity lost and arises largely from the increase in biomass use, which is projected to peak in 2035. Reduced long-term exposures to NO2lead to many more life-years saved in the ‘CCA-compliant’ scenarios, but the association used may overestimate the effects of NO2itself. The more deprived populations are estimated currently to be exposed to higher concentrations than those less deprived, the contrast being largest for NO2. Despite reductions in concentrations in 2050, the most socioeconomically deprived are still exposed to higher concentrations than the less deprived.LimitationsModelling of the atmosphere is always uncertain; we have shown the model to be acceptable through comparison with observations. The necessary complexity of the modelling system has meant that only a small number of scenarios were run.ConclusionsWe have established a system which can be used to explore a wider range of climate policy scenarios, including more European and global scenarios as well as local measures. Future work could explore wood burning in more detail, in terms of the sectors in which it might be burned and the spatial distribution of this across the UK. Further analyses of options for CHP could also be explored. Non-exhaust emissions from road transport are an important source of particles and emission factors are uncertain. Further research on this area coupled with our modelling would be a valuable area of research.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Li, Xizhe, Zhengming Yang, Shujun Li, Wei Huang, Jianfei Zhan, and Wei Lin. "Reservoir characteristics and effective development technology in typical low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs of China National Petroleum Corporation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation, April 14, 2021, 014459872110052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01445987211005212.
Full textAbstract:
Low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs of the China National Petroleum Corporation are crucial to increase the reserve volumes and the production of crude oil in the present and future times. This study aimed to address the two major technical bottlenecks faced by the low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs by a comprehensive use of technologies and methods such as rate-controlled mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, conventional logging, physical simulation, numerical simulation, and field practices. The reservoir characteristics of low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs were first analyzed. The water flooding development adjustment mode in the middle and high water-cut stages for the low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs, where water is injected along the fracture zone and lateral displacement were established. The formation mechanism and distribution principles of dynamic fractures, residual oil description, and expanding sweep volume were studied. The development mode for Type II ultralow-permeability reservoirs with a combination of horizontal well and volume fracturing was determined; this led to a significant improvement in the initial stages of single-well production. The volume fracturing core theory and optimization design, horizontal well trajectory optimization adjustment, horizontal well injection-production well pattern optimization, and horizontal well staged fracturing suitable for reservoirs with different characteristics were developed. This understanding of the reservoir characteristics and the breakthrough of key technologies for effective development will substantially support the oil-gas valent weight of the Changqing Oilfield to exceed 50 million tons per year, the stable production of the Daqing Oilfield with 40 million tons per year (oil-gas valent weight), and the realization of 20 million tons per year (oil-gas valent weight) in the Xinjiang Oilfield.
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"Natural Gas Demand Estimation for India: Error Correction Modelling." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 5S3 (September 14, 2019): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e1092.0785s319.
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Share of fossil fuel in India’s primary energy mix is around 92% with natural gas contributing 6% in it. The power, fertilizer and city gas distribution (CGD) sector are the major gas-consuming sector in India. Despite the government efforts to increase the share of natural gas in the primary energy mix, the country still has low per capita gas consumption. In order to enhance natural gas consumption in the country, the Indian government has set up a target to increase natural gas share in the energy mix to 15% by 2022. Therefore, the issue of estimation of the natural gas demand is addressed in the present paper to understand the dynamics of the natural gas market. The error correction model (ECM) is applied at a national and sectoral level to examine the domestic gas demand in India. The study reveals the following findings: (a) At the national and sectoral level, the last year gas consumption is an only statistically significant factor; (b) Price, population and income are not statistically significant at national and sectoral level and (c) Demand for natural gas is price inelastic at the national level
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Braun, R. J., M. Gummalla, and J. Yamanis. "System Architectures for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Auxiliary Power Units in Future Commercial Aircraft Applications." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (May 15, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3008037.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advancements in fuel cell technology through the auspices of the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and industry partners have set the stage for the use of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generation systems in aircraft applications. Conventional gas turbine auxiliary power units (APUs) account for 20% of airport ground-based emissions. Alleviating airport ground emissions will continue to be a challenge with increased air travel unless new technology is introduced. Mission fuel burn and emissions can be significantly reduced through optimal systems integration of aircraft and SOFC subsystems. This study examines the potential total aircraft mission benefits of tightly integrating SOFC hybrids with aircraft subsystems using United Technologies Corporation Integrated Total Aircraft Power Systems proprietary methodologies. Several system concepts for optimal integration of the SOFC stack with aircraft subsystems are presented and analyzed in terms of mission fuel burn for technologies commensurate with 2015 entry into service. The performance of various hybrid SOFC-APU system architectures is compared against an advanced gas turbine-based APU system. In addition to the merits of different system architectures, optimal SOFC system parameter selection is discussed. The results of the study indicate that despite the lower power density of SOFC-based APU systems, significant aircraft fuel burn (5–7%) and emission reductions (up to 70%) are possible. The majority of the fuel burn savings are realized during aircraft ground operations rather than in-flight mission segments due to the greater efficiency difference between the SOFC system and the advanced APU technology.
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Badmus, I., and A. J. Bakri. "Energy, Exergy and Environmental Compatibility Analyses of LPG and Household Kerosene Utilisations as Domestic Fuels in Nigeria: 1980 – 2019." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, April 20, 2021, 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i330194.
Full textAbstract:
Household kerosene and Liquefied Petroleum Gas form the bulk of domestic fuels, especially in Nigerian urban areas. Data on both fuels, from 1980 to 2019, were collected, mainly from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation sources. Energy, exergy and environmental compatibility analyses were carried out on the utilisation of LPG for cooking, and household kerosene for both cooking and lighting. Kerosene lighting, with 0.05% energy efficiency and 0.045% exergy efficiency, was extremely poor. Cooking, with different mixes of both fuels, yielded energy efficiencies ranging from 35.04% to 44.54%. Corresponding exergy efficiencies were from 7.75% to 9.98%. Associated environmental compatibility factors were from 0.71749 to 0.73945. Overall process energy efficiencies, involving both cooking and lighting, were from 4.05% to 34.19%. Corresponding exergy efficiencies were from 0.93% to 7.61%. Overall environmental compatibility factors ranged from 0.71746 to 0.73259. Energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as environmental compatibility factors, increased directly with increase in LPG utilisation in the fuel-mix.
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Matthews, Wendy J., Karren L. More, and Larry R. Walker. "Primary Surface Recuperator Alloy Oxidation: A Comparison of Accelerated Engine Testing to Field Operation." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 133, no. 4 (November 23, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4002174.
Full textAbstract:
The Capstone C65 Microturbine primary surface recuperator (PSR) core has been manufactured from Haynes alloy HR-120 since 2005 (Microturbine is a registered trademark of Capstone Turbine Corporation; Haynes and HR-120 are trademarks of Haynes International, Inc.). When exposed to the harsh operating environment of the microturbine PSR, HR-120 forms a protective oxide scale that is resistant to the effects of the water vapor present in the exhaust gas. Long-term accelerated microturbine testing with samples in a modified PSR with a removable aft dome is ongoing at an elevated turbine exit temperature (TET) ∼100°F higher than normal operation. The elevated TET test engine is operated at steady-state conditions, and the engine is shut down at predetermined intervals for sample removal. Material characterization of the elevated TET samples has been carried out by Capstone Turbine Corporation in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The surface oxide scale formation and associated alloy compositional changes have been evaluated for elevated TET samples with operating lives ranging from ∼1800 h to ∼26,500 h. In addition, field-operated HR-120 recuperators have been sectioned and samples have been evaluated for operating lives ranging from ∼5500 h to ∼18,000 h. Results from the microstructural and compositional analyses of both the long-term steady-state elevated TET HR-120 samples and the field-operated HR-120 recuperator samples will be presented and compared.
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Sciacovelli, Adriano, Vittorio Verda, Cristina Amelio, Carlo Repetto, and Gustavo Diaz. "Performance Improvement of a Circular MCFC Through Optimal Design of the Fluid Distribution System." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (June 19, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4006798.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the prototype of a circular molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) built in the laboratories of FN SpA Nuove Tecnologie e Servizi Avanzati is analyzed using a tridimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. The prototype is the result of FN and Politecnico di Torino activities developed for the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) within the framework of Ministry of Economic Development, MSE-ENEA. This model considers heat, mass and current transfer as well as chemical and electrochemical reactions. The results show that some inhomogeneous distributions in the reactants, causing nonoptimal use of the reactant surfaces. An effective way to improve the distribution in current density consists in tracing tree shaped channels on the surface onto the distribution porous medium. In this paper, Y shaped channels are adopted to improve the distribution of gas within the fuel cell and consequently to enhance the performance of the original design of the fuel cell. In addition, the configuration of the outlet of the anodic compartment is also investigated in order to further increase the performance of the fuel cell. The geometrical parameter identifying the topology of distribution channels are chosen accordingly to the constructal theory. The results show that significant improvements can be achieved. Power density is increased of about 6% when the tree-shaped channel is adopted. If a double anodic inlet is also considered, the enhancement in the power density is of about 11% with respect to the initial configuration.
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"Iran’s Strategy for Natural Gas." Petroleum and Chemical Industry International 1, no. 2 (November 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/pcii/01/02/00002.
Full textAbstract:
Natural gas as one the most significant fossil fuels is playing a crucial role in national energy mix in different countries. Nevertheless, its applications have not been limited to energy providing, and has been used widely as the feed stock in production of different varieties of petrochemicals. So that most of new petrochemical complexes around the country are designed and constructed based on natural gas feed. Natural gas was produced as one of the byproducts of crude oil and mostly was burned. Gradually along with increasing volumes of extracted natural gas, planning on gathering and using associated gas resulted in more usage of natural gas in different sectors including petrochemical feed and fuel. Following the developments, National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) was established in 1965 as one of the subsidiaries of the petroleum ministry with initial capital of 25 million Rials. Since its establishment, NIGC has gradually achieved capabilities and managed to have access to various sources and facilities such as experts and efficient human force equipped with scientific and theoretical vision and knowledge, tools, equipment, machinery and various advanced workshops for implementing its operations proportionate with the economic and social development trend of the country, so that it can independently accomplish all the related tasks complying with the valid international acceptable standards. Today, NIGC as one of the 4 mail subsidiaries of petroleum ministry is supplying more than 70 percent of total energy in the country as well as the feed stock for tens of petrochemical and industrial complexed around the country. The company also is operating one of the biggest high pressure gas transmission and distribution networks of the world facilitating export, import, transit and swap of natural gas in the country. In the point of natural gas treatment and supply, the company has the first position in the Middle East and one of major gas companies around the world. At the time being, the number of the NIGC permanent staff is more than19000official staff and more than 19300 total staff
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Yuhun, P., O. O. Awoleke, and S. D. Goddard. "Using Rate Transient Analysis and Bayesian Algorithms for Reservoir Characterization in Unconventional Gas Wells during Linear Flow." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, July 1, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206711-pa.
Full textAbstract:
Summary The main objective of this work is to improve robust, repeatable interpretation of reservoir characteristics using rate transient analysis (RTA). This is to generate probabilistic credible intervals for key reservoir and completion variables. This resulting data-driven algorithm was applied to production data from both synthetic and actual case histories. Synthetic production data from a multistage, hydraulically fractured horizontal completion in a reservoir modeled after the Marcellus Shale reservoir were generated using a reservoir model. The synthetic production data were analyzed using a combination of RTA and Bayesian techniques. First, the traditional log-log plot was produced to identify the linear flow production regime. Using the linear flow production data and traditional RTA equations, Bayesian inversion was carried out using two distinct Bayesian methods. The “rjags” and “EasyABC” packages in the open-source statistical software R were used for the traditional and approximate inversion, respectively. Model priors were based on (1) information available about the Marcellus Shale from technical literature and (2) results from a hydraulic fracturing forward model. Posterior distributions and credible intervals were produced for the fracture length, matrix permeability, and skin factor. These credible intervals were then compared with true reservoir and hydraulic fracturing data. The methodology was also repeated for an actual case in the Barnett shale. The most substantial finding was that for nearly all the investigated cases—including complicated scenarios (such as including finite fracture conductivity, fracturing fluid flowback, and heterogeneity in fracture length in the reservoir/hydraulic fracturing forward model)—the combined RTA-Bayesian model provided a 95% credible interval that encompassed the true values of the reservoir/hydraulic fracture parameters. We also found that the choice of the prior distribution did not affect the posterior distribution/credible interval in a significant manner as long as it was moderately concentrated and consistent with engineering science. Also, a comparison of the approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and the traditional Bayesian algorithms showed that the ABC algorithm reduced computational time by at least an order of magnitude with minimal loss in accuracy. In addition, the production history used, the number of iterations, and the tolerance of fitting in the ABC analysis had a minimal impact on the posterior distribution after an optimal point, which were determined to be at least 1-year production history, 10,000 iterations, and 0.001, respectively. In summary, the RTA-Bayesian production analysis method was implemented using relatively user-friendly computational platforms [R and Excel® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA)]. This methodology provided reasonable characterization of all key variables such as matrix permeability, fracture length, and skin when compared to results obtained from analytical methods. This probabilistic characterization has the potential to enable better understanding of well performance ranges expected from shale gas wells. The methodology described here can also be generalized to shale oil systems during linear flow.
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Chen, Yong-Song, and Huei Peng. "Studying the Water Transport in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell by Neutron Radiography and Relative Humidity Sensors." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (June 8, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3006312.
Full textAbstract:
Water management in a fuel cell is essential to ensure cell performance and life. In this study, a special single cell was designed for the purpose of detecting liquid water and water vapor simultaneously. The major difference between our design and traditional flow field designs is the fact that the anode and cathode channels were shifted sideways, so that they do not overlap in the majority of the active areas. The liquid water is measured by using neutron radiography located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The water vapor is measured by the 20 relative humidity sensors embedded in the anode and cathode flow field plates. The effects of the relative humidity and stoichiometry of the cathode inlet on relative humidity distribution in the channels and on water accumulation in the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) were investigated in this study. The liquid water accumulation at steady-state was calculated by using imaging mask techniques and least-squares method. The transient behavior of water transport was detected and recorded when a step load change was applied on the cell. It is demonstrated that liquid water tends to accumulate in the gas diffusion layers under the rib. Moreover, the transient behavior of liquid water transport in the GDL and the relative humidity distribution in both the anode and cathode channels at different operating conditions are discussed.
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Lerin, Chloé, K. Dean Edwards, Scott J. Curran, Eric J. Nafziger, Melanie Moses-DeBusk, Brian C. Kaul, Sandeep Singh, Marc Allain, and Jeff Girbach. "Exploring the potential benefits of high-efficiency dual-fuel combustion on a heavy-duty multi-cylinder engine for SuperTruck I." International Journal of Engine Research, March 29, 2021, 146808742110069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874211006943.
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In support of the Daimler SuperTruck I team’s 55% brake thermal efficiency (BTE) pathway goal, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory performed an experimental investigation of the potential efficiency and emissions benefits of dual-fuel advanced combustion approaches on a modified heavy-duty 15-L Detroit™ DD15 engine. For this work, a natural gas port fuel injection system with an independent injection control for each cylinder was added to the DD15 engine. For the dual-fuel strategies investigated, 65%–90% of the total fuel energy was supplied through the added port fuel injection natural gas (NG) fueling system. The remaining fuel energy was supplied by one or more direct injections of diesel fuel using the production high pressure diesel fueling system. The production DD15 air handling system and combustion geometry were unmodified for this study. Efficiency and emissions with dual-fuel strategies including both low temperature combustion (LTC) and non-LTC approaches such as dual fuel direct-injection were investigated along with control authority over combustion phasing. Parametric studies of dual-fuel NG/diesel advanced combustion were conducted in order to experimentally investigate the potential of high-efficiency, dual-fuel combustion strategies to improve BTE in a multi-cylinder engine, understand the potential reductions in engine-out emissions, and characterize the range of combustion phasing controllability. Characterization of mode transitions from mixing-controlled diesel pilot ignition to kinetically controlled ignition is presented. Key findings from this study included a reproducible demonstration of BTE approaching 48% at up to a 13-bar brake mean effective pressure with significant reductions in engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additional results from investigating load transients in dual-fuel mode and initial characterization of particle size distribution during dual-fuel operation are presented.
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Yan, Y., S. Qian, K. Littrell, C. M. Parish, G. L. Bell, and L. K. Plummer. "Nondestructive Evaluation on Hydrided LWR Fuel Cladding by Small Angle Incoherent Neutron Scattering of Hydrogen." MRS Proceedings 1653 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.28.
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AbstractA non-destructive neutron scattering method was developed to precisely measure the uptake of total hydrogen in nuclear grade Zircaloy-4 cladding. The hydriding apparatus consists of a closed stainless steel vessel that contains Zircaloy-4 specimens and hydrogen gas. By controlling the initial hydrogen gas pressure in the vessel and the temperature profile, target hydrogen concentrations from tens of ppm to a few thousands of ppm have been successfully achieved. Following hydrogen charging, the hydrogen content of the hydrided specimens was measured using the vacuum hot extraction method (VHE), by which the samples with desired hydrogen concentration were selected for the neutron study. Small angle incoherent neutron scattering (SAINS) were performed in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Our study indicates that a very small amount (≈ 20 ppm) hydrogen in commercial Zircaloy-4 cladding can be measured very accurately in minutes for a wide range of hydrogen concentration by a nondestructive method. The hydrogen distribution in a tube sample was obtained by scaling the neutron scattering rate with a factor, which is determined by calibration process with direct chemical analysis method on the specimen. This scale factor can be used for future test with unknown hydrogen concentration, thus provide a nondestructive method for absolute hydrogen concentration determination.
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Ferrari, Mario L., Matteo Pascenti, Roberto Bertone, and Loredana Magistri. "Hybrid Simulation Facility Based on Commercial 100 kWe Micro Gas Turbine." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (May 13, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3006200.
Full textAbstract:
A new high temperature fuel cell-micro gas turbine physical emulator has been designed and installed in the framework of the European Integrated Project “FELICITAS” at the Thermochemical Power Group (TPG) laboratory located at Savona. The test rig is based on a commercial 100 kWe recuperated micro gas turbine (mGT) (Turbec T100) modified to be connected to a modular volume designed for physical emulation of fuel cell stack influence. The test rig has been developed starting with a complete theoretical analysis of the micro gas turbine design and off-design performance and with the definition of the more flexible layout to be used for different hybrid system (molten carbonate fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell) emulation. The layout of the system (connecting pipes, valves, and instrumentation, in particular mass flow meter locations) has been carefully designed, and is presented in detail in this paper. Particular attention has been focused on the viscous pressure loss minimization: (i) to reduce the unbalance between compressor and expander, (ii) to maintain a high measurement precision, and (iii) to have an effective plant flexibility. Moreover, the volume used to emulate the cell stack has been designed to be strongly modular (different from a similar system developed by U.S. Department Of Energy-National Energy Technology Laboratory) to allow different volume size influence on the mGT rig to be easily tested. The modular high temperature volume has been designed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial tool (FLUENT). The CFD analysis was used (i) to reach a high level of uniformity in the flow distribution inside the volume, (ii) to have a velocity field (m/s) similar to the one existing inside the emulated cell stack, and (iii) to minimize (as possible) the pressure losses. The volume insulation will also allow to consider a strong thermal capacity effect during the tests. This paper reports the experimental results of several tests carried out on the rig (using the mGT at electrical stand-alone conditions with the machine control system operating at constant rotational speed) at different load values and at both steady-state and transient conditions.