Academic literature on the topic 'National gas pipelines'
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Journal articles on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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Radford, G. "THE NATIONAL THIRD PARTY ACCESS CODE FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96041.
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The National Third Party Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems is a result of February 1994 recommendations made by the Council of Australian Governments. The Code establishes a third party access regime which, when implemented, will apply to gas transmission pipelines and gas distribution systems.This paper provides an overview of the Third Party Access Code. It examines the scope of the Code; the procedure by which the Code is made to apply to new pipelines; the content of access arrangements required under the Code; and the provisions for third party access and dispute resolution. The paper also notes various miscellaneous provisions in the Access Code which address issues such as ring-fencing of pipeline services and the prohibitions on hindering access.The paper concludes with some practical guidance on steps the gas industry can take in response to the Access Code. These steps are suggested from the perspective of existing and prospective pipeline operators and owners, as well as from the perspective of pipeline users and prospective pipeline users.
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Castaneda, Christopher. "History Beneath the Surface: Natural Gas Pipelines and the National Historic Preservation Act." Public Historian 26, no. 1 (2004): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2004.26.1.105.
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This article is a case study of how natural gas pipelines have been treated under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It examines three recent pipeline projects that involved determinations of eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. In one case, a pipeline firm sought an exemption from Section 106 review, and this led to a proposed congressional amendment to the NHPA. In order to forestall a legislative amendment, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation issued an administrative exemption from Section 106 review for natural gas pipelines. This essay traces the process and events that led to this exemption.
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Carkeet, M. L. "CHANGES TO GAS ACCESS LEGISLATION—POLICY RATIONALE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06028.
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The introduction of a national gas access regime has coincided with a rapid expansion in the Australian market for gas transportation services. The threat of regulation and the approach of regulators, however, have influenced both the configuration of pipelines and the nature of transportation contracts. The recent introduction of reforms to the National Third Party Access Regime for Natural Gas Pipelines (Gas Access Regime), and to part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), has the effect of introducing part but not all of the reforms recommended by the Council of Australian Governments’ Independent Review of Energy Market Directions, and the Productivity Commission’s Review of the Gas Access Regime. The principal amendments, relating to the insertion of an objects clause and the introduction of regulatory holidays for certain greenfield projects are also likely to influence the configuration of pipelines and the nature of pipeline contracts. These amendments are precursors to a major restatement of National Gas Access legislation that will, if enacted, have the effect of creating greater uniformity between the National Electricity Law and the regulatory environment that will apply to gas, but, will also open up the opportunity for pipeline owners and operators to submit to a lighter form of regulation.
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Belvederesi, Chiara, Megan S. Thompson, and Petr E. Komers. "Canada’s federal database is inadequate for the assessment of environmental consequences of oil and gas pipeline failures." Environmental Reviews 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0003.
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In Canada, the National Energy Board (NEB) regulates inter-provincial oil and gas pipelines and maintains historical records that contain data on oil and gas pipeline accidents; these data include information about operators, the accidents’ cause, and the resulting consequences. New inter-provincial pipelines are being built in Canada to transport fuels, but no comprehensive statistical analysis of the risk to environmental receptors exists. This study assesses the quality and quantity of NEB pipeline failure data available in Canada with a focus on environmental consequences and investigates differences between Canada and a more thoroughly studied jurisdiction, the United States, in tracking accident data. The discrepancies in agencies’ jurisdiction and regulated mileage are analyzed, along with reporting criteria and initial recording year. The level of detail provided by the two agencies is compared, identifying deficiencies in data collection. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates 76% of pipelines in the United States, whereas the NEB only monitors 9% of pipelines in Canada. PHMSA provides four databases that include accidents from the 1980s for most pipelines and from 2011 for liquefied natural gas facilities; the NEB database includes accident data starting from 2008, which derive primarily from transmission pipelines. Information about environmental consequences is quite detailed in the US database, which reports 21 descriptive fields, whereas in Canada only two NEB database fields describe environmental outcomes. Moreover, dissimilarities in accident reporting criteria prevent the combination of data from the two agencies. Consequently, the NEB database does not allow for statistically robust and system wide analysis of the environmental consequences of pipeline failures in Canada. Furthermore, to calculate failure rates (annual number of accidents per kilometre of pipeline) for regulated pipelines, annual total mileage estimates are required. Mileage per year is provided by PHMSA for gas gathering, transmission, and distribution pipelines starting from 1984, and for hazardous liquid pipelines from 2004; the NEB provides annual mileage from 2010, a shorter period of record. The Canadian federal agencies are encouraged to improve accuracy and consistency in recording past accidents and in collecting pipeline data, with the goal of preventing and minimizing future pipeline failures.
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Galli, Brian J., and Aamir Khizar. "Risk Assessment of Incidents Response for Downstate New York Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 8, no. 2 (April 2019): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2019040103.
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In the United States today, there are thousands of miles of an extended network of natural gas pipelines across the nation. Current pipeline explosions and leaks in several regions have challenged the natural gas industry to re-evaluate efforts and to pursue proactive strategies. Safety and the environmental threat has become a primary concern in the United States and around the world, but mostly in cases where natural gases, oil, and other hazardous wastes are intricate. Thus, a significant point in the natural gas pipeline industry that signifies both the economic and social issue is the unplanned pipeline risk. In this article, a quantitative data analysis was performed for Downstate New York companies, Con Edison and National Grid. There, the data from various natural gas pipelines was observed for the trend regarding failing material, failure cause, aging characteristics, and perform a risk assessment to come up with training and risk checklist that could be crucial for risk handling strategies. The statistical analyses of the natural gas pipeline-related incident data for distribution pipelines between 2012 and 2016, which were composed from Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), are compiled. The total miles in the gas distribution pipelines in downstate New York is approximately 48,539 as of 2016. The equipment failure, other incident cause, other outside force, and excavation damages are the leading causes of the pipe-related incidents, which are responsible for over 20% of the total incidents between 2012 and 2016. As a result, a quantitative research methodology has been developed as the suitable approach to achieve risk assessment. Mainly, this approach aims towards risk management in natural gas industry projects using the maximum likelihood method on 70 rupture incidents between 2012 and 2016, which were collected from the PHMSA pipeline incident database. The hypothetical quantitative risk assessment of the gas distribution pipelines are illustrated by combining the statistics of the pipeline rupture incidents, as well as risk assessment performed in the present study.
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Tache, Ion Antonio, and Carmen Tache. "Coatings & linings for oil & gas pipelines – the most effective method of corrosion protection for aged pipelines." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500016.
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Pipelines around the world are in danger due to ageing, deposits and corrosion. Leaky fittings and cracks are an environmental hazard and cause the loss of valuable resources such as drinking water, gas, or oil. The pipelines may get corroded internally due to the nature of the fluid flowing inside and due to various other factors. The environmental and societal impact of infrastructure failure is a primary consideration for today’s pipeline operators. Without implementing safety measures and having a corrosion control program, corrosion makes transporting hazardous material unsafe. There are many methods NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) recommends as part of a successful corrosion control program to protect oil and gas pipelines. Coatings and linings applied to pipelines whether above or below ground and often used in combination with cathodic protection. Different linings may be used for internal corrosion protection, provided the lining material does not degrade following long-term exposure to the transported fluid, at the pipeline pressure and temperature conditions.
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Chen, Jun Lin, and Qian Shan. "Access Pricing Policy Reform Suggestions in Chinas Natural Gas Pipeline Industry Based on the Experiences in America." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.443.
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The growing natural gas consumption asks for larger scale of pipelines and arouses criticism on separation pipelines business from national oil and gas monopoly companies in China. Through reviewing of Americas regulatory practices on access pricing policy in the gas pipeline industry and summarizing the evolution of access pricing theory on network economics, we conclude some suggestions on the reform process of Chinas pipeline access regulation policy by comparing and contrasting the industrial environments major differences between China and America. We emphasize the importance of executing non-discrimination access price policy in the spirit of Anti-Monopoly Law and indicate that simple separation isnt the most effective way to increase social welfare nowadays. Regulatory agency should prohibit abusing market power and decrease cost information asymmetric in cross-subsidy activity.
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Kear, Andrew R. "Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.453098.
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Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.
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Alvi, Sara, and Zafar Iqbal Qureshi. "Performance Appraisal Challenges at Sui National Gas Pipelines Ltd (SNGPL)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 8, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097282011000800106.
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Ma, Qiuping, Guiyun Tian, Yanli Zeng, Rui Li, Huadong Song, Zhen Wang, Bin Gao, and Kun Zeng. "Pipeline In-Line Inspection Method, Instrumentation and Data Management." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113862.
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Pipelines play an important role in the national/international transportation of natural gas, petroleum products, and other energy resources. Pipelines are set up in different environments and consequently suffer various damage challenges, such as environmental electrochemical reaction, welding defects, and external force damage, etc. Defects like metal loss, pitting, and cracks destroy the pipeline’s integrity and cause serious safety issues. This should be prevented before it occurs to ensure the safe operation of the pipeline. In recent years, different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been developed for in-line pipeline inspection. These are magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, ultrasonic testing (UT), electromagnetic acoustic technology (EMAT), eddy current testing (EC). Single modality or different kinds of integrated NDT system named Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) or un-piggable robotic inspection systems have been developed. Moreover, data management in conjunction with historic data for condition-based pipeline maintenance becomes important as well. In this study, various inspection methods in association with non-destructive testing are investigated. The state of the art of PIGs, un-piggable robots, as well as instrumental applications, are systematically compared. Furthermore, data models and management are utilized for defect quantification, classification, failure prediction and maintenance. Finally, the challenges, problems, and development trends of pipeline inspection as well as data management are derived and discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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Enobun, Ernest. "'Quota measures' and 'trade-related investment measures' in oil and gas regulation : reconciling normative conflicts between energy-focused regimes and WTO rules on energy." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/17ddd863-cc94-4e01-ac8e-a32880d8047a.
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Regulation of border and behind-the-border measures in the oil and gas sectors presents the ‘resource access’ challenge with immense economic ramifications for export markets, yet their status under the multilateral trading regime remains obscure. Recent developments that could reshape the trading regime and market dynamics for oil and gas have seen the call for a global energy governance gain momentum in recent years. But the complex relationships between national laws, institutional norms, and the multilateral trading regime regulating energy presents an ideological ‘conflict in applicable law’. They reveal a conflict between regulatory privileges enshrined in energy resource-focused institutions namely: OPEC as a producer-only treaty, the ECT as a sector-specific multilateral energy treaty, national energy laws on the heel of the PSNR principle as a customary international law; versus international obligations under the GATT rules relevant to energy. These regimes have the trappings of nationalism, regionalism, and institutionalism in energy regulation, thereby creating an ambiguous path to global energy governance. This research revisits the institutional and regulatory architecture of oil and gas regimes from the perspective of quota measures and trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) implemented through the instrumentality of national laws, acts of NOCs (in the oil sector) and acts of non-state undertakings (in the gas sector). It therefore charts an uncommon territory and brings a new dimension to the discipline of energy and trade, with a robust examination of how regulation of quota measures and trade-related investment in the oil sector (with export restriction issues) differs from their regulation in the gas sector (with underlying competition issues) and how their varying trade effects shape their future in international economic law. Given the inherent conflicts between the legal, policy, and regulatory design of these regimes governing energy, this research first explores and applies the principle of conflict of norms to energy governance. This paves way for a hands-on approach to examining the applications of these measures under the auspices of these regimes aimed at a ‘co-operative energy governance’ between the resource-focused regimes and the GATT rules relevant to energy on the basis of their trade effects. I argue that an understanding of ‘quota measures’ and ‘TRIMs’ in the oil sector compared to their implementations in the gas sector is compelling in making a case for a systemic energy cooperation that would serve economic interests of all affected states without diminishing the normative value of each regime in each sector.
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Sittler, Lauren E. "A state-level capacity utilization analysis of the U.S. natural gas transmission pipeline system and risk management for a gas-fueled nation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122495.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, 2018Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 86-95).
The U.S. energy portfolio is set to undergo drastic change in the coming decades. Policies to reduce emissions combined with growing demand for energy will test existing infrastructure. Large reserves of shale gas provide an attractive near-term solution to help states transition from coal-powered plants to cleaner fuel. Most commercial production growth in shale gas occurred in the early 2000's. Yet most of the natural gas pipeline system was constructed long before the "shale gas revolution". Almost half of all interstate transmission pipeline mileage is over 50 years old. In order to best utilize the country's natural gas reserves, the pipeline transportation network must respond to accommodate changing flow patterns. Consumption of natural gas often occurs far from production sites. This research seeks to identify states where the required inflow and outflow of natural gas may be constrained by pipeline capacity limitations.
A literature review of the natural gas production and consumption outlook reveals an expected steady growth in the industry until 2050. The current state of the system is then evaluated. A simple analysis is performed to determine the inflow and outflow transmission pipeline capacity utilization rates for each state. It is found that some states, namely Florida, California, and New England, are indeed at risk for natural gas shortages. It is further discovered that some states with access to reserves, namely Pennsylvania, may be limiting production due to insufficient outflow pipeline capacity. The pipeline approval process, managed by FERC is reviewed. The process is found to be inefficient at allocating new capacity where it is needed. Alternative solutions to address the supply risk were also considered. A literature review confirms that pipeline transportation has a much lower incidence of accidents per volume of natural gas moved than either rail or truck transportation.
The dangers of underground storage are also explained. A major risk in the current pipeline system, age, is investigated using a simple analysis of PHMSA data. It is found that three of the top four causes of accidents are related to pipeline age, with older lines having higher rates of accidents. Lastly, the risks of over-reliance on natural-gas for electricity generation are discussed and it is recommended that states take a more balanced long-term approach to energy development and incorporate locally accessible renewable energy.
by Lauren E. Sittler
M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management
M.Eng.inSupplyChainManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Ting, Chien-Tung, and 丁建同. "A Comparative Study of the Management Mechanism of the National Army''s Underground Oil Pipeline and the Current Code--Based on the Kaohsiung Gas Explosion Event." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4k9dsy.
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碩士義守大學
公共政策與管理學系
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On the night of July 31, 103, the public reported that there was a suspected gas leak. A few hours later, a series of explosions occurred in the area, killing 32 people and injuring 321 people, causing serious damage to at least three important roads including the three major ones, two roads, the Kaixuan three roads, and one heart and one road. The surrounding stores were also damaged by the explosion. And caused significant economic losses. After investigation, it was found that the tetra-propylene pipeline was improperly covered in the drain tank culvert, causing the pipe wall to corrode from the outside to the inside and gradually thinning, and could not be damaged by the pressure in the conveying pipe, causing the liquid propylene to leak out during the transportation. It is the main cause of this explosion. The Kaohsiung City Government Economic Development Bureau said in the "Urban Development" semi-annual publication that Kaohsiung is a heavy industry in the petrochemical industry. The petrochemical industrial area is scattered in the urban area of Kaohsiung. The petrochemical raw materials have been buried under the ground for many years, and some of them are densely populated urban areas, Kaohsiung. The gas explosion incident highlights the problems of domestic petrochemical pipeline management. In the future, how should the central legislation be standardized in the formulation of petrochemical pipeline management, safety design, inspection and disaster prevention mechanisms? It is the direction of future city government efforts.The national army units engaged in the supply of oil supplies, the large-scale oil material replenishment is supplemented by underground pipeline transportation methods, and its pipelines are exactly the same as the petrochemical industry. How to implement the underground pipeline safety management and control mechanism is of paramount importance. Exploring the early government to Taiwan, the villages are sparse, and the pipelines are buried especially easily. With the evolution of the times and social progress, the urban population is becoming more and more dense. Regardless of the pipelines of national defense or public oil, the paving range is everywhere, and the transporting materials are flammable and easy. The nature of combustion may cause environmental pollution. In the event of an oil and gas leak, it may cause fire, explosion or environmental pollution. Due to the concentrated population in the urban areas, various types of pipelines are buried under the roads and their density is high. Due to road excavation destroying common gas and oil pipelines, the oil and gas leakage disasters have been reported, which even affects social public safety. This paper analyzes the current situation of domestic underground pipeline facilities management and the national army, and summarizes the pipeline disaster cases, disaster characteristics and management problems. Through the analysis of pipeline management status and disaster cases, the disaster characteristics of pipeline facilities are summarized for pipeline disasters. A reference to management improvement measures or recommendations.
Books on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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Natural gas pipelines in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Report (to accompany S. 1097). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Pipeline accident report: National Fuel Gas Company natural gas explosion and fire, Sharpsville, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1985. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1985.
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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Inspector General. The natural gas pipeline servicing Los Alamos National Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM: Western Regional Office, 1990.
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Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Natural Gas Pipeline Enlargement Act: Report (to accompany S. 1310). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Natural Gas Pipeline Enlargement Act: Report (to accompany S. 1310). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Natural Gas Pipeline Enlargement Act: Report (to accompany S. 1310). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to issue right-of-way permits for natural gas pipelines within the boundary of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Report (to accompany H.R. 3380) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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Board, Canada National Energy. Reasons for decision in the matter of TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd: Application dated 23 November 2007 pursuant to sections 58 and 21 of the National Energy Board Act for the Keystone Cushing Expansion Project. Calgary, AB: The Board, 2008.
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Board, Canada National Energy. Reasons for decision in the matter of TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd: Application dated 23 November 2007 pursuant to sections 58 and 21 of the National Energy Board Act for the Keystone Cushing Expansion Project. Calgary, AB: The Board, 2008.
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Yafimava, Katja. The transit dimension of EU energy security: Russian gas transit across Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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Brogan, Michael J. "National Standards, Subnational Enforcement: Regulating US Natural Gas Pipelines." In The Political Economy of Local Regulation, 185–204. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58828-9_10.
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Energy Today." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0011.
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The energy industry is one of the largest of the world’s industries and one that directly influences the lives of the vast majority of the world’s population. However, the industry’s day-to-day conduct generally receives minimal public attention. Such exceptional events as an embargo on fuel shipments, a sudden rise in fuel prices, a widespread electricity shortage or outage, the rare nuclear accident, or a massive hurricane that affects oil production do make the national news, of course, and often receive prolonged coverage. Yet the more common events such as refinery fires, oil tanker wrecks, pipeline leaks and explosions, and coal-mine disasters attract the attention of only a relatively few, and then too often only in passing. And while the public attention to its activities can be fleeting, the industry is massive. Its size and influence are often overlooked, and the investments required to produce our needed energy are difficult to calculate. Using Exxon-Mobil, the largest of the petroleum companies, as a model, we estimate that the depreciated capital costs for the production of oil, gas, and chemical products derived from them are about $2.5 trillion per CMO. New investments required could be twice as large. A lack of public knowledge and the consequent lack of political will can only exacerbate our general inability to understand the enormity of rapidly changing the resources and technologies this industry employs. We begin our analysis of the state of the energy industry by first distinguishing between primary and secondary sources of energy. Next we examine the overall production of energy by the different primary sources. We then discuss the production and consumption of energy in different regions across the globe. We also look at the per capita consumption in these regions because it is germane to the discussion in chapter 4 of the projections for future energy use. Finally, because more than 40% of primary energy is converted into secondary sources or energy carriers (mainly electricity) before its end use, we survey the different secondary energy sources and their markets.
Conference papers on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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Pandit, Saurav, and Raj Kishore. "Deepwater Pipelines: Design, Installation and Testing." In ASME 2019 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2019-4510.
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Hydrocarbons are the major source of energy in the world. While the global energy demand continues to rise, the shallow water hydrocarbon reserves currently under production are getting exhausted. This has encouraged all major E&P (Exploration & Production) companies around the world to look towards exploration and development of newer deepwater offshore reserves, hitherto largely left untouched. Furthermore, gas reserves-rich nations are also showing a keen interest in exploring new gas markets to boost their exports and, in the process, provide a solution to the energy scarcity of other parts of the world. The two factors mentioned above — the need for newer energy reserves and the urge to tap new energy markets — coupled with the safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of pipelines have contributed to the growing number of deepwater gas pipeline projects being executed around the world. “Deepwater Pipelines” per se is not a new concept. Many deepwater pipelines have already been installed in different parts of the world. However, for the Indian energy sector, this is a relatively new development, with the exception of KG basin deepwater pipelines. The Indian government’s HELP (Hydrocarbon Exploration and Leasing Policy) and proposed trans-national submarine gas pipelines are likely to serve as the harbingers of future deepwater pipeline projects in Indian oil & gas sector. Although the technical and codal requirements for deepwater pipelines are the same as that applicable for any shallow water offshore pipeline, there are a few nuances that must be considered extremely important to successfully implement any deepwater pipeline project. This paper elucidates the deepwater pipeline considerations such as pipeline route selection, flow assurance, line pipe material & wall thickness selection, pipeline installation analysis, seabed intervention techniques, alternative integrity validation (AIV) etc.
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Knights, J. D., and S. Laughlin. "Pipeline Repairs: The History of the Technology and the Efforts to Codify and Document Standards." In ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2445.
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This paper will review the history of pipeline repairs. Prevailing codes, standards , design guidance’s and regulation typically permit several types of repairs: namely: replace pipe as a cylinder, repair by grinding or buffing out a defect, weld overlays techniques, utilizing a steel reinforcement sleeve or utilizing a composite reinforcement sleeve or composite wrap. This paper will review the history of the technology and the efforts to document and codify consensus standards such as ASME PCC 2 Article 4.1, ASME B31.8s, ASME B31.4 and ISO 24817. Contemporaneous issues related to the subject will be addressed as well of the durability of the aforementioned repair methods. Globally pipeline operators are required to operate their pipelines in a safe and reliable manner, preventing any unplanned loss of containment, and ensuring the asset continues to run reliably delivering a profit for the pipeline owner/operator. Most pipeline operators are required to maintain their pipelines to an approved code either by National Regulators and/or insurers with the aim of improving safety of the pipeline and unplanned losses of containment. Most National Regulators guidance for the repair of pipelines refers to either ASME B31.4 for liquid pipelines and B31.8(S) for gas pipelines, while for process piping most operators complete repairs following the ASME PCC2 Article 4 guidelines. These guidelines are credible and are globally accepted as being an effective method to operate and maintain pipelines. This paper with reference to the three ASME guidelines highlighting the acceptable repair methods and also looks at the requirements of ISO TS 24817 and highlights how this does and does not fit into the maintenance of high pressure pipelines.
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Cosham, Andrew, David G. Jones, Keith Armstrong, Daniel Allason, and Julian Barnett. "Ruptures in Gas Pipelines, Liquid Pipelines and Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Pipelines." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90463.
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Ruptures in gas and liquid pipelines are different. A rupture in a gas pipeline is typically long and wide. A rupture in a liquid pipeline is typically short and narrow, i.e. a slit or ‘fish-mouth’ opening. The decompression of liquid (or dense) phase carbon dioxide (CO2) immediately after a rupture is characterised by a rapid decompression through the liquid phase, and then a long plateau. At the same initial conditions (pressure and temperature), the initial speed of sound in dense phase CO2 is greater than that of natural gas and less than half that of water. Consequently, the initial decompression is more rapid than that of natural gas, but less rapid than that of water. A question then arises … Does a rupture in a liquid (or dense) phase CO2 pipeline behave like a rupture in a liquid pipeline or a gas pipeline? It may exhibit behaviour somewhere in-between the two. A ‘short’ defect that would rupture at the initial pressure might result in a short, narrow rupture (as in a liquid pipeline). A ‘long’ defect that would rupture at the (lower) saturation pressure might result in a long, wide rupture (as in a gas pipeline). This is important, because a rupture must be long and wide if it is to have the potential to transform into a running fracture. Three full-scale fracture propagation tests (albeit shorter tests than a typical full-scale test) published in the 1980s demonstrate that it is possible to initiate a running ductile fracture in a CO2 pipeline. However, these tests were on relatively small diameter, thin-wall line pipe with a (relatively) low toughness. The results are not applicable to large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness. Therefore, in advance of its full-scale fracture propagation test using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture and 914×25.4 mm, Grade L450 line pipe, National Grid has conducted three ‘West Jefferson Tests’. The tests were designed to investigate if it was indeed possible to create a long, wide rupture in modern, high toughness line pipe steels using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture. Two tests were conducted with 100 mol.% CO2, and one with a CO2-rich binary mixture. Two of the ‘West Jefferson Tests’ resulted in short ruptures, similar to ruptures in liquid pipelines. One test resulted in a long, wide rupture, similar to a rupture in a gas pipeline. The three tests and the results are described. The reasons for the different behaviour observed in each test are explained. It is concluded that a long, wide rupture can be created in large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness if the saturation pressure is high enough and the initial defect is long.
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Singh, G., A. Gharibi, B. Martinez Perez, and R. Almandoz. "Enhancing Pipeline Integrity Management by Integrating Advanced Geoprocessing Models." In ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2439.
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Pipelines are recognized as one of the safest methods of transporting hazardous products, however unwanted incidents still occur. With many kilometers of the pipelines interacting with different environments, they are exposed to various threats and risks. Any record of leak or rupture along the pipelines can have devastating consequences; for example extreme environmental impacts, huge economic losses in addition to its national and international operators’ images. To prevent pipeline failure and adhere to the regulations, the risk of an incident to occur should be continuously assessed and evaluated throughout the pipeline’s operating life-cycle. Risk management has been a critical component of the Integrity Management Process (IMS) for a number of years. With the increasing availability of geographic information and improved inspection technologies for pipeline networks, there is an on-going expectation from both pipeline regulators and operators worldwide to access a more quantitative approach for risk management along the pipeline using GIS or geoprocessing models. Amalgamation of geoprocessing models with integrity management allows to precisely identify the risk areas along the pipeline with a rich visualization on the map. This is one of the most critical element underpinning the decision-making process. In this paper, a review of geoprocessing tools that have been implemented within a pipeline integrity management system is presented. Examples of these geoprocessing tools include: (1) Class Location, (2) High Consequences Area (HCA), (3) Gas Dispersion and (4) Electrical Interference. After successful implementation of these tools, the output of the tools have been used to carry out more detailed analysis of risk assessment and aid in decision making. Additionally a WebGIS platform was also implemented to facilitate the visualization of the results.
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Shaik, Mohammed Riyazuddin. "Pipeline Integrity Assessment: Methodology." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7904.
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With ever increasing energy demands, approximately 90 million barrels of oil per day and 3314 billion cubic meters of gas per year are consumed around the world [1]. To meet such huge energy demands a complicated and vast network of offshore and onshore production and distribution pipelines is necessary. Pipelines connect areas that are relatively rich in resources with areas that are demand-hungry but poor in resources. They play a central role in providing to the energy needs of businesses and public, forming the veins and arteries of the Oil and Gas industry. These pipelines are susceptible to damage, both internal and external based on the type of product in the pipeline and the environment in the vicinity of the pipeline i.e. offshore or onshore. The damage to the pipeline needs to be identified and the significance of the damage clearly defined. The inline inspection (ILI) tools help to identify the damage and record the extent and type of damage. Inability to prioritize the damaged areas and carry out necessary intervention to at least curtail the damage may occasionally lead to calamitous consequences. One such example is of a 30-inch Liquid pipeline failure that occurred in Michigan on July 25, 2010. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reported that the corrosion fatigue cracks that grew and coalesced from corrosion defects resulted in the rupture and prolonged release from the 30-inch oil pipeline [2]. This failure resulted in a revenue loss of approximately $16 million and estimated costs of $767 million for regulatory and professional support in connection with the clean-up operations. Condition assessment of the pipelines as part of the pipeline integrity management system is the primary means through which such catastrophic pipeline system failures could be prevented. This paper presents the methodology that is adopted for “Integrity Assessment” of the pipelines.
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Finley, Jason P., David L. Slayter, Chris S. Hitchcock, and Chih-Hung Lee. "A Precipitation-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Model for Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31329.
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Landslides related to heavy rainfall can cause extensive damage to natural gas transmission pipelines. We have developed and implemented a geographic information system (GIS) model that evaluates near real-time precipitation-induced landslide susceptibility. This model incorporates state-wide precipitation data and geologically-based landslide classifications to produce rapid landslide risk evaluation for Pacific Gas & Electric Company’s (PG&E) gas transmission system during winter rain storms in California. The precipitation data include pre-storm event quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) and post-storm event quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The geologic classifications are based on slope, susceptible geologic formations, and the locations of historic or known landslide occurrences. Currently the model is calibrated using qualitative measures. Various scientists have developed large landslide databases with associated rainfall statistics to determine rainfall thresholds that trigger landslides. With a sufficient number of landslides, we can more precisely determine minimum rainfall thresholds using similar methods.
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de Oliveira, Erica Vanessa Albuquerque, and Priscila Raquel Kazmierczak. "Oil and Gas Production Pipelines: Current Status of Brazil Safety Regulation." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33158.
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The Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Agência Nacional do Petróleo Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis - ANP) is the regulatory body responsible to regulate, contract and supervise the activities that integrates oil, natural gas and biofuels industry in Brazil, including the onshore and offshore pipelines. With this intent, ANP’s Resolution n° 06/2011, Technical Regulation of Onshore Pipelines for the Transport of Petroleum, its Derivatives and Natural Gas (Regulamento Técnico de Dutos Terrestres para Movimentação de Petróleo, Derivados e Gás Natural - RTDT), was published, establishing the essential critical requirements and the minimum safety directives for onshore pipelines, aiming at the protection of human life, facilities, and environment. The Technical Regulation covers onshore pipelines, new and existing ones, acting on the transference of the oil and gas production in the Brazilian jurisdiction and it is also applied on design, construction, assembling, operation, inspection, maintenance, integrity management, emergency response and decommissioning of the pipelines. Currently, ANP is elaborating a normative instrument applied to offshore pipelines, intending to establish the essential critical requirements for its safety management system. This paper presents an evaluation of the RTDT after its publication, including the improvements that will be concern with the review of the Resolution, and also gives an overview of the elaboration of the normative instrument for offshore pipelines.
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Jeglic, Franci. "Regulations of Pipelines in Canada." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27360.
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This paper provides an overview of the regulatory framework for pipelines in Canada. Canada is an oil and gas producing, consuming and exporting country. To accomplish these functions, the production, transmission and distribution companies operate about 700,000 km (440,000 miles) of pipelines. These companies and their pipelines are regulated by federal, provincial or territorial regulatory agencies. Provincial or territorial agencies regulate those pipelines that are fully contained within the province or territory. The federal regulatory agency (the National Energy Board) regulates all those pipelines that cross provincial or international borders. Most of the powers of regulatory agencies emanate from pipeline acts. Under these acts, the regulatory agencies may make regulations which may be approved by their governments. Regulations provide for public safety and environmental protection for the design, construction, operation, repair, maintenance and abandonment of pipelines.
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Merritt, James, Patricia Jasion, and Max Kieba. "A New Focus With Leak Detection for US Pipelines." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90310.
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The United States (U.S.) Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is exploring methods for increasing usage and improving leak detection systems in both hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines. This is a critical focus for PHMSA in the wake of several recent pipeline incidents where more effective and redundant leak detection systems may have lessened the experienced consequences. The U.S. Congress and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) have recommended deploying more leak detection systems into the U.S. pipeline infrastructure to address increasing public safety and environment impact concerns. PHMSA has taken a number of actions to work toward this goal including increased operator guidance, fostering technology research, information gathering, and reports on state of the art technologies. This paper discusses PHMSA’s actions regarding leak detection systems and the progress in advancing the dialogue amongst hazardous liquids and natural gas pipeline operators, other regulators, and the public, so that considerations in deploying systems on vintage and new construction pipelines can be identified.
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Barnett, Julian, and Russell Cooper. "An Operator’s Perspective on Fracture Control in Dense Phase CO2 Pipelines." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64466.
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigate global warming by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large industrial emitters. Pipelines will play a significant role in the transportation of CO2 in CCS projects. National Grid has an interest in this, and has carried out research to investigate the requirements for the safe design and operation of CO2 pipelines. CO2 pipelines are susceptible to long running fractures which are prevented by specifying an adequate pipe body toughness to arrest the fracture. There is no existing, validated methodology for setting pipe body toughness for pipelines transporting dense phase CO2 with impurities. The methods for estimating the pipe body toughness are semi-empirical so full scale fracture propagation tests are required to validate and extend these methods. As part of a major research programme into pipeline transportation of dense phase CO2, National Grid conducted two full scale fracture propagation tests using 900 mm diameter pipe in 2012. The tests demonstrated that the current natural gas practices for setting pipe body toughness was incorrect and non-conservative for dense phase CO2 pipelines. National Grid recognises the importance of understanding fracture arrest as it required to ensure design code compliance, impacts on pipeline design and provides reassurance to stakeholders. As the results of the two tests cannot be used directly to set the toughness requirements for a specific project pipeline, a third full scale test was necessary to confirm the fracture arrest capability of the pipe for the proposed pipelines. A third full scale fracture propagation test was conducted in July 2015. A propagating ductile fracture was initiated and successfully arrested in linepipe representative of that to be used on the proposed project.
Reports on the topic "National gas pipelines"
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N. Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact: The Proposed Issuance of an Easement to Public Service Company of New Mexico for the Construction and Operation of a 12-inch Natural Gas Pipeline within Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823547.
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