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1
Radford, G. "THE NATIONAL THIRD PARTY ACCESS CODE FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96041.
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The National Third Party Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems is a result of February 1994 recommendations made by the Council of Australian Governments. The Code establishes a third party access regime which, when implemented, will apply to gas transmission pipelines and gas distribution systems.This paper provides an overview of the Third Party Access Code. It examines the scope of the Code; the procedure by which the Code is made to apply to new pipelines; the content of access arrangements required under the Code; and the provisions for third party access and dispute resolution. The paper also notes various miscellaneous provisions in the Access Code which address issues such as ring-fencing of pipeline services and the prohibitions on hindering access.The paper concludes with some practical guidance on steps the gas industry can take in response to the Access Code. These steps are suggested from the perspective of existing and prospective pipeline operators and owners, as well as from the perspective of pipeline users and prospective pipeline users.
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Castaneda, Christopher. "History Beneath the Surface: Natural Gas Pipelines and the National Historic Preservation Act." Public Historian 26, no. 1 (2004): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2004.26.1.105.
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This article is a case study of how natural gas pipelines have been treated under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It examines three recent pipeline projects that involved determinations of eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. In one case, a pipeline firm sought an exemption from Section 106 review, and this led to a proposed congressional amendment to the NHPA. In order to forestall a legislative amendment, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation issued an administrative exemption from Section 106 review for natural gas pipelines. This essay traces the process and events that led to this exemption.
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Carkeet, M. L. "CHANGES TO GAS ACCESS LEGISLATION—POLICY RATIONALE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06028.
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The introduction of a national gas access regime has coincided with a rapid expansion in the Australian market for gas transportation services. The threat of regulation and the approach of regulators, however, have influenced both the configuration of pipelines and the nature of transportation contracts. The recent introduction of reforms to the National Third Party Access Regime for Natural Gas Pipelines (Gas Access Regime), and to part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), has the effect of introducing part but not all of the reforms recommended by the Council of Australian Governments’ Independent Review of Energy Market Directions, and the Productivity Commission’s Review of the Gas Access Regime. The principal amendments, relating to the insertion of an objects clause and the introduction of regulatory holidays for certain greenfield projects are also likely to influence the configuration of pipelines and the nature of pipeline contracts. These amendments are precursors to a major restatement of National Gas Access legislation that will, if enacted, have the effect of creating greater uniformity between the National Electricity Law and the regulatory environment that will apply to gas, but, will also open up the opportunity for pipeline owners and operators to submit to a lighter form of regulation.
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Belvederesi, Chiara, Megan S. Thompson, and Petr E. Komers. "Canada’s federal database is inadequate for the assessment of environmental consequences of oil and gas pipeline failures." Environmental Reviews 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0003.
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In Canada, the National Energy Board (NEB) regulates inter-provincial oil and gas pipelines and maintains historical records that contain data on oil and gas pipeline accidents; these data include information about operators, the accidents’ cause, and the resulting consequences. New inter-provincial pipelines are being built in Canada to transport fuels, but no comprehensive statistical analysis of the risk to environmental receptors exists. This study assesses the quality and quantity of NEB pipeline failure data available in Canada with a focus on environmental consequences and investigates differences between Canada and a more thoroughly studied jurisdiction, the United States, in tracking accident data. The discrepancies in agencies’ jurisdiction and regulated mileage are analyzed, along with reporting criteria and initial recording year. The level of detail provided by the two agencies is compared, identifying deficiencies in data collection. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates 76% of pipelines in the United States, whereas the NEB only monitors 9% of pipelines in Canada. PHMSA provides four databases that include accidents from the 1980s for most pipelines and from 2011 for liquefied natural gas facilities; the NEB database includes accident data starting from 2008, which derive primarily from transmission pipelines. Information about environmental consequences is quite detailed in the US database, which reports 21 descriptive fields, whereas in Canada only two NEB database fields describe environmental outcomes. Moreover, dissimilarities in accident reporting criteria prevent the combination of data from the two agencies. Consequently, the NEB database does not allow for statistically robust and system wide analysis of the environmental consequences of pipeline failures in Canada. Furthermore, to calculate failure rates (annual number of accidents per kilometre of pipeline) for regulated pipelines, annual total mileage estimates are required. Mileage per year is provided by PHMSA for gas gathering, transmission, and distribution pipelines starting from 1984, and for hazardous liquid pipelines from 2004; the NEB provides annual mileage from 2010, a shorter period of record. The Canadian federal agencies are encouraged to improve accuracy and consistency in recording past accidents and in collecting pipeline data, with the goal of preventing and minimizing future pipeline failures.
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Galli, Brian J., and Aamir Khizar. "Risk Assessment of Incidents Response for Downstate New York Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 8, no. 2 (April 2019): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2019040103.
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In the United States today, there are thousands of miles of an extended network of natural gas pipelines across the nation. Current pipeline explosions and leaks in several regions have challenged the natural gas industry to re-evaluate efforts and to pursue proactive strategies. Safety and the environmental threat has become a primary concern in the United States and around the world, but mostly in cases where natural gases, oil, and other hazardous wastes are intricate. Thus, a significant point in the natural gas pipeline industry that signifies both the economic and social issue is the unplanned pipeline risk. In this article, a quantitative data analysis was performed for Downstate New York companies, Con Edison and National Grid. There, the data from various natural gas pipelines was observed for the trend regarding failing material, failure cause, aging characteristics, and perform a risk assessment to come up with training and risk checklist that could be crucial for risk handling strategies. The statistical analyses of the natural gas pipeline-related incident data for distribution pipelines between 2012 and 2016, which were composed from Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), are compiled. The total miles in the gas distribution pipelines in downstate New York is approximately 48,539 as of 2016. The equipment failure, other incident cause, other outside force, and excavation damages are the leading causes of the pipe-related incidents, which are responsible for over 20% of the total incidents between 2012 and 2016. As a result, a quantitative research methodology has been developed as the suitable approach to achieve risk assessment. Mainly, this approach aims towards risk management in natural gas industry projects using the maximum likelihood method on 70 rupture incidents between 2012 and 2016, which were collected from the PHMSA pipeline incident database. The hypothetical quantitative risk assessment of the gas distribution pipelines are illustrated by combining the statistics of the pipeline rupture incidents, as well as risk assessment performed in the present study.
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Tache, Ion Antonio, and Carmen Tache. "Coatings & linings for oil & gas pipelines – the most effective method of corrosion protection for aged pipelines." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500016.
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Pipelines around the world are in danger due to ageing, deposits and corrosion. Leaky fittings and cracks are an environmental hazard and cause the loss of valuable resources such as drinking water, gas, or oil. The pipelines may get corroded internally due to the nature of the fluid flowing inside and due to various other factors. The environmental and societal impact of infrastructure failure is a primary consideration for today’s pipeline operators. Without implementing safety measures and having a corrosion control program, corrosion makes transporting hazardous material unsafe. There are many methods NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) recommends as part of a successful corrosion control program to protect oil and gas pipelines. Coatings and linings applied to pipelines whether above or below ground and often used in combination with cathodic protection. Different linings may be used for internal corrosion protection, provided the lining material does not degrade following long-term exposure to the transported fluid, at the pipeline pressure and temperature conditions.
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Chen, Jun Lin, and Qian Shan. "Access Pricing Policy Reform Suggestions in Chinas Natural Gas Pipeline Industry Based on the Experiences in America." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.443.
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The growing natural gas consumption asks for larger scale of pipelines and arouses criticism on separation pipelines business from national oil and gas monopoly companies in China. Through reviewing of Americas regulatory practices on access pricing policy in the gas pipeline industry and summarizing the evolution of access pricing theory on network economics, we conclude some suggestions on the reform process of Chinas pipeline access regulation policy by comparing and contrasting the industrial environments major differences between China and America. We emphasize the importance of executing non-discrimination access price policy in the spirit of Anti-Monopoly Law and indicate that simple separation isnt the most effective way to increase social welfare nowadays. Regulatory agency should prohibit abusing market power and decrease cost information asymmetric in cross-subsidy activity.
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Kear, Andrew R. "Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.453098.
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Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.
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Alvi, Sara, and Zafar Iqbal Qureshi. "Performance Appraisal Challenges at Sui National Gas Pipelines Ltd (SNGPL)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 8, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097282011000800106.
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Ma, Qiuping, Guiyun Tian, Yanli Zeng, Rui Li, Huadong Song, Zhen Wang, Bin Gao, and Kun Zeng. "Pipeline In-Line Inspection Method, Instrumentation and Data Management." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113862.
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Pipelines play an important role in the national/international transportation of natural gas, petroleum products, and other energy resources. Pipelines are set up in different environments and consequently suffer various damage challenges, such as environmental electrochemical reaction, welding defects, and external force damage, etc. Defects like metal loss, pitting, and cracks destroy the pipeline’s integrity and cause serious safety issues. This should be prevented before it occurs to ensure the safe operation of the pipeline. In recent years, different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been developed for in-line pipeline inspection. These are magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, ultrasonic testing (UT), electromagnetic acoustic technology (EMAT), eddy current testing (EC). Single modality or different kinds of integrated NDT system named Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) or un-piggable robotic inspection systems have been developed. Moreover, data management in conjunction with historic data for condition-based pipeline maintenance becomes important as well. In this study, various inspection methods in association with non-destructive testing are investigated. The state of the art of PIGs, un-piggable robots, as well as instrumental applications, are systematically compared. Furthermore, data models and management are utilized for defect quantification, classification, failure prediction and maintenance. Finally, the challenges, problems, and development trends of pipeline inspection as well as data management are derived and discussed.
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Duan, Linjie, Lipeng Zhang, Chunfeng Jiao, Rui Dang, Xudong Li, and Jinggang Cao. "Research on Oil and Gas Pipeline Operation Optimization Based on Improved Newton-Raphson Method." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 01068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126101068.
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Oil and gas pipelines are the main channel to ensure national energy security and national economic development due to the safety and efficiency of the transportation coast. To achieve an optimal state of pipeline operation in terms of safety and efficiency is the crucial important issue throughout the life cycle of a pipeline system. However, the optimization problem of the pipeline network system is a typical Mixed Integer Non-Linear Problem (MINLP) which are extremely difficult to solve. An optimal solution to keep pipeline operated in most efficient state under the premise of safe operation is given in the paper by using the dynamical programming method. Firstly, the improved Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the discrete pipeline system, and the operating parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow of any section surface in the pipeline are obtained. The fluid parameter values of the each discrete nodes can ensure the safety of the pipeline. Based on this, the total energy consumption cost is set as the objective function, and the oil and gas pipeline operation optimization model is then established, and the dynamic programming method is used to solve it, so that it can obtain the optimal solution of the current working conditions in a reasonable computational cost. The actual example shows that the energy cost of the optimized operation scheme can be reduced by 6.8% compared with the pre-optimization scheme.
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Castaneda, Christopher J. "History beneath the Surface: Natural Gas Pipelines and the National Historic Preservation Act." Public Historian 26, no. 1 (January 2004): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3379366.
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Al Marzooqi, Mashael, and Syed Zamberi Ahmad. "Cylinders to pipelines: Abu Dhabi’s city gas project." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2020-0051.
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Learning outcomes This case study focuses on the problems that a company have in segmenting a local market of a gas distribution company and some strategies that they can use for developing a viable market segmentation to target the right segment that will provide a good economics, revenue base customers who also have the mindset to change to a new product. At the end of this exercise, students should have a clear understanding of the following: the essentials concepts of market segmentation, targeting and positioning and how they can be leveraged so that businesses increase their returns; the main elements/steps that drive market segmentation and business positioning; the appropriate methods for market segmentation when targeting local markets for a city gas project; and the challenges companies might face when changing a product. Case overview/synopsis In 2018, commercial customers began asking Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Distribution to provide a sustainable solution to ensure a continuous supply of safe gas and avoid the interruptions and hazards associated with the supply of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to their premises. The request was discussed with the ADNOC marketing, supply and trading (MST) Division to investigate the possibility of growing the natural gas business in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, thus contributing to the Emirate’s security, economy, environment and community, and ultimately to ADNOC Strategy 2030. Khaled Salmeen, Director of the ADNOC MST Division, believed that industrial customers accounted for higher business volume and profitability. Nevertheless, he advised Shuhab Al Shehhi, the City Gas Project Manager, to study the potential benefits in targeting both residential and commercial customers as part of ADNOC’s responsibility towards community engagement and investments. Al Shehhi had to address several questions: How could the City Gas Project be strategized and positioned so as to target all market segments? What were the potential outcomes? Would targeting all market segments strengthen ADNOC’s brand position? Complexity academic level This case study was written for Marketing and Strategic Management courses in Bachelor of Business Administration programs. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 8 Marketing
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Aritonang, Parulian Paidi. "ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF “UNBUNDLING” AND “OPEN ACCESS” IN INDONESIAN GAS BUSINESS SECTOR." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no4.2354.
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Natural gas is a very important non-renewable natural resource that controls the lives of many people. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of natural gas must be carried out wisely and for the greatest prosperity of the people. This is mandated in Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that "Earth, water and the natural resources contained therein are controlled by country and used for the greatest prosperity of the people". With the promulgation of Law Number 22 the Year 2001 concerning Oil and Gas, there has been restructuring in the implementation of natural gas exploitation through pipelines in Indonesia. The law provides more space for private entities to engage in gas exploitation with the purpose to create healthy competition, transparency, improving national development, efficiency in exploiting natural gas and to develop competitive price so that the end consumer can enjoy the benefits. By its implementing regulations, namely, the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 19 of 2009, natural gas exploitation through pipelines is carried out through an “unbundling” and “open access” mechanism.
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Moldabayeva, G. Zh, R. T. Suleimenova, M. A. Sadvakassov, and G. E. Jalalov. "Features of planning and implementation of energy-saving measures at compressor stations of main gas pipelines." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 317, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.17.
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Currently, the National gas supply operator in Kazakhstan pays special attention to the rational use of natural gas for its own and technological needs, while maintaining the optimal management of the gas transportation system, taking into account the specific technical situation of the equipment. Energy efficient management of gas pipelines is one of the priority directions for optimizing gas costs. The use of innovative methods of energy-saving technologies during the operation of the gas transmission system, an increase in the efficiency of gas-pumping units, as well as the implementation of automated energy saving control systems, will significantly increase the efficiency of gas transportation.
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Jas, E. P., and A. T. McPhee. "A STATE-OF-THE-ART SHORE CROSSING." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04042.
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An insight is provided into the design and construction of the shore crossing of the export pipeline system for the Otway Gas Project in Western Victoria. The development of the Otway Gas Project, which is now underway, requires the installation of a 20-inch gas pipeline and a 4-inch glycol service line across the shoreline in the Port Campbell National Park along the Great Ocean Road, one of the major tourist attractions in Australia. An account is given of the landfall site selection process, the collection of required site data, the identification of geo-hazards, the development of a unique construction method based on a combination of retractable micro-tunnelling and horizontal directional drilling, and an outline of the construction challenges. These include the complex geo-technical conditions, the ever present high-energy Southern Ocean swell, and the environmental significance of the site. The design and construction work performed demonstrates that trenchless technology can successfully be applied for the installation of pipelines across shorelines provided detailed attention is paid to a number of design and construction aspects; bearing in mind that horizontal directional drilling design guidelines are generally limited with respect to these crossings.
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Zhao, Chun Zhi, Meng Chi Huang, Yi Liu, and Li Ping Ma. "Research on Life Cycle Assessment of Plastic Pipeline System." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.366.
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Plastic pipe is a kind of new pipeline material and its output has been increasing in recent years. It is still mainly used for water supply and drainage of buildings and municipal utility industry as well as for safe drinking in rural areas, about half of all plastic pipelines are used for buildings, and the proportion of these pipelines used in other fields is also increasing. Plastic pipeline system's influence on the environment within its life cycle is the focus of researches in recent years. Based on life cycle assessment (LCA), this paper assesses the common water supply and drainage pipelines (PPR, PE and PVC-U) for buildings for resource and energy consumption, non-renewable resource consumption (ADP) of pollution gas emission, greenhouse effect (GWP), acidification effect (AP) and eutrophication (EP) and inhalable inorganics (RI) generated in the process of life cycle from raw material exploitation to produce production and other environmental influence closely related to the national energy conservation and emission reduction policy. The result shows that the influence indexes of non-renewable resource consumption for functional unit of PPR pipe, PE pipe and PVC-U pipe are 2.22×10-5 Kg antimony eq./ kg, 1.51×10-5 Kg antimony eq./ kg, 6.82×10-6 Kg antimony eq./ kg; those of acidification effect are 1.92×10-2kg SO2 eq./ kg, 1.96×10-2g SO2 eq./ kg, 3.90×10-2kg SO2 eq./ kg; those of eutrophication are 2.39×10-3kg PO43-eq./ kg, 2.36×10-3kg PO43-eq./ kg, 3.40×10-3kg PO43-eq./ kg; those of inhalable inorganics are 6.46×10-3 kg PM2.5 eq./ kg, 6.30×10-3 kg PM2.5 eq./ kg, 1.91×10-2 kg PM2.5 eq./ kg; those of greenhouse effect are 3.72kg CO2 eq./ kg, 3.60kg CO2 eq./ kg, 7.93kg CO2 eq./ kg. This result shows that the environmental influence of PPR, PE and PVC-U pipes mainly depends on the raw materials required for producing pipes, so the key of plastic pipeline greening is to reduce the consumption of virgin resin. This investigation creates a database about plastic pipeline's influence on environment within its full life cycle for the purpose of laying a foundation for calculating intrinsic energy in a building, promoting selection of green building material, facilitating the realization of green building objective, and improving the knowledge of developer, constructor and user to potential influence of the pipeline system within its life cycle.
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Russo, Pasquale N., and David O. Carpenter. "Air Emissions from Natural Gas Facilities in New York State." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091591.
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While New York has banned fracking, new and expanded natural gas pipelines are being constructed across the state. Our previous studies have reported that compressor stations are a major source of air pollution at fracking sites. We have used two federal datasets, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Emissions Inventory and Greenhouse Gas Inventory, to determine what is known concerning emissions from the compressor stations along natural gas pipelines in the state. From a total of 74 compressor stations only 18 report to EPA on emissions. In the seven year period between 2008 and 2014 they released a total of 36.99 million pounds of air pollutants, not including CO2 and methane. This included emissions of 39 chemicals known to be human carcinogens. There was in addition 6.1 billion pounds of greenhouse gases release from ten stations in a single year. These data clearly underestimate the total releases from the state’s natural gas transportation and distribution system. However, they demonstrate significant releases of air pollutants, some of which are known to cause human disease. In addition, they release large amounts of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Yakovenko, Kateryna, and Matúš Mišík. "Cooperation and Security: Examining the Political Discourse on Natural Gas Transit in Ukraine and Slovakia." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225969.
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The COVID-19 pandemic appeared in the midst of developing the European Green Deal, the most ambitious project to decarbonise the EU’s economy to date. Among other issues, the project highlighted the challenges connected to the long-term role of natural gas as a fossil fuel in the European economy. Moreover, the changes to the gas architecture caused by the development of new import infrastructure (especially Nord Stream and its extension, which is currently under construction) put additional pressure on the transit countries, mainly of which are linked to the Brotherhood pipeline. These have been strong supporters of natural gas utilisation and harsh critics of new pipelines that circumvent their territories, as they consider energy transit to be an important part of their energy sectors. This research examines the political discourse on gas transit in Slovakia and Ukraine in order to identify the main arguments connected to these positions. The paper examines a total of 233 textual units from both countries for the period 2014–2018. It concludes that, while Ukraine sees transit predominantly through the lens of cooperation with the EU and other actors, the Slovak political discourse considers gas transit in terms of energy security and the availability of gas for the national economy.
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Zecheru, Gheorghe, and Ionut Lambrescu. "Determination of the Safety Distances Between Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines and Facilities in their Proximity." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.2.5437.
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The paper presents the particularities of accomplishing risk analyses with the purpose of establishing the safety distances � SD, between the pipes belonging to the natural gas national transmission system � NTS and facilities (people, animals, buildings, crops, orchards, forests etc.) placed in the their vicinity. In order to check if the distances between the National Gas Transportation Pipeline- NGTP and neighboring facilities are SD, the authors developed a procedure and a software for the risk assessment, which make use of a set of formulas validated by experimental results presented in the paper and information from the data base (built by the authors and presented briefly in our work) regarding the supervision of the technical state and recording of the accidents that took place in the last 19 years on the NGTP from NTS. Also, in the paper, one describes the way the technical solutions verified using the procedure and the software built by the authors can be selected and ranked (in view of implementation) by applying the ALARP principle and the cost � benefit analysis.
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Sun, Bao Min, Yong Gang Zhao, Zhi Qiang Liu, Ye Wei Zhu, Zhi Yong Zhao, Jun Gao, and Xiao Xia Liu. "Application of New Type Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow Pipeline Average Velocity Measurement System." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.746.
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In order to measure average velocity of Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow in pipelines real time and accurate, to develop the gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity meter based on direct measurement method and the secondary system. The paper introduces the working principle of the system and analyzes the factors that affect the accurate measurement. To further study the performance and continuous improve its structural design, an aerodynamic testing system was established. The device performance tests were carried out. In addition, the cold and hot industrials test were carried out in the industrial field.Practical application and test results showed that the device performance is well to achieve the industrial pipeline gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity long-term, stable and accurate measurement, and measurement error <2%.It has many features: simple structure, reliability, small flow resistance, easy installation, low maintenance costs, long life, a short straight pipe required. It can measure the gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity with high or low concentrations, and suitable for round, rectangular cross-section pipe installation. The measuring device has been used in dozens of power plant boiler, and a national invention patent and significant economic and social benefits to be achieved.
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Pinceratto, E. J. "THE MINERVA GAS FIELD EIA—A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONMAKING." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00045.
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The Minerva gas field is situated approximately 10 km offshore Port Campbell, Victoria, in the Southern Ocean in water depth of approximately 60 m. The development involves the drilling and completion of two wells, offshore pipelines to the coast, subterranean shore crossing and onshore pipelines to a gas treatment plant where liquids will be removed prior to exporting the gas.From the outset, the project attracted the interest of the local and wider community due to its proximity to the highly regarded Port Campbell National Park. The National Park is known for its unique geomorphological features, its fauna and flora and aboriginal heritage sites.The development has been subject to a dual jurisdiction, State and Federal, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The process included the formation of a Community Consultative Committee consisting of representatives from government agencies, local community groups, environmental groups, industry associations and the proponent. The Committee provided input to the scope of the EIA and reviewed and endorsed the studies and report prior to public exhibition. An independent panel hearing and ministerial assessments followed public exhibition.A phased process was adopted in the selection of routes, sites and technologies to achieve the lowest practicable environmental impact. Each phase was supported by studies of environmental aspects, fauna, flora, heritage, visual and social impacts. The process commenced on a regional scale and progressively refined the concept and the study area. Detailed studies of key environmental aspects were conducted for the selected development options.The final development concept addressed the key findings of the baseline and subsequent environmental studies and was largely supported by an independent panel. However, there still remained concerns by sectors of the community on the issue of precedent and integrity of the National Park. The Ministerial assessment reflected the issues of community value above technical, environmental, archaeological and heritage considerations.
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Scarpelli, Tia R., Daniel J. Jacob, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Jian-Xiong Sheng, Kelly Rose, Lucy Romeo, John R. Worden, and Greet Janssens-Maenhout. "A global gridded (0.1° × 0.1°) inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation based on national reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-563-2020.
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Abstract. Individual countries report national emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We present a global inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation that spatially allocates the national emissions reported to the UNFCCC (Scarpelli et al., 2019). Our inventory is at 0.1∘×0.1∘ resolution and resolves the subsectors of oil and gas exploitation, from upstream to downstream, and the different emission processes (leakage, venting, flaring). Global emissions for 2016 are 41.5 Tg a−1 for oil, 24.4 Tg a−1 for gas, and 31.3 Tg a−1 for coal. An array of databases is used to spatially allocate national emissions to infrastructure, including wells, pipelines, oil refineries, gas processing plants, gas compressor stations, gas storage facilities, and coal mines. Gridded error estimates are provided in normal and lognormal forms based on emission factor uncertainties from the IPCC. Our inventory shows large differences with the EDGAR v4.3.2 global gridded inventory both at the national scale and in finer-scale spatial allocation. It shows good agreement with the gridded version of the United Kingdom's National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI). There are significant errors on the 0.1∘×0.1∘ grid associated with the location and magnitude of large point sources, but these are smoothed out when averaging the inventory over a coarser grid. Use of our inventory as prior estimate in inverse analyses of atmospheric methane observations allows investigation of individual subsector contributions and can serve policy needs by evaluating the national emissions totals reported to the UNFCCC. Gridded data sets can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HH4EUM (Scarpelli et al., 2019).
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Miller, Keith F. "Energy Regulation and the Role of the Market." Alberta Law Review 37, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr528.
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This article focuses on the changes and effects of tribunal policies and decisions on industry players since the deregulation of the oil and gas industry. Specifically, it addresses the manner in which the National Energy Board and the Alberta Energy ("NEB") and Utilities Board ("EUB") (formerly the Energy Resources Conservation Board) have cultivated a forum that fosters free market competition. In particular, the Boards articulate position of minimal interference in commercial decisions unless public interest or environmental well-being are placed at risk. Specific examples of applications for the construction of new pipelines and resulting NEB decisions and reasons are further highlighted in this article. In addition, the article looks at similar EUB positions regarding pipeline proliferation projects. Overall, the article juxtaposes the need to facilitate energy customers, distributors and producers in achieving fair market prices with the need for tribunal intervention in balancing such transactions with public interest concerns.
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Habibbayli, S. "ENERGY PROJECTS CONNECTING AZERBAIJAN AND GEORGIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 139 (2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.139.05.
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After the restoration of the state independence of Azerbaijan, one of the main goals was to use natural resources freely, in the interests of the Azerbaijani people and state. Since the early 1990’s, several western companies have begun to show interest in the energy sources of the Caspian region. In the first years of independence, certain steps were taken to obtain energy resources and bring them to the world market. The “Contract of the Century” concluded on September 20, 1994, with 11 transnational oil companies worldwide, which laid the foundation of the oil strategy proposed by national leader Heydar Aliyev, allowed Azerbaijan to play an important role in the Caucasus and Caspian Sea region, turning it into one of the international centers for the production of energy resources. After the signing of the “Contract of the Century”, the key issue was finding favorable ways for oil and gas transit. The choice of Georgia as a transit country would meet the interests of Azerbaijan. Starting from 1999, the first oil was transported via the Baku-Supsa pipeline, and from 2006 on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan main export oil pipeline. Transportation of gas, along with oil, is carried out through Georgia. Gas is transported to Georgia by the end of 2006 through the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline and from June 2007 to Turkey. The Southern Gas Corridor, which is probably the largest gas pipeline project put forward by Azerbaijan, involving Georgia, delivers the Shahdeniz Phase 2 gas from the Caspian Sea to Europe. The South Caucasus Pipeline Project Expansion, part of this project, encompasses the construction of new pipelines and associated facilities in both Azerbaijan and Georgia. The opening ceremony of the first phase of the Southern Gas Corridor project was held at Sangachal Terminal on May 29, 2018. Within the framework of the AGRI (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania Interconnector) project, which is one of the energy projects connecting Azerbaijan and Georgia, it is planned to transport natural gas through the pipeline to the Black Sea shores of Georgia, where it will be liquefied and transported by tankers to the terminal in Romania’s Constanta port and then to the gas infrastructure of Romania and other European countries in the form of natural gas. Georgia is not only a transit country for Azerbaijan, but also one of the largest consumers of hydrocarbon reserves. The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) has been operating in Georgia since 2006. SOCAR's activities in Georgia are carried out through “SOCAR Georgia Petroleum”, “SOCAR Gas Export-Import”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas Distribution”, “Black Sea Terminal” and others.
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Bednall, T. "COMPETITION LAWS IN THE COOPER BASIN." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94052.
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Competition laws in Australia are in the process of substantial reform. The major competition issues facing participants in the Cooper Basin: market definition, and competition between joint venturers are reviewed. The manner in which the Trade Practices Act has been applied to Cooper Basin producers is reviewed, proposed reforms to implement new national competition policy are outlined, and the likely impact which those reforms will have on the production and marketing of gas from the Cooper Basin are discussed.The likelihood, under reformed laws, of development of natural gas pipelines, open access, the difficulties of separate marketing of gas by joint venture parties, the potential for inter-basin competition in Australia, and the real issue of whether substantial benefits will flow to consumers of gas as a result of the application of new competition policies are evaluated.
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Mo, Chun Li, Xing Wei Tang, and Xu Ming Guo. "48″600lb Full-Welded Ball Valve Wall Thickness Optimal Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.401.
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Fully-welded ball valve has been applied in large oil and gas pipelines, and its quality is directly related to the safety of the transportation of national energy. The wall thickness of 48″600lb ball valve is greater than theoretical design thickness. In this article, FEM software was used to design minimum wall thickness using linear stress analysis method. Though changing wall thickness under design pressure, the minimum wall was 85mm which calculated by linear stress analysis method can provide theoretical support for practical engineering application
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Mo, Chun Li, Gang Li, and Yong Chen. "48″900lb Full-Welded Ball Valve Wall Thickness Optimal Design." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1826.
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Fully-welded ball valve has been applied in large oil and gas pipelines, and its quality is directly related to the safety of the transportation of national energy. The wall thickness of 48900lb ball valve is greater than theoretical design thickness. In this article, FEM software was used to design minimum wall thickness using linear stress analysis method. Though changing wall thickness under design pressure, the minimum wall was 95mm which calculated by linear stress analysis method can provide theoretical support for practical engineering application.
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Overfield, Mike L., and Lisa C. Symons. "The Use of the RUST Database to Inventory, Monitor, and Assess Risk from Undersea Threats." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.4.9.
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AbstractThe mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) is to serve as the trustee for the nation’s system of marine protected areas, to conserve, protect, and enhance their biodiversity, ecological integrity, and cultural legacy. A century of ocean dumping has left the world with a forgotten legacy of chemical and conventional weapons, nuclear waste dumpsites, shipwrecks, abandoned pipelines, and wellheads found in all ocean waters, including those of the National Marine Sanctuary System. The ONMS created the Resources and Undersea Threats (RUST) database to catalogue potential threats, including shipwrecks, munitions dumpsites, radiological waste dumpsites, abandoned pipelines, and wellheads. RUST data are composed of and synthesized from numerous databases and thousands of document files that cover the U.S. coastline out to the outer continental shelf; however, initial database population has primarily focused on the NMS System. These data sources combine to create a single, all-inclusive entry for each submerged site that includes but is not limited to positioning, site type (i.e., vessel or munitions dumpsite), ship/container typology, cargo, type and estimated amount of hazardous material remaining (e.g., oil, diesel fuel, mustard gas), and inherent risks associated with the site. Taking a proactive instead of a reactive approach to mitigating this risk will reduce response costs and diminish the threat of environmental and socioeconomic damages.
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John, Douglas F. "Marketing Alberta Natural Gas in the United States after the Free Trade Agreement: Negotiating the U.S. Regulatory Maze." Alberta Law Review 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr704.
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Although the border between Canada and the United States for natural gas has been open for some time now, the free-market development of natural gas industries is changing from short-term deal-making to long-term industry placement. Here the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement will take on a critical role in permitting decisions on elements of trade to be made more confidently. This article focuses on key U. S. federal regulatory principles and programs and how Congress's intention in the Natural Gas Act has been carried through so that the federal government will no longer occupy the field of gas regulation, but ensure that where the use of that commodity involves the interests of two or more states, the overall national public interest would be protected. Therefore, producing states would regulate the physical production of gas before it enters the stream of interstate commerce as well as control matters entirely intrastate in nature. The future of contract demand conversions and gas inventory charges will allow customers to purchase gas from a variety of competitive suppliers without suffering a loss of service reliability. In effect gas inventory charges represent the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's attempt to prevent pipelines from finding them selves with massive take-or-pay liabilities. Through Order No. 436, the Commission has attempted to streamline the regulatory approval process for pipeline construction projects and in turn to foster market competition. The author argues that rate reform is making its way towards what he feels is its natural conclusion where contract, rather than regulation, will be the principal determinant of right and obligation between industry participants at the interstate level. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission would become more of a referee than director for questions of anti-competitive behaviour in the use of interstate facilities.
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Kulkarni, Sanket Sudhir, and Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan. "The elephant and the tiger: Energy security, geopolitics, and national strategy in China and India’s cross border gas pipelines." Energy Research & Social Science 11 (January 2016): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.09.010.
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Mo, Chun Li, and Yong Chen. "48″900lb Full-Welded Ball Valve Ultimate Bearing Capacity Optimal Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1718.
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Fully-welded ball valve has been applied in large oil and gas pipelines, and its quality is directly related to the safety of the transportation of national energy. The wall thickness of 48900lb ball valve is greater than theoretical design thickness. In this article, FEM software was used to design ultimate bearing pressure by means of linear stress analysis method. By applying different inner pressure load, the stress distribution of the ball valve was studied. Stress verification lines were draw at stress maximum location and each stress item were checked under corresponding safe value. Optical design obtained maximum inner pressure can provide theoretical support for practical engineering application.
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Mo, Chun Li, Shou Peng Du, and Xing Wei Tang. "48″600lb Full-Welded Ball Valve Ultimate Bearing Capacity Optimal Design." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.123.
Full textAbstract:
Fully-welded ball valve has been applied in large oil and gas pipelines, and its quality is directly related to the safety of the transportation of national energy. The wall thickness of 48″600lb ball valve is greater than theoretical design thickness. In this article, FEM software was used to design ultimate bearing pressure using linear stress analysis method. By applying different inner pressure load, the stress distribution of the ball valve was studied. Stress verification lines were draw at stress maximum location and each stress item were checked under corresponding safe value. Optical design obtained maximum inner pressure can provide theoretical support for practical engineering application
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Leighton, Timothy G., Kyungmin Baik, and Jian Jiang. "The use of acoustic inversion to estimate the bubble size distribution in pipelines." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2145 (April 25, 2012): 2461–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0053.
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The most popular technique for estimating the gas bubble size distribution (BSD) in liquids is through the inversion of measured attenuation and/or sound speed of a travelling wave. The model inherent in such inversions never exactly matches the conditions of the measurement, and the size of the resulting error (which could well be small in quasi-free field conditions) cannot be quantified if only a free field code exists. Users may be unaware of errors because, with sufficient regularization, such inversions can always be made to produce an answer, the accuracy of which is unknown unless independent (e.g. optical) measurements are made. This study was commissioned to assess the size of this error for the mercury-filled steel pipelines of the target test facility (TTF) of the spallation neutron source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA. Large errors in estimating the BSD (greater than 1000% overcounts/undercounts) are predicted. A new inversion technique appropriate for pipelines such as TTF gives good BSD estimations if the frequency range is sufficiently broad. However, it also shows that implementation of the planned reduction in frequency bandwidth for the TTF bubble sensor would make even this inversion insufficient to obtain an accurate BSD in TTF.
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Huseynov, G. S. ogly. "EFFECTS OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES ON THE NATIONAL ECONOMY." Bulletin USPTU Science education economy Series economy 3, no. 33 (2020): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/2541-8904-2020-3-33-123-131.
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In current situation, the widespreading of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world has had a significant impact on the socio-economic development of our country. To minimize the effects of this impact, it is necessary to restore the country's strong economic potential through the efficient use of the country's existing natural and labor potential. In such situation the focus should be on improving the functioning of natural monopolies and adapting them to changing market requirements. Natural monopolies play a special role in the formation and dynamic development of the market economy, enriching the domestic market with products based on local raw materials, improving the living standards of the population, creating new jobs and increasing the level of employment and solving other socio-economic problems. Natural monopolies in Azerbaijan exist mainly in the areas of heat and electricity transmission, natural gas and oil pipelines, railway transport, ports, terminals and airport services. Prices for products in this area are also objects of state regulation. Regulation of prices for natural monopolies is important in solving the country's social and economic problems, increasing the competitiveness of products produced in the national economy and the sustainable development of the country as a whole.Therefore, there is a need to analyze the specifics and mechanisms of state regulation of the activities of natural monopolies. In solving all these problems, there is a special need to pay constant attention to the organization of the activities of natural monopolies in terms of modern requirements, to increase their production capacity and thus to determine their impact on the national economy. The mentioned features show the relevance of the topic of the article.
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Belianevych, O. A. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF BALANCING RELATIONS OF THE GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM." Economics and Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.01.080.
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The article covers topical aspects on the management of relations arising in connection with the performance by the operator of the gas transportation system of Ukraine of the balancing function when implementing the activities of transportation of natural gas by the gas transportation system. It is argued that economic activity of transportation of natural gas by the gas transportation system is regulated by Section 32 of the Economic Code of Ukraine (EC). The activity of transportation of natural gas is covered by the definition of cargo transportation (Article 360 of EC) because under the contract for natural gas transportation in the pipelines the transposition of industrial and technology production is carried out. Accordingly, relations arising out of the contract for natural gas transportation are covered not only by Civil Code of Ukraine (CC), Laws of Ukraine "On transportation", "On pipeline transportation", "On the natural gas market" and other legislative acts, but also by the norms of the EC, in particular, in terms of legal regulation of cargo transportation and contracts for cargo transportation. In general, the system of relations on the natural gas market can be presented as a body of contracts of different types concluded by the participants of the natural gas market. Rights and obligations of the participants of the natural gas market as parties to relevant contracts are defined directly by the Law "On the natural gas market", as well as by the Gas Transportation Systems Code (GTSC) and by the Model Contract for Natural Gas Transportation, approved by the decision of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission (NEURC), other subordinate legislation. In its essence, the GTSC is an act of co-regulation of economic activity of the natural gas market by two participants: by NEURC as a regulatory authority in energy and utility and by an economic entity — an operator of the gas transportation system. Accordingly, it is hierarchi cally subordinated to acts of the higher normative level (EC and CC), special laws that regulate relations in the sphere of natural gas transportation, and cannot contradict them. This requirement of hierarchy is manifested, among other things, in the fact that subordinate legislation cannot change mandatory norms of acts of higher legal force, including legal constructions of sale and purchase contract and service contract. In this regard, it is argued that balancing of the gas transportation system and settling of imbalances of customers of gas transportation services shall not be considered as an object of legal relations on the provision of services within the meaning of general norms of Section 63 of CC on services.
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Sárvári, Katarína. "The V4’s Gas Market transition towards the EU’s Energy Security." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.02.16.
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Current development of the European gas market uncovers several new opportunities and challenges for energy security that developed from big changes in production, transit and supply ways of natural gas to Europe. New European gas market model builds on the principles of diversification, the security of supply, interconnectivity and liberalization. Realization of the EU Third Energy Package related to a progressive shift from long-term oil-linked gas supply contracts and development of alternative gas supply sources and lines, as well as the rivalry between already established gas transit lines and the new supply lines present new challenges and require transition for the V4 countries. In this article I studied what are the new changes and challenges of the transition of V4 countries towards the EU’s energy security? To adjust to transition V4 countries should build the new infrastructure on the short-term pricing market and the ways how it will be funded. If V4 countries want to trade gas with the neighbours and transport most of the Russian gas to Europe, they need to invest into reforms of pipelines’ networks or to find other alternatives of diversification in the next decades. Returns on investment on a liberalized market with a multitude of competitors will be manageable but require serious reforms. The V4 countries will have to enter into the spot markets to efficiently trade gas. Available gas hubs in Europe are much smaller, less liquid, and mostly supplied by the same companies as the long-term traded gas hubs. This kind of markets is easy to manipulate. Therefore, it is important for the V4 countries to plan how to coordinate their national energy policies and name EU’s energy targets for the future.
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Mnasri, Hamdi, Amine Meziou, Matthew A. Franchek, Wai Lam Loh, Thiam Teik Wan, Nguyen Dinh Tam, Taoufik Wassar, Yingjie Tang, and Karolos Grigoriadis. "Low Pressure Experimental Validation of Low-Dimensional Analytical Model for Air–Water Two-Phase Transient Flow in Horizontal Pipelines." Fluids 6, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060220.
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This paper presents a low-pressure experimental validation of a two-phase transient pipeline flow model. Measured pressure and flow rate data are collected for slug and froth flow patterns at the low pressure of 6 bar at the National University of Singapore Multiphase Flow Loop facility. The analyzed low-dimensional model proposed in comprises a steady-state multiphase flow model in series with a linear dynamic model capturing the flow transients. The model is based on a dissipative distributed parameter model for transient flow in transmission lines employing equivalent fluid properties. These parameters are based solely on the flowing conditions, fluid properties and pipeline geometry. OLGA simulations are employed as an independent method to validate the low-dimension model. Both low-dimensional and OLGA models are evaluated based on the estimated two-phase pressure transients for varying gas volume fraction (GVF). Both models estimated the two-phase flow transient pressure within 5% mean absolute percent error of the laboratory data. Additionally, an unavoidable presence of entrained air within a pipeline is confirmed for the case of 0% GVF as evidenced by the pressure transient estimation. Thus, dampened oscillations in the simulated 0% GVF case exists owing to an increase in the fluid compressibility.
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Mo, Chun Li, Xing Wei Tang, and Xu Ming Guo. "Analysis of CTOD Test for Proving Rings of Large-Scale Fully-Welded Ball Valves." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1142.
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Fully-welded ball valves are widely used in the crude oil/natural gas transmission pipelines, and their quality has a direct bearing on the transportation safety of national energy. Two paralleled and symmetrical circular welds are used in the main welds of valve body, and the narrow-gap submerged arc welding (NG/SAW) is used in the welding groove. Because of conditional restrictions, it is impossible for the value to be post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Therefore, the welds must have high impact toughness and strength. In order to study the welding performance of the base metal, SAW is used in the welding of proving rings of steel LF2 fully-welded ball valves. CTOD tests are applied to welding joints, and the result suggests that the minimum CTOD value of the valve’s welds and heat affected zone (HAZ) is more than 0.15mm. According to the criterion DNV-OS-C401, the welds in the fully-welded ball valve are safe enough without PWHT.
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Rahman, Muhamad Raffi, Yuli Suharnoto, and Heriansyah Putra. "Analisis Potensi Kelongsoran pada Ruas Jalan Raya Pangalengan menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan 5, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsil.5.2.79-90.
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Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) claimed the landslide incident on 5 May 2015 in Pangalengan District caused gas pipelines owned by PT. Geothermal Star Energy exploded, 9 people died, 154 displaced and 10 houses buried. Based on the facts, it is necessary to make an effort to reduce the risk of landslides by utilizing satellite imagery. The purpose of this study was to identify potential landslides on the Pangalengan highway and make recommendations mitigation actions for the local government. The method used was using 2 estimation system models made by the Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation in 2004 and 2005. The result of the DVMBG 2004 showed the very high classification had a percentage of 97.24% and the DVMBG 2005 result showed the high classification reached 53.26% and the very high classification reached 53.26%. The potential for landslides on the Pangalengan road is 98.37%. Recommended mitigation actions were cutting slopes or making soil retaining walls or drainage channel planning.
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McKay, Scott, Stuart A. Higgins, and Peter Baker. "NORM inventory forecast for Australian offshore oil and gas decommissioned assets and radioactive waste disposal pathways." APPEA Journal 60, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19159.
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This research establishes a decommissioning timeline for the existing oil and gas facilities across all of the Australian offshore oil and gas production basins. Minimal data exist in the public domain to estimate these decommissioning timelines and, more importantly, the significant waste volumes generated; including potentially hazardous wastes such as naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). At this time there is no approved onshore radioactive waste disposal pathway in Australia to accommodate this material. Applying an estimation methodology, based on Norwegian decommissioning data with regional activity factors, allows a NORM waste forecast to be established for the decommissioning of Australian oil and gas offshore infrastructure. The total NORM disposal burden is estimated to be in the range of 223–1674 tonnes for decommissioning activity to 2060, with over 68% of this material generated between 2018 and 2025. Due to the sparsity of public domain data this forecast is deemed to be uncertain and excludes the NORM contamination anticipated to be present in subsea export pipelines, trunklines and well production tubing. Current regulations governing the categorisation and disposal of radioactive wastes across Australia are complex and regionally dependent. This regional variation makes the implementation of a national radioactive waste disposal facility more difficult, and encourages the export of radioactive wastes overseas for final disposal. Exporting of radioactive wastes potentially presents a higher risk compared with in-country disposal and is likely not an effective long-term proposition. A comprehensive NORM data collection and quantification assessment programme, spanning all onshore and offshore oil and gas infrastructure, needs to implemented to drive and verify a NORM waste management strategy for the wave of facility decommissioning projects that are fast approaching.
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Rakel, Eva. "IX. Paradigms of Iranian Policy in Central Eurasia and Beyond." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 3 (2003): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322986398.
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AbstractIran and CEA have historically close links going back as far as the sixth century BC when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region. For a long time, Persian was the main language of the elite in CEA. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Iran has been determined to re-strengthen its position in CEA, particularly in economic and security terms. Iran is an active player in the Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO). It also promotes the construction of southern pipelines from CEA to export the region's oil and gas resources as it hopes to profit from it for its own oil and gas export. However, it has to be noted that Iran in no way is a dominant player in the region. The rivalry between the various political factions of the Iranian political elite - the Conservative Traditional Right (Rast-e Sonati), Traditionalist left (Chap-e Sonati), Revolutionary or New Left or Hizbollah, Conservative Modern Right Rast-e Modern - leads to incoherence in Iran's foreign policy and makes Iran an unreliable actor to cooperate with not only the countries of CEA but also for other countries interested in the region (i.e., the United States, European Union, Turkey, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, the great national economic problems in Iran are an obstacle for Iran to become more active economically in CEA.
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Muhibbu-din, Ismail Eniola. "Ambient Air Measurement of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Within a Nigerian Petroleum Products Depot and Its Host Environment Using Carbon Adsorption and GC-FID Techniques." Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2021.6.1.232.
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Health effects of benzene, toluene and xylene emissions from a Nigerian Petroleum Products depot make stringent adherence to maximum allowable concentration very important. The storage facilities and distribution network and other installations of petroleum products depot are significant sources of benzene, toluene and xylene therefore ambient air of the depot requires observation and assessment. The ambient air concentrations of BTX were been measured within Pipelines and Product Marketing Company, Mosimi Depot and its immediate environment. Air samples were collected on granular activated charcoal through low volume air sampler and extracted with carbon disulphide (CS2) by desorption process.The extracted solutions were subjected to Flame Ionization Detection analysis in a gas chromatograph (Model: HP 6890) using a capillary column HP 5MS with length, inner diameter and particle size set at 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm. The gas chromatograph was powered with chemstation RevA09.01 [1206] software to determine the concentrations of each of the identified VOCs species. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, p xylene, m xylene and o xylene ranged between 0.0104 - 0.0711, 0.0019 - 0.0998, 0.0010 - 0.0022, 0.0014 - 0.0026 and 0.0006 0.0019 mg/m3 respectively. The mean values were 0.0277, 0.0389, 0.0013, 0.0019 and 0.00010 mg/m3, respectively. On the average, the observed concentrations did not exceed the tolerance (air concentrations) limits set for Nigeria environment by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA).
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Pienaar, Wessel. "Logistics aspects of pipeline transport in the supply of petroleum products." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 2 (September 16, 2008): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i2.85.
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The commercial transportation of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline is receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipeline Transport has recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new petroleum products pipeline of 60 cm diameter from Durban to Gauteng. At an operating speed of 10 km/h the proposed 60 cm Transnet pipeline would be able to deliver 3,54 million litres of petroleum product per hour. This is equivalent to 89 deliveries per hour using road tank vehicles with an average carrying capacity of 40 000 litres of fuel per vehicle. This pipeline throughput is also equivalent to two trains departing per hour, each consisting of 42 petroleum tank wagons with an average carrying capacity of 42 500 litres of fuel per wagon. Considering that such road trucks and rail wagons return empty to the upstream refineries in Durban, it is clear that there is no tenable long-term alternative to pipeline transport:pipeline transport is substantially cheaper than road and rail transport;pipeline transport is much safer than rail and especially road transport; andpipeline transport frees up alternative road and rail transport capacity.Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport for the carriage of suitable liquids (for example, petroleum commodities, which include crude oil, refined fuel products and liquid petro-chemicals), gas, slurrified coal and certain water-suspended ores and minerals. InSouth Africa, petroleum products account for the majority of commercial pipeline traffic, followed by crude oil and natural gas. There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:Gathering pipeline systemsCrude oil trunk pipeline systemsRefined products pipeline systems Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between extraction, processing, distribution, and wholesalers’ depots in areas of consumption. The following activities are involved in the flow of goods between place of origin and place of consumption or application:Demand forecasting, Facility site selection, Procurement,Materials handling, Packaging, Warehouse management, Inventory management,Order processing, Logistics communications, Transport, Reverse logistics. Because cost is incurred without adding value each time goods are handled (activity 4) at a terminal or storage facility, a primary logistics objective is to eliminate handling wherever possible. With the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline this objective is fully met. Commodity intake, haulage, and discharge are combined in one process, usually a remote-controlled operation. Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport thereby obviating the need for packaging (activity 5) and returning empty containers. Pipelines provide a direct and long-term link between these origins and destinations. If necessary a continuous service can be provided with no need for a return trip or a reverse pumping process (activity 11).The elimination of handling, packaging and reverse logistics activities contribute substantially to the high measure of economies of scale that pipeline transport enjoys. The article provides adscription of each of the eleven logistics activities in the context of pipeline transport. Effective logistics service is a prerequisite to help ensure that customers receive the required products at the desired quality and quantity, where and when needed. The most pertinent determinants of logistics service performance aresuitability, accessibility, goods security, transit time, reliability and flexibility. The article offers a discussion of the extent to which pipeline transport conforms to each of these measures of effectiveness.
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Zaporozhets, Oleksandr, Sergii Karpenko, and Larisa Levchenko. "Calculation tool NoBel for sound propagation assessment of noise from gasturbines on the ground." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2717.
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Gas turbine engines of aviation type are the basic element of gas-pumping stations of the pipelines around in the world. They produce harmful noise and the protection zone around the gas-pumping station must provide the safe distance to residence in its vicinity. Due to Ukrainian legal requirements for the stationary (not movable) noise sources the sound pressure levels in octave bands must be used as limits for protection of the population complementarily to equivalent and maximum sound levels at day and night periods. A new calculation tool was designed to assess the effects during sound wave propagation from stationary noise sources like gas-turbine installations, as for homogeneous atmosphere, so as for real meteorological and topographical conditions. The tool provides the possibility to predict the conditions of maximum noise exposure at point of noise control. For homogeneous atmosphere the divergence, air absorption, ground surface reflection and acoustic screens contribute to propagation effects mostly. Their formulation in accordance with current knowledge provides more accurate sound levels assessment with differences ± 2 dBA at the boundaries of protection zone in comparison with existing national legal requirements of noise protection calculations. In real atmosphere temperature and wind (in direction and speed) vary with altitude over the ground surface always. These real conditions provide the dependence of sound speed with altitude, and in consequence the refraction of sound waves. For specific conditions of positive sound refraction the tool predicts the sound levels at the receiver up to 10 dBA higher, at negative sound refraction - on 5-7 less than in homogeneous atmosphere for legal protection distances. Tool NoBel is appropriate to be used for specific airport stationary noise scenarios, like for aircraft engine run-ups after their maintenance or repair.
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NADIROV, N. K. "HOW TO MAKE KAZAKHSTAN THE MOST COMPETITIVE AND TECHNOLOGICALLY INNOVATIVE COUNTRY OF THE WORLD." Neft i gaz 3-4, no. 117-1118 (April 15, 2020): 7–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2020.011.
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The oil industry, like the world economy as a whole, has been shaken by the previously unseen crisis triggeredbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Urgentmeasuresrequires tochallenge andovercomeit. Believing that only reliance on innovation, technological progress, human capital will ensure the survival of the industry, the article below outlines the essence of fundamentally new, patented or diploma-protected scientific discoveries, technologies that address to resolve the challenges and ensure the Kazakhstan’s economic, environmental and commercial supremacy in every step of oil production – from oil exploration all the way to a gas tank. The National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has accumulated a large base of such solutions. In the field of exploration: space sciencecomplimenting geologicalinnovative methods, both regional and detailed, allow for an order of magnitude cheaper, more accurately identify promising search sites and discover new oil and gas fields. In the field of oil production and transportation: GALEX technologies will ensure the production of ultra-viscous, hard-to-recover oil, high water cut, depleted fields at a cost of not exceeding 4–5 dollars per barrel; transportation by pipelines of oil volumes times greater than the base volume at no costs increase. Inthefieldofoilrefining:low-temperaturehydro-conversiontechnology,technology foron-site synthesizing petroleum products from crude oil will allow deep processing of hydrocarbon products of any specifications at relatively low temperatures, produce market-demanded products with the possibility of rapid reprofiling of production. In the area of hydrocarbon fuel efficiency and environmental efficiency: to reformat hydrocarbon fuels prior being burned in internal combustion engines with savings of 30% or more, 10 НЕФТЬ И ГАЗ 2020. 3–4 (117–118) АКТУАЛЬНО with a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 30% or more, the elimination of poisonous substances emissions into the biosphere by 95–98%, can be used with patented andproven SALF technology and devices. In the field of renewable energy: renewable energy technologies will significantly reduce the energy intensity of the entire industry, provide the population of hard-to-reach and remote areas with cheap energy and fresh water. The references in the text are a database of scientific publications, discoveries, engineering and engineering, protected patents and diplomas, recommendations created by scientists, oil professionals, inventors of the National Academy of Engineering of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which can be submitted for use for purpose in the oil and gas industry
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Smead, Richard G. "Pipeline construction affected by iroquois, national fuel decisions." Natural Gas 14, no. 4 (January 9, 2007): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410140407.
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Junior, Alvaro Souza. "REVIEW OF BRAZILIAN REGULATION FOR FACILITY OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-19.
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ABSTRACT In April 2002, the Brazilian National Environment Council (CONAMA) enacted Resolution 293, which defines the contents and requirements for oil spill response plans for ports, terminals, pipelines and oil platforms. CONAMA Resolution 293 was undoubtedly a landmark in the history of Brazilian planning and preparedness for oil spill accidents as long as it provided a technically consistent reference for elaboration of oil spill response plans based on the identification of spill sources, vulnerability analysis of potentially affected areas, and adequate response organization, procedures and resources. A clause of the Resolution required its review in 5 years after entering into force. To accomplish this requirement, the Ministry of Environment (MMA) opened a public hearing process to collect comments and suggestions for changes. One main contributor in this hearing process was the Brazilian Petroleum and Gas Institute (IBP), which represents the oil and gas industry. IBP created an internal workgroup which discussed proposals for changes in CONAMA Resolution 293 that were subsequently sent to MMA. After the public hearing process, MMA invited a number of institutions to join a workgroup to discuss the received comments and proposed changes. In general, these institutions were mostly the same which participated in the CONAMA Resolution 293 workgroup five years before: IBAMA (federal environmental agency), Maritime Authority, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Mines and Energy, AN? (oil & gas activities regulatory agency), IBP and some state environmental agencies. Proposed changes to CONAMA Resolution 293 were sent from the workgroup to one of the CONAMA technical chambers, which approved the proposal with minor amendments. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the relevant changes in this regulation that will affect facility oil spill response plans in Brazil.
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Farruggio, Gero, and David Dixon. "Renewed energy in Asia's upstream." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18193.
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Upstream is enjoying a renewed optimism in pricing and project developments, and the growth outlook is positive. That said, current investment in upstream across Asia is less than half that of renewable projects, which accounted for over US $180 billion in 2018. Got your attention? It certainly has for national oil companies and regional oil and gas players as companies explore the opportunities presented by lowering solar and storage costs. In this paper we analyse capex trends and forecasts across both sectors in Australia and the region. Will this growth continue, who is set to gain and by how much? We explore the growing role of renewables in the oilfield service sector. Australia is not alone in experiencing a renewables boom; the trend continues across Asia, with government initiatives more often than not being the catalyst and the boom then fuelled by a seemingly endless supply of insatiable investors. Australia is experiencing a frenzy of activity; developers are rushing to grab land and be the first past the post on grid connection. What can we expect as the renewable energy target transitions to the national energy guarantee, to whatever comes next? We compare the corporate landscapes across the upstream and new energy sectors, and explore what is driving them closer each year as miners and upstream operators turn to solar, wind and storage to reduce operational expenditure and boost field economics. Adani has one of the largest solar pipelines in Australia; will Woodside follow suit? Finally, we compare returns for recently commissioned renewable and upstream projects.