Academic literature on the topic 'National Housing Corporation, Kenya'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of reporting compliance achieved by the National Housing Corporation (NHC) of Papua New Guinea in terms of local indigenous reporting expectations. Design/methodology/approach Testing of a framework of indigenous accountability through indigenous enactments and regulations is conducted by textual analysis, which is informed by the theory of indigenous alternatives to assess the financial reporting compliance of the NHC of Papua New Guinea’s financial statements for years ending 2004-2013. Findings Documentary evidence of the state auditor reports of the NHC’s financial statements reveals that the corporation’s financial reports are not submitted for audit on a timely basis and receive disclaimed audit opinions. Despite the clear indigenous reporting expectations raised by local legislative and regulatory instruments, the NHC is unable or unwilling to provide an accurate account of their activities. Practical implications The lack of compliant reporting suggests that the planning, management and monitoring of the housing needs of residents of Papua New Guinea are compromised. There also appears merit in asking why parliament continues to fund the corporation given its difficulties in meeting local-level reporting expectations. Social implications The results have wider implications for the reporting ideologies of indigenous-run housing corporations operating in other developing countries. It might be fruitful to meet local reporting expectations before taking on the specialized reporting that accompanies introduced western-oriented policies on housing. Originality/value Accountability in relation to indigenous property management is constructed through a lens of reporting issues facing a developing country housing corporation.

THERE ARE PLENTY OF risks in the supported housing sector. Some are ever‐present while others are peculiar to our times ‐ like the interdepartmental review of Housing Benefit and the competitive climate that demands ‘more for less’. The Housing Corporation has developed guidance for registered social landlords and the National Housing Federation is now publishing additional material for supported housing. The guidance provides a framework for managing risks, which is abridged below, and this article summarises some of the key points.

Between 1941 and 1947 a federal crown corporation called Wartime Housing Limited (WHL) successfully built and managed thousands of rental units for war workers and veterans. WHL represents a directly interventionist approach to housing problems and demonstrates that the federal government could efficiently meet social needs by participating in housing supply. Though the Advisory Committee on Reconstruction recommended a national, comprehensive housing program emphasizing low-rental housing, the federal government initiated a post-war program promoting home ownership and private enterprise and, in the process, neglected long-range planning and low income housing. In addition, during the late 1940s, WHL's stock of affordable housing was privatized. This market-oriented perspective hindered advances in postwar housing policy in the same way that, for decades, the poor law tradition blocked government acceptance of unemployment relief. This paper reviews the housing record of WHL and examines the federal government's failure to redirect WHL's expertise into a permanent low-rental housing agency at the war's end.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate. Keywords: Relationship, oil price, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate. Keywords: Relationship, oil price, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate.

Entrepreneurship and business creation are a growing alternative for young people in different economies whose age group often faces a labor market with double digit unemployment rates. Due to low economic growth, traditional career paths and opportunities are disappearing rapidly. In response to these challenges, the government introduced the National Youth Policy (NYP), amongst others, to deal with the challenges facing youth in Kenya. It was through the NYP that the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) was transformed to a state corporation in 2007 as a strategic move toward arresting unemployment among youth in Kenya. This study sought to report on the factors affecting youth entrepreneurship development in Kibera, a district of Kenya. Kibera is a low income, informal settlement in southwest Nairobi (Kenya) with an estimated population of one million housed on less than 2% of the total municipal residential land (or 3,000 people per hectare). A sample of three hundred entrepreneurs (aged 18-35) within the Kibera district, Kenya was drawn to participate in this study. Structured survey questionnaires were used to collect data from young business owners in Kibera. Findings revealed that government policy (NYP) and access to credit have a moderate to strong positive relationship in the development of youth entrepreneurship. Though the positive relationship shows that the Kenyan government is supporting youth entrepreneurship in Kibera, there have been differing views as to whether the programs to support youth are yielding positive results or not. Keywords: youth entrepreneurship, Kenya national youth policy, unemployment, Kibera. JEL Classification: L26, E24

Solid biofuels (fuelwood and charcoal) remain the primary source of household cooking energy in Kenya. This has negatively impacted forest resources, people’s health, local climate patterns, and the country’s economy. Understanding the determinants of household use of these traditional energy resources is useful in the designing of policies and strategies aimed at facilitating energy transitions towards clean options. The current study evaluated the role of socio-economic factors in the determination of household use of fuelwood and charcoal for cooking purposes in Kenya. A desk study was conducted using the 2015/2016 Kenya Integrated household budget survey data published by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Stepwise multiple regression using SPSS was run to determine how household size, female household headship, lack of education among household heads, ownership of housing unit, modern housing, access to credit, access to cash transfers, shock to household welfare, and household level of expenditure affect household utilisation of fuelwood and charcoal for cooking purposes. Results of the regression show that household ownership of a housing unit has a significant positive influence on household utilisation of fuelwood for cooking purposes. Access to credit has a significant negative influence on household charcoal utilisation, while both household expenditure beyond $71 and lack of education among household heads have a significant negative influence on household utilisation of fuelwood and a significant positive influence on household utilisation of charcoal. Therefore, the government of Kenya through its relevant authorities and agencies has a crucial role to play in ensuring that these socio-economic determinants of household use of solid biofuels are addressed. This is achievable through re-strategising, re-designing and designing policies aimed at facilitating households’ transition to clean energy alternatives and sustainable development.

To a remarkable extent the course of Canadian housing policy from 1935 to 1952 was set by the deputy minister of finance, W. C. Clark. By developing programs that stimulated the building of new homes for sale, he was able to deflect growing calls for a substantial federal program of subsidized low rental housing. Working in close consultation with representatives of mortgage-lending institutions, including D'Arcy Leonard, and with David Mansur, inspector of mortgages for Sun Life and later president of Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Clark was able to build an alliance of realty interests, home builders, life insurance companies, and material supply companies, such as retail lumber dealers. This alliance prevailed over public-housing supporters: trade unions, large construction companies, architects, social workers and urban planners. Clark was largely responsible for drafting the Dominion Housing Act of 1935 and the national housing acts of 1938 and 1944. Although all his legislation was geared to building new homes, and reducing political criticism, these acts also contained misleading and unworkable provisions for low-income housing. During World War II Clark reluctantly accepted rent-control and federal rental housing, but he restricted their scope and oversaw their phasing out by his long-time associate Mansur. Clark was also crucial in developing government programs that fostered large residential builders to plan future urban communities.

With data from the National Survey of Condominium Occupants conducted by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the relevant differences between a sample of renters who decided to purchase a condominium and a sample of homeowners who decided to sell their dwelling to buy a condominium are described. The subpopulation differed with respect not only to life-cycle stages and household economic resources but also to stated housing preferences and future housing plans. For example, previous renters were found to be younger households in the earlier stages of the life cycle who purchased lower priced condominiums with more borrowed funds than previous homeowners. A proportion of previous renters, however, were found to be entering the condominium sector late in life. Previous owners, the majority of whom moved from the freehold ownership market, preferred condominium ownership as means of gaining greater physical security and less direct maintenance responsibilities and, therefore, searched for only condominium housing. On the other hand, tenants sought initially to gain entrance into the freehold ownership market before deciding on the purchase of condominiums. Previous tenants are planning to use the equity of their condominiums to move into single detached houses within a short period of time, whereas for previous owners the condominium sector presents a final stage in housing demand. It is concluded that life-cycle stages and household economic resources continue to dominate a household's tenure transition, but this must also be combined with tenure and housing preferences as well as long-term or future housing plans.

South Africa (SA) has been experiencing a serious challenge in terms of addressing housing problems and one of the factors is access to finance, mainly by the lower income earners. Government programmes like Financial Linked Individual Subsidy Programme (FLISP) that work through the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) to provide affordable subsidy finance for housing to households who earn in the range of R3 501 and R15 000 do not make a significant impact necessary to improve access to affordable housing finance. The NHFC has approved and disbursed few and low amounts for FLISP hence questions have been raised as to the challenges that low-income earners experience when accessing affordable housing finance through the NHFC and its role in creating human settlements that is sustainable. The objective is therefore to undertake a descriptive and exploratory study of the FLISP program to enhance understanding of the effectiveness of NHFC in provision of affordable housing financing accessibility by the low-income groups in Johannesburg. The sample of participants was drawn from the beneficiaries of loans and NHFC officials using observations, questionnaires and semi structured individual interviews. The mixed research method is adopted using both the primary and secondary to collect data from NHFC and is analysed by means of descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and frequencies. Data analysis showed that accessibility for housing finance remains an obstacle faced by the low-income households. Convergent mixed method is adopted in the study to understand why the NHFC has been not effective in addressing housing finance for low-income groups. The study found that the major challenges that low-income earners encounter in accessing affordable housing finance range from the deposit amount required, interest rates and affordability in repayments of loans. It is recommended that there should be an enhancement in the housing policy to focus on the low-income groups, also, alternative mechanism such as provision of serviced land and partnerships between government and commercial banks may improve the current conditions.

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

"A significant number of households in need of housing in South Africa can afford to access housing credit, provided that this is available. Such credit is currently not readily accessible by most of such home seekers. Unlocking housing credit is therefore seen as a fundamental requirement in order to facilitate the ongoing improvement of the housing circumstances of such households" (Housing White Paper, 1994). Restricted access and unavailability of housing end-user finance is one of the critical challenges which faces the government in general, and the Department of Housing in particular. Access to end-user finance is limited due to many reasons which the study will identify. This study primarily looks at the access and availability of housing end-user finance to the low income earners. Basically it attempts to explore the impact of Non-Traditional Lenders in the provision of end-user finance to the poor. Non-traditional lenders refer to any lender who is not a traditional retail finance lender/company. The study looks at the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) and the National Urban Reconstruction and Housing Agency's (NURCHA) attempts to mobilise housing credit. It closely pays special attention to the strategies used to mobilise the much-needed credit, their impact and the problems they encounter. This is done with the sole purpose of establishing whether or not it is possible to extend their scope to cater for the low income housing market. To realise this purpose, the study follows the path undertaken by these two institutions in terms of impacting to the poor. Agishana Credit Company's activities were investigated in order to determine Nurcha's impact, and Ithala Development Finance Corporation for the NHFC. Further, a path will be established to determine the impact of these retail lenders on the poor. Thus, Pioneer Park housing project is surveyed to determine Ithala's lending activities as well as Thembalihle (Glenwood 2) housing project for Agishana. It is paramount to indicate that both the NHFC and Nurcha do not lend to a man on the street, but deal with retail lenders. In essence, the NHFC attempts to open the floodgates of housing credit by funding intermediary lenders that on-lend to individual beneficiaries, while on the other hand, Nurcha guarantees activities by these intermediary lenders. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one broadly gives an overview of problems regarding access and availability of housing end-user finance and also outlines the research methodology employed. Chapter two identifies and discusses the different housing delivery systems, as well as gives a vivid picture on the functioning of non-traditional lenders. It provides both international and national experiences that proves that it is feasible to provide housing loans to the poor. Chapter three aims at offering historical background of the four institutions. It identifies their missions, sources of funds, nature of clientele, key activities and the strategies they employ with regards to defaults. Chapter four provides the finding and analysis of the surveys conducted. Firstly, a brief background of the case study areas is outlined. Then findings of the study reveal that it is safe to lend to low income households. This proves that there is a potential to successfully lend to this market without running at a loss. Chapter five is a summary of the research findings, conclusions and recommendations. The findings of the study point out that there is a place for provision of housing credit to the poor. To that end, the study recommends that, what is needed to significantly provide housing loans to this market is the amalgamation of the NHFC and Nurcha's activities; establishment of more lending institutions; encouragement of savings for housing purposes; as well as commitment to innovatively devise and introduce new lending products to cater for this market, which is equally met with strategies to level the play field in terms of legislation so that lending institutions can participate in this housing market at scale.
Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of Natal, 2000.

M.Comm.
The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the progress that has been made in the provision of housing finance to low-income earners. In 1994, housing affordability was constrained, as around 86% of households earned below R3 500. The focus, therefore, is on the role played by both government and the four major banks in broadening access to housing finance for these households and also those who earn less than R7 500. Frameworks that brought about certain initiatives aimed at addressing this problem are explored. On the side of government, the housing subsidy scheme and the role played by the government housing finance institutions (i.e. the National Housing Finance Corporation and the Rural Housing Loan Fund) are explored. On the banking sector side, the provisioning of housing finance prior to and after the implementation of the Financial Sector Charter (FSC) in 2004 is investigated. The dissertation concludes by looking the challenges that exist in the low-cost housing finance environment. The paper notes that, although some considerable progress has been made in the broadening of access to housing finance, there is a huge gap between the number of subsidies approved and the number of households that have benefited from the government subsidy scheme, possibly resulting from, among other things, capacity constraints at local government level. In respect of the banking sector, data analysed shows that bank involvement in the low-income market was very minimal before the implementation of the FSC. However, as much as some progress has been made, there are some serious challenges in this market that could have possibly prevented the role players from extending this access to the rest of the target group.

From City-like Settlement to Industrial City: A Case of Urban Transformation in Huwei Township. Chih-Hung Chen¹, Chih-Yu Chen¹ ¹ Department of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University No.1, University Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 70101, Taiwan ROC E-mail: chihhungchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords (3-5): Industrial City, City-like Settlement, Morphological Process, Town-Plan Analysis, Sugar Refinery Conference topics and scale: City transformations City-like Settlement (German: Teilweise Stadtähnliche Siedlungen) (Schwarz, 1989; Sorre, 1952) plays an important role in the course of civilization, especially the development of industrial cities. Accordingly, this study utilizes Town-Plan Analysis (Conzen, 1960) to deconstruct the relationships between industrialization and settlement formation in order to illustrate the common origin of cities in Taiwan as a result of the emerging economy at the turn of the 20th century. The industrial city of Huwei, known as the “sugar city” with largest yields of cane sugar in Taiwan, had the largest-scale sugar refinery in pre-war East Asia (Williams, 1980). The city has grown and transformed with the factory during the four phases of morphological periods, which began at the establishment of the sugar refinery and worker housing in the middle of the fertile flooding plain in western Taiwan. The spatial arrangement was directed to operational and management efficiency, characterized by the simple grids and hierarchy of layout along the riverside. As the industry enlarged, the new urban core was planned to support the original settlement with shophouses accumulated in the small grids. Followed by postwar modernism (Schinz, 1989), the urban planning again extended the city boundary with larger and polygonal blocks. In the fourth phase, however, the sugar refinery downsized, leading to the conversion of the worker housing and the merging of the factory and the city that slowly brought to its present shape. The morphological process results in the concentric structure from the sugar refinery, providing valuable references for the preservation of the sugar industry townscape, and unveils the influence of industrialization as well as the special urban development pattern in Taiwan. References (100 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-Plan Analysis, 2nd edition (1969), (Institute of British Geographers, London). Schinz, A. (1989) Cities in China (Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin and Stuugart). Schwarz, G. (1959) Allgemeine Siedlungsgeographie (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin). Sorre, M. (1952) Les Fondements de la géographie humaine (Reliure inconnue, Paris). Williams, J. F. (1980) Sugar: the sweetener in Taiwan’s development. In Ronald, G. K. (ed.), China’s island frontier. Studies in the historical geography of Taiwan, pp. 219-251. (University of Hawaii Press and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu)