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Relevant bibliographies by topics / National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke

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Academic literature on the topic 'National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke"

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Meschia, James F., Donna K. Arnett, Hakan Ay, et al. "Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) Study." Stroke 44, no. 10 (2013): 2694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.113.001857.

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Background and Purpose— Meta-analyses of extant genome-wide data illustrate the need to focus on subtypes of ischemic stroke for gene discovery. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke SiGN (Stroke Genetics Network) contributes substantially to meta-analyses that focus on specific subtypes of stroke. Methods— The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke SiGN includes ischemic stroke cases from 24 genetic research centers: 13 from the United States and 11 from Europe. Investigators harmonize ischemic stroke phenotyping using the Web-based causative classification of stroke system, with data entered by trained and certified adjudicators at participating genetic research centers. Through the Center for Inherited Diseases Research, the Network plans to genotype 10 296 carefully phenotyped stroke cases using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and adds to these another 4253 previously genotyped cases, for a total of 14 549 cases. To maximize power for subtype analyses, the study allocates genotyping resources almost exclusively to cases. Publicly available studies provide most of the control genotypes. Center for Inherited Diseases Research–generated genotypes and corresponding phenotypes will be shared with the scientific community through the US National Center for Biotechnology Information database of Genotypes and Phenotypes, and brain MRI studies will be centrally archived. Conclusions— The Stroke Genetics Network, with its emphasis on careful and standardized phenotyping of ischemic stroke and stroke subtypes, provides an unprecedented opportunity to uncover genetic determinants of ischemic stroke.

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Shrestha, Rashmi, Rachana Nakarmi, Ritesh Luitel, and Subodh Sharma Paudel. "Patient profile of patients attending to emergency department of a tertiary neurological and neurosurgical hospital of Nepal: One year experience." Journal of Brain and Spine Foundation Nepal 1, no. 1 (2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbsfn.v1i1.32226.

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Introduction: Neurological emergencies are life threatening conditions that arise frequently and have devastating results if not diagnosed and treated quickly with high rates of neurological mortality and morbidity. Being a tertiary neurological center, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Science is a major referral center for neurological diseases. The objective of this study is to assess the types and number of diseases that present to the emergency department of a tertiary neurological center. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in emergency department of national neurosurgical/neurological referral hospital in Kathmandu, from Oct 2018 to Sept 2019. Clinico-epidemiological details of the patients were noted. Results: The total number of patients presenting to the emergency in one year period were 2995. 58.33% were males and 41.67% were females with male to female ratio of 1:1.4. Majority of the patients (24.91%) were above 60 years of age. Trauma (26.08%) was the major admissions followed by stroke (25.71%) and headache (11.79%). The majority of trauma were road traffic accident (43.02%) followed by fall injury (29.83%) and physical assault (18.96%). Out of the stroke cases, 51.68% were ischemic followed by hemorrhagic stroke 44.55% and transient ischemic attack (3.77%). One thousand eight hundred and ten people were admitted. Conclusion: The study presents an overview of the patients presenting as neurological emergency. It helps to better plan and devise resources and system in a neurosurgical emergency.

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Claus, Elizabeth B., May Abdel-Wahab, Peter C. Burger, et al. "Defining future directions in spinal cord tumor research." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 2 (2010): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.spine09137.

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The relative rarity of spinal cord tumors has hampered the study of these uncommon nervous system malignancies. Consequently, the understanding of the fundamental biology and optimal treatment of spinal cord tumors is limited, and these cancers continue to inflict considerable morbidity and mortality in children and adults. As a first step to improving the outcome of patients affected with spinal cord tumors, the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases Research in cooperation with the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke convened a workshop to discuss the current status of research and clinical management of these tumors. The overall goal of this meeting was to initiate a process that would eventually translate fundamental basic science research into improved clinical care for this group of patients. Investigational priorities for each of these areas were established, and the opportunities for future multidisciplinary research collaborations were identified.

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Conterno, Lucieni Oliveira, Rodrigo Wanderley Neves Barbosa, Caroline Martins Rego, and Carlos Rodrigues Da Silva Filho. "Gravidade do déficit neurológico e incidência de infecções hospitalares em pacientes idosos com acidente vascular cerebral agudo." Scientia Medica 26, no. 4 (2016): 25168. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.4.25168.

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Aims: To evaluate the association between severity of neurological deficit/degree of functional disability and incidence of nosocomial infections, length of hospital stay, and mortality, in elderly patients with acute stroke.Methods: A prospective cohort study evaluated elderly patients with acute stroke, hospitalized at the Hospital of the Marilia Medical School, in Marilia, SP, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were patients aged 60 years or more and diagnosed with acute stroke. Patients were stratified according to the severity of the stroke by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the degree of dependence by the modified Rankin scale. All patients were followed from the time of admission to discharge or death.Results: We studied 113 patients with a mean age of 70.8 years, 63 (55.7%) men. The main underlying diseases were hypertension (77.9%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (30.1%). Seventy-eight (69%) patients were affected for the first time and 86 (76.1%) had ischemic stroke. Nosocomial infection occurred in 24 patients (21.2%) and pneumonia was the most frequent (13.5%). The average length of hospital stay among patients with nosocomial infection was higher when compared to those without nosocomial infection (16.2±16.2 days and 33.2±22.9 days, p<0.001). There was association between score 16-42 points on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and the occurrence of nosocomial infection (risk ratio 4.4; 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 11.0). In-hospital mortality was 15.9%, higher among patients considered severe at admission compared to those with moderate to mild severity by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (34.6% and 1.6% respectively, p<0.001) and also among those who developed nosocomial infection when compared to those without this complication (37.5% and 10.1% respectively, p=0.003).Conclusions: Nosocomial infections were major complications among elderly patients with acute stroke and were associated with severity of neurological deficit, higher degree of dependence, longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate.

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V., Meghashri, Raveesha A., Vishwanath R., and Prabhakar K. "Relation between monocyte/high density lipoprotein ratio in acute ischemic stroke severity." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 11 (2020): 3983. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204890.

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Introduction: Stroke is a common neurological condition, with a high incidence of mortality and morbidity, especially in the elderly population. Inflammation and lipid abnormalities have been proposed for the pathophysiology development and progression of atherosclerosis. Monocyte count to High density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR) is proposed as a novel predictor of prognosis in cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship of MHR with stroke severity in acute ischemic stroke patients.Methods: A total of 64 patients with acute ischemic stroke were inpatients of RLJH were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the National institute of health stroke (NIHS) score (group 1; national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) <16, group 2; NIHSS ≥16). MHR is the ratio obtained by dividing the monocyte count with HDL from a peripheral blood sample. Then the association between MHR and NIHSS score at the time of admission is evaluated.Results: Accordingly, the results obtained revealed MHR was significantly lower in group 1 patients who have lower NIHSS score than group 2 patients who have higher NIHSS.Conclusion: This study suggests that MHR is associated with stroke severity on admission in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

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Wang, Yong-Jun, Zi-Xiao Li, Hong-Qiu Gu, et al. "China Stroke Statistics 2019: A Report From the National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, the Chinese Stroke Association, National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Institute for Global Neuroscience and Stroke Collaborations." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 5, no. 3 (2020): 211–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000457.

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China faces the greatest challenge from stroke in the world. The death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in China was 149.49 per 100 000, accounting for 1.57 million deaths in 2018. It ranked third among the leading causes of death behind malignant tumours and heart disease. The age-standardised prevalence and incidence of stroke in 2013 were 1114.8 per 100 000 population and 246.8 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, the years of life lost (YLLs) per 100 000 population for stroke increased by 14.6%; YLLs due to stroke rose from third highest among all causes in 1990 to the highest in 2017. The absolute numbers and rates per 100 000 population for all-age disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for stroke increased substantially between 1990 and 2017, and stroke was the leading cause of all-age DALYs in 2017. The main contributors to cerebrovascular diseases include behavioural risk factors (smoking and alcohol use) and pre-existing conditions (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and atrial fibrillation (AF)). The most prevalent risk factors among stroke survivors were hypertension (63.0%-84.2%) and smoking (31.7%-47.6%). The least prevalent was AF (2.7%-7.4%). The prevalences for major risk factors for stroke are high and most have increased over time. Based on the latest national epidemiological data, 26.6% of adults aged ≥15 years (307.6 million adults) smoked tobacco products. For those aged ≥18 years, age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 25.2%; adjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia was 5.8%; and the standardised prevalence of diabetes was 10.9%. For those aged ≥40 years, the standardised prevalence of AF was 2.31%. Data from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System showed that 3 010 204 inpatients with stroke were admitted to 1853 tertiary care hospitals during 2018. Of those, 2 466 785 (81.9%) were ischaemic strokes (ISs); 447 609 (14.9%) were intracerebral haemorrhages (ICHs); and 95 810 (3.2%) were subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAHs). The average age of patients admitted was 66 years old, and nearly 60% were male. A total of 1555 (0.1%), 2774 (0.6%) and 1347 (1.4%) paediatric strokes (age <18 years) were identified among IS, ICH and SAH, respectively. Over one-third (1 063 892 (35.3%)) of the patients were covered by urban resident basic medical insurance, followed by urban employee basic medical insurance (699 513 (23.2%)) and new rural cooperative medical schema (489 361 (16.3%)). The leading risk factor was hypertension (67.4% for IS, 77.2% for ICH and 49.1% for SAH), and the leading comorbidity was pneumonia or pulmonary infection (10.1% for IS, 31.4% for ICH and 25.2% for SAH). In-hospital death/discharge against medical advice rate was 8.3% for stroke inpatients, ranging from 5.8% for IS to 19.5% for ICH. The median and IQR of length of stay was 10.0 (7.0–14.0) days, ranging from 10.0 (7.0–13.0) in IS to 14.0 (8.0–22.0) in SAH. Data from the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance demonstrated that the composite scores of guideline-recommended key performance indicators for patients with IS, ICH and SAH were 0.77±0.21, 0.72±0.28 and 0.59±0.32, respectively.

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Chowdhury, Md Tauhidul Islam, Mohammad Shah Jahirul Hoque Choudhury, KM Ahasan Ahmed, et al. "Trend of Hospital Admission and Outcome Study of Patients Admitted in a Neurology Unit at a Tertiary Care Neuroscience Hospital in Bangladesh." Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh 4, no. 2 (2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jninb.v4i2.38917.

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Background: Neurological disorders is becoming a growing concern both for developed and developing countries. Magnitude of the problem is increasing day by day. Among all neurological disorders, stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally.Objectives: The purpose of the study was to see the trend of admission of patients with neurological diseases and to study the outcome of patients at referral neurology hospital in Bangladesh.Methodology: This retrospective chart review was conducted in the blue unit of the Department of Neurology at National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 1st January to 31st December 2016 for a period of one (01) year. All the admitted patients with both sexes were selected as study population. The outcome was observed among the study population.Result: A total number of 1044 patients were admitted during the study period. Majority of the patients were in the age group of the 41 to 50 years which was 417(39.9%) cases. Both male and female were in highest number in the month of May which was 63 and 48 cases respectively. The total death of the study population was 146(14.0%) cases. The mean length of hospital stay was 8.4±2.31 days.Conclusion: Middle aged male is the main bulk of the neurological patients, admitted in a referral neurology hospital in Bangladesh. Highest admission and mortality was observed in stroke patients.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2018;4(2): 69-74

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Lowenstein, Daniel H. "Interview: The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke/American Epilepsy Society benchmarks and research priorities for epilepsy research." Biomarkers in Medicine 5, no. 5 (2011): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmm.11.69.

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Silvestre, Jason, Qing Z. Ruan, and Benjamin Chang. "Analysis of National Institutes of Health Funding in Hand Surgery." HAND 14, no. 4 (2018): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717751719.

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Background: Federal research dollars help investigators develop biomedical therapies for human diseases. Currently, the state of funding in hand surgery is poorly understood. This study defines the portfolio of National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants awarded in hand surgery. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of hand surgeons in the US. Faculty members of accredited hand surgery fellowships and/or members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand were queried in the NIH RePORT database for awards obtained during 2005-2015. Results: Of 2317 hand surgeons queried, only 18 obtained an NIH grant (0.8%). Thirty-eight unique grants were identified totaling $42 197 375. R01 awards comprised the majority of funding (78.0%) while K08 awards accounted for 1.1%. The K-to-R transition rate was zero. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease supported the most funding (65.2%), followed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (30.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in NIH funding totals with hand surgeon characteristics. Funding supported translational (46.0%), basic science (29.6%), clinical (21.0%), and education-based (3.4%) research. Peripheral nerve (33.3%) and bone and joint disease (30.1%) received the most research funding. Conclusions: Less than 1% of hand surgeons obtain NIH research grants. Of the 2 identified K08 awards, none led to a subsequent R award. Future research should identify barriers to grant procurement to design effective policies to increase NIH funding in hand surgery.

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Rangaraju, Srikant, Michael Frankel, and Tudor G. Jovin. "Prognostic Value of the 24-Hour Neurological Examination in Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke: A post hoc Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Stroke Trials." Interventional Neurology 4, no. 3-4 (2015): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443801.

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Background: Early prognostication of long-term outcomes following ischemic stroke can facilitate medical decision-making. We hypothesized that the 24-hour National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) predicts 3-month clinical outcomes in anterior circulation stroke. Methods: Secondary analyses of the Interventional Management of Stroke 3 (IMS3) and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) for acute ischemic stroke [National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) IV tPA] trials were performed. In participants with documented 24-hour NIHSS and 3-month Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), the predictive power of the 24-hour NIHSS and 24-hour NIHSS improvement for 3-month outcomes [mRS 0-2 and Barthel Index (BI) ≥95] was assessed. Percentages of good outcome (mRS 0-2 or BI ≥95) at 3, 6, and 12 months and mean quality of life (EQ5D™) index at 3 months across 24-hour NIHSS quartiles were compared. Results: The majority of the study participants were included (IMS3 n = 587/656, NINDS IV tPA n = 619/624). The 24-hour NIHSS was correlated with 3-month mRS (R = 0.73) with excellent predictive power for mRS 0-2 [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.91] and BI ≥95 (AUC = 0.9) in both cohorts. A model with the 24-hour NIHSS alone correctly classified 82-84% of patients in both cohorts. The percentages of good outcomes at 3-12 months across 24-hour NIHSS quartiles were similar in both cohorts. mRS 0-2 was achieved by 75.6-77.7% of patients with 24-hour NIHSS ≤11 but by only 1.4-3.6% with 24-hour NIHSS ≥20. The EQ5D index at 3 months varied among NIHSS 0-4 (mean 0.86 ± 0.16), 5-11 (0.77 ± 0.18), and 12-19 (0.59 ± 0.26) quartiles. Conclusions: The 24-hour NIHSS strongly predicts long-term stroke outcomes and is associated with quality of life. Its easy availability, reliability, and validity support its use as an early prognostic marker and surrogate of clinical outcome in ischemic stroke.

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Books on the topic "National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke"

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National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. Neuroscience at the new millenium: Priorities and plans for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, fiscal years 2000-2001. The Institute, 1999.

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), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U S. Publications list. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 1999.

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The Institute, 1990.

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Rowland, Lewis P. NINDS at 50: An incomplete history celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 2001.

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Rowland, Lewis P. NINDS at 50: An incomplete history celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Demos Medical Pub., 2003.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Departments of Labor Health and Human Services Education and Related Agencies. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, special hearing, May 11, 2005, Washington, DC. U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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M, Altevogt Bruce, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, Uganda National Academy of Sciences. Forum on Health and Nutrition, and National Academies Press (U.S.), eds. Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reducing the treatment gap, improving quality of care : summary of a joint workshop by the Institute of Medicine and the Uganda National Academy of Sciences. National Academies Press, 2010.

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.). Office of Communications and Public Liaison, ed. Stroke: Hope through research / [prepared by the Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health]. The Institute, 1999.

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.), ed. Neuroscience at the new millennium: Priorities and plans for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke fiscal years 2000-2001. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 1999.

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Publications list. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke"

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Tilley, B. C. "A Demming Approach to Recruiting: The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) t-PA Stroke Trial Experience." In Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke II. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78061-5_41.

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Whigham, Kristine B., Thomas G. Burns, and Sarah K. Lageman. "National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_642.

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Whigham, Kristine B., Thomas G. Burns, and Sarah K. Lageman. "National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_642.

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Whigham, Kristine B., Thomas G. Burns, and Sarah K. Lageman. "National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_642-2.

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Bazan, Nicolas G. "Regulation of the Inducible Prostaglandin Synthase Gene and Second Messengers in Brain: Implications for Stroke**This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NS 23002." In Cerebrovascular Diseases. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-9603-6.50026-4.

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Ankolekar, Sandeep, and Michela Simoni. "Post-stroke cognitive impairment." In Stroke in the Older Person. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747499.003.0025.

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‘Post-stroke cognitive impairment’ explores in great depth the burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment, its pathological substrates and clinical characteristics, the causes of these impairments, post-stroke dementia, and the risk factors implicated. The chapter examines common definitions (vascular cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, post-stroke cognitive impairment), the DSM-5 criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5), ICD-10 criteria (International Classification of Diseases), NINDS-AIREN criteria (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences) for vascular dementia, and vascular mild cognitive impairment. The VASCOG (vascular cognitive disorder) criteria are also described. A pragmatic approach to investigations and various assessment scales, a description of important clinical trials, and the management of these disorders are also included.

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MCNAMARA, JAMES O. "An Animal Model of Rasmussen's Encephalitis11This work was supported by a grant (NS 36808) from the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke." In Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088554-1/50045-1.

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Wolf, Philip A., and William B. Kannel. "Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease * *This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant No. 5R01 NS17950 and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study Contract No. N01-HC-25195." In Vascular Medicine. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7216-0284-4.50035-x.

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Rao, Vani. "Traumatic Brain Injury." In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195309430.003.0011.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability in the United States, with an incidence of about 1.5 million cases per year (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1999). It is associated with both neurologic and psychiatric consequences. Although the neurologic problems usually stabilize with time, the psychiatric disorders often continue to remit and relapse. Factors associated with the development of psychiatric disorders include older age, arteriosclerosis, and chronic alcoholism, all of which interfere with the reparative process within the central nervous system. Other contributors to psychiatric disability include a pre-TBI history of psychiatric illness, illicit drug abuse, and lack of social support. Because post-TBI psychiatric disturbances interfere with rehabilitation and cause emotional and financial burden for patients and caregivers, early diagnosis and treatment are important. Post-TBI psychiatric disturbances are best classified according to their clinical presentation. These disturbances are discussed below and their pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies are recommended. The mood disturbances most commonly associated with TBI are major depression, mania, anxiety, and apathy. Major depression is seen in about 25% of people with TBI. Symptoms of major depression include persistent sadness; guilt; feelings of worthlessness; hopelessness; suicidal thoughts; anhedonia; and changes in patterns of sleep, appetite, and energy. Sometimes these symptoms may be associated with psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations. It is important to remember that changes in sleep, appetite, or energy are not specific to the syndrome of major depression and may be due to the brain injury itself, or to the noise, stimulation, or deconditioning associated with hospitalization. If due to the latter conditions, gradual improvement occurs with time in most patients. Sadness in excess of the severity of injury and poor participation in rehabilitation are strong indicators of the presence of major depression. The presence of poor social functioning pre-TBI and left dorsolateral frontal and/or left basal ganglia lesion have been associated with an increased probability of developing major depression following brain injury ( Jorge et al., 1993a; Jorge et al., 2004). Major depression should be differentiated from demoralization, primary apathy syndrome, and pathologic crying.

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Armstrong, F. Daniel, and Steven Pavlakis. "Neurocognitive Outcomes in Sickle Cell Disease." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0033.

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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with a range of serious complications, including painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenic sequestration, overwhelming bacterial sepsis, and a host of other less frequent complications that impair quality of life and threaten long-term survival (National Institutes of Health [NIH] 2002). More than 98% of all children born in the United States are tested for SCD as part of state newborn screening programs, making it possible to identify infants who are at risk for these many complications of SCD (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009). It is estimated that about 72,000–80,000 individuals of all ages are living with SCD in the United States, a large number of whom will experience cognitive complication at some point in their lives. Nearly 2 million carry sickle trait but do not have the clinical manifestations of the disease. Approximately 1 in 500 infants of African descent and one in 36,000 of Hispanic descent are born with SCD in the United States each year (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH 2009). While the cognitive complications of cerebrovascular infarction (stroke) have long been recognized, research over the last two decades has shown that cognitive functioning in both children and adults can be impaired for many reasons other than stroke. This chapter describes the underlying structural and biological mechanisms that lead to cognitive impairment, the cognitive outcomes associated with SCD, and emerging pharmacologic, behavioral, and educational intervention strategies to address the cognitive needs of this population. Sickle cell disease describes a group of hereditary hemoglobinopathies that have in common the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin variant known as sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The homozygous condition (HbSS) is also the most severe, and is known as sickle cell anemia. Although there are numerous other variations of sickle hemoglobinopathy, the most common include HbSβthal° and HbSC. Under oxidative stress, the sickle hemoglobin causes erythrocytes to collapse into rigid sickle-shaped molecules, with a significant reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity (NIH 2002).

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Conference papers on the topic "National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke"

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Jiang, Jingfeng, and Zhengfu Xu. "Regularization of Phase-Contrast MRI Velocity Measurements: Initial In Vivo Experience in a Canine Aneurysm Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14752.

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According to the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, incidence of reported intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is about 0.001%. In other words, there are thus about 27,000 people who may suffer stroke from ruptured cerebral aneurysms each year. The origin and natural history of IAs are closely associated with disturbed hemodynamics though exact mechanisms are unknown.[1, 2] Consequently, blood flow parameters measured from phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) [3, 4] may provide insight not only into factors relevant to the development and progression of IAs but also into their short and long term responses to therapeutic interventions (e.g. coil embolization and stent deployment).

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Calderon, A., M. Dembele, B. Hossain, Y. Noor, and S. Ovsiew. "Stereoscopic Motion Tracking System." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53688.

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The “National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke” defines Cerebral Palsy as a neurological disorder that affects body movement and muscle coordination. This condition usually appears at birth or during the first three years of life [3]. Treatment for children with Cerebral Palsy is extensive and can include any or all of the following: physical/occupational therapy, speech therapy, medicine, surgery, and orthopedic devices. Physical therapy involves having the child perform several repetitions of a set of exercises that will target the specific muscle group that needs to be worked on. A technique that has recently been employed in physical therapy is the use of video games [2], this allows the therapist to have the child perform similar sets of exercises while at the same time motivate and entertain the child.

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Pedaprolu, Krishna, Satyam Rajput, and Sharmila Nageswaran. "Design Implementation and Analysis of a Universal Lumbosacral Support Device to Prevent Low Back Pain in Motorized Two-Wheeler Riders." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3442.

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According to National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a division of National Institutes of Health (NIH), about 80% adults suffer from low back pain at some point in time and about 2 out of 10 people who are affected by acute low back pain develop chronic low back pain with persistent symptoms at one year [1]. Though in some cases, treatment does relieve chronic low back pain, but in other cases, pain persists despite treatment. Mostly, the lower back pain is of mechanical nature, i.e., disruption in the way the components of the back (the spine, muscle, intervertebral discs, and nerves) fit together and move. The causes of lower back pain can be imputed to various conditions such as sprains and strains, osteoarthritis, herniated discs, whiplash, compression fracture, scoliosis, stenosis, inflammation of joints, osteoporosis. It not only causes pain, but also severs the economy of a nation. It is a major contributor to missed workdays [1]. Research indicates that the total indirect costs due to back pain accrue to more than $100 billion annually [2]. Not many people can afford traveling by car or taxi to office, especially in developing countries and in cities with high traffic, where people prefer to travel by two-wheelers for their access to work and other amenities. However, people with lumbar problems are recommended not to use two-wheelers as the movement of the body on uneven roads or while braking/accelerating may increase the pain and discomfort. This reduces the productivity of not only the individual and the firm but also the productivity of the country as a whole.

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