Relevant bibliographies by topics / National Marine Conservation Areas

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'National Marine Conservation Areas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Molenaar, Erik. "Managing Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 1 (2007): 89–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807781475263.

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AbstractThe global loss of biological diversity (biodiversity), both terrestrial and marine, occurs currently at an alarming and probably unprecedented rate. The main purpose of this article—which focuses in particular on marine capture fisheries—is to identify shortcomings in the international legal framework relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and possible solutions for selected shortcomings. The latter relate to discrete high seas fish stocks, deep-sea species and fisheries, integrated marine protected areas (MPAs) in ABNJ and, finally, to existing and new rights to conserve marine biodiversity. The main argument on this last topic is that in view of the current rate loss of marine biodiversity, reform should not just be limited to the traditional approach of strengthening, deepening and broadening obligations but should be balanced with optimizing use of existing rights and/or granting new rights to ensure that the overarching balance between socio-economic interests and the interests of marine biodiversity of present and future generations is archived.
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Gjerde, Kristina M., and Anna Rulska-Domino. "Marine Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Some Practical Perspectives for Moving Ahead." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 2 (2012): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x633636.

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Abstract Despite strong legal duties and political commitments for marine conservation and ecosystem-based management, biodiversity in the high seas and the Area (jointly referred to as areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)) is under increasing threat. One important tool for enhancing conservation and multi-sectoral cooperation is the establishment and maintenance of representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). This commentary reviews potential avenues for accelerating progress towards representative MPA networks as part of a larger-scale effort towards improving the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. It builds on the report by Petra Drankier, Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, Report on Research Question 2 of the Study on ‘Biological Diversity and Governance of the High Seas’ (2011), which describes the applicable global and regional conventions by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of proposed avenues for progress, including a possible multilateral agreement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The commentary concludes with some observations for a pragmatic path ahead.
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Becker-Weinberg, Vasco. "Preliminary Thoughts on Marine Spatial Planning in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 570–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12323029.

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Abstract The conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction is one of the most controversial issues facing the law of the sea, and one that will probably be the scope of a new implementing agreement of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (losc). The agreement will address a set of challenges not on the agenda at the time losc was drafted, constituting an opportunity for addressing innovative notions, but also to question established ones as States attempt to ensure the compatibility between the former and the latter. One of the many challenges and a key aspect is the adoption of area-based management tools such as marine spatial planning. This article examines the existing legal gap regarding the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction and the use of marine spatial planning as an essential area-based management tool.
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Grip, Kjell, and Sven Blomqvist. "Marine nature conservation and conflicts with fisheries." Ambio 49, no. 7 (November 20, 2019): 1328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01279-7.

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AbstractGlobally, conflicts between marine nature conservation and fishery interests are common and increasing, and there is often a glaring lack of dialogue between stakeholders representing these two interests. There is a need for a stronger and enforced coordination between fishing and conservation authorities when establishing marine protected areas for conservation purposes. We propose that an appropriate instrument for such coordination is a broad ecosystem-based marine spatial planning procedure, representing neither nature conservation nor fishery. Strategic environmental assessment for plans and programmes and environmental impact assessment for projects are commonly used tools for assessing the environmental impacts of different human activities, but are seldom used for evaluating the environmental effects of capture fisheries. The diversity of fisheries and the drastic effects of some fisheries on the environment are strong arguments for introducing these procedures as valuable supplements to existing fisheries assessment and management tools and able to provide relevant environmental information for an overall marine spatial planning process. Marine protected areas for nature conservation and for protection of fisheries have different objectives. Therefore, the legal procedure when establishing marine protected areas should depend on whether they are established for nature conservation purposes or as a fisheries resource management tool. Fishing in a marine protected area for conservation purpose should be regulated according to conservation law. Also, we argue that marine protected areas for conservation purposes, in the highest protection category, should primarily be established as fully protected marine national parks and marine reserves.
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Warner, Robin. "Area-based Management ToolsDeveloping Regulatory Frameworks for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402003.

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The increasing intensity and impacts of human activities in the global oceans pose significant threats to the extensive repository of marine species, habitats and ecosystems in the vast marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj). This article examines the scope of these threats and the role of area-based management mechanisms such as marine protected areas (mpas) in addressing those threats. It discusses the law and policy rationale for establishing mpas in abnj and some regional examples of mpa designation in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Antarctica and the Sargasso Sea. Finally, it reviews global initiatives in the United Nations to develop a more integrated and cross-sectoral framework for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in abnj including the designation of a representative network of mpas in these largely neglected areas of the ocean.
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Rayfuse, Rosemary. "Precaution and the Protection of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 4 (2012): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341257.

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Abstract As a post-LOSC legal development, the precautionary principle is nowhere enunciated in the Law of the Sea Convention. Nevertheless, in the thirty years since the LOSC’s adoption, the significance of the precautionary principle for marine environmental protection in general and marine resource conservation in particular has been recognised. The language of precaution, the precautionary principle and the precautionary approach have entered the lexicon of the law of the sea, permeating the international community’s efforts to manage and conserve marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The challenge remains, however, of crafting and implementing management and governance regimes capable of achieving the objectives of precautionary management and turning the rhetoric of precaution into a reality.
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Freestone, David. "Sustainable Development, Ocean Governance and Marine Protected Areas." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402002.

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By 2020, at least ten percent of the global oceans should be subject to area-based protection according to the target agreed by the parties to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets) and reiterated in 2015 Sustainable Development Goal 14.5. This paper looks at the Sustainable Development Goals and the evolution of the concept of Sustainable Development, distinguishing it from international environmental law. Then it looks at the way in which the goals relate to ocean governance and the current lacunae in the system established by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the negotiations within the UN to address the issue of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in area beyond national jurisdiction. In particular, it looks at the sectoral approaches to area-based protection in areas beyond national jurisdiction, where currently iucn reports that only 1.18% is protected.
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Harden-Davies, Harriet. "Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.75.

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Marine science and technology have long been recognized as key issues to enable states to implement the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Scientific capacity development and technology transfer are cross-cutting issues in the development of a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under UNCLOS. The acquisition, exchange, and application of scientific knowledge are critical issues in the development of the ILBI.
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Harris, Jane, Marcus Haward, Julia Jabour, and Eric J. Woehler. "A new approach to selecting Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 19, no. 2 (May 22, 2007): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000260.

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AbstractConservation of the high seas marine environment poses a significant challenge to policy-makers and managers. Marine conservation efforts are often hindered by the lack of data and the difficulties in addressing multiple, and typically conflicting uses. The majority of extant Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are in coastal or tropical regions within national jurisdiction. Conservation of high seas MPAs has emerged on the international agenda as a critical issue requiring the application of novel approaches, international cooperation and political will. Knowledge and understanding of the marine environment and data on marine biodiversity are all typically limited for the high seas, and the use of surrogates to assist in the identification of areas of high conservation value is one possible mechanism to address and potentially overcome these limitations. Drawing upon a database spanning more than 20 years and containing approximately 140 000 records of seabird sightings at sea, this study assesses the potential use of seabirds as surrogates for marine biodiversity in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. At-sea ranges, species diversity and the distributions of endangered species may be appropriate selectors or filters to identify areas with high conservation values. Integrating policy with science provides an appropriate mechanism to identify and prioritise MPAs in the Southern Ocean.
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Scovazzi, Tullio. "NEGOTIATING CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000074a.

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Negotiations will start at the United Nations in order to draft an agreement on conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction. It will address, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity building and transfer of marine technology. The new agreement would fill certain gaps currently existing in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It could include provisions for strategic impact assessment of activities affecting the environment, the creation of a network of high seas marine protected areas of world importance and the establishment of a new regime for the exploitation of genetic resources. The question is open whether such a new regime should be based on the principle of the freedom of the seas, and in this case the very need of such a regime becomes questionable, or rather on the principle of common heritage of mankind. A third possibility involves a pragmatic approach, as proposed by the European Union and its Member States, an approach that however is still to be defined in its concrete elements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Ban, Natalie Corinna. "Multiple perspectives for envisioning marine protected areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1275.

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This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings. To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors. My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives. Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains.
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Baliwe, Ndiviwe Gabriel. "The effectiveness of Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area in the conservation of rocky shore biodiversity." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33633.

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Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has intensified in recent years, and there are now over 6800 MPAs worldwide. However, there is a prominent need to assess their effectiveness in terms of protecting biodiversity. In Chapter 1, I provide the theoretical background to this dissertation and define its central goal, i.e., to assess the effectiveness of no-take (‘restricted') sections of the Table Mountain National Park MPA (TMNP MPA), relative to zones that are designated as ‘controlled', where harvesting can take place under national regulations. Chapter 2 compares the effectiveness of no-take versus harvested areas in the TMNP MPA in protecting the biodiversity of intertidal rocky shores. Surveys were conducted to compare (1) the densities and sizes of exploited species and rarely harvested species, and (2) community composition, between these two levels of protection. Some clear patterns emerged. Firstly, notake areas had significantly greater densities of the commonly harvested limpets Cymbula granatina, C. oculus and Scutellastra argenvillei, most obviously on sandstone ledges where abundances were greatest. In contrast, densities of the rarely harvested limpets, S. cochlear, S. longicosta and S. granularis did not differ in a manner reflecting protection levels. Secondly, C. granatina and S. argenvillei were significantly larger in no-take areas, although C. oculus displayed the opposite pattern. None of the rarely harvested limpets showed differences in sizes between protection levels. Thirdly, community composition differed significantly between protection levels. No-take areas were characterised by a greater abundance of commonly harvested limpets and mussels, while harvested areas were dominated by ephemeral and corticated algae, due to their release from grazing pressure by limpets. Chapter 3 focuses on a subset of the sites, all lying on the west coast and all comprising sandstone rocks. First, in a temporal comparison, I evaluated changes in densities and sizes of limpets and in community composition between historical data from 1970 and my sampling in 2017, at two sites where harvesting has intensified since 1970. This analysis showed three kinds of changes: (1) the appearance of alien species; (2) the effects of increased harvesting; and (3) the direct and indirect effects of these changes on other species. Secondly, to disentangle the effects of harvesting from those of alien invasions, I made spatial comparisons using my 2017 data, between two harvested sites and two sites in a no-take zone. One striking result was transformation of mid-shore zones by the appearance of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the indirect effects of this on the demography of the granular limpet Scutellastra granularis. Adults of this limpet have been excluded by the mussel, whereas juveniles find a secondary home on the shells of the mussel. In addition, harvesting has decimated the granite limpet Cymbula granatina and Argenville's limpet Scutellastra argenvillei. This has led to the proliferation of opportunistic seaweeds, such as Ulva spp., or corticated algae, notably Pachymenia orbitosa. The dual effects of alien invasive species and over-harvesting thus have major ecosystem effects. In chapter 4, densities of the limpet Cymbula granatina were manipulated at two sites within a fully-protected no-take area to generate four density levels ranging from zero to maximum natural densities, to evaluate the effects of harvesting this limpet on the community composition. Following removal or substantial thinning of C. granatina, community composition changed, cover of corticated and ephemeral algae increased and recruitment of C. granatina decreased. These outcomes were, however, dependent on the time frame considered, as algae underwent an annual cycle, and the effects of limpet removal were evident only during cooler months when the algae proliferated. All these effects have management implications. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the findings from this dissertation and their management implications. The major limitation of the dissertation is that interpretation of results was clouded by an absence of reliable data on actual harvesting rates as reflected in the numbers and activities of people operating in the restricted and controlled portions of the MPA, and of the efficiency with which law enforcement takes place. Nevertheless, strong evidence emerged that no-take areas within the MPA are effective means of conserving biodiversity, and the effects of harvesting deduced in Chapter 2 and 3 were verified by the experiment undertaken in Chapter 4, in which depletion of a dominant and commonly harvested limpet, Cymbula granatina, did yield algal proliferations like those evident in harvested portions of the park. The fact that this outcome was observed only at certain times of the year points to the need for studies and monitoring to be undertaken over sufficient time scales to produce meaningful results.
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Rees, Sian Elizabeth. "The value of marine conservation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1005.

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The marine environment provides essential ecosystem services that are critical to the functioning of the earth’s life support system and the maintenance of human well-being. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognised as being the mechanism though which marine natural capital may be conserved. This thesis focuses on the value associated with marine conservation in a case study area, Lyme Bay, England where a ‘closed area’ was created in 2008. A review of literature spanning 20 years shows that despite sound ecological knowledge of a marine area, the reliance on traditional neo-classical economic valuations for marine spatial planning can obscure other issues pertinent to the ecosystem approach. A further valuation of the marine leisure and recreation industry shows that the industry is of economic significance and that the MPA enables the protection of the most valuable sites but has limited benefits for protecting the full resource base. In terms of ecological value, a ‘service orientated framework’ was developed to enable decision makers to understand the links between benthic species, ecological function and indirect ecosystem services. Results spatially identify which ecosystem services occur and demonstrate the value of the MPA in ensuring delivery of these ecosystem services. In relation to the social value of the MPA the research reveals that support for the MPA is strong amongst the majority of stakeholder groups. Values are expressed as the economic, environmental and social benefits of the MPA. However, there have been clear social costs of the MPA policy and these have been borne by mobile and static gear fishermen and charter boat operators. Each valuation methodology can inform decision making. Though, if ecosystem service valuation is to become a deliberative tool for marine conservation and planning, then there is a need for a larger societal discussion on what activities and trade-offs society considers acceptable.
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Wood, Louisa Jane. "The global network of marine protected areas: developing baselines and identifying priorities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/228.

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Recently adopted global marine protection targets aim to protect 10-30% of marine habitats within the next 3 to 5 years. However, these targets were adopted without prior assessment of their attainability. Moreover, our ability to monitor progress towards such targets has been constrained by a lack of robust data on marine protected areas (MPAs). In this thesis I present the results of the first explicitly marine-focused, global assessment of MPAs in relation to three global marine protection targets. Approximately 2.35 million km2, equivalent to 0.65% of the world’s oceans, are currently protected, and only 12% of that is ‘no-take’. Over the last two decades, the marine area protected globally has grown at ~5% per year. At this rate, even the most modest target is unlikely to be met for at least several decades. The utility of large-scale conservation targets has been repeatedly questioned, although mainly on ecological grounds. However, if, as is suggested here, their primary role is to motivate behavioural change, then a more serious problem is that they seem to be failing in this regard, too. I explore possible reasons for this and suggest two main problems: firstly, an as yet unmet need to develop a hierarchical system of targets that reflects the multi-scale and pluralistic nature of ecological and political systems; and secondly, feedback mechanisms between political will, perceived attainability, and target formulation which may impede implementation of the targets. Since the adoption of the global targets, no implementation strategy has been developed, which may also impede target attainment. In order to fill this gap, I applied a rarity-complementarity heuristic place prioritisation algorithm (PPA) to a dataset consisting of 1038 global species distributions with 0.5° latitude/longitude resolution, under ten scenarios devised to reflect the global targets. This is the first time that species distribution ranges of marine species have been used in a globally synthetic way, and is by far the largest application of a PPA to date. Global priority areas for protection are identified for each scenario, which may be used to identify where regional-scale protected areas network design efforts might be focused.
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Binet, Thomas. "Valuing net benefits of biodiversity conservation in West African marine protected areas." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/valuing-net-benefits-of-biodiversity-conservation-in-west-african-marine-protected-areas(da572938-c9a3-45ce-8f0f-1b7fdda7f604).html.

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Momentum behind the economic valuation of ecosystems, after a decade of hopeful support from researchers and policymakers, is currently petering out and decision-makers still do not consider biodiversity conservation to be a political priority. Surprisingly, the economic benefits provided by the conservation of ecosystems have been poorly investigated, unlike the ecosystems themselves. Furthermore, is the valuation of conservation (the valuation of the “interest rate” made on the natural capital saved, instead of the valuation of the natural capital itself) an efficient means to better serve decision-making? The research presented here addresses this question, in proposing a more effective approach to the valuation of conservation. It also investigates how such economic valuation exercises could best serve the decision-making process. The research method for measuring conservation value relies on a comparison of Total Economic Values for analogous ecosystems both within a protected area and in outside adjacent areas. This methodology is tested in a sample of five marine protected areas in West Africa. For the estimation of the Total Economic Values in these sites, the research has applied most of the available valuation tools and includes all values for which data are available, including non-use values. The results indicate a predominance of benefits linked to indirect use values over direct use values and non-use values. The marine protected areas display substantial benefits when compared to unprotected sites. These benefits are thought to derive primarily from the better marine health status associated with protected areas, and subsequent higher indirect use values which compensate for the decrease in direct use values caused by the conservation policy and the subsequent limitations imposed as a result. The ‘paper areas’ (i.e. those protected areas with no management plan) show, however, a deficit even when compared to unprotected sites. The research discusses and highlights the shortcomings of such an approach within the West African context (data-poor situation, non-monetised economies, value transfer to developing countries, difficulties in communicating non-use values of biodiversity) and associated time and space considerations. It also underlines the importance of considering the socio-cultural context in any economic valuation, which provides key information for valuation interpretation. Furthering the approach within the ‘economics of protection’ stream (after the ‘economics of degradation’ and the ‘economics of welfare’), this research delivers a new approach for valuing biodiversity conservation. The extensions of this research for policy purposes may include management support (comparison of conservation benefits with costs of management, increased consideration of indirect use values), advocacy information (through the calculation of the costs of policy inaction), and mechanisms for sustainable financing (through the development of payment for ecosystem services).
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Billard, Gina L. "Marine conservation areas in the Newfoundland context : the proposed Bonavista and Notre Dame Bay initiative /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ42351.pdf.

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Hargreaves-Allen, Venetia. "Economic values, distributional impacts and conservation outcomes for coral reef marine protected areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5549.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the dominant global strategy to counter widespread coral reef degradation, which threatens these coral reef ecosystems, the biodiversity they support, and the direct and indirect benefits they provision for millions of stakeholders, many of whom are in developing countries and have a high reliance on natural resources. Insufficient understanding of the conditions that enable MPAs to achieve their conservation and development goals means MPAs are yet to achieve their full potential. Similarly, inadequate awareness of the distributional aspects MPAs generate can leading to conflict and ultimately MPA failure. This research explores the links between two key themes of MPAs; efficiency and equity. A local case study in Belize is used to explore the ability of a MPA to provide a suite of benefits (net of costs) related to fishing, tourism, recreation and existence and bequest values in 2007. The values quantified demonstrate that the reserve represents an excellent return on conservation investment, particularly if non–user values are included. Survey effects associated with contingent valuation are found to be important and merit further research. Current entrance fees do capture much of the consumer surplus values which the reserve generates. Optimal fees are explored using the demand curve generated from the CVM. Non-use and local values, which are too rarely incorporated into MPA valuations are shown to be large, thus they are important to ensure well-informed decision making. A distributional analysis is undertaken, which quantifies transfers of wealth between stakeholders. This shows that incentives differ between stakeholders; where fishers, tour operators and international NGOs are incurring the direct costs. Contrary to what may be occurring elsewhere, the distribution of costs at local, national and international scales is found to be equivalent, although the benefits are highly skewed towards international stakeholders. Finally, I show that local community members, who will ultimately cause an MPA to fail or succeed, perceive costs and benefits fairly accurately. Thus the provision of local benefits is likely to improve MPA performance. A global coral reef MPA evaluation is undertaken, utilizing expert knowledge from MPAs in 33 countries. This constitutes the most comprehensive coral reef MPA performance evaluation to be carried out to date with a single methodology. MPA performance is shown to vary widely and to be unrelated to MPAs aims. Conclusions as to which are the most effective MPAs are also frequently altered, when incorporating temporal changes and spatial comparisons (assessing the counterfactual case). This dataset is also used to explore the extent to which different facets of success are coupled. I find that socio-economic and ecological benefits do not always occur concurrently and that a better appreciation of trade-offs is needed. The large variation in sample outcomes is used to explore drivers of success, including MPA features, management actions and contextual variables. MPA features such as size and zoning are found to support widespread hypotheses about the drivers of effectiveness. A non-linear temporal component of performance is identified, as are interactions between MPA features and outcomes. The provision of direct and indirect community benefits emerges as a crucial component of success. Frequently however, threats beyond the control of management and those inside the MPA which stem from inadequate resources are found to be undermining the effectiveness of coral reef MPAs.
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Pita, Cristina B. "The human dimensions of marine protected areas : the Scottish fishing industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158382.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being used as tools for fishery management and marine conservation.  This thesis investigates several aspects of the human dimensions of MPAs in Scotland with the purpose to contribute to the understanding of the attitudes of Scottish inshore fishers towards this management measure. Paper I reviews the literature on fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs.  It reveals that most empirical work collects information on fishers’ attitudes towards three general issues of importance to MPAs: governance, conservation of biodiversity and the environment, and the impact of MPAs on fishing activity. Using data from surveys conducted with Scottish fishers, papers II, III, IV and V investigate fishers’ attitudes towards, and perceptions of, several issues of interest to MPAs.  Plus, multivariate data analysis was used in all papers in order to identify which individual characteristics influence fishers’ attitudes towards, or perceptions about, the issues under investigation.  Papers II, IV and V use data collected on a survey conducted with Scottish inshore fishers in 2006/07, while Paper III uses data from a survey conducted previously (in 2001/02). Paper II investigates Scottish inshore fishers’ perceptions about participation in the decision-making process. Results reveal that around half of the fishers perceived themselves to be informed about management, but most did not perceive themselves to be consulted or involved in the decision-making process. Papers III and IV investigate fishers’ attitudes towards labour mobility.  More precisely, the papers investigate fishers’ willingness to leave the fishing sector, change to another gear or move to another area to remain fishing.  Results reveal that fishers’ attitudes towards leaving the fishing sector were different in the two periods.  In 2002 most fishers were willing to leave the fishing sector (Paper III) while five years later most were not (Paper V).  Most importantly, both papers point to the importance of job satisfaction for fishers. Results point to the importance of understanding the economic, social and cultural contexts of the fishing industry for the success of measures and policies aimed at providing fishers with alternative job opportunities in order to counter impacts of displacement caused by the implementation of MPAs and reduction of the overcapacity of the European fishing fleets. Paper V investigates inshore fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs and issues of relevance to MPAs (e.g. compliance with, and enforcement of, rules, and state of resources). More precisely, the paper investigates the attitudes towards closed areas between users of different gears which are affected by closed areas in different ways.  Results reveal that Scottish inshore fishers are not a homogenous collective; the attitudes towards closed areas differ among users of different gears.
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Lui, Fong-fong. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong : present status and future management challenges /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22266719.

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Brook, James. "A framework for biodiversity conservation and value prioritisation in multiple-use marine protected areas /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb8712.pdf.

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Books on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Parks Canada. Sea to sea to sea: Canada's National Marine Conservation Areas Systems Plan. Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1995.

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McCrone, Ann. National overview of biological monitoring in New Zealand's marine protected areas. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2001.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands. Legislative hearing on H.R. 4094, "Preserving Access to Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area Act" ; and oversight hearing on "Access denied: turning away visitors to national parks": Legislative and oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands of the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, one Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, Friday, April 27, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2013.

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Nelson, David M. National overview and evolution of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) Program. Silver Spring. Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2000.

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M, Nelson David. National overview and evolution of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) Program. Silver Spring. Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2000.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. McKinney and Arizona National Wildlife Refuges: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on H.R. 2571 ... H.R. 3468 ... March 13, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. St. Johns River inclusion in the National Estuary Program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment and the Subcommittee on Oceanography and Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on H.R. 4875 ... July 17, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Marine protected areas and ocean conservation. San Diego, Calif., U.S.A: Academic Press, 1997.

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California Sea Grant College System. and University of California, Santa Barbara. Dept. of Geography. Remote Sensing Unit., eds. California marine protected areas. La Jolla, Calif: California Sea Grant College System, University of California, 1997.

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Tessema, Yemi, IUCN Eastern Africa Programme, IUCN--The World Conservation Union. Economics Programme, IUCN--The World Conservation Union. Marine and Coastal Areas Programme, and Kenya Wildlife Service, eds. Marine protected areas: The case of Kisite Marine National Park and Mpunguti Marine National Reserve, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: IUCN--The World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Macnab, Paul A. "Exploratory Planning for a Proposed National Marine Conservation Area in Northeast Newfoundland." In National Parks and Protected Areas, 133–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60907-7_12.

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Watson, Sarah M. "Conservation Target for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_139-1.

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Blanchard, Catherine, Otto Spijkers, and Wen Duan. "Three Structural Pillars of the Future International Legally Binding Instrument on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." In Global Challenges and the Law of the Sea, 351–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42671-2_19.

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Sawhney, Puja, and Stefanie Engel. "Forest Resource Use by People in Protected Areas and its Implications for Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Bandhavgarh National Park in India." In Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia, 239–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08237-9_13.

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Xuereb, Amanda, Cassidy C. D’Aloia, Rémi M. Daigle, Marco Andrello, Alicia Dalongeville, Stéphanie Manel, David Mouillot, et al. "Marine Conservation and Marine Protected Areas." In Population Genomics, 423–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/13836_2018_63.

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Gubbay, Susan, and Sarah Welton. "The voluntary approach to conservation of marine areas." In Marine Protected Areas, 199–227. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_10.

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Day, Jon C. "Conservation and Marine Protection Areas." In Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs, 230–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_134.

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Sun, Dong, and Miaozhuang Zheng. "Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 1–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6963-5_314-1.

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Lait, Michael. "Park Governance Under the National Capital Commission." In Governance of Near-Urban Conservation Areas, 109–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64440-6_7.

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Lait, Michael. "National Park at the Doorstep of Canada’s Capital." In Governance of Near-Urban Conservation Areas, 11–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64440-6_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Heckenroth, Alma, Pascale Prudent, Maylis Desrousseaux, and Isabelle Laffont-Schwob. "Thinking the ecological solidarity through trace metal and metalloid pollution transfer from terrestrial area to marine ecosystems in a protected territory: case study of the Calanques National Park." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107730.

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Correa, Diego F., Hawthorne L. Beyer, Hugh P. Possingham, Joseph E. Fargione, Jason Hill, Skye R. Thomas-Hall, and Peer M. Schenk. "Potential conflicts between microalgal biodiesel production and areas of high ecological importance at national scales." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/109047.

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Magath, Vicky, Axel Kreutle, Christian Pusch, and Ralf Thiel. "Occurrence of starry ray Amblyraja radiata in marine protected areas of the German Exclusive Economic Zone in the North Sea." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108089.

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Flander, Jukka-Pekka. "The Finnish National Urban Park (NUP) Concept as a tool for promoting biodiversity in urban areas." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108085.

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BenHamadou1, Alexandra Leitao, Zenaba Khatir, Noora Al-Shamary, Hassan Hassan, Zainab Hizan, Aisha Al-Ashwal, Mark Chatting, et al. "Pearl Oyster: From National Icon To Guardian of Qatar's Marine Environment." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0051.

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The NPRP9-394-1-090 project “Pearl Oyster: from national icon to guardian of Qatar's marine environment” had as main aim to develop and apply an integrated suite of chemical and biological methods as early warning tools to assess the “health” of Qatar’s marine environment. The central theme consisted in an investigative monitoring program around the use of the pearl oyster, Pictada imbricata radiata, as a sentinel or guardian species. We have characterized the main environmental contaminants of concern at a selected number of sites around the Qatari coast (UmmBab, Al Khor, Al Wakra and Simaisma), during 2 years, in summer and winter. Potential ecological effects of contaminants (targeted and untargeted) were investigated at different biological organization levels (gene, chromosome, cell, individual, population), through a multidisciplinary approach, using classical and genotoxicological endpoints, integrative histopathology and transcriptomic responses to the different environmental stresses. To our knowledge, this is the first time an integrated approach connecting all these disciplines has been applied in the Qatari marine environment. We present here the main results, of this 3 years project, obtained in all different disciplinary approaches. The results of this project will leave a legacy of resources for future Qatari researchers, including an open access transcriptome data base and the first description of common pathologies observed in the pearl oyster P. i. radiata. Moreover, they will also represent a sound science-based baseline data essential for conservation and management planning, by integration of the data from all the different disciplines applied in the project to assess the potential ecological effects of contaminants at different biological levels.
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Chien, Lien-Kwei, Chi-Wen Huang, Wei-Po Huang, Cheng-Yu Ku, and Chih-Hsin Chang. "Application of Nearshore Risk Assessment of Hazard and Vulnerability in Marine Resource Area for National Spatial Planning." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96706.

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Abstract Taiwan is surrounded by sea. Thus, with the rapid growth of population, the coastal area can be considered for development in the future to satisfy the needs of the population. Moreover, the marine areas and nearshore areas of Taiwan can be developed and used. Therefore, there is a high concern pertaining to the management and use of marine areas and nearshore areas. The “Coastal Management Law” was announced and implemented in Taiwan on February 4, 2015 and defines the coastal areas in Taiwan. On January 6, 2016, the “National Land Planning Law” was announced, and the national spatial land was divided into four functional zones. This study aimed to designate the marine resource zones. The Ministry of the Interior (Taiwan) announced the national spatial plan on April 30, 2018 and proposed the conditions for the allocation of the marine resource zones. However, the conditions only considered the exclusivity or compatibility of the legal use of the marine areas. Therefore, the results of this study provide details pertaining to the risk level of nearshore areas. In the future, these results could be used as the foundation for the selection of marine resource zones and could be used to propose new plans for the selection conditions of the marine resource zones. The findings of this study can provide the central government agency with a reference for the planning and management of national spatial land.
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Georgiev, Georgi. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WETLANDS AND RAMSAR PLACES IN THE CROSS-BORDER REGION OF BULGARIA, NORTHERN MACEDONIA, ALBANIA AND GREECE AND DEVELOPMENT." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.97.

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According to the definition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), wetlands on Earth are areas that are flooded or saturated with water, artificial or natural, permanently or temporarily flooded with standing, sitting or running water. These areas include areas where water is the predominant element, such as swamps, wetlands, peatlands, estuaries, sea branches and lagoons, lakes, rivers and artificial reservoirs with a depth of more than six meters. Considering the importance of these territories and with the deep conviction that the preservation of their flora and fauna can be ensured by combining long-term national policy with coordinated international action, the scientific community reacted to the encroachments and unreasonable attitude to them by concluding 02.02. 1971 of the Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitats, known to the general public as the Ramsar Convention. The main objectives of this document are to manage wetlands as sites of great economic, cultural, scientific and conservation value, to avoid damage and loss and to preserve them through prudent use, i.e. through their continuous development. The object of study in the present work is the biological diversity, in particular the avifauna of some of the internationally important wetlands in the border areas between Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of North Macedonia and Albania in view of the opportunities they offer for the development of some forms of alternative types of tourism.
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Mihai, Carmen, Madalina Alice Rus, Alexandra Gabriela Ene, and Razvan Scarlat. "Digital construction of the signaling/ rescue system located in coastal aquatic areas." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.i.12.

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For signaling and rescue, at international level, modular systems made of composite structures are used, which ensure the maintaining at the water surface of them, in a fixed point, in any meteorological conditions etc. According to the diversity of activities carried out in the marine and/ or river sector and depending on them, worldwide signaling systems are applied: for the safety of navigation, for data recording and processing activities and for the marking of ecological protection areas (National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania 2030, 2017; La Depeche, 2014). For this last category, the signaling of the navigable channel is made in accordance with the "Basic Regulations for Navigation on the Danube" edited by the Danube Commission, 1991 edition, Budapest, while for the maritime buoyage system the IALA agreement is used, concluded in Paris, on the 15th April 1982 and involves the use of floats and buoys made of composite materials. The work aims to create a digital signaling/ rescue system applied in the coastal aquatic area (Council Regulation (EC) No. 509/2006; Decision No. 1600/2002/EC). In this respect, using FEM modelling, the geometric domain was defined, the composite structure of which the system is made was modeled, the structure with finite elements was generated (discretization, properties modelling, specific finite elements obtaining), the constraints and loads were modeled and finally, in the post-processing stage, the results (deformation, Von Mises stress, displacements) were visualized and studied
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Middleton, Bobby D., and Carmen Mendez. "Integrating Safety, Operations, Security, and Safeguards Into the Design of Small Modular Reactors." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3336.

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The existing regulatory structure for nuclear power plants impacts both the design and the operation of the facility [1]. The current structure has been known to be overly conservative in several instances. This overly conservative approach results in operational costs to the facility that decrease the profit margin for nuclear power companies. The current design and build process also results in expensive retrofitting and contributes excess costs to the operations of the facility [1]. The current fleet of nuclear reactors is composed mainly of large light water reactors (LWRs) that can, to some extent, counteract these operational costs by the sheer volume of energy produced. However, the deliberately small size of small modular reactors (SMRs) prevents them from benefitting from this economy of scale. In order to be built and operated economically, SMR vendors must find ways to bring the life cycle costs in line with the economic requirements of nuclear power companies. Sandia National Laboratories has developed a framework that allows vendors and operators to address many of the operational costs during the design and manufacture stages of the SMR life cycle. The framework allows certain operational costs to be addressed in the design stages, thereby decreasing the operational costs, especially those costs associated with staffing and retrofitting. The framework pulls together best practices that have been applied successfully in other industries. Concurrent Engineering (CE) frames the procedural stages, from defining the expectations of the facility deployment, through the identification of regulatory requirements, to the pre-conceptual, conceptual and detailed design stages. A Project Management Organization is critical to the time management and success of implementing CE. The use of Integrated Safety, Operations, Security, and Safeguards (ISOSS) will lead to achieve a more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable plant. The Balance Model is introduced as a tool to document conflicts between functional areas and identify balancing strategies for conflict resolution in the requirements. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is proposed as a variable for decision making. Facility Lifecycle Management with Building Information Modeling (BIM) is encouraged to support the Build, Activation, Continued Operations and Decommissioning of the facility [1]. To ensure that the deployment of SMR is effective and cost efficient, the ideal time to implement the framework is now, before SMR designs reach the detailed stage. SMRs hold a lot of potential and this framework can help the nuclear industry realize that potential.
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Krivichev, Alexander, and Alexander Krivichev. "THE APPROACHES TO THE SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHELF OF THE ARCTIC SEAS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43152c06d7.

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Russian Arctic shelf - rich larder of the hydrocarbons, at the same time Northern Sea Route (NSR) - a strategically important route for transporting them. The extraction and the transportation of the hydrocarbons along the NSR requires the solution of a number of ecological and economic problems in the first place to ensure environmental and technogenic safety. For the solving of these problems on the continental shelf it is required a system of comprehensive measures: - the development of the regulatory framework for environmental support oil and gas projects; - the introduction and use of integrated methods for monitoring environmental conditions at the sites of technogenic loads on the shelf of the Arctic seas, including the use of drones; - creating different models for assessing the marginal stability of ecosystems to technogenic loads during production and transportation of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf based on systems of dynamic simulations; - the development and use of sensitivity maps of coastal areas of the Arctic seas during oil spill response; - accounting of the results of the analysis of the total environmental benefit in the development of oil spill response plans; - application of the principle of "zero" resetting, due to the high fishery valuation in Barents and Kara seas and the conservation of marine biological resources.
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Reports on the topic "National Marine Conservation Areas"

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Brent, T. A., Z. Chen, L. D. Currie, and K. Osadetz. Assessment of the conventional petroleum resource potential of Mesozoic and younger structural plays within the proposed National Marine Conservation area, Lancaster Sound, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/289615.

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Gedow Amir, Osman, Jan De Leeuw, and Grace Koech. Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia. World Agroforestry Centre, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp16174.pdf.

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Pavlyuk, Ihor. MEDIACULTURE AS A NECESSARY FACTOR OF THE CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITY. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11071.

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The article deals with the mental-existential relationship between ethnoculture, national identity and media culture as a necessary factor for their preservation, transformation, on the example of national original algorithms, matrix models, taking into account global tendencies and Ukrainian archetypal-specific features in Ukraine. the media actively serve the domestic oligarchs in their information-virtual and real wars among themselves and the same expansive alien humanitarian acts by curtailing ethno-cultural programs-projects on national radio, on television, in the press, or offering the recipient instead of a pop pointer, without even communicating to the audience the information stipulated in the media laws − information support-protection-development of ethno-culture national product in the domestic and foreign/diaspora mass media, the support of ethnoculture by NGOs and the state institutions themselves. In the context of the study of the cultural national socio-humanitarian space, the article diagnoses and predicts the model of creating and preserving in it the dynamic equilibrium of the ethno-cultural space, in which the nation must remember the struggle for access to information and its primary sources both as an individual and the state as a whole, culture the transfer of information, which in the process of globalization is becoming a paramount commodity, an egregore, and in the post-traumatic, interrupted-compensatory cultural-information space close rehabilitation mechanisms for national identity to become a real factor in strengthening the state − and vice versa in the context of adequate laws («Law about press and other mass media», Law «About printed media (press) in Ukraine», Law «About Information», «Law about Languages», etc.) and their actual effect in creating motivational mechanisms for preserving/protecting the Ukrainian language, as one of the main identifiers of national identity, information support for its expansion as labels cultural and geostrategic areas.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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