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Ban, Natalie Corinna. "Multiple perspectives for envisioning marine protected areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1275.
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This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings.
To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors.
My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives.
Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains.
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Baliwe, Ndiviwe Gabriel. "The effectiveness of Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area in the conservation of rocky shore biodiversity." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33633.
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Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has intensified in recent years, and there are now over 6800 MPAs worldwide. However, there is a prominent need to assess their effectiveness in terms of protecting biodiversity. In Chapter 1, I provide the theoretical background to this dissertation and define its central goal, i.e., to assess the effectiveness of no-take (‘restricted') sections of the Table Mountain National Park MPA (TMNP MPA), relative to zones that are designated as ‘controlled', where harvesting can take place under national regulations. Chapter 2 compares the effectiveness of no-take versus harvested areas in the TMNP MPA in protecting the biodiversity of intertidal rocky shores. Surveys were conducted to compare (1) the densities and sizes of exploited species and rarely harvested species, and (2) community composition, between these two levels of protection. Some clear patterns emerged. Firstly, notake areas had significantly greater densities of the commonly harvested limpets Cymbula granatina, C. oculus and Scutellastra argenvillei, most obviously on sandstone ledges where abundances were greatest. In contrast, densities of the rarely harvested limpets, S. cochlear, S. longicosta and S. granularis did not differ in a manner reflecting protection levels. Secondly, C. granatina and S. argenvillei were significantly larger in no-take areas, although C. oculus displayed the opposite pattern. None of the rarely harvested limpets showed differences in sizes between protection levels. Thirdly, community composition differed significantly between protection levels. No-take areas were characterised by a greater abundance of commonly harvested limpets and mussels, while harvested areas were dominated by ephemeral and corticated algae, due to their release from grazing pressure by limpets. Chapter 3 focuses on a subset of the sites, all lying on the west coast and all comprising sandstone rocks. First, in a temporal comparison, I evaluated changes in densities and sizes of limpets and in community composition between historical data from 1970 and my sampling in 2017, at two sites where harvesting has intensified since 1970. This analysis showed three kinds of changes: (1) the appearance of alien species; (2) the effects of increased harvesting; and (3) the direct and indirect effects of these changes on other species. Secondly, to disentangle the effects of harvesting from those of alien invasions, I made spatial comparisons using my 2017 data, between two harvested sites and two sites in a no-take zone. One striking result was transformation of mid-shore zones by the appearance of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the indirect effects of this on the demography of the granular limpet Scutellastra granularis. Adults of this limpet have been excluded by the mussel, whereas juveniles find a secondary home on the shells of the mussel. In addition, harvesting has decimated the granite limpet Cymbula granatina and Argenville's limpet Scutellastra argenvillei. This has led to the proliferation of opportunistic seaweeds, such as Ulva spp., or corticated algae, notably Pachymenia orbitosa. The dual effects of alien invasive species and over-harvesting thus have major ecosystem effects. In chapter 4, densities of the limpet Cymbula granatina were manipulated at two sites within a fully-protected no-take area to generate four density levels ranging from zero to maximum natural densities, to evaluate the effects of harvesting this limpet on the community composition. Following removal or substantial thinning of C. granatina, community composition changed, cover of corticated and ephemeral algae increased and recruitment of C. granatina decreased. These outcomes were, however, dependent on the time frame considered, as algae underwent an annual cycle, and the effects of limpet removal were evident only during cooler months when the algae proliferated. All these effects have management implications. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the findings from this dissertation and their management implications. The major limitation of the dissertation is that interpretation of results was clouded by an absence of reliable data on actual harvesting rates as reflected in the numbers and activities of people operating in the restricted and controlled portions of the MPA, and of the efficiency with which law enforcement takes place. Nevertheless, strong evidence emerged that no-take areas within the MPA are effective means of conserving biodiversity, and the effects of harvesting deduced in Chapter 2 and 3 were verified by the experiment undertaken in Chapter 4, in which depletion of a dominant and commonly harvested limpet, Cymbula granatina, did yield algal proliferations like those evident in harvested portions of the park. The fact that this outcome was observed only at certain times of the year points to the need for studies and monitoring to be undertaken over sufficient time scales to produce meaningful results.
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Rees, Sian Elizabeth. "The value of marine conservation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1005.
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The marine environment provides essential ecosystem services that are critical to the functioning of the earth’s life support system and the maintenance of human well-being. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognised as being the mechanism though which marine natural capital may be conserved. This thesis focuses on the value associated with marine conservation in a case study area, Lyme Bay, England where a ‘closed area’ was created in 2008. A review of literature spanning 20 years shows that despite sound ecological knowledge of a marine area, the reliance on traditional neo-classical economic valuations for marine spatial planning can obscure other issues pertinent to the ecosystem approach. A further valuation of the marine leisure and recreation industry shows that the industry is of economic significance and that the MPA enables the protection of the most valuable sites but has limited benefits for protecting the full resource base. In terms of ecological value, a ‘service orientated framework’ was developed to enable decision makers to understand the links between benthic species, ecological function and indirect ecosystem services. Results spatially identify which ecosystem services occur and demonstrate the value of the MPA in ensuring delivery of these ecosystem services. In relation to the social value of the MPA the research reveals that support for the MPA is strong amongst the majority of stakeholder groups. Values are expressed as the economic, environmental and social benefits of the MPA. However, there have been clear social costs of the MPA policy and these have been borne by mobile and static gear fishermen and charter boat operators. Each valuation methodology can inform decision making. Though, if ecosystem service valuation is to become a deliberative tool for marine conservation and planning, then there is a need for a larger societal discussion on what activities and trade-offs society considers acceptable.
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Wood, Louisa Jane. "The global network of marine protected areas: developing baselines and identifying priorities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/228.
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Recently adopted global marine protection targets aim to protect 10-30% of marine habitats within the next 3 to 5 years. However, these targets were adopted without prior assessment of their attainability. Moreover, our ability to monitor progress towards such targets has been constrained by a lack of robust data on marine protected areas (MPAs). In this thesis I present the results of the first explicitly marine-focused, global assessment of MPAs in relation to three global marine protection targets. Approximately 2.35 million km2, equivalent to 0.65% of the world’s oceans, are currently protected, and only 12% of that is ‘no-take’. Over the last two decades, the marine area protected globally has grown at ~5% per year. At this rate, even the most modest target is unlikely to be met for at least several decades.
The utility of large-scale conservation targets has been repeatedly questioned, although mainly on ecological grounds. However, if, as is suggested here, their primary role is to motivate behavioural change, then a more serious problem is that they seem to be failing in this regard, too. I explore possible reasons for this and suggest two main problems: firstly, an as yet unmet need to develop a hierarchical system of targets that reflects the multi-scale and pluralistic nature of ecological and political systems; and secondly, feedback mechanisms between political will, perceived attainability, and target formulation which may impede implementation of the targets.
Since the adoption of the global targets, no implementation strategy has been developed, which may also impede target attainment. In order to fill this gap, I applied a rarity-complementarity heuristic place prioritisation algorithm (PPA) to a dataset consisting of 1038 global species distributions with 0.5° latitude/longitude resolution, under ten scenarios devised to reflect the global targets. This is the first time that species distribution ranges of marine species have been used in a globally synthetic way, and is by far the largest application of a PPA to date. Global priority areas for protection are identified for each scenario, which may be used to identify where regional-scale protected areas network design efforts might be focused.
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Binet, Thomas. "Valuing net benefits of biodiversity conservation in West African marine protected areas." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/valuing-net-benefits-of-biodiversity-conservation-in-west-african-marine-protected-areas(da572938-c9a3-45ce-8f0f-1b7fdda7f604).html.
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Momentum behind the economic valuation of ecosystems, after a decade of hopeful support from researchers and policymakers, is currently petering out and decision-makers still do not consider biodiversity conservation to be a political priority. Surprisingly, the economic benefits provided by the conservation of ecosystems have been poorly investigated, unlike the ecosystems themselves. Furthermore, is the valuation of conservation (the valuation of the “interest rate” made on the natural capital saved, instead of the valuation of the natural capital itself) an efficient means to better serve decision-making? The research presented here addresses this question, in proposing a more effective approach to the valuation of conservation. It also investigates how such economic valuation exercises could best serve the decision-making process. The research method for measuring conservation value relies on a comparison of Total Economic Values for analogous ecosystems both within a protected area and in outside adjacent areas. This methodology is tested in a sample of five marine protected areas in West Africa. For the estimation of the Total Economic Values in these sites, the research has applied most of the available valuation tools and includes all values for which data are available, including non-use values. The results indicate a predominance of benefits linked to indirect use values over direct use values and non-use values. The marine protected areas display substantial benefits when compared to unprotected sites. These benefits are thought to derive primarily from the better marine health status associated with protected areas, and subsequent higher indirect use values which compensate for the decrease in direct use values caused by the conservation policy and the subsequent limitations imposed as a result. The ‘paper areas’ (i.e. those protected areas with no management plan) show, however, a deficit even when compared to unprotected sites. The research discusses and highlights the shortcomings of such an approach within the West African context (data-poor situation, non-monetised economies, value transfer to developing countries, difficulties in communicating non-use values of biodiversity) and associated time and space considerations. It also underlines the importance of considering the socio-cultural context in any economic valuation, which provides key information for valuation interpretation. Furthering the approach within the ‘economics of protection’ stream (after the ‘economics of degradation’ and the ‘economics of welfare’), this research delivers a new approach for valuing biodiversity conservation. The extensions of this research for policy purposes may include management support (comparison of conservation benefits with costs of management, increased consideration of indirect use values), advocacy information (through the calculation of the costs of policy inaction), and mechanisms for sustainable financing (through the development of payment for ecosystem services).
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Billard, Gina L. "Marine conservation areas in the Newfoundland context : the proposed Bonavista and Notre Dame Bay initiative /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ42351.pdf.
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Hargreaves-Allen, Venetia. "Economic values, distributional impacts and conservation outcomes for coral reef marine protected areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5549.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the dominant global strategy to counter widespread coral reef degradation, which threatens these coral reef ecosystems, the biodiversity they support, and the direct and indirect benefits they provision for millions of stakeholders, many of whom are in developing countries and have a high reliance on natural resources. Insufficient understanding of the conditions that enable MPAs to achieve their conservation and development goals means MPAs are yet to achieve their full potential. Similarly, inadequate awareness of the distributional aspects MPAs generate can leading to conflict and ultimately MPA failure. This research explores the links between two key themes of MPAs; efficiency and equity. A local case study in Belize is used to explore the ability of a MPA to provide a suite of benefits (net of costs) related to fishing, tourism, recreation and existence and bequest values in 2007. The values quantified demonstrate that the reserve represents an excellent return on conservation investment, particularly if non–user values are included. Survey effects associated with contingent valuation are found to be important and merit further research. Current entrance fees do capture much of the consumer surplus values which the reserve generates. Optimal fees are explored using the demand curve generated from the CVM. Non-use and local values, which are too rarely incorporated into MPA valuations are shown to be large, thus they are important to ensure well-informed decision making. A distributional analysis is undertaken, which quantifies transfers of wealth between stakeholders. This shows that incentives differ between stakeholders; where fishers, tour operators and international NGOs are incurring the direct costs. Contrary to what may be occurring elsewhere, the distribution of costs at local, national and international scales is found to be equivalent, although the benefits are highly skewed towards international stakeholders. Finally, I show that local community members, who will ultimately cause an MPA to fail or succeed, perceive costs and benefits fairly accurately. Thus the provision of local benefits is likely to improve MPA performance. A global coral reef MPA evaluation is undertaken, utilizing expert knowledge from MPAs in 33 countries. This constitutes the most comprehensive coral reef MPA performance evaluation to be carried out to date with a single methodology. MPA performance is shown to vary widely and to be unrelated to MPAs aims. Conclusions as to which are the most effective MPAs are also frequently altered, when incorporating temporal changes and spatial comparisons (assessing the counterfactual case). This dataset is also used to explore the extent to which different facets of success are coupled. I find that socio-economic and ecological benefits do not always occur concurrently and that a better appreciation of trade-offs is needed. The large variation in sample outcomes is used to explore drivers of success, including MPA features, management actions and contextual variables. MPA features such as size and zoning are found to support widespread hypotheses about the drivers of effectiveness. A non-linear temporal component of performance is identified, as are interactions between MPA features and outcomes. The provision of direct and indirect community benefits emerges as a crucial component of success. Frequently however, threats beyond the control of management and those inside the MPA which stem from inadequate resources are found to be undermining the effectiveness of coral reef MPAs.
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Pita, Cristina B. "The human dimensions of marine protected areas : the Scottish fishing industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158382.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being used as tools for fishery management and marine conservation. This thesis investigates several aspects of the human dimensions of MPAs in Scotland with the purpose to contribute to the understanding of the attitudes of Scottish inshore fishers towards this management measure. Paper I reviews the literature on fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs. It reveals that most empirical work collects information on fishers’ attitudes towards three general issues of importance to MPAs: governance, conservation of biodiversity and the environment, and the impact of MPAs on fishing activity. Using data from surveys conducted with Scottish fishers, papers II, III, IV and V investigate fishers’ attitudes towards, and perceptions of, several issues of interest to MPAs. Plus, multivariate data analysis was used in all papers in order to identify which individual characteristics influence fishers’ attitudes towards, or perceptions about, the issues under investigation. Papers II, IV and V use data collected on a survey conducted with Scottish inshore fishers in 2006/07, while Paper III uses data from a survey conducted previously (in 2001/02). Paper II investigates Scottish inshore fishers’ perceptions about participation in the decision-making process. Results reveal that around half of the fishers perceived themselves to be informed about management, but most did not perceive themselves to be consulted or involved in the decision-making process. Papers III and IV investigate fishers’ attitudes towards labour mobility. More precisely, the papers investigate fishers’ willingness to leave the fishing sector, change to another gear or move to another area to remain fishing. Results reveal that fishers’ attitudes towards leaving the fishing sector were different in the two periods. In 2002 most fishers were willing to leave the fishing sector (Paper III) while five years later most were not (Paper V). Most importantly, both papers point to the importance of job satisfaction for fishers. Results point to the importance of understanding the economic, social and cultural contexts of the fishing industry for the success of measures and policies aimed at providing fishers with alternative job opportunities in order to counter impacts of displacement caused by the implementation of MPAs and reduction of the overcapacity of the European fishing fleets. Paper V investigates inshore fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs and issues of relevance to MPAs (e.g. compliance with, and enforcement of, rules, and state of resources). More precisely, the paper investigates the attitudes towards closed areas between users of different gears which are affected by closed areas in different ways. Results reveal that Scottish inshore fishers are not a homogenous collective; the attitudes towards closed areas differ among users of different gears.
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Lui, Fong-fong. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong : present status and future management challenges /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22266719.
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Brook, James. "A framework for biodiversity conservation and value prioritisation in multiple-use marine protected areas /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb8712.pdf.
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Peckett, Frances. "Using Marxan and Marxan with Zones to support marine planning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3284.
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With the growth in human pressures on the marine environment and the increase in competition for space and resources there has been recognition by many governments of the need to use the marine environment sustainably and allow for its acceptable allocation for each sector. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the use of Marxan and Marxan with Zones as practical tools to enable the production of marine plans that integrate environmental and socioeconomic data and to suggest best practice in the types of data used. In this thesis three key aspects of data type and integration were identified and evaluated. The resolution and complexity of data required to protected marine biodiversity was assessed. The effects of using different substrate data resolution on the selection of sites to protect a range of biotopes using Marxan are determined. The nature of the data used in marine planning has significant implications for the protection of marine biodiversity. Using less complex data, of any resolution, did not adequately protect marine biodiversity. There is a need to determine what is an acceptable allocation of marine resource to each sector. Two case study areas were used to determine how to integrate conservation and socioeconomic data and objectives in a marine plan. Objectives for all the sectors could not be met completely in a single marine plan and each sector had to compromise. This research highlighted the potential compromises required and indicates that if marine heritage and biodiversity are to be protected each sector will have to change the impact it has on the marine environment. Currently marine conservation assumes that all data on habitats and species presented for use in marine planning are equal, in accuracy, precision and value. This is not always the case, with data based on a wide range of sources including routine government monitoring, specific innovative research and stakeholder based data gathering. A case study area was used to evaluate the impacts of using confidence levels in habitat data on marine biodiversity. It was found that data outputs that best protected marine biodiversity used data over 20% and over 30% confidence. With the data currently available for the UK marine environment it is not possible to be confident that a representative MPA network can be created. Together these studies contribute key recommendations for best practice in marine planning and demonstrate that the use of spatial decision support tools (Marxan and Marxan with Zones) are essential for the integration of data in marine planning, to assess how using different types of data will impact marine planning and marine biodiversity protection and to explore implications of different management actions.
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Skinder, Carolyn F. "Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine: Policy for a Common Resource." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SkinderCF2002.pdf.
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Yuen, Pui-sze, and 原佩詩. "Feasibility of total prohibition of fishing in marine protected areas of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43784598.
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Diz, Pereira Pinto Daniela. "Towards the implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27916.
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This thesis aims to analyse the law-making of EBFM (ecosystem-based fisheries management) as a post-development of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and as one of the instruments to avoid stocks collapse, destruction of critical habitats, ensuring a healthy marine environment. This analysis focuses on UNCLOS as the main legal instrument governing the use of the ocean and its living resources in the light of recent developments of international law in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties. Therefore, the research concludes that a systemic interpretation of UNCLOS in the light of recent conventions and other legal instruments among their parties provides a legal basis for the implementation of EBFM in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. The research also discusses the role of regional fisheries management organisations as a key element for the implementation of EBFM. The thesis then looks beyond the issue of interpretation and proposes actual means for the implementation of EBFM in accordance with international law. It suggests that an implementing agreement to UNCLOS should be adopted in order to regulate the establishment of marine protected areas as a tool to EBFM in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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Roque, Alexis. "A Social Survey of Demography and Attitudes of Residents Regarding the Marine Protected Area in Puerto Morelos, Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/480.
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This thesis research analyzed the perceptions of local community residents in Puerto Morelos, Mx., and its affect on the National Marine Park. Social and economic factors affecting the level of support for the marine park were evaluated. Formal semi-structured written surveys were conducted with stakeholders in two major sub-regions affected by the protected zone. The survey allowed for comparison of stakeholders providing qualitative and quantitative information regarding attitudes, regulation awareness, and formation of the marine protected area. The results demonstrated a difference in knowledge level based on location in the community. Demographic indicators including education, nationality and community residency time are significant influences on the community perception of marine protection. There was a significant relationship between economic growth provided by the protected area and the level of support for protection resources. Further understanding of the relationship between social indicators and resource management is needed for conservation of important coastal resources.
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Chmara-Huff, Fletcher Paul. "Marine Protected Areas and the Territorialization of the Oceans in the Exumas, Bahamas." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1320780298.
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Loper, Christen E. "Valuing networks of marine reserves an assessment of recreational users' preferences for marine conservation in California's Channel Islands /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 231 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654492721&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Goodwin, Edward J. "International law and the promotion of marine protected areas for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11150/.
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Coral reefs are one of the most beautiful natural habitats found on the Earth and one of the more productive. As a source of food, or as a basis for tourism, these formations support many local communities, industries and economies. Coral reefs also protect shorelines through dissipating the force of waves and act as a catalyst for the formation of land suitable for human habitation. However, like many other ecosystems, humans are increasingly placing coral reefs under intense pressure from pollution, unsustainable practices, and climate change. This thesis considers the measures international law is taking to tackle some of these threats to coral reefs through promoting one conservation strategy, namely marine protected areas. The analysis provided is based upon an investigation into developments under a number of global multilateral environmental agreements and, as such, is the first time treaties like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the World Heritage Convention, have been considered in detail from this perspective. Ultimately we shall see how a number of initiatives are being pursued under international law which promote such enclave strategies in the marine environment for the conservation of these vital ecosystems.
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Higham, Christopher John. "Modeling larval connectivity among coral habitats, Acropora palmata populations, and marine protected areas in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001918.
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Lui, Fong-fong, and 雷芳芳. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong: present status and future management challenges." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254676.
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Salz, Ronald J. "Investigating saltwater anglers' value orientations, beliefs and attitudes related to marine protected areas : a dissertation /." [Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts], 2002. http://unicorn.csc.noaa.gov/mpa/salz.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002."September 2002." Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-207). Also available online in PDF format via the NOAA Coastal Services Center home page.
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Jonathan, Pebworth Michael. "Evergreen struggle : federal wilderness preservation, populism, and liberalism in Washington State, 1935-1984 /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095270.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 453-468). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Bradley, Rosemarie Ann. "Evaluating U.S. Federal Marine Protected Areas Programs: A Comparative Analysis and Conceptual Framework." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241705173.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (August 7, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--The title page. Advisor: James Jordan, Ph. D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-204).
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Ashley, Matthew. "The implications of co-locating marine protected areas around offshore wind farms." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3202.
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Offshore wind farm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly alongside increasing spatial pressures on marine ecosystems and social and economic activities. A need for increased protection of habitats, species and ecological processes that support environmental and economic benefits is being met by designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Mitigation and spatial planning solutions are required to enable protection of vital ecological habitats, features and processes and support sustainable economic development. A potential solution is to co-locate OWFs and MPAs. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine if evidence on the environmental effects of existing OWFs and associated effects on fishing activity (as an existing resource use) benefits MPA goals. Through a systematic review and meta-analyses of existing data, knowledge of OWF effects on species abundance and economic effects on fishing were identified as key evidence gaps. The ecological evidence need was approached through a case study of ecological effects of North Hoyle OWF, North Wales, UK, using existing pre and post-construction monitoring data, as well as primary baited remote underwater video data, collected 5 years later (8 years post-construction). Results suggested habitat and species recovered to a stable state that showed some community differences to pre-construction conditions. The presence of OWF monopiles is likely to have increased existing heterogeneity of substratum and increased opportunities for scavenging species. Species benefitting and disadvantaged by habitat provided within the OWF reflected meta-analyses trends. Extended baseline monitoring to provide confident identification of natural levels of variation in sediment and fauna was lacking. Analysis of fishing activity and landings before and after OWF construction in three UK case study regions approached effects on resource users. Fishing activity in the three case study areas showed broad scale similarity to national trends. Small-scale activity patterns indicated greater reductions in mobile (towed) fishing gear effort near to operating OWFs than in static gear activity (using pots or static nets). Semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen in each region revealed loss of ground and disruption as negative effects from OWFs, in addition to existing pressures. Benefits including habitat creation and species augmentation, as well as reduction of cumulative lost ground, were identified by fishermen from co-location of MPAs and OWFs. Ecological effects of OWFs suggested benefits from habitat creation, species augmentation and potential for protection of sandbank habitats between monopiles. Mitigation requirements were identified to maximise these potential benefits to an MPA network.
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Morris, Amber L. "Space and place in fisheries investigating catch controls in view of marine protected areas and spatial stock structure /." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-2/rp/morrisa/ambermorris.pdf.
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Freixial, Catarina Laia Franco Albino. "The Mammals of Iona National Park and surrounding areas, Namibe province, southwestern Angola: a preliminary checklist." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29729.
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Angola has 14 protected areas throughout the country. Iona National Park is one, but due to the civil war few studies about the mammals were conducted here. This study aims to present a first preliminary checklist of the mammal fauna of this park and its surroundings. For this purpose, recent observation data (based on camera traps, opportunistic observations and records of reliable sources) and historical data (available in bibliography, museum collections and grey literature) were compiled and critically reviewed. A total of 14 orders, 37 families and 120 species were recorded for the study area. Of these, 26 species have recent records, while the remaining 94 only have historical records (where 38 are presented as potential species from the park). New data was obtained and species with no historical records inside Iona National Park were recorded, such as aardvark (Orycteropus afer), zorilla (Ictonyx striatus) and ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii); Os Mamíferos do Parque Nacional do Iona e áreas circundantes, Província do Namibe, sudoeste Angola: uma lista preliminar
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Angola tem 14 áreas protegidas ao logo do país. O Parque Nacional do Iona é uma delas, mas, devido à guerra civil, poucos estudos sobre mamíferos foram realizados aqui. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a primeira lista de espécies de mamíferos deste parque e áreas circundantes. Para isso, foram compilados e criticamente revistos dados recentes (baseados em foto-armadilhagem, observações diretas e registos de fontes de confiança) e históricos (disponíveis em bibliografia, coleções de museus e literatura). Um total de 14 ordens, 37 famílias e 120 espécies foram registadas para esta área. Destas, 26 espécies têm registos recentes, enquanto as restantes 94 apenas têm registos históricos (onde 38 são apresentadas como potenciais espécies do parque). Novos dados foram obtidos e espécies sem dados históricos foram registados dentro do Parque Nacional do Iona, como o porco-formigueiro (Orycteropus afer), o zorilla (Ictonyx striatus) e o pangolim terrestre (Smutsia temminckii).
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Stirling, David A. "Assessing the conservation benefit of Marine Protected Areas to vulnerable benthic species as illustrated by the fan-mussel, Atrina fragilis." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233615.
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Contemporary efforts to conserve and restore the marine environment are centred on regulating anthropogenic activities in defined ocean areas through marine protected areas (MPAs). This spatially explicit approach is contingent upon a good understanding of the biology and distribution of species. However, our understanding of many rare and threatened benthic species, for which conservation MPAs are currently being designated, is poor. The fan mussel, Atrina fragilis (Pennant 1777), a rare and vulnerable sessile benthic species that shows a reduced distribution compared to historical accounts, was used as a case species. Identifying the larvae of sessile benthic species is an essential first step in informing their conservation. Here, the first description of larva belonging to A. fragilis is presented along with key life-history traits. A point process modelling framework appropriate for the analysis of presence-only data, along with techniques to address both observer bias and uncertainties with historical occurrence records, were employed to successfully predict the distribution of A. fragilis, revealing potentially important drivers in its current distribution. The transport of A. fragilis larva, taking into account key aspects of life-history, habitat suitability and fine scale hydrodynamics, was modelled to investigate potential levels of connectivity within the Scottish sea area, allowing the potential supply of larvae to areas of suitable habitat and the Scottish MPA network to be evaluated. To date there has been no consideration of the likely effectiveness of measures in most inshore MPAs. Here we assessed the siting of MPAs in relation to fishing intensity and seabed ruggedness on the west coast of Scotland. The results suggest little reduction in fishing pressure is effected by current restrictions on activity in the subset of MPAs investigated, with protection principally being applied to rugged areas that may already act as natural refugia for vulnerable benthic species such as A. fragilis.
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Ryan, Kylie A. "Small, no-take marine protected areas and wave exposure affect temperate, subtidal reef communities at Marmion Marine Park, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0130.
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[Truncated abstract] The ecological effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in temperate ecosystems are poorly understood relative to their tropical counterparts. The limited number of rigorous empirical studies supporting existing theoretical models, increasing public awareness of the importance of marine conservation strategies and legislative requirements to review management effectiveness provide further impetus to study temperate MPAs. Investigations should consider confounding effects of natural variability if MPA effects are to be clearly demonstrated. This research helps to address these needs by investigating the short term effects of sanctuary zones (no-take MPAs where fishing is prohibited) and wave exposure at Marmion Marine Park, Western Australia. The three sanctuary zones at Marmion Marine Park are extremely small (0.061 0.279 km2) compared to most reported in the literature. The sanctuary zones are nested within a larger, fished zone (94.95 km2). The sanctuary zones have been protected from fishing since the year 2000. A post-hoc, asymmetrical sampling design was used in this study and involved surveys of fishes, mobile invertebrates and macroalgae at one sanctuary zone and two fished sites (controls) at each of three successive, subtidal reef lines. The three reef lines are exposed to a gradient in wave energy. The size structure and abundance of the heavily exploited Panulirus cygnus (Western Rock Lobster) were positively affected by protection from fishing in sanctuary zones, despite the highly mobile nature of this migratory species. The mean abundance of legal size lobsters was higher in sanctuary zones compared to fished sites during an interannual study (2003, 2005 and 2006). The total abundance of lobsters and the mean abundance of legal size lobsters were higher at inshore and offshore sanctuary zones compared to fished control sites during a 2005/2006 fishing season study. These zoning effects did not vary with the time of survey. ... Furthermore, the abundance of large lobsters in sanctuary zones decreased with the duration of the 2005/2006 fishing season. Similarly, it is likely that sanctuary zones are too small relative to the movement of fishes to adequately protect stocks of some targeted species. The small sanctuary zones at Marmion are unlikely to offer protection to highly mobile species over the long term. And finally, ecological assemblages within each level of wave exposure are distinct. Consequently for each assemblage type, the current reserve design does not include replication of sanctuary zones and does not offer any 'insurance' in the event of isolated impacts affecting a particular zone. This study has identified the benefits and deficiencies of the design and function of small no-take temperate MPAs in Western Australia. An increase in the size and number of sanctuary zones within each wave exposure level will help to address the v shortfalls of the zoning scheme and enhance the conservation benefits of management at Marmion Marine Park. More generally, this study demonstrates that the mobility of the species to be protected from fishing should be considered when designing MPAs. Lessons learned from this work will be beneficial for the future management and conservation of resources in the region and elsewhere.
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Relles, Noelle J. "A Case Study in the Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): the Islands of Bonaire and Curacao, Dutch Caribbean." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616821.
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The islands of Bonaire and Curacao, Dutch Caribbean, were both mapped along their leeward coasts for dominant coral community and other benthic cover in the early 1980s. This mapping effort offers a unique baseline for comparing changes in the benthic community of the two islands since that time, particularly given the marked differences between the two islands. Bonaire is well-protected and completely surrounded by a marine protected area (MPA), which includes two no-diving marine reserves; additionally, Bonaire's population is only around 15,000. In contrast, the island of Curacao is home to 140,000 inhabitants and marine protection is limited, with a reef area of 600 ha established as a "paper" park (i.e., little enforcement). Video transects collected by SCUBA over the reefs were collected on Bonaire in January of 2008; when compared to data from 1985, coral cover had declined in the shallowest portion of the reef (< 5 m) and was mostly the result of declines in Acropora spp., whereas head corals increased. Transects closest to the no-diving marine reserves showed higher coral cover and diversity than transects located farther from the reserves. Satellite remote sensing techniques were used to create landscape-scale reef maps along the leeward coasts of both islands, which could differentiate areas of high hard coral cover (> 20%), predominantly sand (> 50%) and areas where hard coral and sand were mixed with soft corals, sea whips and marine plants. These modern maps (2007-09) were groundtruthed using the video data collected on Bonaire for accuracy and then compared to the early 1980s maps of the reefs on both islands. Bonaire experienced declines in coral cover overall and the remaining coral was increasingly patchy; however, changes in patch characteristics were not significant over the time period, but status as a marine reserve and the sheltering of the shoreline did appear to buffer against coral loss. Surprisingly, the island of Curacao did not experience a decline in total coral cover, but did become increasingly patchy, significantly more so than Bonaire. The Curacao Underwater Park afforded no additional protection against coral loss or fragmentation than an adjacent unprotected area of reef. The difference between the two islands in coral loss versus fragmentation has the potential for a unique natural experiment to study the effects of habitat fragmentation in the absence of overall habitat loss at the landscape scale. The Bonaire National Marine Park could benefit by restricting visitors to its most frequented dive sites by increasing the cost of entry into a tiered pay system, thus generating more income for education and management of the park, as well as deterring some divers from these overused sites. Satellite remote sensing-derived maps are useful for rapid reef mapping and can be utilized for comparison to ancillary maps created by more traditional methods. Satellite-derived maps can only distinguish benthic habitats coarsely (3-4 habitat classes) and are only as reliable as their source data, they benefit greatly from fieldwork to determine depth, geographic location, and benthic habitat cover in real time.
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Kohler, Nicholas P. "Protected areas and landscape change in mainland Southeast Asia /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164081.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-129). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Jones, Peter J. S. "An analysis of value conflicts underlying the objectives, selection and management of marine protected areas with particular reference to United Kingdom initiatives." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1954.
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Datta, Amber W. "Conserving Fish and Forests: Community Involvement and Its Limits in Resource Management On the Island of Hawai'i." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/76.
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In this thesis I examine the limits of community involvement in accomplishing the conservation goals of biodiversity and ecosystem function in resource management by analyzing the multiple interest groups that compose community. Two case studies are presented to accomplish this goal. The first case study is the West Hawaii Fisheries Management Area, where a group of community stakeholders provide management recommendations that are then implemented by the state. The second case study is the Ka’u forest reserve, where community involvement is invited into the management decision-making process but is also limited in its ultimate political power by the state. Through an examination of these cases I find that the ability of community involvement to accomplish conservation goals is limited when powerful interest groups within the community oppose these goals.
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Little, Meghan Nora. "Conservation and Compliance: A Case Study in Kosovo’s Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1556194046976246.
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Stoffle, Richard W. "Buen Hombre Presentations." University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292955.
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Truelove, Nathan. "The conservation genetics of ecologically and commercially important coral reef species." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-conservation-genetics-of-ecologically-and-commercially-important-coralreef-species(8195a828-2305-430c-9997-548030e417ca).html.
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Identifying the extent to which coral reef species are connected by dispersal is a fundamental challenge for developing marine conservation strategies. Many coral reef species are relatively sedentary as adults, yet have a pelagic larval phase where larvae can potentially be widely dispersed by ocean currents. This thesis focuses on the role of ocean currents in driving spatially explicit patterns of population connectivity among ecologically and commercially important coral reef species by combining research tools from population genetics, oceanography, and biophysical modeling. Despite the substantial differences among the life histories of each coral reef species in this thesis, some similarities in connectivity patterns were found among all species. The results of the kinship and genetic outlier analyses consistently found high levels of connectivity among distant populations separated by hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Despite the high levels of connectivity among distant populations, there was substantial variation in gene flow among the populations of each species. The findings of this thesis highlight the importance of international cooperation for the sustainable management of ecologically and commercially important coral reef species in the Caribbean. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis suggest that marine conservation strategies should conservatively plan for uncertainty, particularly since the many of ecological and physical drivers of connectivity among coral reef species in the Caribbean remain uncertain.
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Winberg, Pia Carmen. "Confronting the challenges of tidal flat conservation spatial patterns and human impacts in a Marine Protected Area in southern NSW, Australia /." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/123.
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Fall, Assane. "Le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin : Pêche, Conservation et Développement durable dans une Aire Marine et Côtière Protégée." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0074.
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Depuis le sommet mondial sur le développement durable de Johannesburg 2002 et le Congrès Mondial des Aires Protégées (Afrique du Sud, 2003), les Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) sont perçues comme des outils de conservation et de développement durable. Leur contribution dans la conservation de la biodiversité marine et la reconstitution des stocks halieutiques est jugée déterminante pour une protection fondée sur la gouvernance participative qui associe les populations locales au projet de conservation et le développement durable. C'est pourquoi, les AMP comme le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (PNBA) ont pris une importance majeure pour l'atteinte de ces objectifs. Le PNBA est une zone de reproduction des poissons et oiseaux et de frayère d'une grande importance. Malgré ses atouts, l'espace du PNBA est exposé à de multiples défis. On assiste depuis quelques années à une raréfaction progressive des ressources halieutiques et le développement de l'effort de pêche. La spécificité du PNBA est dû aussi à sa population résidante ; les Imraguen, qui sont les seules autorisés à y pratiquer la pêche à l'aide de planches à voile latine de type canarienne. L'objectif de cette recherche est ainsi de questionner les modalités participatives des différents acteurs (Direction du PNBA, populations locale Imraguen et la FIBA). Il essaie de s'interroger sur l'amélioration de la gouvernance participative dans le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (PNBA). Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en exergue les principales contraintes qui empêchent l'amélioration de la gouvernance dans cet espace. Ainsi, nous proposons une reconfiguration de cette gouvernance par l'amélioration du fonctionnement de ces espaces publiques de concertation, mais aussi une meilleure collaboration entre les différents acteurs et notamment par une meilleure implication des Imraguen dans la réalisation des actions de conservation et de développement durable dans le PNBASince the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 and the World Congress on Protected Areas ( South Africa, 2003) , Marine Protected Areas (MPAs ) are seen as tools for conservation and sustainable development. Their contribution to the conservation of marine biodiversity and the recovery of fish stocks is considered crucial for protection based on participatory governance which involves local people in the project of conservation and sustainable development. That is why the AMP as the National Park of Banc d'Arguin (PNBA), took a major importance for achieving these objectives. The PNBA is a breeding ground for fish and birds and spawning of great importance. Despite its strengths, space PNBA is exposed to multiple challenges. The last few years have seen a gradual depletion of fishery resources and the development of fishing effort. The specificity of the PNBA is the also its resident population: Imraguen, which are only allowed to go fishing with lanches Canarian lateen sail types. The objective of this research was thus questioning participatory manner different actors (Directorate of PNBA, Imraguen local populations and FIBA ). He tries to examine how improving participatory governance in the National Park of Banc d'Arguin (PNBA). The results of this thesis highlight the main constraints to improving governance in this space. Thus, we propose a reconfiguration of this governance by improving the functioning of these public spaces for dialogue , but also a better collaboration between different stakeholders and in particular through better involvement of Imraguen in achieving conservation action and sustainable development in the PNBA
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Arceo, Hazel O. "Assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas in sustaining small-scale fisheries : ecological and management perspectives from the French Mediterranean." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4091.
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Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMPs) sont de en plus utilisées comme stratégie de gestion de la pêche. Le déclin continuel de la production mondiale des captures de pêche renforce la nécessité d’étudier si ces AMPs pourraient permettre d’augmenter à nouveau et de soutenir le rendement des pêches. Malgré une littérature croissante sur le thème des AMPs, de nombreux effets écologiques n’ont pas encore été suffisamment étudiés pour étayer cela. Cette thèse de doctorat a pour but de déterminer comment les AMPs peuvent bénéficier à la pêche aux petits métiers, plus particulièrement en Méditerranée française. Le travail de terrain a été réalisé au sein du Cantonnement de Pêche du Cap Roux, Saint-Raphaël afin de déterminer les effets de la protection sur les peuplements de poissons adultes, le recrutement des juvéniles et le rendement des pêches effectuées à proximité. Des effets indirects de la protection ont été mis en évidence notamment par l’étude des interactions trophiques. Une mortalité des juvéniles de poissons plus importante à l’intérieur de la réserve que dans les zones pêchées a été mise en évidence par: (i) des suivis des juvéniles de l’année de Diplodus sargus dans les zones de nurseries et (ii) des expériences de caging de juvéniles de Symphodus ocellatus installés sur des substrats artificiels. Cette mortalité a été attribuée à une pression de prédation plus forte à l’intérieur de la réserve. Les analyses des isotopes stables a montré que les espèces de poissons avec des niveaux trophiques mesurés plus élevés ont été capturés dans la réserve. Les rendements de captures par pêche experimentale ont été plus élevés à l’intérieur de la réserve qu’à l’extérieur, mais a diminué avec la distance du centre de la réserve. Les retombées de la réserve ne soient pas apparentes à ce jour dans les zones périphériques. Plusieurs facteurs pourraient expliquer cela: (i) le braconnage et la pêche exercée en limite de réserve pourraient masquer les effets positifs de la protection, (ii) la taille de la réserve pourrait être incompatible avec les aires de distribution naturelle des espèces de poissons considérées et enfin (iii) la réserve pourrait être trop jeune pour permettre une augmentation de la biomasse à l’extérieur de l’AMP. Ces facteurs devraient être pris en considération dans le futur plan de gestion du Cantonnement de pêche du Cap RouxMarine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being implemented as a fisheries management tool. The continued decline of worldwide capture fisheries gives an impetus for studying how MPAs could sustain fisheries. Despite the growing MPA literature, many ecological effects have remained understudied. This doctoral thesis aimed to examine how MPAs can benefit small-scale fisheries, particularly in the French Mediterranean. Field experiments were conducted in the Cap Roux Fishery Reserve, Saint-Raphaël to determine the effects of protection on adult fish communities, recruitment and adjacent fisheries. Indirect effects of protection were detected, particularly on trophic interactions. Mortality of juvenile fish was higher inside the reserve compared to fished areas as seen from surveys of newly-settled Diplodus sargus in their nursery habitats and a caging experiment using recently-settled Symphodus ocellatus in artificial habitats. The mortality patterns were attributed to higher predation inside the reserve. Stable isotope analyses revealed that fish species with higher trophic levels were caught inside the reserve. Meanwhile, catch yields from experimental fishing were higher inside the reserve than in fished areas but decreased with distance from the center of the reserve. Spillover effect was not observed, which could be explained by several factors: poaching or fishing along the boundary which could offset any gains from protection, reserve size which could be incompatible with natural fish home ranges, and the age of the reserve which could still be young for full biomass recovery. These factors should be considered in the management of the Cap Roux Fishery Reserve
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González-Andrés, Cristina. "The role of marine offshore protected areas in protecting large pelagics. Practical case: Cocos Island National Park (Costa Rica)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/115291.
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Grecian, William James. "Factors influencing the marine spatial ecology of seabirds : implications for theory, conservation and management." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/873.
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Seabirds are wide-ranging apex-predators and useful bio-indicators of marine systems. Nevertheless, changes are occurring in the marine environment, and seabirds require protection from the deleterious effects of climate change, fisheries, pollution, offshore development, introduced predators and invasive species. The UK supports internationally important populations of seabirds but also has vast wind and wave resources, therefore understanding how seabirds use the marine environment is vital in order to quantify the potential consequences of further exploiting these resources. In this thesis I first describe the range of wave energy converting devices operational or in development in the UK, and review the potential threats and benefits these developments may have for marine birds. I then synthesise data from colony-based surveys with detailed information on population dynamics, foraging ecology and near-colony behaviour, to develop a projection model that identifies important at-sea areas for breeding seabirds. These models show a positive spatial correlation with one of the most intensive at-sea seabird survey datasets, and provide qualitatively similar findings to existing tracking data. This approach has the potential to identify overlap with offshore energy developments, and could be developed to suit a range of species or whole communities and provide a theoretical framework for the study of factors such as colony size regulation. The non-breeding period is a key element of the annual cycle of seabirds and conditions experienced during one season may carry-over to influence the next. Understanding behaviour throughout the annual cycle has implications for both ecological theory and conservation. Bio-logging can provide detailed information on movements away from breeding colonies, and the analysis of stable isotope ratios in body tissues can provide information on foraging during the non-breeding period. I combine these two approaches to describe the migration strategies of northern gannets Morus bassanus breeding at two colonies in the north-west Atlantic, revealing a high degree of both winter site fidelity and dietary consistency between years. These migratory strategies also have carry-over effects with consequences for both body condition and timing of arrival on the breeding grounds. Finally, I investigate the threats posed to seabirds and other marine predators during the non-breeding period by collating information on the distributions of five different species of apex predator wintering in the Northwest African upwelling region. I describe the threat of over-fishing and fisheries bycatch to marine vertebrates in this region, and highlight the need for pelagic marine protected areas to adequately protect migratory animals throughout the annual cycle. In summary, the combination of colony-based studies, bio-logging, stable isotope analysis and modelling techniques can provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between individuals and the marine environment over multiple spatial and temporal scales.
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Guadilla, Sáez Sara. "Biodiversity conservation: between protected areas and local communities. A case study in picos de Europa national park (northern Spain)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667745.
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Con una superficie terrestre cada vez más ocupada por actividades humanas, el debate entorno a cómo gestionar las áreas protegidas para lograr una conservación efectiva de la biodiversidad a largo plazo reconoce cada vez más que las iniciativas de conservación deberían considerar el papel de las personas en los sistemas naturales y tratar de alcanzar la conservación de la biodiversidad sin comprometer el bienestar de las comunidades locales asentadas en el interior o en los terrenos adyacentes a los espacios protegidos. Esta perspectiva considera que las prácticas tradicionales basadas en sistemas de gestión de recursos comunitarios pueden ayudar a garantizar la conservación a largo plazo de la biodiversidad.
Esta tesis examina las prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en montes comunales y su potencial impacto en la biodiversidad, buscando identificar actividades humanas favorables para las especies que puedan ser empleadas para mantener la biodiversidad en paisajes dominados por los humanos. Para ello, se aplica un enfoque metodológico interdisciplinar que combina marcos analíticos empleados en ciencias biológicas –esto es, medidas directas de biodiversidad como la riqueza y abundancia de especies– y herramientas analíticas sociales –esto es, enfoques etnobiológicos e históricos–.
Específicamente, esta tesis investiga los impactos ecológicos de prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en montes comunales de España, un país de larga tradición de propiedad comunitaria de montes. Primeramente, mediante una revisión literaria de la evolución histórica de los montes comunales españoles, este estudio examina, por un lado, las prácticas llevadas a cabo por comunidades rurales como medio tradicional de subsistencia que han podido beneficiar la biodiversidad forestal, y por otro, los impactos en la biodiversidad debidos al abandono de estas prácticas. A continuación, empleando para ello un caso de estudio, se explora la efectividad de un área protegida para preservar la biodiversidad en comparación a sistemas tradicionales de gestión que permiten el uso de los recursos ecológicos por parte de las comunidades locales. La toma de datos de campo incluye inventarios botánicos y datos topográficos, edáficos y de impacto antrópico en 50 parcelas concéntricas distribuidas en montes comunales dentro y fuera de un espacio protegido clasificado como categoría II de la IUCN (Parque Nacional). Finalmente, los datos cualitativos obtenidos a partir de 42 entrevistas a residentes del área de estudio son empleados para documentar prácticas tradicionales de gestión forestal que confieren el mosaico paisajístico rural tradicional y percepciones locales de cambios paisajísticos recientes.
Los resultados obtenidos de la revisión literaria muestran que, a nivel nacional, la intervención y privatización de los montes comunales españoles durante los siglos XIX y XX tuvo consecuencias negativas para la biodiversidad forestal. A nivel local, los resultados del caso de estudio no corroboran la idea de que las áreas protegidas albergan mayor biodiversidad que las áreas no protegidas y sugieren que los factores humanos son importantes condicionantes de la distribución de especies arbóreas. Los resultados de este trabajo también identifican una serie de prácticas tradicionales beneficiosas para la heterogeneidad paisajística y el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas forestales. Finalmente, la información recogida a partir de las percepciones locales de la transformación histórica del paisaje en el área de estudio sugiere que las comunidades locales pueden ser una fuente de información válida para el seguimiento de cambios ecológicos.
Los resultados indican que ciertas prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en sistemas de gestión comunitarios permiten la presencia de especies sin perjudicar el bienestar de las comunidades locales. Estos resultados pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de iniciativas de conservación de la biodiversidad que busquen tanto el mantenimiento de especies como el desarrollo local, y particularmente relevante para el establecimiento de áreas protegidas en zonas habitadas.There is an on-going debate on how to manage protected areas for effective long-term biodiversity conservation. Some authors embrace passive management approaches reducing human intervention in protected areas. This approach may be suitable for restoring natural ecosystems processes in large-scale abandoned areas. However, with a terrestrial surface increasingly dominated by human activities, other authors argue that conservation efforts should also pay attention to the role of humans on natural systems and resolve how to achieve biodiversity conservation without compromising the livelihood of the local communities living near or within to the protected areas. For this school of thought, traditional practices based in common resource management systems can help guaranteeing long-term biodiversity conservation. This thesis examines traditional practices applied in forest commons and their potential impacts on biodiversity, aiming at identifying human activities that are favorable to biodiversity and that could be therefore used to maintain biodiversity on human-dominated landscapes. To do so, an interdisciplinary methodological approach is applied combining conventional analytical frameworks used in biological conservation science –i.e., direct measures of biodiversity such as species richness and evenness– and social analytical tools –i.e., ethnobiological and historical approaches. Specifically, this thesis investigates the ecological outcomes of traditional practices applied in forest commons in Spain, a country with long history of forest community-ownership. First, through a review of the literature of the historical evolution of Spanish forest commons, this study examines management practices conducted during the performance of traditional livelihood activities applied by forest-dwelling communities that may have benefitted forest biodiversity and the impacts on biodiversity derived from replacing such practices by other management forms. Second, using a case study, this research explores the effectiveness of formally protecting an area on preserving species diversity compared to traditional management systems allowing local communities use of ecological resources. Data collection included botanical inventories as well as topographic, edaphic, and anthropogenic impact data from 50 0.2-hectares concentric plots distributed through neighboring forest commons inside and outside a protected area classified as an IUCN category II (National Park). In the final part of the thesis, qualitative data from 42 interviews to residents of the studied area are used to document traditional forest-related management practices shaping regional landscape mosaic and local perceptions of recent landscape changes. Results from the literature review illustrate that, at the national level, interventionism and privatization of forest commons in Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had negative consequences for forest biodiversity. At a local level, results of the study case do not support the idea that protected areas hold more biodiversity than surrounding areas and suggest that human factors are important drivers of tree species distribution. Results from this work also help identify a set of traditional management practices favorable to regional landscape patchiness and the maintenance of forest systems. Finally, information from local perception of historical landscape transformation in the study area suggests that local communities might be a valid source of information to monitor ongoing ecological changes. The results of this dissertation indicate that certain traditional practices carried out in community-based resource management systems in the performance of their traditional activities are biodiversity-friendly. This finding might help in the design of biodiversity conservation efforts linking biodiversity maintenance and local development, which might be particularly relevant in the establishment of protected areas in populated zones.
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Chidakel, Alexander. "Conservation Attitudes and Community Based Natural Resource Management in an Understocked Game Management Area of Zambia." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/450.
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In an understocked game management area surrounding privately managed Kasanka national park in the Central Province of Zambia, local attitudes towards conservation and park-people relations were examined in the context of a community based natural resource management program. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 260 households and a multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data.
Significant socioeconomic factors and attributes of households relevant in explaining positive conservation attitudes were education, employment with the park, and experience with outreach efforts. Outreach though is constrained by the limits on revenue generation of a small park, low communication of program purpose, and poor relations between park management and the chief. Support for conservation is undermined by antagonism between locals and wildlife scouts and crop damage by elephants. However, attitudes should improve with a strategy to address human-elephant conflict and enhance communication of the programs accomplishments and objectives.
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Garza, Martínez Paulina. "Mytilus edulis as Bioindicator for Coastal Zone Environmental Assessment : A study of Kosterhavets Marine National Park." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33052.
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Mollusks growth is a very important and sensitive response to environmental stresses sincethey are good indicators of the available amount of contaminants in the water; reduced growth represents adverse environmental effects and possible effects on the population.Sweden has about 3,000 Natural Reserves and 28 National Parks. Kosterhavets is the first National Marine Park and it is located on the west coast of Sweden, it is also considered one of the most vulnerable areas since 6000 marine species can be found here and about200 are found nowhere else. It is not only a touristic destination; it is also a home and a work place to many people. The type of pollutants and environmental impacts that areproduced by recreation activities on marinas on such park depend very much on the amount of boats. Mytilus edulis has been widely used to monitor the biological effects of contamination by different ways, such as chemical analysis and biological responses. Themain goal of this project was to assess the status of three different marinas with high and low boat traffic and use the shell length of the blue mussel M. edulis as a potential bioindicator to detect effects from boating activities pressures. The main findings arising from this study are that the sizes of the mussels from the three areas with high boat traffic are significantly smaller than the area with little boat traffic.www.ima.kth.se
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Guy, McCarthy Christopher. "Can ICT Enhance Nature Conservation and Protected Area Management? A case study from Mongolia's Khuvsgol Lake National Park." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242929.
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Figueiredo, Cláudia Cunha Malafaia de. "From paper parks to real conservation case studies of national park management effectiveness in Brazil /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1167587930.
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Kolahi, Mahdi. "Synergisms for the intricate system of biodiversity and society in the conservation management of IRAN." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180469.
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Brown, Justin. "Factors Affecting Predation of Marine Turtle Eggs by Raccoons and Ghost Crabs on Canaveral National Seashore, FL." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3074.
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Changes in abundance of interactive species can have cascading, community-wide effects (Soule et al. 2003). Raccoons (Procyon lotor) prey on a competitor for marine turtle eggs, the Atlantic ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata). Conservation of marine turtles often includes managing raccoons-the most obvious egg predator-which may have broader ecological effects, and unknown effects on egg predation. Neither the relationship between raccoons and ghost crab density nor the effects of ghost crab density on egg predation are well understood. I studied raccoon-ghost crab interactions and the effects of environmental variation on their activity during the 2007 marine turtle nesting season on Canaveral National Seashore, FL. My goal was to model predator activity and identify efficient management strategies to reduce egg predation. Raccoon activity increased with increasing habitat diversity and edge of the dominant cover type, coastal strand. Raccoon activity increased locally and became less variable near segments of beach accessed for human recreation, but activity was greater on undeveloped beach, where habitat diversity and edge were greater. Ghost crab density and size were primarily affected by sand characteristics and recreation but decreased with increasing raccoon activity in June, which may have contributed to sustained declines in ghost crab density. Hatching success of marine turtles decreased with increasing ghost crab egg predation, suggesting ghost crabs are an important cause of egg mortality and not merely scavengers on unhatched eggs. Egg predation by ghost crabs was unrelated to ghost crab density or size, likely a result of monitoring limitations, but raccoon activity increased with increasing egg predation by ghost crabs, supporting previous research and experimental evidence suggesting ghost crabs can facilitate secondary nest predation by raccoons. This indirect interaction has strong implications for marine turtle conservation, because its strength may increase with increasing ghost crab density, potentially negating the effects of raccoon removal.M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
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Wilkosz, Mary Elizabeth. "River and wetland conservation and preservation issues in Arizona : a study of agenda building." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=.
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Belknap, Julia. "A study of the relationship between conservation education and scuba diver behavior in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3244.
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Miller, Sonja. "A quantitative assessment of Ra'ui (a traditional approach to marine protected areas) on the fishes and invertebrates of Rarotonga, Cook Islands : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/819.
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