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Journal articles on the topic 'National Marine Conservation Areas'
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1
Molenaar, Erik. "Managing Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 1 (2007): 89–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807781475263.
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AbstractThe global loss of biological diversity (biodiversity), both terrestrial and marine, occurs currently at an alarming and probably unprecedented rate. The main purpose of this article—which focuses in particular on marine capture fisheries—is to identify shortcomings in the international legal framework relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and possible solutions for selected shortcomings. The latter relate to discrete high seas fish stocks, deep-sea species and fisheries, integrated marine protected areas (MPAs) in ABNJ and, finally, to existing and new rights to conserve marine biodiversity. The main argument on this last topic is that in view of the current rate loss of marine biodiversity, reform should not just be limited to the traditional approach of strengthening, deepening and broadening obligations but should be balanced with optimizing use of existing rights and/or granting new rights to ensure that the overarching balance between socio-economic interests and the interests of marine biodiversity of present and future generations is archived.
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Gjerde, Kristina M., and Anna Rulska-Domino. "Marine Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Some Practical Perspectives for Moving Ahead." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 2 (2012): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x633636.
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Abstract Despite strong legal duties and political commitments for marine conservation and ecosystem-based management, biodiversity in the high seas and the Area (jointly referred to as areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)) is under increasing threat. One important tool for enhancing conservation and multi-sectoral cooperation is the establishment and maintenance of representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). This commentary reviews potential avenues for accelerating progress towards representative MPA networks as part of a larger-scale effort towards improving the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. It builds on the report by Petra Drankier, Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, Report on Research Question 2 of the Study on ‘Biological Diversity and Governance of the High Seas’ (2011), which describes the applicable global and regional conventions by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of proposed avenues for progress, including a possible multilateral agreement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The commentary concludes with some observations for a pragmatic path ahead.
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Becker-Weinberg, Vasco. "Preliminary Thoughts on Marine Spatial Planning in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 570–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12323029.
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Abstract The conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction is one of the most controversial issues facing the law of the sea, and one that will probably be the scope of a new implementing agreement of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (losc). The agreement will address a set of challenges not on the agenda at the time losc was drafted, constituting an opportunity for addressing innovative notions, but also to question established ones as States attempt to ensure the compatibility between the former and the latter. One of the many challenges and a key aspect is the adoption of area-based management tools such as marine spatial planning. This article examines the existing legal gap regarding the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction and the use of marine spatial planning as an essential area-based management tool.
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Grip, Kjell, and Sven Blomqvist. "Marine nature conservation and conflicts with fisheries." Ambio 49, no. 7 (November 20, 2019): 1328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01279-7.
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AbstractGlobally, conflicts between marine nature conservation and fishery interests are common and increasing, and there is often a glaring lack of dialogue between stakeholders representing these two interests. There is a need for a stronger and enforced coordination between fishing and conservation authorities when establishing marine protected areas for conservation purposes. We propose that an appropriate instrument for such coordination is a broad ecosystem-based marine spatial planning procedure, representing neither nature conservation nor fishery. Strategic environmental assessment for plans and programmes and environmental impact assessment for projects are commonly used tools for assessing the environmental impacts of different human activities, but are seldom used for evaluating the environmental effects of capture fisheries. The diversity of fisheries and the drastic effects of some fisheries on the environment are strong arguments for introducing these procedures as valuable supplements to existing fisheries assessment and management tools and able to provide relevant environmental information for an overall marine spatial planning process. Marine protected areas for nature conservation and for protection of fisheries have different objectives. Therefore, the legal procedure when establishing marine protected areas should depend on whether they are established for nature conservation purposes or as a fisheries resource management tool. Fishing in a marine protected area for conservation purpose should be regulated according to conservation law. Also, we argue that marine protected areas for conservation purposes, in the highest protection category, should primarily be established as fully protected marine national parks and marine reserves.
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Warner, Robin. "Area-based Management ToolsDeveloping Regulatory Frameworks for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402003.
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The increasing intensity and impacts of human activities in the global oceans pose significant threats to the extensive repository of marine species, habitats and ecosystems in the vast marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj). This article examines the scope of these threats and the role of area-based management mechanisms such as marine protected areas (mpas) in addressing those threats. It discusses the law and policy rationale for establishing mpas in abnj and some regional examples of mpa designation in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Antarctica and the Sargasso Sea. Finally, it reviews global initiatives in the United Nations to develop a more integrated and cross-sectoral framework for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in abnj including the designation of a representative network of mpas in these largely neglected areas of the ocean.
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Rayfuse, Rosemary. "Precaution and the Protection of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 4 (2012): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341257.
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Abstract As a post-LOSC legal development, the precautionary principle is nowhere enunciated in the Law of the Sea Convention. Nevertheless, in the thirty years since the LOSC’s adoption, the significance of the precautionary principle for marine environmental protection in general and marine resource conservation in particular has been recognised. The language of precaution, the precautionary principle and the precautionary approach have entered the lexicon of the law of the sea, permeating the international community’s efforts to manage and conserve marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The challenge remains, however, of crafting and implementing management and governance regimes capable of achieving the objectives of precautionary management and turning the rhetoric of precaution into a reality.
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Freestone, David. "Sustainable Development, Ocean Governance and Marine Protected Areas." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402002.
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By 2020, at least ten percent of the global oceans should be subject to area-based protection according to the target agreed by the parties to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets) and reiterated in 2015 Sustainable Development Goal 14.5. This paper looks at the Sustainable Development Goals and the evolution of the concept of Sustainable Development, distinguishing it from international environmental law. Then it looks at the way in which the goals relate to ocean governance and the current lacunae in the system established by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the negotiations within the UN to address the issue of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in area beyond national jurisdiction. In particular, it looks at the sectoral approaches to area-based protection in areas beyond national jurisdiction, where currently iucn reports that only 1.18% is protected.
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Harden-Davies, Harriet. "Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.75.
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Marine science and technology have long been recognized as key issues to enable states to implement the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Scientific capacity development and technology transfer are cross-cutting issues in the development of a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under UNCLOS. The acquisition, exchange, and application of scientific knowledge are critical issues in the development of the ILBI.
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Harris, Jane, Marcus Haward, Julia Jabour, and Eric J. Woehler. "A new approach to selecting Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 19, no. 2 (May 22, 2007): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000260.
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AbstractConservation of the high seas marine environment poses a significant challenge to policy-makers and managers. Marine conservation efforts are often hindered by the lack of data and the difficulties in addressing multiple, and typically conflicting uses. The majority of extant Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are in coastal or tropical regions within national jurisdiction. Conservation of high seas MPAs has emerged on the international agenda as a critical issue requiring the application of novel approaches, international cooperation and political will. Knowledge and understanding of the marine environment and data on marine biodiversity are all typically limited for the high seas, and the use of surrogates to assist in the identification of areas of high conservation value is one possible mechanism to address and potentially overcome these limitations. Drawing upon a database spanning more than 20 years and containing approximately 140 000 records of seabird sightings at sea, this study assesses the potential use of seabirds as surrogates for marine biodiversity in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. At-sea ranges, species diversity and the distributions of endangered species may be appropriate selectors or filters to identify areas with high conservation values. Integrating policy with science provides an appropriate mechanism to identify and prioritise MPAs in the Southern Ocean.
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Scovazzi, Tullio. "NEGOTIATING CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000074a.
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Negotiations will start at the United Nations in order to draft an agreement on conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction. It will address, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity building and transfer of marine technology. The new agreement would fill certain gaps currently existing in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It could include provisions for strategic impact assessment of activities affecting the environment, the creation of a network of high seas marine protected areas of world importance and the establishment of a new regime for the exploitation of genetic resources. The question is open whether such a new regime should be based on the principle of the freedom of the seas, and in this case the very need of such a regime becomes questionable, or rather on the principle of common heritage of mankind. A third possibility involves a pragmatic approach, as proposed by the European Union and its Member States, an approach that however is still to be defined in its concrete elements.
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Cabral, Reniel B., Darcy Bradley, Juan Mayorga, Whitney Goodell, Alan M. Friedlander, Enric Sala, Christopher Costello, and Steven D. Gaines. "A global network of marine protected areas for food." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (October 26, 2020): 28134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000174117.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.
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Wang, Yeqiao, Zhong Lu, Yongwei Sheng, and Yuyu Zhou. "Remote Sensing Applications in Monitoring of Protected Areas." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091370.
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Protected areas (PAs) have been established worldwide for achieving long-term goals in the conservation of nature with the associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Globally, 15% of the world’s terrestrial lands and inland waters, excluding Antarctica, are designated as PAs. About 4.12% of the global ocean and 10.2% of coastal and marine areas under national jurisdiction are set as marine protected areas (MPAs). Protected lands and waters serve as the fundamental building blocks of virtually all national and international conservation strategies, supported by governments and international institutions. Some of the PAs are the only places that contain undisturbed landscape, seascape and ecosystems on the planet Earth. With intensified impacts from climate and environmental change, PAs have become more important to serve as indicators of ecosystem status and functions. Earth’s remaining wilderness areas are becoming increasingly important buffers against changing conditions. The development of remote sensing platforms and sensors and the improvement in science and technology provide crucial support for the monitoring and management of PAs across the world. In this editorial paper, we reviewed research developments using state-of-the-art remote sensing technologies, discussed the challenges of remote sensing applications in the inventory, monitoring, management and governance of PAs and summarized the highlights of the articles published in this Special Issue.
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Pérez, Mijail, A. Meyrat, J. Zolotoff, O. Saldaña, A. Medina, G. A. Ruiz, and M. Sotelo. "Conservation of endemic species in the national system of protected areas from Nicaragua." UNED Research Journal 5, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v5i2.271.
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Nicaragua, in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), agreed to establish a “Representative system of protected areas that adequately conserve biodiversity and terrestrial, marine and inland water ecosystems”. Pursuant to the above, we conducted a Gap Analysis of Biodiversity Conservation for the National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Nicaragua, focused on terrestrial and inland water ecosystems as well as on terrestrial species. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the conservation status of the endemic species in the national system of protected areas of Nicaragua. The groups considered for analysis were plants, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Data presented came from reviewing books, scientific papers, management plans of protected areas and unpublished reports by the authors, and nearly 140 websites. Of the 75 plant species and 31 animal species considered in the analysis, 25 species have some distribution points within the SINAP (ten of them have only one point). There are 80 species apparently absent from the SINAP. Nicaraguan endemic species are severely unprotected.KEY WORDSEndemism, conservation, protected areas, Nicaragua, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, plants
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Harris, P. T., A. Heap, A. Post, T. Whiteway, A. Potter, and M. Bradshaw. "MARINE ZONE MANAGEMENT AND THE EPBC ACT—HOW ENVIRONMENTAL MARINE GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION PROVIDES CERTAINTY FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06024.
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To protect the diversity of marine life in Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the federal parliament has passed the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. The Act is being implemented through the design of a national representative system of marine protected areas (MPAs) that will place under protection a representative portion of Australia’s EEZ by 2012. There have already been 13 MPAs nominated for the southeast region in 2006.Limited biological data in Australia’s EEZ has resulted in biophysical information compiled by Geoscience Australia being used as a proxy for seabed biodiversity in support of marine conservation planning. Information we use to characterise the seabed includes bathymetry, geomorphology, acoustic properties, sediment properties, and slope and sediment mobilisation due to waves and tides. To better characterise habitats on the Australian continental shelf, Geoscience Australia is creating seascape maps (similar to geological facies maps) that integrate these multiple layers of spatial data, and which are useful for the prediction of the distribution of biodiversity in Australia’s EEZ. This information provides 100% spatial coverage based on objective, multivariate statistical methods and offers certainty for managers and stakeholders including the oil and gas industry, who are involved with designing Australia’s national MPA system. Certainty for industries operating in the EEZ is enhanced by a reproducible, science-based approach for identifying conservation priorities and the classification of sea floor types within multiple use areas.
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Ridings, Penelope. "Redefining environmental stewardship to deliver governance frameworks for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx122.
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Abstract In 2015 the United Nations General Assembly decided to develop an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. To that end, it established a Preparatory Committee (PrepCom), to make substantive recommendations to the General Assembly on the elements of a draft text of an ILBI. The PrepCom has identified the tension between the principle of the common heritage of mankind and high seas freedoms embodied in UNCLOS as one of the issues which must be addressed in such an international agreement. Some participants in the process have proposed a sui generis regime as a way of resolving any apparent clash of these international legal principles, particularly as it relates to marine genetic resources and their access and benefit sharing. This article argues that environmental stewardship may provide the framework for such a sui generis regime. For it to do so, however, it must be grounded in international legal principles and act as a balance between competing values, perspectives and interests in the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. If appropriately redefined in this way, environmental stewardship can deliver a governance framework which addresses some of the central issues with which the PrepCom will have to deal. These include the practical problems of access and benefit sharing of the marine genetic resources of areas beyond national jurisdiction, and reconciling the conflicting pressure for international decision-making for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity on the one hand, and the maintenance of existing regional and sectoral frameworks on the other. Environmental stewardship, redefined, can provide an intellectual framework for an ILBI under UNCLOS on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.
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Davis, Gary E., and Dan B. Kimball. "America's first century of marine national park stewardship." Earth Sciences History 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 286–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-36.2.286.
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ABSTRACT A review of coastal national park stewardship reveals a rich history that provides evidence of how nature and human history shaped current conditions along America's coasts. Case studies of Dry Tortugas National Park and Everglades National Park in Florida, and Channel Islands National Park in California exemplify how such experiences can help identify future directions and challenges for protecting coastal areas. Discoveries include (1) ecological and political borders are often incompatible because shorelines are ineffective ecological boundaries, (2) scales of protection are critical for management efficacy, (3) forging effective management solutions requires strategic, innovative public involvement, and (4) misperceptions of connectivity, sustainability, and relevance impair effective coastal conservation. This history and these stewardship experiences also demonstrated the potential power of protected areas to halt shifting ecological and moral baselines, thereby defining realistic imagination and hope for the future. Learning from national park experiences how to understand ecosystems, how to repair damage to their integrity, how to protect and mitigate human stresses to them, and how to better connect people to these special places has not only improved the condition of nature and human heritage in parks, but also has enhanced society's capacity to improve the human condition more broadly with small, but critical success stories.
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Kim, Heesoo, Chang-Rae Lee, Sang-kyu Lee, Seung-Yoon Oh, and Won Kim. "Biodiversity and Community Structure of Mesozooplankton in the Marine and Coastal National Park Areas of Korea." Diversity 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060233.
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Zooplankton communities are useful bioindicators that can provide information on the changes occurring in marine ecosystems. Therefore, investigation of zooplankton communities in marine and coastal national parks is essential. However, the surveys of zooplankton communities using morphological identification require considerable time and labor. Metabarcoding is a practical alternative that can detect various taxa simultaneously. In this study, metabarcoding was newly applied along with the traditional morphological identification to establish a method for zooplankton community survey in the Marine and Coastal National Park areas of Korea. By comparing the results of these two identification methods, the strengths and limitations of metabarcoding were verified with the zooplankton communities appearing in these areas. The sensitive detection capability of metabarcoding enabled the identification of potential bioindicator taxa associated with external factors (e.g., water temperature, salinity, topography, and chlorophyll a concentration) in these national parks. We propose the use of metabarcoding for efficient surveys of mesozooplankton communities in the Marine and Coastal National Parks to establish monitoring of bioindicator taxa. It is also necessary to continuously search for taxa with high research value in these national parks using metabarcoding. Establishing an ongoing monitoring system that employs this approach can provide an effective tool for managing marine ecosystems in the Marine and Coastal National Parks.
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Scott, Karen N. "MPAs in the Southern Ocean under CCAMLR." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340147.
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Abstract In 2016, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) designated the largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea. Hailed as both a precedent and a prototype for MPAs in both Antarctica and in areas beyond national jurisdiction more generally, it is nevertheless proving challenging to implement. Moreover, further MPAs have yet to be designated in the region although a number are under negotiation. This article will evaluate the contribution made by CCAMLR to the implementation of SDG 14.5 (the conservation of at least 20 per cent of marine and coastal areas by 2020), its relationship to area-based protection under the 1991 Environmental Protocol, and highlight the challenges of establishing MPAs beyond the jurisdiction of states.
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Minas, Stephen. "Marine Technology Transfer under a BBNJ Treaty: A Case for Transnational Network Cooperation." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.46.
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Our ability to protect and sustainably use the high seas is ultimately subject to our ability to understand this vast and remote environment. The success of an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) will depend, in part, on utilizing technology to access ocean life, to analyze it, and to implement measures for its conservation and sustainable use. Indeed, technology, broadly defined, is integral to meeting the ILBI's objectives: not just the mandate to address “capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology,” but also the sustainable use and conservation of marine genetic resources, the implementation of environmental impact assessments, and biodiversity conservation measures such as area-based management tools. To maximize marine technology deployment to protect marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, transferring technology to developing countries will be critical. Provisions for the transfer of technology, generally from developed to developing countries, are included in many international environmental agreements and declarations, but these provisions have often proven difficult to implement. Part of the difficulty is that the relevant technology is dispersed among states; universities, research institutes and other nonstate actors; and private industry. The particular challenge in crafting an ILBI is, as the European Union has identified, to avoid repeating existing provisions and instead to “focus on added value.” One opportunity for an ILBI to add value on technology transfer is to further develop a network model to facilitate marine technology transfer.
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Warner, Robin. "Strengthening Governance Frameworks for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Southern Hemisphere Perspectives." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 607–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13204064.
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Abstract The southern hemisphere is dominated by oceanic influences with 80% of its surface area consisting of ocean space. It hosts abundant marine biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from activities such as fisheries and shipping as well as multiple sources of marine pollution and climate change impacts. The process initiated by the un General Assembly Resolution 69/292 to develop the elements of an international legally binding instrument (ilbi) for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction has the potential to contribute to a more integrated and cross-sectoral system of oceans governance at a global and regional scale. This article examines key features of the existing global and regional ocean governance framework in the southern hemisphere and how the anticipated ilbi might relate to existing ocean governance frameworks.
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Warner, Robin. "Oceans of Opportunity and Challenge." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00302002.
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Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction cover approximately forty percent of the planet’s surface. They host abundant marine biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from activities such as fisheries and shipping as well as multiple sources of marine pollution and climate change impacts. The process initiated by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 69/292 to develop the elements of an international legally binding treaty (ILBI) for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) has the potential to contribute to a more integrated and cross sectoral system of oceans governance at a global and regional scale. This article reviews the outcome of the Preparatory Committee meetings on the ILBI including areas of convergence and divergence among the negotiating parties. As the process enters the inter-governmental conference phase, it also examines how the anticipated ILBI might enhance existing ocean governance frameworks.
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BÁEZ, JOSÉ CARLOS, CRISTINA RODRÍGUEZ-CABELLO, RAFAEL BAÑÓN, ALBERTO BRITO, JESÚS M. FALCÓN, TOÑO MAÑO, JORGE BARO, et al. "Updating the national checklist of marine fishes in Spanish waters: An approach to priority hotspots and lessons for conservation." Mediterranean Marine Science 20, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.18626.
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In response to a request from the Spanish Ministry of Farming, Fishing, Food, and Environment (Spanish: Agricultura, Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente) in 2015, a fish expert group was formed to provide a reference list of marine fish species according to five regions (marine demarcations) established by Spanish Law 41/2010 on the protection of the marine environment. The objective of this article was to update and analyse the data compiled in the marine fish species checklist in order to: 1) provide a complete list of marine fish species in the Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone; 2) compare this checklist between bio-geographical areas; and 3) identify possible priority hotspots for their conservation. We applied several indices, such as the total number of species in each area, species richness, and the Biodiversity Conservation Concern index. We discuss gaps in knowledge and the lessons learned for conservation purposes. A total of 1075 marine fishes were reported in Spanish waters. Most of these fish were well determined, whereas a few were treated as uncertain. The marine demarcation with the most species is the Canary Islands with 795 species, followed by the Spanish north coast demarcation with 506 species. However, the marine demarcations with the most species per area are the Spanish coast of the Gulf of Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea.
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Arunprasath, A., and M. Gomathinayagam. "Mangroves in India: A Unique Marine Ecosystem." International Letters of Natural Sciences 42 (July 2015): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.42.47.
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India has a long tradition of mangrove forest management. The Sundarbans mangroves, located in the Bay of Bengal (partly in India and partly in Bangladesh), were the first mangroves in the world to be put under scientific management. The area's first management plan was implemented in 1892. Recognizing the importance of mangroves, the Government of India set up the National Mangrove Committee in the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1976 to advise the government about mangrove conservation and development. In its first meeting, the panel, which consists of scientists, research scholars and experts on the mangrove ecosystem, emphasized the need to conduct a survey of the extent of existing mangrove areas within the country.
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Ramadhan, Andrian, Teti Armiati Argo, and Wilmar A. Salim. "Investment Dilemma of Coastal and Marine Zoning in Conservation Areas: Case Study of Karimunjawa National Park." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 799, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/799/1/012017.
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Salgado, Enrique J., Stephanie E. Nehasil, and Peter J. Etnoyer. "Distribution of deep-water corals, sponges, and demersal fisheries landings in Southern California, USA: implications for conservation priorities." PeerJ 6 (October 10, 2018): e5697. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5697.
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Deep-sea corals in Southern California are diverse and abundant but subject to multiple stressors, including bottom-contact fisheries using mobile and fixed gear. There is a need for more information on the distribution of these taxa in relation to the distribution of demersal fishing effort, and the distribution of marine protected areas, in order to improve spatial planning. There are many marine managed areas in Southern California, including essential fish habitat (EFH) areas, conservation areas, and a national marine sanctuary, but specific areas of overlap between bottom fishing and benthic epifauna are poorly known. Groundfish surveys were conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service using a remotely operated vehicle throughout Southern California between 2003 and 2011 to document abundance and distribution of deep-water rockfish and flatfish to a depth of 500 m. Corals and sponges were also common in these images, providing an opportunity to examine these communities. Analyses of 34,792 still images revealed abundance and diversity of coral and sponge taxa, as well as frequency of fishing debris. The occurrence data were overlaid in a geographic information system with landings data for deep-water (>50 m) demersal fisheries to identify areas of spatial overlap. Corals or sponges were observed in 23% of images. A total of 15 coral genera and six sponge morphotypes were identified. A total of 70 species codes were targeted by deep-water demersal fisheries operating below 50 m for years 2007–2011. A novel priority-setting algorithm was developed to identify areas of high richness, abundance, and fishing intensity (RAFi). Several highly-ranked areas were already protected as EFH (Footprint, Piggy Bank). Other highly-ranked sites (West Catalina Island, San Clemente Island, 9-Mile Bank, Santa Rosa Flats) were encompassed by transient gear restrictions, such as Rockfish conservation areas, but are now recommended for permanent protection by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.
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Wang, Chuanliang. "On the Legal Status of Marine Genetic Resources in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 7993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147993.
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The question of how to define the legal status of marine genetic resources (hereinafter MGRs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (hereinafter ABNJ) is one of the important issues in the negotiation of the International Legally Binding Instrument under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. According to the theory of the order and justice value of the law, in combining the experiences of the international community in handling global ocean problems and characteristics of MGRs in ABNJ, it can be said that MGRs in ABNJ have the legal attribute of being the common heritage of mankind (hereinafter CHM). From the perspective of the principle of CHM, in applying the subject, object and content elements of legal relations as the research approach, the legal status of MGRs in ABNJ should be defined as follows: Firstly, an international management body should be established and the scope of actual resource developers should be defined in terms of subject elements. Secondly, the temporal scope, geographical scope and material scope of MGRs in ABNJ should be clarified in terms of object elements. Thirdly, the disposition of rights and obligations in the process of development and utilization of MGRs in ABNJ should be defined in terms of content elements.
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Metcalfe, Kristian, Nathalie Bréheret, Gaëlle Bal, Eva Chauvet, Philip D. Doherty, Angela Formia, Alexandre Girard, et al. "Tracking foraging green turtles in the Republic of the Congo: insights into spatial ecology from a data poor region." Oryx 54, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000309.
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AbstractGlobally, marine turtles are considered threatened throughout their range, and therefore conservation practitioners are increasingly investing resources in marine protected areas to protect key life history stages and critical habitats, including foraging grounds, nesting beaches and inter-nesting areas. Empirical data on the distribution of these habitats and/or the spatial ecology and behaviour of individuals of many marine turtle populations are often lacking, undermining conservation efforts, particularly along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Here we contribute to the knowledge base in this region by describing patterns of habitat use for nine green turtles Chelonia mydas tagged with satellite platform transmitter terminals at a foraging ground in Loango Bay, Republic of the Congo, one of only a few documented mainland foraging grounds for marine turtles in Central Africa. Analyses of these data revealed that core areas of habitat use and occupancy for a wide range of size/age classes were restricted to shallow waters adjacent to Pointe Indienne in Loango Bay, with most individuals showing periods of high fidelity to this area. These data are timely given the Congolese government recently announced its intention to create a marine conservation zone to protect marine turtles in Loango Bay. Despite the small sample size of this study, these data exemplify the need for comprehensive strategies that span national jurisdictions, as we provide the first documented evidence of linkages between green turtle foraging sites in Central Africa (Loango Bay, Republic of the Congo) and Southern Africa (Mussulo Bay, Angola).
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Freestone, David. "The Limits of Sectoral and Regional Efforts to Designate High Seas Marine Protected Areas." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.45.
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This essay addresses the question of how the international community could designate high seas marine protected areas (MPAs) that would be binding on all states. This is a key issue for the forthcoming UN negotiations of an International Legally Binding Instrument (ILBI) on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. However, this is a longstanding question, the importance of which transcends the ILBI negotiations. Some have argued for the establishment of a centralized Ocean Governance Authority, whose decisions would be universally binding; others have argued that existing regional and sectoral bodies can be relied on to protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The experience of the Sargasso Sea project is that some sort of centralized or coordinating regime is needed to make MPAs effective across regional and sectoral bodies.
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Nugraha, Adrian. "Legal Analysis of Current Indonesia's Marine Protected Areas Development." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol5.iss1.851.pp14-28.
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This paper aims to conduct a legal analysis of the development of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Indonesia. This article discusses the international legal framework and national legislation related to MPAs, progress and control, and problems in developing MPAs in Indonesia and its solutions. The international legal frameworks discussed include the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995. Subsequently, the Indonesian legislation analyzed includes the Act on Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems, the Act concerning Fisheries, the Act concerning the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, and the Act on Marine Affairs. The progress and control of the establishment of MPAs in Indonesia have now reached the target area of more than twenty million hectares. Apart from the success of these achievements, Indonesia also has problems in developing MPAs. Current problems related to MPA development include dualism of permits, conflicts over zoning and regional spatial planning, multiple interpretations of penal sanctions, and overlapping management authorities between government agencies. The solutions offered to solve these problems include synchronizing marine tourism permits, integrating zoning and spatial plans into one regional government regulation, imposing the most severe criminal sanctions for perpetrators of destroying marine ecosystems, and transfer of full authority over the management of seven marine protected areas to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
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Espenilla, Jacqueline Joyce F. "Area-Based Marine Protection in the Philippines." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 5, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00501006.
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The Philippines has had a long history of using marine protected areas (mpas) to achieve fishery and biodiversity conservation goals. mpas are “clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Within the scope of these definitions, Philippine mpas have taken the form of “no-take” marine sanctuaries, marine reserves where both extractive and non-extractive activities are allowed but regulated, and marine parks and protected seascapes, where various uses are relegated to defined zones. Interestingly, the country was able to develop a unique legal framework that took into consideration both national and local contexts for marine environmental governance. This article thus aims to shed some light on the Philippine experience, emphasizing the various issues and concerns caused by the unique regulatory and governance set up of the country’s mpas.
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Mossop, Joanna. "The relationship between the continental shelf regime and a new international instrument for protecting marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 1 (July 5, 2017): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx111.
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AbstractStates have acknowledged that the new internationally legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction must take account of the interests of coastal states with continental shelves that extend beyond 200 nautical miles. This article argues that the ILBI should go beyond repeating the existing legal position as set out in international treaties and customary international law. In particular, the concept of sedentary species is unhelpful in the context of a legal regime governing the use of marine genetic resources. The article makes a number of suggestions for possible inclusions in the ILBI to clarify the relationship between the continental shelf regime and the regime for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.
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Scott, Karen N. "Conservation on the High Seas: Developing the Concept of the High Seas Marine Protected Areas." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 4 (2012): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341243.
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Abstract This article explores developments in connection with marine protected areas (MPAs) on the high seas, beginning with a brief survey of existing high seas MPAs, recent initiatives such as the designation of the South Orkney Islands MPA, the creation of a network of OSPAR MPAs and the work undertaken by the UN General Assembly on developing a framework for oceans governance in areas beyond national jurisdiction. It considers: the absence of a clear legal basis for the creation of MPAs on the high seas; the relationship between MPA designation and traditional high seas freedoms; and the complex jurisdictional arrangements that govern activities on and in the high seas.
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Nevill, Jon, and Trevor Ward. "The National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas: Comment on recent progress." Ecological Management & Restoration 10, no. 3 (December 2009): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00493.x.
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Kenyon, Jean, James Maragos, and Douglas Fenner. "The Occurrence of Coral Species Reported as Threatened in Federally Protected Waters of the US Pacific." Journal of Marine Biology 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/358687.
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A recent study reported that seventy-five species of reef-building corals, considered to be at elevated extinction risk when assessed by the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, occur in Pacific waters under United States jurisdiction. Closer examination substantiates records of occurrence for 66 species, while records for the other 9 species were based on misinterpretations or are otherwise uncertain. Of these, at least 55 have been reported from reef habitat under federal protection within National Parks, Marine National Monuments, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Wildlife Refuges. The highest number of species (31) is found within the Ofu Island unit of the National Park of American Samoa, followed by Kingman Reef (24) and Palmyra Atoll (21), both within the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. Federally protected areas already in place serve as important habitats for resources whose stewardship needs and priorities may vary over time.
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Rochette, Julien, Sebastian Unger, Dorothée Herr, David Johnson, Takehiro Nakamura, Tim Packeiser, Alexander Proelss, Martin Visbeck, Andrew Wright, and Daniel Cebrian. "The regional approach to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 49 (November 2014): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.02.005.
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Narula, Kapil. "Ocean governance: strengthening the legal framework for conservation of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction." Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2016.1181394.
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Adams, William M. "Geographies of conservation III: Nature’s spaces." Progress in Human Geography 44, no. 4 (March 20, 2019): 789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132519837779.
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There is a rich literature by geographers on the spatial imagination and ambition of conservation, and particularly the long-established strategy of creating protected areas such as national parks. This report highlights five ways in which the spatial ambitions, imaginations and practices of conservation are changing. First, appetite for the expansion of protected areas continues to grow, with proposals for marine reserves and up to half of the earth under protection. Second, substantial intensification of agriculture is proposed to free up land for such expansion, a policy of land sparing. Third, areas being protected are increasingly privately owned, and conservation is serving as a powerful form of legitimization of large-scale private landholding. Fourth, in many countries conservation management is being extended beyond formal protected areas in mosaics of public, private and community land. Fifth, the political and material technologies used to secure conservation territories, like the extension of these territories themselves, raise urgent political ecological questions. Conservation governance physically marks spaces for nature, but also constructs and polices ideas about both nature and society in profound ways, which often go unremarked by conservationists themselves.
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Johnson, Constance M. "The Relevance of the Southern Ocean to the Development of a Global Regime for Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction—An Uncommon Commons." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13204026.
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Abstract The Southern Ocean’s areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj) are uncommon in a number of ways. This article first discusses features of the Southern Ocean’s uncommonness that may be relevant to the relationship between the Antarctic Treaty System (ats) and the development of the international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of abnj under United Nations General Assembly Resolution 69/292 (ilbi). Second, the article considers the potential relationship between the ilbi and the ats. Third, the article discusses the current approach of the ats to governance of the Southern Ocean’s abnj by focusing on two particular topics which are to be included in the development of the ilbi. The topics discussed are measures (such as area-based management, including marine protected areas) and marine genetic resources.
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Suraji, Suraji, Syofyan Hasan, Suharyanto Suharyanto, Yonvitner Yonvitner, Sonny Koeshendrajana, Didit Eko Prasetiyo, Arief Widianto, and Agus Dermawan. "NILAI PENTING DAN STRATEGIS NASIONAL RENCANA ZONASI KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL KOMODO." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v15i1.8888.
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Kawasan Taman Nasional Komodo dan sekitarnya merupakan salah satu kawasan strategis nasional. Penetapan kawasan ini dikarenakan kawasan Taman Nasional Komodo dan sekitarnya yang terletak di Pulau Flores dan Pulau Sumbawa memiliki potensi dan nilai penting strategis untukdikembangkan sebagai penggerak ekonomi nasional berbasis perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji nilai penting dan strategis nasional rencana zonasi kawasanstrategis Taman Nasional Komodo. Data primer dan sekunder digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode penentuan nilai penting dan strategis nasional yang diwujudkan dalam struktur dan pola ruang RencanaZonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional (RZ KSN) menggunakan teknik analisis multikriteria yang terdiri dari kebijakan yang bersifat mutlak, scoring/pembobotan dan kesepakatan para pihak. Hasil analisispola ruang laut bernilai penting dan strategis nasional, terdiri dari: Kawasan Pemanfaatan Umum (Pariwisata, Pelabuhan, Pelabuhan Perikanan, Pengelolaan Energi) dan Kawasan Konservasi yangberupa Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil dan Taman Nasional Komodo yang merupakan inti dari KSN Taman Nasional Komodo serta Alur Laut. Analisis Nilai Penting dan Strategis Nasional yang telah dilakukan menghasilkan Perencanaan Ruang Laut yang bertujuan untuk: (i) mewujudkan kawasan yang dikembangkan untuk perlindungan dan pelestarian Taman Nasional Komodo dan konservasi perairan; dan (ii) kawasan yang berdaya saing berbasis pengelolaan SumberDaya Kelautan dan pariwisata dengan prinsip berkelanjutan untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat. Hasil Kajian direkomendasikan menjadi bahan utama dalam penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Presiden danpengaturannya dapat dilaksanakan dalam satu ketetapan berupa Peraturan Presiden tentang Rencana Tata Ruang dan Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional Taman Nasional Komodo.Title: National Strategic and Important Value For Zoning Planof the Komodo National Park The Komodo National Park area and its surroundings are some of the national strategic areas. The designation of this area is due to its location on Flores Island and Sumbawa Island which have potential and importance value to encourage national economy based on biodiversity protection. The research aimed to examine the national strategic and important value of the zoning plan of the Komodo National Park strategic area. Primary and secondary data were used in this study. The method to determine national strategic and important value is embodied in the spatial structure and pattern of the National Strategic Area Zoning Plan (RZ KSN). It used a multi criteria analysis technique consisting of absolute policies, scoring/weighting, and agreement of the parties. The results of the analysis of marine space pattern for national strategic and important value consisted of public areas (tourism, ports, fisheries ports,and energy management) and conservation areas including marine conservation areas for coastal and small Islands, and Komodo National Park which are the core of the National Strategic Area, and the SeaLanes. The analysis of national important and strategic values suggested marine spatial planning that aims to: (i) develop protection and conservation of the Komodo National Park and marine conservationareas; and (ii) establish competitive region based on management of sustainable marine resources and tourism for the welfare of the community. The results of the Study are recommended to be the main ideas in the drafting of the presidential regulation and its arrangements can be carried out in one stipulation in the form of a Presidential Regulation on Spatial Planning and Zoning Plans for the Strategic NationalArea of Komodo National Park.
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Suraji, Suraji, Syofyan Hasan, Suharyanto Suharyanto, Yonvitner Yonvitner, Sonny Koeshendrajana, Didit Eko Prasetiyo, Arief Widianto, and Agus Dermawan. "NILAI PENTING DAN STRATEGIS NASIONAL RENCANA ZONASI KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL KOMODO." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v1i1.8888.
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Kawasan Taman Nasional Komodo dan sekitarnya merupakan salah satu kawasan strategis nasional. Penetapan kawasan ini dikarenakan kawasan Taman Nasional Komodo dan sekitarnya yang terletak di Pulau Flores dan Pulau Sumbawa memiliki potensi dan nilai penting strategis untukdikembangkan sebagai penggerak ekonomi nasional berbasis perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji nilai penting dan strategis nasional rencana zonasi kawasanstrategis Taman Nasional Komodo. Data primer dan sekunder digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode penentuan nilai penting dan strategis nasional yang diwujudkan dalam struktur dan pola ruang RencanaZonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional (RZ KSN) menggunakan teknik analisis multikriteria yang terdiri dari kebijakan yang bersifat mutlak, scoring/pembobotan dan kesepakatan para pihak. Hasil analisispola ruang laut bernilai penting dan strategis nasional, terdiri dari: Kawasan Pemanfaatan Umum (Pariwisata, Pelabuhan, Pelabuhan Perikanan, Pengelolaan Energi) dan Kawasan Konservasi yangberupa Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil dan Taman Nasional Komodo yang merupakan inti dari KSN Taman Nasional Komodo serta Alur Laut. Analisis Nilai Penting dan Strategis Nasional yang telah dilakukan menghasilkan Perencanaan Ruang Laut yang bertujuan untuk: (i) mewujudkan kawasan yang dikembangkan untuk perlindungan dan pelestarian Taman Nasional Komodo dan konservasi perairan; dan (ii) kawasan yang berdaya saing berbasis pengelolaan SumberDaya Kelautan dan pariwisata dengan prinsip berkelanjutan untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat. Hasil Kajian direkomendasikan menjadi bahan utama dalam penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Presiden danpengaturannya dapat dilaksanakan dalam satu ketetapan berupa Peraturan Presiden tentang Rencana Tata Ruang dan Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional Taman Nasional Komodo.Title: National Strategic and Important Value For Zoning Planof the Komodo National Park The Komodo National Park area and its surroundings are some of the national strategic areas. The designation of this area is due to its location on Flores Island and Sumbawa Island which have potential and importance value to encourage national economy based on biodiversity protection. The research aimed to examine the national strategic and important value of the zoning plan of the Komodo National Park strategic area. Primary and secondary data were used in this study. The method to determine national strategic and important value is embodied in the spatial structure and pattern of the National Strategic Area Zoning Plan (RZ KSN). It used a multi criteria analysis technique consisting of absolute policies, scoring/weighting, and agreement of the parties. The results of the analysis of marine space pattern for national strategic and important value consisted of public areas (tourism, ports, fisheries ports,and energy management) and conservation areas including marine conservation areas for coastal and small Islands, and Komodo National Park which are the core of the National Strategic Area, and the SeaLanes. The analysis of national important and strategic values suggested marine spatial planning that aims to: (i) develop protection and conservation of the Komodo National Park and marine conservationareas; and (ii) establish competitive region based on management of sustainable marine resources and tourism for the welfare of the community. The results of the Study are recommended to be the main ideas in the drafting of the presidential regulation and its arrangements can be carried out in one stipulation in the form of a Presidential Regulation on Spatial Planning and Zoning Plans for the Strategic NationalArea of Komodo National Park.
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González Carman, V., A. Mandiola, D. Alemany, M. Dassis, J. P. Seco Pon, L. Prosdocimi, A. Ponce de León, et al. "Distribution of megafaunal species in the Southwestern Atlantic: key ecological areas and opportunities for marine conservation." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 6 (March 16, 2016): 1579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw019.
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Abstract During the last centuries, populations of marine megafauna—such as seabirds, turtles, and mammals—were intensively exploited. At present, other threats such as bycatch and pollution affect these species, which play key ecological roles in marine ecosystems as apex consumers and/or nutrient transporters. This study analyses the distribution of six megafaunal species (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Dermochelys coriacea, Thalassarche melanophris, Otaria flavescens, and Arctocephalus australis) coexisting in the Southwestern Atlantic to discuss their protection in terms of current management strategies in the region. Through the prediction of the species potential distributions and their relation to bathymetry, sea temperature and oceanographic fronts, key ecological areas are defined from a multi-taxa perspective. Information on the distribution of 70 individuals (18 sea turtles, 19 albatrosses, and 33 otariids) was obtained through satellite tracking conducted during 2007–2013 and analysed using a Geographic Information System and maximum entropy models. During the autumn–winter period, megafaunal species were distributed over the continental shelves of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, mainly over the Argentine Exclusive Economic Zone and the Argentina-Uruguay Common Fishing Zone. Despite some differences, all megafaunal species seems to have similar environmental requirements during the autumn–winter period. Mostly waters shallower than 50 m were identified as key ecological areas, with the Río de la Plata as the habitat with the highest suitability for all the species. This area is highly productive and sustains the main coastal fisheries of Uruguay and Argentina, yet its role as a key ecological area for megafaunal species has been underestimated until now. This approach provides a basis to analyse the effect of anthropic activities on megafaunal species through risk maps and, ultimately, to generate knowledge to improve national and bi-national management plans between Argentina and Uruguay.
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Lara-Pulido, José Alberto, Ángela Mojica, Aaron Bruner, Alejandro Guevara-Sanginés, Cecilia Simon, Felipe Vásquez-Lavin, Cristopher González-Baca, and María José Infanzón. "A Business Case for Marine Protected Areas: Economic Valuation of the Reef Attributes of Cozumel Island." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084307.
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Tourism to Cozumel Island generates USD 762 million annually in local economic activity, and 111 visitors stay in local hotels for each inhabitant. The island’s coast is its principal attraction, yet water quality and reef health are threatened. This paper studies the link between the local economy and management of Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park, using a choice experiment to assess the economic value visitors assign to underwater visibility, biodiversity, and visitor congestion in reef areas. We found that, on average, tourists are willing to pay USD 190 per visit to avoid a projected decrease in biodiversity, USD 120 per visit to prevent a projected decline in visibility, and USD 98 to avoid high congestion during reef visits. We find high heterogeneity in willingness to pay estimates, which may be useful for targeting both conservation and marketing efforts. On the other hand, increasing the reef access fee from USD 2 to USD 6 could fully fund effective protected area management, with no substantial effect on visitors’ consumer surplus. Results suggest that a conservation surcharge could be added to all tours, with little impact on visitation, and that significantly increasing private sector collaboration and government spending on conservation would be good economic choices.
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Levesque, Juan C. "Commercial fisheries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: possible implications for conservation management at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 10 (September 27, 2011): 2175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr155.
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Abstract Levesque, J. C. 2011. Commercial fisheries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: possible implications for conservation management at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2175–2190. Marine resource managers designate marine protected areas (MPAs) to conserve, protect, and enhance fragile marine resources. A form of MPAs sometimes used by resource managers in the United States is a national marine sanctuary (NMS), and for all MPAs, managers need to use updated information during sanctuary management plan reviews (MPRs). In 2006, the Flower Garden Banks NMS (FGBNMS) began its first MPR by conducting public hearings and soliciting comments. Some 66% of comments were about the potential impacts fisheries posed to the sanctuary, so a description of commercial fishery activity in the NW Gulf of Mexico can help guide resource managers make sound, informed decisions. Despite limitations on data and knowledge of fishing effort spatially for the FGBNMS, commercial landings vary by Gulf state, area, and fishing gear, with most landings from the Louisiana and Texas coasts taken with trawls and nets. The main species landed from the NW Gulf of Mexico are shrimp, yellowfin tuna, and red snapper. Some conservation measures proposed for the FGBNMS will likely impact some commercial fisheries (hook and line, bottom longline), but not others (otter trawl, pelagic longline).
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Bisi, Francesco, Alessandra Gagliardi, Giacomo Cremonesi, Roberto Colombo, Maria Vittoria Mazzamuto, Lucas Armand Wauters, Damiano Giovanni Preatoni, and Adriano Martinoli. "Distribution of Wildlife and Illegal Human Activities in the Lampi Marine National Park (Myanmar)." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000486.
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SummaryAsian tropical forests are among the most affected by overhunting of wildlife species. Bushmeat is not just a source of food, but is also often seen as an income source due to the increasing regional demand for wildlife products. In this study, we assess for the first time the medium- and large-size vertebrate species present in Lampi Marine National Park (Myanmar) using camera traps and opportunistic sightings, and we use data from law enforcement patrolling to identify areas where poaching activities occur. Nineteen different terrestrial vertebrate species were observed in the Park, five of which are listed as globally threatened, while illegal activities were recorded at 107 locations. We estimated wildlife and human distributions using the maximum-entropy (i.e., MaxEnt) algorithm. Human activities were widely distributed in the Park, and areas selected by people were those at lower elevations and mainly in evergreen or semi-evergreen forests where most of the species occur. These models could improve knowledge of species presence and of the potential risk to wildlife associated with human activities. The modelling of wildlife and human presence proved to be useful for identifying areas that would receive special attention during patrolling, management and conservation actions.
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Sudini, Luh Putu. "OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR REGION (NTT)." DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 15, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/dih.v15i2.2437.
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Besides the tourism sector can increase economic growth, it also does not damage the environment and even stimulates environmental conservation. The tourism sector has become a global trend in the past three decades. World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) in 1998. Problems: 1) What is the urgency of tourism in the NTT region? And 2) How do you deal with the challenges of developing tourism in the NTT region? This research is empirical legal research. The urgency of tourism in the NTT region, among others: paying attention to tourism in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), which has the character of an archipelago, most of which consists of marine waters and is still lagging behind, it seems that the urgency of tourism in NTT is dominated by sea tourism or nature, such as national parks, Marine Conservation Areas, and Nature Parks (TWA). This is evident through the existence of 8 (eight) marine waters conservation areas owned by NTT Province. In addition, NTT Province also has a lot of potential in the marine sector, such as marine resources for capture and aquaculture; the potential for seaweed cultivation; potential of salt resources; and the potential for pearl cultivation, all of the marine potential is very supportive and influences the urgency of tourism for the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province. Efforts that can be made in order to deal with these challenges include: first, make improvements in the infrastructure sector, for example there is good coordination between the central and regional governments and cities in the NTT Province with regard to policies on water conservation area management or marine tourism in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT); second, maximizing the tourism potential in NTT through professional human resource de-velopment, improved tourism management facilities and third, online tourism publications optimized so that tourists are interested in traveling to the NTT Province; and in addition, supervise/control the applicable laws and regulations in ALKI that cross the sea waters, so that the existence of the ALKI does not interfere with the conservation of waters in the Sawu Sea.
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VAN WILGEN, NICOLA J., and MELODIE A. MCGEOCH. "Balancing effective conservation with sustainable resource use in protected areas: precluded by knowledge gaps." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 3 (October 7, 2014): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000320.
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SUMMARYDespite significant expansion of the global protected area (PA) network, this investment has not commonly been matched by investment in their management. This includes managing trade-offs between social and biodiversity goals, including resource use in PAs. While some resource-use activities receive significant attention, the full suite of resources extracted from PA systems is rarely documented. This paper illustrates the potential risk of resource use to PA ecological performance through a survey of resources harvested in South Africa's national parks. Even for this comparatively well-managed suite of parks, significant data gaps preclude assessments of harvest sustainability. Harvest quantities were known for < 8% of the 341 used resources, while 23% were not identified to species level. International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List conservation status had not been evaluated for 78% of species, and 31% of all species (83% of marine species) had not been evaluated nationally. Protected areas face ongoing pressure to balance people-based and biodiversity outcomes, but whether or not both objectives can be achieved cannot be assessed without adequate data. Managing PAs in future will require consideration of trade-offs between investing in PA expansion, increasing the monitoring and management capacity of PA agencies, and investing in the research needed to support decision making.
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Smith, Danielle, and Julia Jabour. "MPAs in ABNJ: lessons from two high seas regimes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx189.
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AbstractEstablishing a network of marine-protected areas (MPAs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is viewed as an important measure to protect marine biodiversity. To date 12 MPAs have been established: two in the Southern Ocean and 10 in the North-East Atlantic region, and more are proposed. The Southern Ocean MPAs were adopted by Members of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in a complex, slow and challenging process. The North-East Atlantic MPAs were established under the OSPAR Convention and although the MPA network was established swiftly, doubts remain about whether it was a successful institutional development for the protection of marine biodiversity or just a network of ‘paper parks’. This article analyses the planning and negotiation processes that took place in establishing the 12 current MPAs to identify lessons useful for establishing MPAs in ABNJ in the future.
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Koivurova, Timo, and Richard Caddell. "Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Changing Arctic." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.44.
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The development of an Internationally Binding Legal Instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable management of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) has profound implications for the future regulatory activities of a host of regional governance structures exercising competence over these waters. In the rather stilted vernacular of the BBNJ Process, the ILBI aspires to “not undermine” the work of preexisting institutions and initiatives. Inevitably, given the emphasis upon future institutional symbiosis, a key challenge facing the ILBI is to promote its four thematic priorities—marine genetic resources, area-based management tools, environmental assessment, and capacity building and technology transfer—in a manner that can be effectively harnessed by current regional and sectoral frameworks. One region in which the intriguing set of challenges and opportunities presented by the ILBI are strikingly manifested is the Arctic. Some have argued for a regional treaty or clearer recognition of the “special” nature of Arctic conditions. However, we view the ILBI as a potential milestone in Arctic governance that can provide a firm platform to build on current cooperative arrangements for these vulnerable and rapidly changing marine ecosystems. Moreover, we argue that the present legal and institutional framework for the Arctic need not be revisited at this juncture, as it provides a strong regime through which to implement the core objectives of the ILBI. Its ability to do so, however, will depend on whether the ILBI (1) is effectively designed to work with preexisting machinery and (2) succeeds in clarifying and advancing universally-agreed methodological requirements for its four priority areas.
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Williams, Alan, Nicholas J. Bax, and Rudy J. Kloser. "Remarks on “Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224” by Peter T. Harris, Andrew D. Heap, Tara J. Anderson, and Brendan Brooke." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 10 (August 11, 2009): 2086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp212.
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Abstract Williams, A., Bax, N. J., and Kloser, R. J. 2009. Remarks on “Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224” by Peter T. Harris, Andrew D. Heap, Tara J. Anderson, and Brendan Brooke. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2086–2088. Commitment by many nations at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development to complete national networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) by 2012 focused attention on MPA design and implementation, especially for the deep waters that make up the majority of many national EZs. Further, there is a focus on conservation in the High Seas through the Convention on Biological Biodiversity and the FAO, e.g. for seamounts and other vulnerable benthic habitats. Any manuscript that raises basic issues on one identified area for conservation is therefore a prospectively useful addition to the international debate. The Comment by Harris et al. (2009) on a paper authored by myself and colleagues (Williams et al., 2009) is a potentially useful contribution. The authors provide data, examples, and insights into aspects of the design and planning process for Australia's SE network of reserves. Here, we address the main question of how geological descriptions can be used or modified to provide the most information on marine biodiversity patterns for use in conservation planning—in the context of the major points raised by Harris et al. (2009).
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Harden-Davies, Harriet R. "Research for Regions: Strengthening Marine Technology Transfer for Pacific Island Countries and Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 797–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13204023.
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Abstract Pacific Island Countries have limited capacity to engage in scientific research involving marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj). Marine scientific research and capacity development are central to the regime for technology transfer established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (losc), but gaps and ambiguities weaken this framework. In this article, options to strengthen scientific capacity in Pacific Island Countries, through the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in abnj under the losc, are examined. The international framework for technology transfer could be strengthened by fostering an integrated approach to the advancement, sharing and application of scientific knowledge. Coordination and collaboration at global and regional levels will be required to increase marine science cooperation, improve access to data and information, deliver training, and overcome barriers to develop institutional and individual scientific capacity.