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Vasyliev, Stanislav. "The legal status of participants who create medicines in the national innovation system." Law and innovations, no. 1 (33) (April 5, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-1(33)-3.
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Formulation of the problem. Carrying out scientific research in the field of creating innovative medicines is the key to the competitiveness of pharmaceutical enterprises in the internal Ukrainian and world markets. Proper legal regulation of the legal status of business entities and scientific institutions that create medicines should become a guarantee of state support for scientific research in this area. Recent research on the topic. The scientific works of V.M. Pashkova, I.S. Voronina, M.V. Bunyak and other researchers are devoted to certain problems of innovative activity in the sphere of medicine circulation. At the same time, the problems of the legal status of participants in the national innovation system who create new medicines have not found their coverage in the scientific literature. The purpose of this research is to determine the legal status of participants in the national innovation system, who create medicines. Article’s main body. The scientific research is devoted to the determination of the legal status of the participants of the national innovation system who create medicines. Legislative and by-laws, statistical information posted on the official websites of authorities, publications of researchers who studied innovative activities in the field of medicine circulation were studied. It is stated that the development of innovative medicines can be carried out by research institutes, institutions of higher education and pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. Medicines productions are created in the organizational and legal form of private and state enterprises, business entities. Research institutes and institutions of higher education have legal form of organization. These institutions are subordinate to either the Ministry of Education and Science, or the Ministry of Health Protection, or the National Academy of Medical Sciences, or the State Service for Medicines and Drug Control of Ukraine. Among the conditions for obtaining a license for the medication production there is no requirement for a laboratory to create new medicines at the enterprise. Requirements for such a laboratory are not provided for in legislative and bylaws. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The author proposes definitions of “medicine developer” and “innovative pharmaceutical organization”. The features of the pharmaceutical enterprise innovativeness, in our opinion, are the presence of a scientific department in the structure of the enterprise and the registration of an innovative project by this enterprise in the prescribed manner. The consolidation of these definitions in the legislation of Ukraine may be important for obtaining state support for scientific research on the new medicines creation.
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Stickley, Anna Joy, and Kelly J. Hall. "Social enterprise: a model of recovery and social inclusion for occupational therapy practice in the UK." Mental Health and Social Inclusion 21, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhsi-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose Occupational therapists are increasingly working in organisations outside of the public sector. UK government policy over the past decade has promoted health and social care provision by social enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to examine the compatibility of occupational therapy practice and a social enterprise environment, within the UK and questions if this approach may enhance experiences of social inclusion for people who use these services. Design/methodology/approach Case study methodology was used with eight social enterprises in the UK. Data were collected through: semi-structured interviews, formal organisational documents, and field visits and observations. Interviews were conducted with 26 participants who were occupational therapists, service users and social entrepreneurs/managers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Occupational therapists experienced job satisfaction, professional autonomy and were able to practise according to their professional philosophy. Service users valued support with: employment, routine, social relationships, and developing a sense of identity, particularly outside of a medical model definition. To a degree therefore, people using these services claimed socially inclusive benefits. Challenges with funding social enterprises, however, impacted occupational therapy delivery in some cases. Research limitations/implications The majority of social enterprise research is drawn from case study methodology; however, this was the most appropriate research design to gain greatest insight into a small but developing phenomenon. Further research into occupational therapy practice within social enterprises is required, particularly on the effectiveness of returning to work and social inclusion. Social implications Social enterprises can provide therapeutic environments to promote recovery and social inclusion which is also compatible with occupational therapy practice. Originality/value This is the first known national research into occupational therapy provision in social enterprises within the UK, which evidences a compatibility within occupational therapy practice within a social enterprise environment and the benefits of this.
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Ye, Yingfeng, and XiaoHua Ying. "VP180 Effect Of Two-Invoice System On Drug Distribution And Price In China." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317004135.
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INTRODUCTION:Drug prices are mainly determined by production costs, commercial circulation and use in medical institutions. In 2015, total sales of the Chinese drug distribution industry was CNY1,613.3 billion (USD248.6 billion at 31 December 2015 exchange rate), with CNY28.3 billion (USD4.4 billion) profit and an average cost rate of 5.4 percent due to high logistics costs (1). Under Multi-invoice Systems in China, drugs are delivered through national, provincial, local agents, with invoiced and prices going up each time (2). The Two-invoice System, which comes up in April 2016, is China's first drug distribution policy aiming to compress circulation, and reduce unrealistically high prices. There will be only two invoices, one from production enterprises to distributors, the other from distributors to medical institutions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the Two-invoice System on drug distribution and price in China.METHODS:We conducted a literature review of relevant articles and policies in five provinces on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, PubMed and government websites. We conducted in-depth individual interviews for qualitative research on policy mechanisms with two government officials and four drug production and distribution enterprise managers. The quantitative study on policy effect measured indicators, namely, number of distributors, concentration ratio index (CR), net sales ratio, and ex-factory price. We compared the pilot province before and after the policy, with national level and other provinces. We considered related drug policies to eliminate confounding. Focus group discussion on conclusions and suggestions will be conducted.RESULTS:There are no peer review articles, only news media on this topic. In Fujian Province, the number of distributors droped from 246 to 62. In 2015, the Top 3 drug wholesalers reached a market share of 36 percent (CR3), and Top 10 for 86 percent (CR10). Compared to the whole country, CR3 is 26 percent and CR100 is 86 percent. Net sales in the drug wholesale market in Fujian accounted for 75.6 percent, with an increase of 4.3 percent. While at the national level, it is only 57.2 percent with an increase of 0.3 percent (3).CONCLUSIONS:The Two-invoice System in China reduces intermediate circulation, and increases industrial concentration. Net sales directly to hospitals are encouraged, whichaffects distribution and production areas. Production enterprises tend to invoice with higher prices instead of offering reserve prices to agents.
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Gorin, Evgeniy A., and Aleksandr A. Zolotarev. "Export Potential of the National Economy: Opportunities and Limitations." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-103-116.
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Authors consider export opportunities and the structure and dynamics of industrial export and import in the Russian Federation, Northwest Russia and St. Petersburg. The article studies structural changes in sectors of St. Petersburg economy resulting from ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential. It provides the results of assessing the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on export opportunities of various economic entities. Export opportunities, structure and dynamics of export and import of industrial products in the Russian Federation, the North-West region and St. Petersburg are considered. Volume of exports, imports and trade turnover in Russia in 2019, as well as the dynamics of changes in recent years are discussed. In the structure of Russia's exports in recent years, the bulk of supplies (60%) were mineral products, imports the main share of exports (over 40%) occurred in the machinery, equipment and vehicles. The high needs of the national market and the significant export potential of Russian enterprises engaged in the production of medicines and modern medical equipment are noted, which makes it possible to make a real contribution to solving important social problems and developing the national economy. The structure of exports and imports of North-West Federal district and St. Petersburg by major commodity groups, there is a saving in purchases of imported equipment combined with constant growth of exports of fuel and energy products are discussed. Structural changes in the economic sectors of St. Petersburg as a result of ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential are studied. The results of the assessment of the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on the export opportunities of various economic entities are presented. It is revealed that for industrial enterprises, the quality and cost of components becomes a problematic factor that hinders their development both in improving the product range and in their own technological modernization. For small and medium-sized businesses in industrial production, problems related to timely receipt of high-quality materials and products of the element base from suppliers and related companies, in most cases located abroad, are added. The role of the “Russian export center” as a state institute for supporting non-commodity exports and facilitating export operations was noted.
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Vitalis Jafla Pontianus and Oruonye E.D. "The Nigerian population: A treasure for national development or an unsurmountable national challenge." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.1.0026.
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Nigeria is the most populous black nation in the world. It is equally one of the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) with very high population. Population growth is a very important element and a challenge in the development process in LDCs. The population of Nigeria is expected to continue to grow up to 239 million by 2025 and 440 million by 2050, thereby ranking it to 4th position among countries of the World with high population. This without doubt will place Nigeria in a position of major player in the global system, and more importantly in the African region. It is against this background that this study examines Nigeria’s population composition by poising the following questions; will Nigeria’s present and future population structure be a benefit or a burden? How can Nigeria’s relative share of working-age composition (15- 64) and dependents (under 15 and 65 and over) contribute to long term economic growth and development of the country? The findings of the study reveals that population growth is a critical factor in the development of any economy, providing workforce for production of goods and services to boost economic development and a critical determinant of the potentials of a country’s investment. The study findings also show that continuous population growth militates against economic growth through inducement of poverty, falling medical care/services and environmental degradation, worsen resource scarcity in areas where a large proportion of the population already relies on natural resource-based livelihoods. The study argued that population increase is not a problem in itself to any nation, and that there are some impeding factors associated with population growth such as corruption, inadequate planning, inappropriate implementation of development plans, poor budget/implementation and complacency in developing human capital. These are issues that the Nigerian state since independence have continued to battle with which has invariably made it a seemingly failed state. The study concludes that how much any country can benefit from its population size is dependent on the quality of human capital. Based on the findings, the study recommends economic diversification, government empowerment of Small and Medium scale Enterprises, paying attention to human capital development and target-oriented education.
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Edwards, Matthew L. "Pittsburgh’s Freedom House Ambulance Service: The Origins of Emergency Medical Services and the Politics of Race and Health." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 74, no. 4 (September 17, 2019): 440–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrz041.
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Abstract This manuscript explores the history of the Freedom House Enterprises Ambulance Service, a social and medical experiment that trained “unemployable” black citizens during the late 1960s and early 1970s to provide then state of the art prehospital care. Through archives, newspapers, personal correspondence, university memoranda, and the medical literature, this paper explores the comparable, yet different roles of the program’s two leaders, Drs. Peter Safar and Nancy Caroline. Despite its success in demonstrating national standards for paramedic training and equipment, the program ended abruptly in 1975. And though Pittsburgh’s city administration cited economic constraints for its fledgling support of Freedom House, black and majority newspapers and citizens alike understood the city’s diminishing support of the program in racial terms. The paper discusses Safar and Caroline’s well-intentioned efforts in developing this novel program, while confronting the racial, social, and structural constraints on the program and the limits of racial liberalism.
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Kashirina, A. B., Zh I. Aladysheva, N. V. Pyatigorskaya, V. V. Belyaev, and V. V. Beregovykh. "ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE OF DRUG QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIAN PHARMACEUTICAL ENTERPRISES." Pharmacy & Pharmacology 8, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2020-8-5-362-376.
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The aim of the research was to study the current industrial practice of drug quality risk management in Russian pharmaceutical enterprises, including the assessment of the main problems during the implementation of the risk management system and its compliance with the accepted international approaches.Materials and methods. In the period from 6 April to 10 May 2020, an online survey of the leading employees in the field of quality assurance of Russian manufacturers was conducted. In the survey, the questionnaire was based on the results of the authors’ analysis of the national regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the European Union countries, international guidelines of the EAEU, ICH and WHO in this area. 111 people took part in the survey, the return of questionnaires was 11.5%.Results. The data obtained indicate the prevalence of a superficial approach to quality risk management in the Russian pharmaceutical industry, the presence of objective and subjective reasons that hinder the effective implementation of these methods, the fragmentation of the systems used and, in most cases, their ineffective use. The respondents believe that the most significant reasons for the difficulties in implementing this methodology, are the lack of recommendations from the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia on creating an effective quality risk management system and a shortage of the specialists who are ready to work in the area of this industry. The survey revealed rather large gaps in the deployment of a risk management system at the enterprise and separation from the established international practice.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the extreme urgency of developing recommendations for a quality risk management system, which should be based upon and supported by Russian regulatory legal acts and international experience in this area. The authors propose highlights for these recommendations.
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Du, Dong. "The Design of the Automatic Packing Machine for Syringe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1390.
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The Current domestic production enterprises of disposable syringe in all packaging chain for artificial fill, and complete a thermal sealing, packaging need to be done in a sterile environment down. Due to the low machining efficiency, need a lot of artificial operation, it is difficult to ensure that the quality of the product of uniform manufacturing, is not in conformity with the sterile medical devices industry, the industry standards of fyrogen-free. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we developed a "disposable syringe filler", and applied for national invention patent (patent name: eat hutch waste water purification methods and purification system), the project has been listed as a development zone of tianjin government innovation. This paper introduces the equipment of the system composition, working principle, technological process and control method, in the medical packaging industry promotion value extremely.
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Foltánová, T., and M. Mazág. "Orphan Dugs in EU / Lieky na zriedkavé choroby v EÚ." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 60, Supplementum-VIII (March 1, 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2013-0005.
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Medical and scientific knowledge about rare diseases is minimal or lacking, thus making research difficulties for pharmaceutical industry. Orphan drugs in EU are under supervision of European Commission, European medical agency (EMA) and Committee for orphan medicinal products (COMP). The presentation provides a brief review of all supportive incentives in the field of orphan medicinal products as: the European orphan medicinal product (OMP) regulation, Guideline on Clinical Trials in Small Populations and Commission Regulation (EC) No 2049/2005 / support of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It also introduces the concept of Clinical added value of orphan medicinal products, as one of the key instruments to increase the availability of orphan medicinal products in the member states. Separately it stresses the necessity of Health technology assessment implementation in whole process of orphan medicinal product development as well as the implementation of the Europlan indicators into the Slovak National plan
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Bryukhanova, G. D., V. N. Gorodin, S. M. Romanov, A. N. Redko, D. V. Nosikov, and S. V. Grinenko. "Problems of assessing socio-economic damage due to epidemics." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-2-93-101.
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Relevance. The sudden epidemiological complications that have emerged in the current century have highlighted the serious difficulties on the part of medical services and States in general in responding to epidemiological emergencies of international significance, which required a comprehensive study of the scale of the problem of the negative socio-economic consequences of epidemics for the modern state. The aim of the work was to study the factors that determine the current configuration of medical and social risks in the pre-epidemic period and form the socio-economic significance of epidemics and pandemics in a developed postindustrial society. The results are based on the monitoring, analysis and aggregation of information from specialized national and international industry publications and online resources (medical, socio-economic), as well as materials from peer-reviewed periodicals, on the practical development of author's approaches and assessments of the functioning of the anti-epidemic preparedness system at the international and national levels. Modern factors that aggravate the negative consequences of the pandemic for demography and the state economy in the absence of immunoprophylaxis and specific therapy are identified. Conclusion. The socio-economic significance of epidemiological events in the modern post-industrial society is significantly higher than the predicted level, based on the calculations of the cost of a clinical case of an infectious disease used in the previous century, namely: without including the costs of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures in the foci of the disease, for the deployment of a hospital base; for ensuring a strict anti-epidemic regime of work in medical institutions, for the rehabilitation and restoration of health of persons who have suffered an infectious disease; for the organization of preventive measures in non-medical organizations and enterprises (including information and explanatory work among the population); for the organization of medical care for persons with somatic pathology.
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VAVILOVA, Viktoriia. "Assessment of the influence of the environmental factors on the formation and development of logistics systems pharmacy enterprises." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 10 (October 26, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.10.2.
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The object of the research is the processes of formation of logistics systems of pharmacy chains. The important directions of their formation and development are the determination of the optimal size of the network (the number of retail outlets) and territorial distribution (location of pharmacies and pharmacy points). When solving these problems, it is necessary to take into account factors external to logistic systems: demographic, economic, social, and the like. It has been substantiated that the group of demographic factors can include the number and density of the population, the number of pensioners, the birth rate, etc. Economic factors are characterized by indicators of the level of income of the population, the volume of retail trade (including pharmacy) per capita, the intensity of competition, the development of transport infrastructure, etc. The main social factors influencing the formation and development of logistics systems of pharmacy chains are the standard of living of the population, employment of the able-bodied population, the number of medical and preventive institutions in the territory covered by the pharmacy network. Based on the results of the study of the influence of environmental factors on the formation and development of logistics systems of pharmacy chains, a methodology for assessing the spatial and quantitative parameters of logistics systems of pharmacy chains was developed, which provides for the sequential execution of operations at the national, regional and local levels and allows you to determine promising markets for the development of a pharmacy chain (spatial characteristics of logistics systems), choose the most appropriate option for the location of the pharmacy chain; to determine the optimal number of outlets in logistics systems in local and regional markets, taking into account the internal potential of the network, as well as the size of the pharmacy chain as a whole – at the national level (quantitative characteristics of the logistics systems of pharmacy chains).
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Яковенко, Наталия, and Nataliya Yakovenko. "INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AS AN INNOVATIVE DRIVER OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN A REGION (TRADES AND CRAFTS OF VORONEZH REGION AS AN EXAMPLE)." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 10, no. 3 (September 13, 2016): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21100.
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In the modern conditions of globalization and the ambiguity of the national identity of countries the increased interest in the cultural tangible and intangible heritage can be seen. This is due primarily to the fact that Russian regions are experiencing the adverse period in the development caused by external sanctions. It led to the fact that tourists are looking for opportunities to spend holidays on the territory of Russia. And in this case, the national artistic trades can be attractive factor of the tourist flow in any region of Russia. National artistic trades are a recognized part of the national culture. Voronezh region is a perspective region for the variety of types of tourism: cultural, educational, medical and health, business, event, ecological, rural and agro-tourism, etc. The relevance of the study of national artistic trades in order to develop a tourist industry is predetermined by the need to develop the regional competitive tourism industry, as well as to achieve the target values of indicators of implementing the Development Strategy of Voronezh region up to2020, in which tourism is one of the basic sectors of the economy. Therefore, the development of national artistic trades, strengthening their role in the socio-economic development of the region, stimulating economic activity of small and medium-sized enterprises, creating favorable conditions for the development of tourism will contribute to the socio- economic growth of the region and attraction of tourists to Voronezh region.
The study was financially supported by RFBR Grant 16–46–360686 р_а.
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Sulym, Borys. "Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations in modern conditions." Grani 23, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172091.
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The main directions of development of Ukrainian-Polish trade relations are considered in the article. The positive and negative effects of cross-border cooperation in trade and investment are substantiated, as well as a number of recommendations for building mutually beneficial relations on the basis of national interests.The purpose of this article is to assess the Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations in modern conditions in order to form scientifically sound recommendations for the development of mutually beneficial cross-border cooperation, taking into account national interests.Research methods. Methods of scientific analysis are used in the critical assessment of the concept of free market and free trade; comparison in the study of the dynamics of Ukrainian-Polish trade relations; graphical method for displaying and comparing trade in goods and services and investment between Poland and Ukraine; method of generalization in the development of proposals to improve the efficiency of cross-border trade and investment between countries, taking into account national characteristics and interests.Results. An assessment of Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations over the past ten years is given. It is proved that Ukrainian-Polish relations in the field of trade in goods do not have significant benefits for the Ukrainian economy, as their balance is negative during the period under study. Emphasis is placed on mutual exits in the field of trade in services, where the Polish side actively uses Ukrainian enterprises to order services for processing material resources through cheap labor, which stimulates the inflow of funds into Ukrainian business, job creation and more. There is a significant predominance of Polish investment in the national economy over Ukrainian investment in the Polish economy, due to the higher development of the Polish economy and interest in building branches and subsidiaries of Polish enterprises.A number of measures have been proposed to increase the economic complexity of the domestic economy in order to increase technological exports to Poland and equalize the trade balance between the countries; the directions of development of trade in services (in particular medical services in the conditions of COVID-19), as well as measures to increase the volume of Polish investment are substantiated.
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García, Mónica, and Stefan Pohl-Valero. "Styles of Knowledge Production in Colombia, 1850–1920." Science in Context 29, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 347–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889716000107.
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ArgumentUsing the notion of styles of knowledge we refer to the ways diverse scientific communities claim to produce true knowledge, their understandings regarding the attitudes and values that scientists should have in order to grasp natural and social reality, and the practices and technologies developed within such styles. This paper analyzes scientific and medical enterprises that explored the relationship between environment, population, and society in Colombia between 1850 and 1920. We argue that similar styles of knowledge production were shared in human geography, medical geography, and climatic physiology at the mid-nineteenth century; and that some physicians working in bacteriology and physiology since the 1880s established epistemic boundaries between their work and earlier scientific activities, while others found these distinctions irrelevant. However, the historical actors committed to any of the styles of knowledge production explored in this article agreed on the local specificity of their objects of inquiry, therefore questioning European science. These styles of knowledge production also shaped different ways of perceiving and addressing national problems. Hence, this article is a contribution to the recent literature on both historical epistemology and social and cultural history of science and medicine.
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MacCourt, Duncan, and Joseph Bernstein. "Medical Error Reduction and Tort Reform through Private, Contractually-Based Quality Medicine Societies." American Journal of Law & Medicine 35, no. 4 (December 2009): 505–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880903500402.
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AbstractThe current medical malpractice system is broken. Many patients injured by malpractice are not compensated, whereas some patients who recover in tort have not suffered medical negligence; furthermore, the system's failures demoralize patients and physicians. But most importantly, the system perpetuates medical error because the adversarial nature of litigation induces a so-called “Culture of Silence” in physicians eager to shield themselves from liability. This silence leads to the pointless repetition of error, as the open discussion and analysis of the root causes of medical mistakes does not take place as fully as it should. In 1993, President Clinton's Task Force on National Health Care Reform considered a solution characterized by Enterprise Medical Liability (EML), Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), some limits on recovery for non-pecuniary damages (Caps), and offsets for collateral source recovery. Yet this list of ingredients did not include a strategy to surmount the difficulties associated with each element. Specifically, EML might be efficient, but none of the enterprises contemplated to assume responsibility, i.e., hospitals and payers, control physician behavior enough so that it would be fair to foist liability on them. Likewise, although ADR might be efficient, it will be resisted by individual litigants who perceive themselves as harmed by it. Finally, while limitations on collateral source recovery and damages might effectively reduce costs, patients and trial lawyers likely would not accept them without recompense. The task force also did not place error reduction at the center of malpractice tort reform—a logical and strategic error, in our view.In response, we propose a new system that employs the ingredients suggested by the task force but also addresses the problems with each. We also explicitly consider steps to rebuff the Culture of Silence and promote error reduction. We assert that patients would be better off with a system where physicians cede their implicit “right to remain silent,” even if some injured patients will receive less than they do today. Likewise, physicians will be happier with a system that avoids blame—even if this system placed strict requirements for high quality care and disclosure of error. We therefore conceive of de facto trade between patients and physicians, a Pareto improvement, taking form via the establishment of “Societies of Quality Medicine.” Physicians working within these societies would consent to onerous processes for disclosing, rectifying and preventing medical error. Patients would in turn contractually agree to assert their claims in arbitration and with limits on recovery. The role of plaintiffs' lawyers would be unchanged, but due to increased disclosure, discovery costs would diminish and the likelihood of prevailing will more than triple.This article examines the legal and policy issues surrounding the establishment of Societies of Quality Medicine, particularly the issues of contracting over liability, and outlines a means of overcoming the theoretical and practical difficulties with enterprise liability, alternative dispute resolution and the imposition of limits on recovery for non-pecuniary damages. We aim to build a welfare enhancing system that rebuffs the culture of silence and promotes error reduction, a system that is at the same time legally sound, fiscally prudent and politically possible.
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Endovitsky, D. A. "Approaching the Century Jubilee (Interview with the Rector D.A. Endovitsky)." Higher Education in Russia 27, no. 8-9 (October 3, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2018-27-8-9-96-102.
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In his interview, the Rector of Voronezh State University highlights the milestones of VSU’s history and its achievements during the centennial working experience. The history of Voronezh State University goes back to 1918, when the staff and students of Yuriev (former Derpt) University moved to Voronezh owing to the German occupation of Estonia. Today Voronezh State University is one of most renowned universities in Russia, the largest research university in the Central Black Earth Region. Its world competitiveness can be demonstrated by the fact that VSU is listed among the top universities in international and national rankings such as Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Ranking, Times Higher Education (THE) World University Ranking, Interfax, Rating of Russian universities. The advanced forms of interaction between University and business partners and enterprises were described, such as centers of corporate training (VSU has more than 10) and corporate postgraduate courses (cooperation with PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Bionorica SE and others). The University is piloting the convergent educational programs, e.g. “Medical cybernetics”, mathematical modeling in pharmaceutical studies, experimental technical school for gifted children.
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Tsatsulin, A. N. "HOW TO MEASURE THEINNOVATION OF WHAT IS THE CONDITIONAL INNOVATIVE?" Business Strategies, no. 9 (October 14, 2019): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2019-9-24-29.
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In the report the authors analyze the complex problems associated with the formation of regional industrial clusters, initially announced as an innovative structure. The main objectives of the planned is the introduction of the real economy scheme of public-private partnership and in the revival of national medical industry of innovative type, in particular, the sector of pharmaceuticals. Solution of these problems, according to the author, provide a procedure for import of foreign drugs quality Russian pharmaceuticals, which is currently the most important task, which stood in front of society and the state. Expounded material evidence of the relevance of the issues raised by the report. The author examines the pharmaceutical cluster of St. Petersburg, activities, participants, members of these relatively new shape territorial entities, analyzes the innovation activity of a number of existing enterprises producing both generic and original commercial products with innovative features. The latter feature is not always obvious. However, to identify the innovative leaders in the cluster author of the report offers a comparative analysis of multi-dimensional methodology. The report draws conclusions, makes recommendations.
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Gertsik, Y. G. "Role of Russia’s and China’s Higher Educational Institutions in the Development of Innovation Educational Clusters." Economics of Science 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2020-6-4-225-235.
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The article is devoted to one of the most perspective mechanisms of innovation implementation in Russia and China – in the form of innovation educational clusters. The leading role of higher educational institutions is underlined in formation of innovative economy and high-tech projects, as well as in the decision of previously established and newly emerging constraints associated with global processes in the world economy. Based on the review and analysis of its results, the authors formulate proposals for applying the existing experience of implementing the cluster approach with the direct participation of higher education institutions in the creation of international innovative educational clusters for the formation of joint projects in the most promising industries and technologies, in particular, in the medical industry and pharmaceuticals. The relevance of the research is due to the need for further development of educational and scientific ties, trade and economic relations between Russia and China, increasing the competitiveness of both national economic systems as a whole, and high-tech enterprises of the two countries in domestic and global markets.
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Dang, Yuewen, Guanyang Zou, Boli Peng, and Li Ling. "Health Service Seeking Behavior among Migrant Workers in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Guangdong, China: Does Family Migration Matter?" BioMed Research International 2018 (November 21, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3620436.
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Objective. This study aims to understand the health service seeking behavior of migrant workers and explore its association with their living status (i.e., living with family members or not), in Guangdong, China. Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted with 912 migrant workers in 2012 using a structured questionnaire adapted from the National Health Service Survey. Data were analyzed using the multivariable logistic regression. Results. Of all migrant workers, 58% lived with at least one family member in the host city. Most of the respondents rated their health status being “very good or good” (58%). Fifty-four percent of the respondents reported having at least one disease in the past 12 months. Sixty-two percent of those who reported at least one disease visited doctors in the past 12 months. Of these, 22% returned to their hometown for medical treatment. Logistic regression showed that migrant workers living with families rated themselves as having better health status (P<0.05) but had more diseases (P>0.05) and had higher doctor visitation rate than those living with alone (58% vs. 66%, P<0.05). Conclusion. The Andersen health service utilization model helps to understand the health seeking behavior of the migrant workers in the host cities. Migrant workers living with family members were positively associated with self-rated health status and health service seeking behavior in small and medium-sized enterprises. Our findings suggest the importance of the assistance programs and social support to improve seeking of healthcare services among migrant groups, especially those who live alone in the host cities.
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Gorbanev, S. A., S. A. Syurin, and N. M. Frolova. "Working conditions and occupational pathology of coal miners in the Arctic." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 8 (September 25, 2019): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-8-452-457.
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Introduction. Due to the impact of adverse working conditions and climate, workers in coal-mining enterprises in the Arctic are at increased risk of occupational diseases (OD).The aim of the study was to study the working conditions, causes, structure and prevalence of occupational diseases in miners of coal mines in the Arctic.Materials and methods. Th e data of social and hygienic monitoring “Working conditions and occupational morbidity” of the population of Vorkuta and Chukotka Autonomous District in 2007–2017 are studied.Results. It was established that in 2007–2017 years, 2,296 ODs were diagnosed for the first time in 1851 coal mines, mainly in the drifters, clearing face miners, repairmen and machinists of mining excavating machines. Most often, the ODs occurred when exposed to the severity of labor, fibrogenic aerosols and hand-arm vibration. The development of professional pathology in 98% of cases was due to design flaws of machines and mechanisms, as well as imperfections of workplaces and technological processes. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (36.2%), respiratory organs (28.9%) and nervous system (22.5%) prevailed in the structure of professional pathology of miners of coal mines. Among the three most common nosological forms of OD were radiculopathy (32.1%), chronic bronchitis (27.7%) and mono-polyneuropathy (15.4%). In 2017, coal miners in the Arctic had a professional morbidity rate of 2.82 times higher than the national rates for coal mining.Conclusions. To preserve the health of miners of coal mining enterprises, technical measures to improve working conditions and medical interventions aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to the effects of harmful production and climatic factors are necessary.
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Bruthans, Jan. "The Successful Usage of the DICOM Images Exchange System (ePACS) in the Czech Republic." Applied Clinical Informatics 11, no. 01 (January 2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701252.
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Abstract Background The picture archiving and communication system (PACS) has already replaced classic hard copy film technology. With new functions of PACS under consideration, attention turns to the sharing of medical images between different institutions. The Czech Republic is one of the few countries using a nation-wide medical images exchange system known as ePACS. It is based on dedicated hardware and one central router, although theoretical models tend to prefer cloud-based sharing. Objective Despite its simple design and lack of advanced features, this system has successively evolved into a widely used tool. The aim of this article is to offer an overview of its use and functions and to show that even a simple system can be widely used. Methods Using data from the producer of ePACS (the ICZ company) and from other sources, the system was described and data about its performance have been obtained. Results Every acute-care hospital (140) and about a quarter of outpatient facilities (105) in the Czech Republic are now equipped with ePACS and are therefore able to share medical images. The number of studies transmitted rises every year, from 12,000 in 2008 to more than 640,000 in 2018, which is approximately 4% of all studies produced. The system was primarily designed and is used to share images between acute-care hospitals but a very special usage has also evolved, as it is employed in a teleradiology service with private enterprises too. Conclusion ePACS is expanding in the Czech Republic despite having only limited functions and despite its principle that simply copies a classic workflow when sending studies on Compact Discs. Although other systems for image sharing might be more advanced, ePACS brings to the Czech health care system the capability to exchange medical images on a national level.
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Manetti, Stefania, Richéal Burns, and Giuseppe Turchetti. "OP25 Evidence Gathering Across Key Stakeholders Involved In Early Health Technology Assessment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231700126x.
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INTRODUCTION:The adoption and reimbursement of a new or novel medical device frequently occurs after an economic evaluation of the innovation. One important factor for reimbursement rejections by the English National Institute for Health and and Care Excellence (NICE) Medical Technologies Evaluation Programme (MTEP) appears to be the little or no attention to early assessment (1). The aim of this study is to achieve a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the value of early Health Technology Assessment (HTA) for new medical devices.METHODS:This study employs a mixed methods research strategy. Our informant interviews involved two types of key stakeholders: health economists in academia and professionals in medical devices firms with a professional role in research and development or market access departments. Our qualitative analysis focused on two samples from six universities (five in the United Kingdom, UK, and one in Italy) and six small to medium-sized enterprises (five in the UK, and one in Italy). Insights from field work interviews helped to design our complementary quantitative analysis.RESULTS:During thematic analysis, barriers to adoption of early HTA emerged across three domains. First, educational barriers (that is, what HTA/early HTA is and how to conduct it) influenced the foundation for the reimbursement strategy. Second, interviewees highlighted the presence of intrinsic barriers (for example, resources for translational and early preclinical research, reliability and reproducibility, evidence, and dissemination of sensitive information) within existing practices and knowledge. Third, several research gaps (that is, medical device classification, standardization of methods, guidelines for developers, and alignment of stakeholders perspectives) were identified. Finally, academics adopted early HTA to assess different aspects of a medical device early in development; however, developers were focused on the assessment of investment and safety/usability factors, especially for in-house evaluations.CONCLUSIONS:If decision makers expect developers to produce better quality evidence and society aims to optimize resources that is, not investing in non-cost-effective technologies, then the incorporation of a more robust analytical framework including a societal perspective is necessary to understand how early HTA can be embedded into all aspects of the development process.
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Kravchuk, Leonid Vasylovych, Taras Bohdanovych Kadobnyi, and L. О. Kravchuk. "Formation of democratic values and competence among medical students at the ambushes of the interdisciplinary integration (Sovietization history of Ternopil region in the 1940s)." Engineering and Educational Technologies 8, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2307-9770.2020.08.04.03.
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The article reveals the inhumane nature of the communist system, the inefficiency of command-and-control Soviet methods of managing agriculture and industry. The activity of the Soviet power is analyzed, which from September 1939-1941 began to implement force management methods. This issue is especially relevant today, when Ukrainian society solves a set of political, economic and socio-cultural problems generated in the previous historical period by authoritarian forcible replacement of a democratic socialist state, market economy - administrative-planned, universal values - values of communist ideology. In the main part of the article the author, using the achievements of domestic and foreign historical science, the source base of national and foreign archives, applying the theoretical and methodological experience of the past and innovations of the present, managed to expand unbiased, comprehensive, multi-vector and diverse study of socio-political and socio-economic western Ukrainian lands at the initial stage of forceful accession to the USSR as part of the USSR. Modern analysis and coverage of socio-political and socio-economic transformations in Ternopil region in September 1939-1941 contributes to the establishment of narrative, de-Sovietization of consciousness of certain segments of modern society and awareness of the aggressive nature of totalitarianism. Secondly, the Sovietization of Ternopil took place simultaneously with the liquidation of Poland by destroying democratic European values, with the rigid imposition of Stalin's party-state policy aimed at establishing an authoritarian administrative-command system of government in the western Ukrainian region. The main features of Sovietization, the author identifies, are: the use of military force at the initial stage of its implementation; formation of administrative-command management system; authoritarian interference of party bodies in all spheres of life in the region; nationalization of industry and collectivization of agriculture, etc. State-owned enterprises, as well as enterprises of the socialized municipal economy, were formed on the basis of nationalized industrial, financial, trade and communal facilities. The practical significance of the results of LV Kravchuk's research is that its main provisions, theoretical generalizations and conclusions can be used in the process of further, more detailed study of such individual industries as industry, agriculture in the field of local lore and in preparing special courses in History. Ukraine of the twentieth century. The struggle against the communist system continued in the 1970s and 1980s, and the creation of the Ukrainian People's Movement and other political and public organizations accelerated the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991. Therefore, in the proposed articles, the main scientific provisions are professionally justified, are of considerable scientific interest. The factual material is systematized and consistently presented, the conclusions are clear and understandable.
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Georgiou, Andrew, Farah Magrabi, Hannele Hyppönen, Zoie Wong, Pirkko Nykänen, Philip Scott, Elske Ammenwerth, and Michael Rigby. "The Safe and Effective Use of Shared Data Underpinned by Stakeholder Engagement and Evaluation Practice." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 27, no. 01 (April 22, 2018): 025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641194.
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Objectives: The paper draws attention to: i) key considerations involving the confidentiality, privacy, and security of shared data; and ii) the requirements needed to build collaborative arrangements encompassing all stakeholders with the goal of ensuring safe, secure, and quality use of shared data. Method: A narrative review of existing research and policy approaches along with expert perspectives drawn from the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Working Group on Technology Assessment and Quality Development in Health Care and the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Working Group for Assessment of Health Information Systems. Results: The technological ability to merge, link, re-use, and exchange data has outpaced the establishment of policies, procedures, and processes to monitor the ethics and legality of shared use of data. Questions remain about how to guarantee the security of shared data, and how to establish and maintain public trust across large-scale shared data enterprises. This paper identifies the importance of data governance frameworks (incorporating engagement with all stakeholders) to underpin the management of the ethics and legality of shared data use. The paper also provides some key considerations for the establishment of national approaches and measures to monitor compliance with best practice. Conclusion: Data sharing endeavours can help to underpin new collaborative models of health care which provide shared information, engagement, and accountability amongst all stakeholders. We believe that commitment to rigorous evaluation and stakeholder engagement will be critical to delivering health data benefits and the establishment of collaborative models of health care into the future.
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Andropova, O. V. "Health management: fashion trend or promising investment? Overview of corporate health promotion programs." Clinician 14, no. 3-4 (January 26, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2020-14-3-4-k630.
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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of disability, premature mortality and economic loss worldwide. Despite the proven effectiveness of preventive measures in reducing the risks of development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, these programs are the most difficult to implement. 75–90 % of visits to primary care physicians in Western Europe and the United States are associated with physical fatigue and stress disorders, back pain and injuries. Studies have shown that workers with risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases are often absent from the workplace, have a higher level of disability and lower labor productivity. A worker with depression costs the employer almost 1,5 times more expensive than people without diseases. Elevated glucose levels, arterial hypertension, smoking and obesity cause an increase in the employer’s medical expenses by 34,8; 31,6; 31 and 27,4 %, respectively. The cost of US employers to pay for medical services, to compensate for the absence or ineffective presence due to illness costs $ 200 billion annually – more than $ 1,500 per employee.The health of workers is determined by both risk factors specific to the workplace and general population and individual risks..Modern technologies of health management, changing the profile of the health of labor collectives, can improve the image of the employer and increase the profitability of companies. The return on investment in corporate health programs is from 3 to 10 US dollars for each dollar invested. The programs implemented at the enterprises of the Russian Federation made it possible to reduce the duration of diseases with disability by 20–30 %, reduce mortality and the initial exit to disability by 45–60 %. The widespread introduction of the most effective corporate wellbeing programs of workers in the activities of medical organizations and companies of various profiles will ensure the implementation of the national projects “Healthcare” and “Demography”.
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Zhang, Lu, and Yannan Zhao. "Breaking the Vicious Cycle between Illness and Poverty: Empirical Actions on Land Use in an Oasis Agricultural Area." Land 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040335.
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Illness and poverty have been identified to be mutually influential, thereby forming a vicious cycle. Cutting off this vicious circle will be of great significance in the long-term planning of rural poverty reduction. Most of the existing studies have been conducted in proposing medical policies. Thus, these policies neglect the ability of the poor themselves. In oasis agricultural areas, the land is the critical resource, and improving land-use efficiency has been proposed as the key entry point for breaking the vicious cycle of poverty and illness. This article summarizes the success achieved in fighting health-related poverty in South Xinjiang, China, which can be attributed to a three-pronged approach that addresses the construction of the living, production, and ecological spaces. (1) Construction of the living space should be the first step in breaking the vicious cycle of poverty and illness since it can improve the medical and basic living infrastructure. (2) Construction of the production space is critical for breaking the vicious cycle since it can directly increase the income of the poor. Specifically, the profit can be improved by increasing crop yields, developing animal husbandry, and participating in land circulation and rural cooperatives. Additionally, the construction of township enterprises can provide employment to the poor. (3) In regard to the construction of the ecological space, preventing and controlling desertification, as well as renovating the village environment, is essential for providing a good living environment that is conducive to the improvement of physical fitness. Constructing the multi-spaces of “living–production–ecological” has important implications in terms of transforming the vicious cycle into a virtuous one, which is crucial for designing national poverty reduction policies.
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Zhuravel, Mariana. "INCREASING YOUR CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS: UNDERSTANDING CYBERCRIME AND FINDING WAYS TO FIGHT IT." Legal Ukraine, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-2(206)-2.
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Dependency on global cyberspace is rapidly increasing nowadays. Virtual reality generates opportunities for enterprises, governments and individuals; however it also poses significant threats to security on different levels including the national level, whereby key state infrastructures can become a target of cyber attacks. This was seen during the Covid-19 pandemic when the healthcare system in a number of countries experienced cyber threats, which in the example of the Czech Republic, led to severe disruption of the medical processes in a hospital. Thus, cybercrime can cause detrimental effects not only to individuals or business entities, but also to a large group of stakeholders. Infinite cyberspace, the anonymous character of cyber attackers, advances in technology and a lack of cyber security measures in place – these all give cybercrime a sophisticated and aggressive nature and as a result, make us more vulnerable to it. This article will consider different categories of cybercrime, namely, crimes against the person; crimes against property, and crimes against the government, drawing examples from real life cases. This will be followed by an exploration of the methods which should be employed in the fight against cybercrime. In addition, the EU legislative framework will be considered as an example of legal measures against cybercrime. Key words: Internet, cyberspace, cybercrime, cyber attack, cyber threat, cybersecurity, ransomware, cyber terrorism, European Union legal framework, NIS Directive, ENISA, ways.
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Ryzhenkov, Anatoliy, and Lidiya Burinova. "Current issues of using digital technologies for environmental protection: legal aspect." SHS Web of Conferences 109 (2021): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110901033.
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The global changes of recent years in the world around us indicate that the line between the physical and digital worlds becomes blurred. More and more sectors of social life move online, and digital technologies have an increasingly strong influence on the industrial, agricultural, scientific, medical, educational, and other processes. Digitalization technologies have a particular influence on the evolution of traditional ideas about the methods of environmental protection. Though most international legal acts do not place a direct emphasis on this, many environmental problems caused by the globalization era can hardly be resolved without using digital technologies (for example, in terms of overcoming the consequences of global climate change). Further development of digital technologies will reduce the consumption of hydrocarbons and greenhouse gas emissions, help to mitigate the consequences of the emergence of e-waste. The use of environmental digital technologies within the framework of global and national environmental monitoring, improvement of the safety of the operation of industrial enterprises, in agriculture, as well within the framework of enhancement of the comfort of living in the urban environment, is quite promising. However, in Russian environmental legislation, there is now no direct mention of the possibilities of using digital technologies in the field of environmental protection, which should be corrected by supplementing the law with a special chapter.
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Glotov, V. I., N. A. Buimov, M. I. Volkova, and A. N. Bereznyatskiy. "COVID-19-Trigger of New AML/CFT Challenges and Threats." Federalism, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2020-3-117-144.
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The spread of a new type of coronavirus on the territory of most countries has tested public health systems, but also exposed the problem points, the impact of which will be felt for an exceptionally long time. The trigger mechanism that formed them consists of many elements. Among them: the temporary stagnation of world economy; the actual death of many enterprises within national economies; the unpreparedness of medical institutions for a huge influx of infected people. Separately, socio-psychological factors worked: the loss of many citizens ‘ jobs; a radical change in lifestyle – life will never be the same; the collapse of hopes and the loss of meaning of life for many, especially low-income groups. The consequence of this is the growing geography of social pathologies (drug addiction, alcoholism, crime, suicide). There was also an increase in panic among the population caused by fear of an unknown infection or a painful reaction to the introduction of restrictive measures designed to contain the spread and development of the COVID-19 virus epidemic. The article provides analytical material that reflects the degree of influence of processes and mechanisms of regional economy response to the consequences of a large-scale epidemic of new coronavirus. The focus is on determining the degree of impact of COVID-19 on the AML/CFT sphere, analyzing the number of recorded predicate crimes. The Siberian Federal district of the Russian Federation and its constituent regions are considered as an example.
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Abraham, Kenneth S., and Paul C. Weiler. "Enterprise Medical Liability and the Choice of the Responsible Enterprise." American Journal of Law & Medicine 20, no. 1-2 (1994): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006419.
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During the last year, the proposal of “enterprise” liability for medical malpractice became a major issue in debates about health care and malpractice reform. The idea, however, was not new. In scholarly work over an extended period, we have been developing the systematic case for the concept of enterprise — or, as we originally termed it, “organizational” — liability for medical malpractice. After several years of debating the critics of our proposal to shift the focus of liability for medical injury from individual physicians to the organizations that deliver health care, we were naturally gratified that the idea was now on the national agenda.In particular, we recommended adoption of enterprise liability to President Clinton's Health Care Task Force. The Task Force did embrace a version of the idea as its own, but then encountered stiff resistance from a number of special interests.
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LITVINOVA, Iryna, and Viktoriia KOVALOVA. "Implementation of state policy in the field of prevention and response to domestic violence." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 12(4) (December 28, 2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12(4).2.
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Introduction. The provisions of national law indicate that state policy in the field of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence is one of the priorities of the state legal policy of Ukraine. The purpose of the paper is as follows: to review on the basis on legislation provisions the implementation of state policies in the field of preventing and combating domestic violence, by improving the forms of protection and assistance for victims of domestic violence. Results. In Ukraine domestic violence is not a purely family affair, since the state has established an effective mechanism for combating and preventing domestic violence; is defined a list of actors authorized to take appropriate measures. Subjects of administrative and legal response to domestic violence are the empowered state authorities, executive and local self-government bodies and their structural subdivisions, citizens' associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as individuals - citizens of Ukraine, foreigners, and stateless. It can be stated that currently in Ukraine there is a rather broad system of providing protection and assistance to domestic violence victims, which is aimed at securing the rights and legitimate victims’ interests of such violence, providing them with effective assistance and protection, preventing recurrence of domestic violence in the future. Domestic violence is counteracted and prevented through a wide range of state-provided means. Criminal, administrative and civil law responsibility may be imposed for the commission of domestic violence, furthermore the legislation provides for basic and specific measures to counter domestic violence. Conclusions. To overcome the problem of domestic violence, it is necessary to introduce an effective system of avoidence and prevention of this type of violence, this system should be based on the following elements: 1) prevention; 2) providing protection and assistance to victims; 3) bringing the perpetrators to justice. However, in our opinion, the solution to the preventing and combating domestic violence problem is possible only by joining forces of public and state structures, mass media, educational and medical institutions, national communities, etc.
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KOSTETSKA, К. O. "SUBMISSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS OF USING RECREATION AND TOURIST TERRITORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ACTIVITY TYPES." Economic innovations 20, no. 3(68) (September 20, 2018): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).107-114.
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Topicality. All relationships in the field of nature use begin with the legislative framework on the protection of nature and its individual components, which defines the functions of the state regulating environmental activities, as well as defined rights and responsibilities of environmental users. In most developed countries, it is a law on nature conservation or environmental acts that establishes the general principles and objectives of a policy designed to ensure the conceptual uniformity and integrity of all legislative practice in the use, protection and restoration of natural resources. System and methods of administrative management in using natural resources are based on: system of legislative acts of the country and the region; a system of normative-directive and methodological (obligatory to use) documents of state bodies; system of plans, programs, projects, tasks; operational management system. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to justify institutional reforms in order to ensure the implementation of environmental legislation, the division of powers of environmental authorities at the national, regional and municipal levels on the procedure for decision-making and its implementation. Research results. The lack of coordination control functions using natural resources, namely the lack of a horizontal connection between the supervisory authorities, leads to the fact that many bodies control the same natural resource. First of all, the uncontrolled tourism activity with the use of recreational resources is observed. Thus, the main task of the state administration should be to assess the quantitative and qualitative equivalents of existing and potential natural resources and determine the strategic directions of their management, their use and protection by business entities and households. In this case, it is necessary to determine with which mechanisms to achieve the optimal use of recreational and tourist resources while minimizing environmental damage, minimizing costs and maximizing the social, economic and environmental effects of their use.Conclusions. Taking into account the economic effect that the country can have, it is expedient to take into account not only the economic potential of the recreational and tourist territory, but also the development of alternative activities on it. Control the enterprises located in this territory and conduct their economic activity with the use or extraction and subsequent resale of the recreational resource. Principal is the redistribution of taxes from economic activity to the restoration of recreational resources at the urban level. It is necessary to provide methodological explanations regarding tax provisions and benefits to enterprises involved in this process, taking into account the status of the territory in which the recreation process has arisen, taking into account the medical characteristics of the territory and the extraction of natural resources in this territory.
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Ivchuk, V. V. "Status of Professional Morbidity in the Pridneprovsk Economic Region during 2015-2019." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.197.
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The purpose of the study was to analyze the occupational morbidity in the Dnieper Economic Region, its structure in dynamics for 2015-2019, identify the main causes that lead to the formation of occupational pathology, and suggest ways to solve the problem. Material and methods. Based on the processing of the medical documentation of the clinic, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Industrial Medicine, we conducted a comparative analysis of occupational morbidity indicators in the dynamics of 2015-2019 was carried out taking into account the main forms of pathology and regional distribution. Results and discussion. The level of occupational morbidity among workers of the Dnieper Economic Region in 2015-2019 varies from 354 to 10307 cases. The leadership in the formation of professional pathology remains with the Dnipropetrovsk region, where large enterprises of the leading branches of heavy industry are located, in dangerous and harmful conditions of which a significant number of people work. In the structure of occupational morbidity, the first place is occupied by chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases of occupational etiology (31.7%), the second is cochlear neuritis (27.3%), the third is radiculopathy (23.7%), and the fourth is vibration disease (7.6%). Indicators of occupational morbidity indicate only the detection of occupational pathology. The statistics do not reflect the true situation, which is due to the imperfection of labor protection legislation, the lack of legal and economic sanctions for concealing occupational diseases, and the shortcomings of medical diagnostic and preventive work among workers. The solution to this problem, in our opinion, may consist in enhancing coordination of the entire complex of scientific and practical activities for the development and substantiation of strategies, tactics and implementation of national policies from the most important areas of occupational medicine. Conclusion. It is necessary to formulate a systematic approach to the prevention of occupational morbidity of the population, taking into account the characteristics of the current situation in the region and in the country as a whole. Comprehensive solution of problems in the health of workers, taking into account the interagency coordination of the system of measures, in the future will ensure the preservation of labor potential, prolong working life, and reduce general and occupational diseases
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Raff, Lester J., George Engel, Kenneth R. Beck, Andrea S. O'Brien, and Meagan E. Bauer. "The Effectiveness of Inking Needle Core Prostate Biopsies for Preventing Patient Specimen Identification Errors: A Technique to Address Joint Commission Patient Safety Goals in Specialty Laboratories." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.2.295.
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Abstract Context.—The elimination or reduction of medical errors has been a main focus of health care enterprises in the United States since the year 2000. Elimination of errors in patient and specimen identification is a key component of this focus and is the number one goal in the Joint Commission's 2008 National Patient Safety Goals Laboratory Services Program. Objective.—To evaluate the effectiveness of using permanent inks to maintain specimen identity in sequentially submitted prostate needle biopsies. Design.—For a 12-month period, a grossing technician stained each prostate core with permanent ink developed for inking of pathology specimens. A different color was used for each patient, with all the prostate cores from all vials for a particular patient inked with the same color. Five colors were used sequentially: green, blue, yellow, orange, and black. The ink was diluted with distilled water to a consistency that allowed application of a thin, uniform coating of ink along the edges of the prostate core. The time required to ink patient specimens comprising different numbers of vials and prostate biopsies was timed. The number and type of inked specimen discrepancies were evaluated. Results.—The identified discrepancy rate for prostate biopsy patients was 0.13%. The discrepancy rate in terms of total number of prostate blocks was 0.014%. Diluted inks adhered to biopsy contours throughout tissue processing. The tissue showed no untoward reactions to the inks. Inking did not affect staining (histochemical or immunohistochemical) or pathologic evaluation. On average, inking prostate needle biopsies increases grossing time by 20%. Conclusions.—Inking of all prostate core biopsies with colored inks, in sequential order, is an aid in maintaining specimen identity. It is a simple and effective method of addressing Joint Commission patient safety goals by maintaining specimen identity during processing of similar types of gross specimens. This technique may be applicable in other specialty laboratories and high-volume laboratories, where many similar tissue specimens are processed.
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Balke, C. William, Gloria H. Umberger, and Carl G. Mattacola. "“Oh, the Places You'll Go”1: Transformation of the Nation's Biomedical Research Enterprise in the 21st Century." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 19, no. 4 (November 2010): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.4.359.
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The postgenomic era and heightened public expectations for tangible improvements in the public health have stimulated a complete transformation of the nation's biomedical research enterprise. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) “Roadmap for Medical Research” has catalyzed this transformation. The NIH roadmap consists of several interrelated initiatives, of which the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program is the most relevant for rehabilitation specialists. This article reviews the evolution of this transformation and highlights the unprecedented opportunities the CTSA program provides rehabilitation specialists to play leadership roles in improving the clinical care of their patients.
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Sudeikina, Natalia A., G. V. Kurenkova, and E. P. Lemeshevskaya. "The impact of harmful occupational factors on the morbidity rate of workers of the railway-car repair plant." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 12 (October 28, 2019): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-12-1150-1154.
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The rail transport is the one of the leading sectors of the national economy. More than 50% of the employees of the enterprises of the railway complex work under the unfavourable impact of hazardous and dangerous substances and occupational factors. In the literature issues of working conditions and health of employees of railway carrepairing plant are hardly highlighted. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the morbidity rate shaped under the influence of harmful occupational factors for the elaboration of preventive measures. In the work there were used generally accepted methods of hygienic studies, analysis of morbidity rate with temporary disability (TD), according to records of periodic medical examinations, occupational prevalence. The railway car-repairing plant was established to be characterized by the complex of harmful factors of the working environment and labor process: noise, local vibration, industrial aerosols of complex composition, chemicals, low light, hardness of the labor process. The levels of incidence with temporal disability in the studied groups, depending on the work seniority in the harmful labor conditions, significantly decrease with the experience from 5 to 9 years and increase with the experience more than 10 years. Executed in-depth analysis as of the both morbidity rate and TD, as well results of periodic medical examinations of workers of main shops shows that overall indices of the morbidity rate and TD are significantly higher than in the comparison group; levels of the morbidity rate and TD in the observed groups significantly decline depending on the length of service in hazardous working conditions with a length of the experience offrom 5 to 9 years and increase with the increase in the length of experience of 10 years or more. In the structure of morbidity and TD leading positions are occupied by diseases of the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, circulatory system and digestive system, diseases of the eye and its appendages. The health damage risk coefficients in the studied groups of workers and the average losses of working time due to the morbidity with TD per 1 employee in all shops are higher than those in the comparison group. The level of the occupational morbidity rate is very low. Harmful working conditions contribute to the development of general and occupationally related diseases.
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Berg, A. V. "Assessment of professional ability to work in occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 7 (August 2, 2020): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-7-479-483.
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According to Rosstat forecasts for the period up to 2026, in the next 15–20 years, the population will decrease due to a decrease in the number of people of working age due to a low birth rate, a high death rate of the working-age population, an increase in morbidity and disability. One of the most common diseases among employees is the peripheral nervous system, which is detected in 32.3–58.0% of the surveyed employees of industrial enterprises. They make up 55.7–66.0% of the total occupational morbidity.The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of professional disability in occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system. The analysis of occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system for the years 2015–2017, its structure on the materials of the Occupational Medicine Centre of the Republic and the results of their primary medical and social examination (MSE) according to the acts of examination the national Bureau of MSE to assess the occupational disability in occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system.It was found that in 2015–2017, the average level of occupational morbidity due to diseases of the peripheral nervous system was 0.54 per 10 thousand working population of the Republic. The most frequent are sciatica of the lumbosacral level–0.29 o / o, which occupy more than half (53.4%) of the total occupational morbidity due to diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system were detected in the machine-building, metallurgical, mining, agricultural, oil-producing and construction sectors of the economy. Almost all (93.9 per cent) who applied to Bureau of MSE was installed, the percentage of occupational disability for a period of one year. The vast majority (73.2%) of those who applied to the MSE office found 30% loss of professional ability to work. In the year of establishment of an occupational disease, 65.0% of professional patients are referred to the Bureau of medical and social expertise (MSE). They continue to work at their previous workplace and are exposed to the same harmful and dangerous working conditions.Effective prevention of occupational diseases and labor losses from them requires building an integrated system that combines primary, secondary and tertiary measures (rehabilitation by individual program) of prevention with the development of clear measures of responsibility for all those interested in a healthy employee.
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Suvidova, T. A., A. M. Oleshchenko, and V. V. Kislitsyna. "The main directions of optimization of activity of Rospotrebnadzor directed on prevention of occupational diseases at miners." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 6 (July 5, 2019): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-6-376-380.
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Introduction.High levels of occupational incidence in coal miners of the Kemerovo Region determine the need to optimize the State Committ ee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Oversight for in-depth study of risk factors and planning of medical and preventive measures.The aim of the studyis to optimize the activities of the State Committ ee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Oversight in the planning of supervisory and sanitary measures aimed at reducing the level of OD in the coal industry.Materials and methods.On the basis of a sample of materials from the database of the Department of State Committ ee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Oversight in the Kemerovo Region on the occupational morbidity of miners for 2008–2016, the analysis of data on working conditions, age, experience, dynamics of occupational morbidity. Th e information on 7515 cases of occupational diseases in workers of coal mining enterprises is analyzed.Results.Indicators of occupational disease in the miners of the Kemerovo Region are higher than the national level, amounting to 13.23 per 10 thousand of the employed population. Employees of the main professions of the coal industry are particularly susceptible to occupational diseases: sinkers, miners of treatment faces, machinists of mining excavation machines, underground electric locksmiths, drivers of heavy vehicles, drivers of excavators and bulldozers. The reasons for the formation of occupational diseases in miners are unfavorable working conditions: physical overload, dust and gas contamination, noise and vibration, high humidity of the working area at low temperatures. Occupational diseases are more commonly diagnosed in workers aged 41 to 50 years (28.01%) and 51 to 60 years (69.23%). Th e most at risk of occupational disease are those working in contact with the harmful production factor for 21–30 years (60.5%) and from 31 to 40 years (26.1%).Conclusions. The results of the study are necessary for the rational planning of control measures and reasoned conclusions in the preparation of sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions with suspicion of occupational diseases.
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Stovban, M. P., V. M. Mikhalchuk, O. K. Tolstanov, and Z. V. Gbur. "Hospital Districts: Modern Issues of Activity." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.229.
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The article examines the state of development of hospital districts. According to the results of the research, the urgency of solving the issue of improving the regulatory framework governing the activities of hospital districts was determined. Today, health care is the most pressing issue at the global level and affects the whole society, and the issue of ensuring the right to health care for everyone is enshrined at different levels: internationally, it is declared in the WHO statute; also reflected in the regulatory framework of regional organizations, the constitution of the European Union, enshrined in the national constitutions of all countries. Ukraine is currently in the active stage of reforming the health system and its acute issue in the context of decentralization reform is the formation and operation of hospital districts, the logic of which is based on the territorial availability of quality health care. Given the social significance of hospital districts, the topic of problems of their activities and the development of solutions for their leveling is in demand. Ukraine today has one of the most inefficient hospital systems in the world, the problems of which are the lack of a hospital planning system and the practice of cooperation between local communities and the authorities that represent them. Therefore, an important part of medical reform in terms of reforming and streamlining the network of health care facilities was the approval of the Procedure for the establishment of hospital districts. The study examined the foreign experience of organizing hospital districts, in particular the district of Roth (Bavaria, Germany). A study of the definition of "hospital districts" and identified its main characteristics: the association of health care facilities; providing secondary medical care; clear definition of territory and consumers of services. The mechanism of functioning of the hospital district is considered, its tasks are defined. The principles of work of the main governing body of the hospital district - the hospital council, which is an advisory body and includes representatives of state bodies, local governments, enterprises, institutions and organizations. The purpose and powers of the hospital council are determined. Hospital districts that should operate in the regions of the country are considered. Conclusion. We revealed the main problems in the activity of hospital districts: inconsistency and lack of sufficient regulatory framework on the issue of the process of creating hospital districts; lack of methodological recommendations in the formation of hospital districts on the list of functions of a multidisciplinary hospital and the types of its departments that should operate within it; lack of attention to the assessment of regional features during the formation of hospital districts; unresolved personnel problem; unresolved issues of public access to medical services. We also suggested the ways to solve them
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Ivchuk, Volodymyr, Ganna Kulish, Vasyl Lazoryshynets, Vadym Kabakov, and Evgenii Nastenko. "Estimated funding assessment for hospitals functioning as enterprise." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 21 (December 27, 2019): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.21.2019.11.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the possibilities of medical institutions development in the conditions of change of health care financing mechanism with taking into account the further orientation on autonomization of medical institutions, which received the status of enterprises.The paper implies active implementation of new planning methods that are alternative to the traditional national approach to expenses accounting and their analysis, which are fundamentals of planned fi- nancial indicators calculation.The transformation of the financial mechanism in the healthcare sector necessitates a financial provision for medical institutions, that includes, first and foremost, a reasonable calculation of cost of medical in- stitutions services.Methodology.The methodology of the study is to use a combina- tion of methods: economic analysis, synthesis, comparison – to estimate the ac- tual values of financial indicators; economic-mathematical modeling and forecast- ing; systematic analysis, typification and comparison of observations, grouping, generalizations – during the process of making final conclusions based on the results of analytical studies.The scientific noveltyof the resultsobtainedconsistsnew approach offered by authors that let medical institutionsolve existing practical and methodological issues of correlation between current actual expenses and, forecast financial needs of medical institution in variable functioning conditions. The au- thors prove that the further development of medical institutions is impossible without reasonable pricing of healthcare services. The existing «Methodology of healthcare services cost calculation»is aimed at standardization and unification of expenses accounting methods, but does not promote getting veracious calculable data, which should be used in financial planning and modelling. Conclusions.The combination of analysis methods presented in this paper enables to make a forecast about the financial needs of the medical institution in the status of the enterprise on the basis of scientifically-based approaches. The use of the CVP-analysis meth- od allows to purposefully manage the main financial indicators that are taken into account in different scenarios, and the correctness of their analytical application at the hospital level is included in a justified approach to a higher level of gener- alization in accordance with the theory of averages.There is a high bankruptcy risk for a medical institution in the status of an enterprise in a case of insufficient level of reimbursement of medical institution expenses within the limits of state medical insurance, as well as within limited possibilities of receiving income from paid medical services. For more effective realization of medical institutions «au- tonomization», it is necessary to improve the legislation in terms of free choice of the list and volume of paid medical services, economic approaches to pricing for paid medical services and a clear policy of the state within a support of health care capital investment programs.Effective, purposeful preparatory work of reason- able financial indicators usage, taking into account current legislation, will enable the medical institutions to be competitive in the healthcare market.
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Lorsch, Jon R. "Maximizing the return on taxpayers' investments in fundamental biomedical research." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 9 (May 2015): 1578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1163.
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The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health has an annual budget of more than $2.3 billion. The institute uses these funds to support fundamental biomedical research and training at universities, medical schools, and other institutions across the country. My job as director of NIGMS is to work to maximize the scientific returns on the taxpayers' investments. I describe how we are optimizing our investment strategies and funding mechanisms, and how, in the process, we hope to create a more efficient and sustainable biomedical research enterprise.
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Kogut, B., P. Lubiewski, and J. Ziobro. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CIVIL DEFENSE - CURRENT STATE AND DIRECTIONS FOR PERFECTION." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 21 (July 30, 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.21.2020.03.
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The article presents legal and organizational issues related to the functional and institutional enterprises of the Civil Defense in the Republic of Poland. It was assumed that the article will be based on common knowledge from widely available studies covering the last thirty years, which means it was obtained from literature written after the political changes in Poland. The second assumption was to use the provisions of generally applicable law, both Polish and laws ratified by the Republic of Poland. Valuable sources of information subjected to analysis were also the few scientific papers released in Polish academic centers and studies prepared for the needs of the National Headquarters of the State Fire Department Service in Warsaw. The article was divided into three parts. They include: introduction, methodological assumptions, subject-and-object scope of civil defense and summary that point the direction of necessary projects aimed at improving civil defense. The article focuses on the diagnosis of the condition of applied solutions with a precise definition of the purpose, duties, tasks and powers of the authorities competent in civil defense matters. This work presents the results of an analysis of bibliographic sources, which, according to the authors' statements, was considered the most appropriate due to the adopted methodological assumptions, mainly in the scope of the adopted objective and research problem. The conducted analysis proves that the Civil Defense organization functioning in its present form for almost twenty years needs improvement. Its purpose, tasks and structure do not require changes. However, the system of directing and supervising civil defense formations calls for a different look. Changes are also necessary in terms of functional and institutional links with other state entities responsible for general security. The authors of the article put forward directions for improving the functioning of civil defense, by better adapting to the law in force in Poland regulating the issues concerning following systems: crisis management, state emergency medical services and emergency alerting. The results of the conducted research indicate, on the one hand, the need to rationalize civil defense but without the need to amend the provisions relating to the issues of conducting rescue operations.
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Loewy, Erich H. "Consultants and Committees: A Cooperative and Mutually Educational Enterprise." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 3 (1994): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005302.
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It is logical that to function properly ethics committees must be properly trained, and I believe that Griener and Starch's paper in this issue of CQ is an important contribution to such a point of view and to this field. Although written from the Canadian perspective, the paper should find broad resonance in other settings. Differences between national medical settings are interesting but not critical to the point Griener and Starch make, i.e., ethics committees should be trained and should continue to be trained.Not all will agree on this position, because it rests on several presuppositions that not everyone will accept. According to such a thesis, ethics in general and medical ethics in particular has its own peculiar way of thinking, is based on a recognizable and acknowledged body of literature, and can be acquired by study. Further, such a view presupposes that persons who have acquired such a skill and broadened it by continual practice have developed an expertise lacking in others who have no familiarity with the field.
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Marich, Michael J., Benjamin L. Schooley, and Thomas A. Horan. "A Normative Enterprise Architecture for Guiding End-to-End Emergency Response Decision Support." International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2, no. 2 (April 2010): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiscrm.2010040101.
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This article examines the underlying architecture guiding the development and use of enterprise decision support systems that maintain the delivery of time critical public services. A normative architecture, developed from comparative cases involving San Mateo County and Mayo Clinic Emergency Medical Services systems, provides a collection of characteristics meant to guide an emergency response system toward a high level of performance and enable optimal decision-making. At a national symposium, academics and practitioners involved in promoting effective emergency response information systems provided validation for the architecture and next steps for enhancing emergency response information systems. Normative architecture characteristics and expert perspectives from the symposium are integrated into a framework that offers an enterprise approach for delivering time-critical emergency response services. This article provides recommendations for navigating toward a more incremental approach in developing enterprise-oriented emergency information services and examines future trends involving the application of normative architectural concepts to real-world emergency medical settings.
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Durant, Monique O. "The Federal-State Tempest of Medical Marijuana Taxation: Seeking a Bridge over Troubled Waters." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-51132.
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ABSTRACT Presently, federal income taxation of medical marijuana is the same as for cocaine or heroin; the only permitted adjustment to gross revenues in calculating federal taxable income is cost of goods sold. Where medical marijuana has been legalized, however, state income taxation falls primarily into two groups, with some states permitting nonprofit treatment of dispensaries for state purposes, although they will not receive such treatment for federal tax purposes. Other states make no requirement of nonprofit status, such that state taxation of these enterprises generally follows federal treatment. This disparity in federal-state taxation, although simply stated, has earth-shaking economic implications to the producers, distributors, and users of medical marijuana. Despite recent developments, a potentially extreme federalism problem remains; one that has been characterized as a “war” between the federal government and some states over medical marijuana policy. This “war” has two fronts, due to the way the federal tax code controlling marijuana is drafted. One front concerns the criminalization of medical marijuana operations nationally, and a second front concerns federal income taxation of these same enterprises. As additional states continue to legalize marijuana for medical purposes, the federalism issues continues to loom large. This paper discusses the federalism issues resulting from this unique legal conflict and the need for federal legislation.
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Hoots, W. Keith, Janis L. Abkowitz, Barry S. Coller, and Donna M. DiMichele. "Planning for the future workforce in hematology research." Blood 125, no. 18 (April 30, 2015): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-01-617811.
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Abstract The medical research and training enterprise in the United States is complex in both its scope and implementation. Accordingly, adaptations to the associated workforce needs present particular challenges. This is particularly true for maintaining or expanding national needs for physician-scientists where training resource requirements and competitive transitional milestones are substantial. For the individual, these phenomena can produce financial burden, prolong the career trajectory, and significantly influence career pathways. Hence, when national data suggest that future medical research needs in a scientific area may be met in a less than optimal manner, strategies to expand research and training capacity must follow. This article defines such an exigency for research and training in nonneoplastic hematology and presents potential strategies for addressing these critical workforce needs. The considerations presented herein reflect a summary of the discussions presented at 2 workshops cosponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Society of Hematology.
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Dodgson, Mark. "The Shock of the New." Industry and Higher Education 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229000400205.
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When Celltech Ltd was formed in 1980 it profoundly affected a number of government agencies concerned with technology transfer. The company emerged from the National Enterprise Board and the Medical Research Council, and an agreement between these two organizations circumvented the then existing arrangement whereby most government-funded research had first to be offered for commercialization to the National Research Development Corporation. This agreement was instrumental in changing the existing system. The paper describes the pressures which led to the novel agreement, the rows which it caused, and the consequences it had for technology transfer from academia to industry.
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MAZARAKI, Anatolii, Tetiana TKACHENKO, and Oleksandr HLADKYI. "WORLD TOURISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Herald of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics 133, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/visnik.knute.2020(133)03.
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Background. Tourism is one of the most affected sectors in global economy by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of hard sanitary constraints on visiting destinations has led to a sharp demand reduction for typical and related tourist services. In addition, these sanitary constraints identified negative trends in the development of domestic and international tourism in general. Significant restrictions on the functioning of the infrastructure of the tourist services market such as entertainment and recreation, public transport (including international traffic), hospitality and restaurants have affected the dynamics of performance of tourism entities and led to significant losses. Research on ways to restore the functioning of the tourism sector in the COVID-19 pandemic and after the removal of strict quarantine restrictions, as well as finding ways out of the systemic crisis, substantiation of mechanisms for regulating tourism in the new realities of the world community are especially relevant. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The works of many domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to investigations of modern tourism development problems. Thus, it is worth to note the fundamental works of M. Boiko [1], M. Bosovska [2], N. Vedmid’ [3], O. Liubitseva [4], S. Melnychenko [5], G. Mykhailychenko [6] and others. However, the peculiarities of tourism development in the conditions of complex epidemiological situation in the world and in the context of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in scientific papers have not yet been described in detail. The analytical conclusions of the official representations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Tourism& Travel Council (WTTC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well as a number of journalistic materials of the world news agencies CNN Travel, The Guardian, The New York Times, National Geographic magazine, and professional domestic periodicals deserve attention. The aim of the article is to analyze the consequences of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism development as well as to determine the main mechanisms for restoring of tourism sector functioning using different forecast scenarios. The specific objectives of the article are to analyze the dynamics of tourist flows before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, to systematize the consequences of the pandemic for tourism business, to determine the prospects for tourism development in the post-quarantine period as well as to highlight the different regulatory mechanisms to ensure the functioning of tourism enterprises in pandemic frames. Materials and methods. This investigation is based on analytical, statistical and forecast materials of UNWTO, WHO, OECD, WTTC. Literary, analytical, statistical, forecastting, comparative and geographical, modeling, and graphic methods have been used in the research. Results. The dynamics of tourism development indicators before and during the COVID-19 pandemic has been analyzed. The positive and negative effects of quarantine in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism are presented. The forecasts for the development of tourism after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic have been made. Regulatory mechanisms for ensuring the functioning of tourism enterprises in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed. Conclusion. The difficult epidemiological situation in the world during the pandemic of acute respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has formed a tendency to reduce sharply the number of international tourist arrivals and revenues from international tourism, and identified the need to introduce unprecedented restrictions on the operation of travel and leisure, tourism and recreation, entertainment and recreation, public transport, hospitality and restaurants. As a result, the development of the world tourism industry has slowed down significantly. Structural crises have begun to worsen due to the sharp decline in economic development and limited sources of income and employment indicators. Structural spatial changes of the tourist flow mainly in favor of domestic tourism are characterized by discreteness. In order to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic, international and domestic professional organizations have developed a number of recommendations for the organization of anti-epidemic measures in carrying out permitted activities, which include rules for receiving visitors and organizing the work of staff in offices, tourism, trade, catering establishments, etc. Adherence to medical and sanitary-epidemiological recommendations, self-discipline and self-organization, administration and education will accelerate recovery from systemic crisis the tourism industry, restore the functioning of tourism enterprises in the COVID-19 pandemic, prevent the spread of epidemiological diseases and infectious diseases among tourists and population, resumption of tourism on a qualitatively new service and information basis.
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Hughes, David. "Medical Sociology in the UK: building a research tradition in the shadow of a Public National Health Service." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2012): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2012-002003en.
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British medical sociology emerged in the shadow of a publicly-funded National Health Service, and the need for evidence to support the development of policy and services. Although the initial focus was on applied problems, largely defined by the medical profession, a combination of permissive leadership in the early research centres and the desire of research administrators to widen research agendas, gave medical sociologists considerable latitude to developed distinctive research programmes. By the 1970s British medical sociologists were turning their attention to focused studies of interaction in health care settings, on the one hand, and professional power, structural interests, social disadvantage and gender, on the other. But this shift from applied empirical research to studies that drew more explicitly on sociological theory was halted and even reversed as the research funding climate changed, and the emphasis shifted to large multi-site, multi-disciplinary studies. While the ESRC still supports some basic social scientific research and medical sociologists also find work in multidisciplinary projects examining contemporary problems, sociological concepts are increasingly likely to be blended with concepts from other disciplines in final reports. British medical sociology is no longer an infant sub-discipline, but it still remains in many ways a marginal enterprise, uncertain of its identity and its place in the health research division of labour.
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Karakozova, Irina V., Galina G. Malykha, Alexander S. Pavlov, Andrey S. Panin, and Nadezhda D. Tesler. "Study of preparatory activities on using BIM-technologies in the medical enterprise design." Vestnik MGSU, no. 1 (January 2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.1.100-111.
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Introduction. When designing buildings and installations, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is spread more and more widely. The adoption of national and international standards and classifications is of great importance for the implementation of information technology. Application of the BIM-technologies for constructing public buildings, in the first turn, medical ones, seems to be very promising. The paper discusses the problems of developing indigenous parametric blocks (families) and preparatory activities in using the BIM-technology.
Materials and methods. One of the information technology tasks is to develop equipment specifications and transfer them through the technological chain of the construction facility life cycle. The creation and application of classifiers are necessary to prepare for using the BIM-technologies.
Results. A project of an academic health science centre with an extensive equipment range is analysed. The project of a modern medical building contains a description of several hundreds of specific medical equipment types. The specifications should contain information, including denominations and quantities of the equipment units, data on overall dimensions and weights of the units, connection interfaces to the power supply, water supply, water drainage. When creating parametric blocks, the international classifiers Uniclass-2015 and OmniClass are often used. However, they do not cover the necessary equipment range and contradict the domestic practice of purchasing equipment and services for state demand.
Conclusions. The cost of preparing for the design process as creating parametric blocks can make a total of tens or hundreds of man-days that should be taken into account when planning design activities. In terms of procurement for state and municipal demand, it is necessary to make design specifications following the available range of medical equipment.