Academic literature on the topic 'National Monetary Commission'
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Journal articles on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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Saunders, Peter. "Monitoring and addressing global poverty: A new approach and implications for Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618756208.
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Tony Atkinson’s death at the beginning of 2017 deprived economics of one of its leading contributors to research on public economics, inequality, poverty and the welfare state. This article focuses on his last official role, as Chair of the World Bank Commission on Global Poverty. The report of the Commission – already referred to as the Atkinson Commission – proposes a new approach to measuring and monitoring the global poverty reduction targets established as part of the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by the United Nations in 2015. Atkinson developed the framework and provided the academic impetus to the work of the Commission and wrote much of its report, assisted by comments provided by an Advisory Board of eminent experts in the field and a smaller working group of selected members. The article describes some of the main features of the report’s 21 recommendations, focusing on the measurement of poverty in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions and its attempt to draw together national and global efforts to measure and reduce poverty in all its forms. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the new approach for Australia, which like many other developed countries has so far failed to engage actively with the debate over addressing extreme global poverty. JEL Codes: D63, I32
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Asante, P. K. Asante. "Introduction of common currency ‘ECO’ in West African states: Problems, challenges and impact on the national economies of member states." Pentvars Business Journal 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.62868/pbj.v2i1.35.
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This paper seeks to identify the problems, challenges, and the implications of introducing a common currency 'ECO' in West Africa on the economies within the sub region. Specifically, the study focuses on the mandates of trade, the Customs, Immigration and Monetary and Payment Commission under the institution of the economic order of West Africa States. The augmented gravity model of Rose (1999), Alesina (2000), and Barro and Tenreyro (2002) was used to estimate the effects of monetary union on trade. The result shows that the performance so far of member countries as at the end of 2002 in meeting the convergence criteria revealed that it was inadequate to support the launching of the monetary union in 2004. The study concludes that though the introduction of a single currency will foster trade within the West-African sub-region, most countries have difficulty meeting the convergence criteria that will foster smooth take off of the project. It therefore recommends that the implementation of the single currency and common monetary policy in West Africa should be a gradual process as most countries within the sub-region are not politically mature, let alone to meet the convergence criteria.
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Majone, Giandomenico. "Public policymaking and its analysis at National and European Levels." Studia z Polityki Publicznej, no. 2(6) (June 1, 2015): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kszpp.2015.2.1.
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The author describes the specific features of public policy process at the European Unionlevel and its differences related to policy-making at national level. He underlines, amongother things that the policy agenda in the European Union is being shaped differently.At the national level the agenda is under greater influence of politicians who are closelyinterconnected with voters. At the European Union level the technocratic (not directlyelected) European Commission has a monopoly of legislative initiative. Furthermore, atthe European level feasibility studies – as an element of the pre-decision stage in publicpolicy-making – tend to be ignored. In nation-states we can see such analyses as a resultof competition taking place between those who rule and their political opposition. Atthe European Union level it is not the case. The author points out that these mechanisms would have been beneficial for the EU member states. They would have haltedthe implementation of decisions which ran the excessive risk. He has also in mind thedecision related to the introduction of the monetary union. In his opinion, this decisionwas made without a proper feasibility analysis (costs and profits). Basically, the decisionon a common currency was made on political rather than substantive grounds. A largenumber of experts were against the idea as they perceived serious risks involved in it.The supporters of greater European integration ignored the fact that the monetary uniondeprived nation-states of many factors that affected the economic development in a positive way. The point is that they were under influence of “total optimism” expecting only good results of the monetary union. The mechanisms of crisis management, including exitscenario from the monetary union, or methods of supporting those members who needfinancial aid, have not been even created. Furthermore, the evaluation of the monetaryunion was not properly carried out as it was based on the assessment of the process (forexample, smooth introduction of euro notes and coins or phasing out of the nationalcurrencies in 2002) and not of its results
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Lo Piano, Samuele, Emanuele Borgonovo, Arnald Puy, Andrea Saltelli, John Walsh, and Daniele Vidoni. "Improving the reliability of cohesion policy databases." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0266823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266823.
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In this contribution, we present an innovative data-driven model to reconstruct a reliable temporal pattern for time-lagged statistical monetary figures. Our research cuts across several domains regarding the production of robust economic inferences and the bridging of top-down aggregated information from central databases with disaggregated information obtained from local sources or national statistical offices. Our test bed case study is the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The application we discuss deals with the reported time lag between the local expenditures of ERDF by beneficiaries in Italian regions and the corresponding payments reported in the European Commission database. Our model reconstructs the timing of these local expenditures by back-dating the observed European Commission reimbursements. The inferred estimates are then validated against the expenditures reported from the Italian National Managing Authorities (NMAs) in terms of cumulative monetary difference. The lower cumulative yearly distance of our modelled expenditures compared to the official European Commission payments confirms the robustness of our model. Using sensitivity analysis, we also analyse the relative importance of the modelling parameters on the cumulative distance between the modelled and reported expenditures. The parameters with the greatest influence on the uncertainty of this distance are the following: first, how the non-clearly regionalised expenditures are attributed to individual regions; and second, the number of backward years that the residuals of the yearly payments are spread onto. In general, the distance between the modelled and reported expenditures can be further reduced by fixing these parameters. However, the gain is only marginal for some regions. The present study paves the way for modelling exercises that are aimed at more reliable estimates of the expenditures on the ground by the ultimate beneficiaries of European funds. Additionally, the output databases can contribute to enhancing the reliability of econometric studies on the effectiveness of European Union (EU) funds.
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Markowski, Łukasz. "Implementation of the Stabilizing Function of a Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone Countries." Olsztyn Economic Journal 17, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.8697.
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The implementation of a stabilizing fiscal policy is of particular importance to the eurozone countries, which do not have the ability to make autonomous decisions in the scope of their monetary policy in order to ease fluctuations of an economic cycle. The aim of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a discretionary fiscal policy in selected countries of this bloc. The ex post analysis of the approaches to national fiscal policies, with a division into two research sub-periods, was conducted with statistical methods. Based on the official forecasts by the European Commission, a “real time analysis” was also made, which to some extent enables gaining an insight into plans and intentions of the governments at the moment of making budgetary decisions. The results call into question the use of discretionary fiscal policies in stabilizing the economic cycle at the national level in the studied Eurozone countries. It can be said that the reforms implemented after the financial and economic crisis had a limited impact on the intentions and the actual implementation of the fiscal policies in an anti-cyclical manner. It is then sensible to consider alternative mechanisms, which could successfully lessen the asynchronous fluctuations in production within the European monetary union.
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Bilous, V. V., and O. P. Bilous. "INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO PERPETUATION OF MONEY AS MATERIAL EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.07.
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The paper is devoted to the actual problems of innovative technologies introduction into the activity on crimes investigation. Based on the analysis of the state ofperpetuation by the bodies ofpre-trial investigation of money, acquired by criminally wrongful way or obtained by a legal entity as a result of a criminal offense commission, the authors distinguished typical violations of procedural orders and criminalistical recommendations in dealing with monetary notes as material evidence during the conduct of investigative (search) actions.
With the purpose of equipping the bodies of pre-trial investigation with modern scientific and technical means of field criminalistics, there was proposed the concept of a unique technical and criminalistic tool in the form of a manyfunctional multicurrency software and hardware complex, that in the processing of monetary notes - material evidence when carrying out investigative (search) actions, would ensure high-speed automated performance of such functions as: 1) detection of the validity of a large number of banknotes in national andforeign currencies ofdifferent denominations and years of issue, with recognition ofvarious types of falsifications, as well as souvenir products and special imitation means; 2) sorting; 3) recalculation with the determination of the total quantity and quantity by each note and total amount; 4) scanning and perpetuation by compiling and printing a detailed written description (appendix to the inspection protocol), andfull- colour digital photography and high-resolution video recording of not only the general form and machine-readable mandatory requisites of banknotes, but also various acquired criminalistic important signs (inscriptions, fingerprints, microparticles, spots of various substances of natural and synthetic origin, etc.); 5) data exchange in real time with databases of the National Bank of Ukraine and various criminalistics registrations, first of all, with a database of criminalistic accounting of monetary notes; 6) packing and sealing of seized monetary notes.
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Stern, Karl. "Valuutakontrolli rakendamine Eestis 1930. aastatel [Abstract: Implementation of exchange control in Estonia in the 1930s]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.1.03.
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Exchange control is generally managed by the national bank. Exporters have to transfer all of their earnings from foreign exchange to the national bank. The national bank considers different factors in redistributing foreign exchange among importers.
After the devaluation of the British pound in the autumn of 1931, cash cover for Estonia’s currency decreased rapidly. The leaders of monetary policy ignored the statutes of the National Bank of Estonia and urgently decided to implement exchange control.
The implementation of exchange control did not go very smoothly during its first years. Hurried implementation and lack of preceding explanation caused problems for entrepreneurs and citizens who were in need of foreign exchange. At first there was a great deal of dissension between the National Bank of Estonia and the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The ministry issued import licenses to importers but often the National Bank did not want to sell them any foreign currency (to be used to pay for goods) regardless of their legitimate licenses. The bank’s rationale for this course of action was the low level of cash cover for Estonia’s currency. This fact confirms the opinion prevalent in previous historiography that in its first years, exchange control was implemented for monetary policy purposes. Exchange control influenced almost everybody who needed to use foreign currency. Reasons had to be given even for the purchase of smaller amounts of foreign exchange.
After the devaluation of Estonia’s currency in the summer of 1933, exchange control was used to protect the interests of Estonian foreign trade. The Ministry of Economic Affairs and the National Bank started collaborating more efficiently. National Bank Exchange Commission decisions approving exchange applications demonstrate this as well. The commission accepted almost all applications for foreign exchange after the devaluation. The number of applications nearly doubled during the second half of the 1930s. Cash cover for Estonia’s currency increased and the National Bank’s exchange policy became more liberal. After the devaluation, one of the important criteria for giving foreign exchange to importers was the trade balance between the source country and Estonia. Preference was given to traders who imported goods from countries with which Estonia had a positive trade balance. Comparison of export and import in the 1930s shows that in general, Estonia managed to maintain its trade balance. At the same time, exchange control had a negative effect on incentives. In countries where exchange control was implemented, trade volume recovered more slowly in the latter half of the 1930s than in countries where it was not implemented.
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Beloborodko, A. "Transformation of financial institutions of the states-members of the Eurasian economic union during the COVID-19 pandemic." Siberian Financial School, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2021-2-42-51.
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The search for a balance between reproduction and consu-mption, the need to correct expenditures and the interconnection of national financial institutions have become one of the aspects of further economic integration of the EAEU countries in the period 2020-2021. The governing body of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), proposed a fiscal reform to increase the economic growth rate of the union, which predetermined the need for a structural transformation of financial institutions aimed at stimulating innovation in the countries of the Eurasian region. The article analyzes the forecasts of experts from the Bank of Russia, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank for the period 2021-2022 for the EAEU member states and assesses measures to restructure their financial institutions.
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YERASHEVICH, A. "PREPARATORY MEASURES FOR THE OPENING OF THE POLOTSK CADET CORPS: ORGANIZATIONAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences 66, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-66-1-55-64.
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This article touches on the organizational and financial aspects of the set of preparatory measures undertaken by the Russian authorities during the creation of the Polotsk Cadet Corps in 1830–1835. The reasons for the creation of a network of provincial cadet corps in Imperial Russia, the prerequisites for the opening of a cadet corps in Polotsk – a closed-type secondary military educational institution in the district center of Vitebsk province – are investigated. The process of creating a construction commission, recruiting its personnel, and raising finances is revealed. Special attention is paid to the search and selection of buildings for the accommodation of the Polotsk Cadet corps and the preparatory measures for the arrangement of cadet buildings. Quantitative indicators of the allocation of funds for the reconstruction of Paezut buildings are determined. The condition of the rebuilt cadet buildings and other additional works on the adaptation of the cult building up to 1839 are characterized. Data on the monetary settlements with contractors and information on the remuneration of commission members are provided. The mechanism of collecting funds for the foundation of the cadet corps in Polotsk is indicated, their quantitative results until 1839 are revealed. Most of the information extracted by the author from the funds of the National Historical Archive of Belarus and given in the article is used for the first time in the national historiography.
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Birss, G. R. "Methodology for the assessment of the damage cost resulting from a large earthquake in the vicinity of Wellington." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 3 (September 30, 1985): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.18.3.215-223.
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At the request of the Earthquake and War Damage Commission, the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering set up a study group to determine the maximum probable loss the Commission may suffer by way of claims resulting from a large earthquake with its epicentre near Wellington.
The study group's task was to determine the order of cost of physical damage to buildings and their contents which could credibly be expected to result from large earthquake attack.
Seismic loss information for New Zealand conditions is minimal and it was therefore necessary to critically review published overseas data. Where appropriate, adjustments were made to accommodate New Zealand conditions.
Loss information was compiled as the ratio of damage cost to building value and varied with felt earthquake intensity as well as with type of building construction.
The total value and structural classification of the building stock in the affected area was compiled and entered on a computer. A program was set up to enable loss calculations to be carried out for the appropriate building classification and for the relevant earthquake intensities. From this the total loss was calculated.
The results of the study expressed as monetary loss are confidential to the Earthquake and War Damage Commission. In this paper, therefore, results are not presented in absolute dollar terms, but are given as relative values.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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Koutouan, Atchiman Joséphine Naara. "Contribution à l’étude des droits régionaux de la concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest : cas de l'union économique et monétaire Ouest-Africaine et de la communauté économique des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0044/document.
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Les États ouest-africains ont fait de l’intégration économique la voie privilégiée pour relever le défi du développement économique dans un contexte international de plus en plus concurrentiel. Ainsi, par le biais d’organisations régionale et sous régionale, la protection du libre jeu de la concurrence est devenue un enjeu communautaire. L’intégration économique régionale ouest-africaine a donc été saisie par le droit de la concurrence. De ce fait, on assiste à l’émergence de droits régionaux de la concurrence au sein de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA) et de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO). Chacune de ces organisations a donc mis en place un droit de la concurrence dans son espace économique. Il en résulte, vu la composition de l’UEMOA et de la CEDEAO, que ces droits communautaires ont vocation à s’appliquer aux États membres de l’Union qui font également partie de la Communauté. Cette particularité de la coexistence de ces règles communautaires de la concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest méritait qu’on s’y attarde afin d’évaluer leur application, d’analyser l’effectivité et l’efficacité de ces droits. Cette étude comparative s’est attachée à mettre en exergue ce que renferment ces droits, à relever leurs spécificités, tout en mettant en lumière leurs insuffisances. Il apparaît nécessaire de repenser, voire de réformer certains aspects de ces droits afin d’améliorer leurs applications, gage d’une meilleure protection de la libre concurrence en Afrique de l’OuestWest African states have made economic integration the preferred way to deal with the challenge of economic development in an increasingly competitive international context. Thus, through regional and subregional organizations, the protection of the free movement of competition has become a community issue.West African regional economic integration has therefore been seized by competition law. From this, we note emerging competition rights in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Each of these organizations has therefore put in place a competition law in its economic area. As a result, given the composition of UEMOA and ECOWAS, these Community rights are intended to be applied to the Member States of the Union which are also part of the Community. The features of the coexistence of these Community competition law in West Africa deserved to be examined in order to evaluate their application, to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of these rights. This comparative study intends to highlight the contain of these rights, reveal their specificities, while showing their lacks. It’s necessary to rethink or even reform some aspects of these rights to improve their applications, basis for a better protection of free competition in West Africa
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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Hugo, Priemus, ed. European monetary, economic and political union : consequences for national housing policies: Feasibility study for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General of Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University Press, 1993.
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United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. The East African monetary union: Ready or not? Kigali, Rwanda: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2018.
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Commission, Bretton Woods. Bretton Woods: Looking to the future : Commission report, staff review, background papers. Washington, DC: Bretton Woods Commission, 1994.
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Commission, Bretton Woods. Bretton Woods: Looking to the future : commission report, staff review, background papers. Washington, DC: The Commission, 1994.
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GOVERNMENT, US. Investment treaty with Uruguay: Message from the President of the United States transmitting Treaty Between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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GOVERNMENT, US. Aviation, smoking ban: Agreement between the United States of America and other governments, done at Chicago November 1, 1994. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1999.
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GOVERNMENT, US. International taxation: United States tax treaties. Colorado Springs, Colo: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1993.
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US GOVERNMENT. Provisions in U.S. international air transport agreements. Washington, D.C. (1709 New York Ave., N.W., Washington 20006): Air Transport Association of America, 1985.
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GOVERNMENT, US. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement : tariff schedule of the United States. Ottawa: External Affairs Canada, 1987.
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GOVERNMENT, US. Extradition treaties with Organization of Eastern Caribbean States: Message from the President of the United States transmitting extradition treaties between the government of the United States of America and the governments of six countries comprising the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (collectively, the "treaties") .... Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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"CHAPTER 7. The National Monetary Commission and the New Agenda of Reform, 1908-12." In Origins of the Federal Reserve System, 188–212. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501724718-010.
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Dabrowski, Marek. "Macroeconomic Stabilization." In The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, 552–57. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0059.
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The aim of macroeconomic stabilization is restoring price stability and reducing monetary, fiscal, and balance-of-payment imbalances. Macroeconomic stabilization is particularly needed when a country suffers from high inflation or hyperinflation. To stop such an inflation one can choose between three types of anti-inflationary programmes: orthodox money-based, orthodox exchange rate-based, and heterodox. Other cases of macrostabilization policy include reducing excessive fiscal deficit and public debt before they become monetized, dealing with the deflationary consequences of the systemic banking crisis, reducing the excessive current account deficit, dealing with the consequences of a sudden stop in capital flows, and fighting chronic moderate inflation. Fiscal rules, and the independence of monetary and fiscal institutions such as central banks, play an important role in preventing macroeconomic instability. National macroeconomic policies are also monitored from outside, for example by the International Monetary Fund and European Commission (in the case of EU member states).
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Dyson, Kenneth. "How Ordo-Liberal Is Germany? Ordo-Liberalism in Post-War National Unifying Mythology." In Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State, 350–409. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854289.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the myth and reality of Ordo-liberal intellectual capture of Germany and the role of Ordo-liberalism in efforts to construct a new post-war national unifying myth. It focuses on the genesis of the concept of the social market economy and its relationship to Ordo-liberalism; on the distinction between fundamentalists and realists in Ordo-liberalism; and on the differences between philosopher-economists and statesmen-economists. Close attention is paid to the ideas and role of Ludwig Erhard and his network of support; the institutional appropriation of Ordo-liberalism by the Bundesbank, the federal cartel office, and the federal economic ministry’s economic policy division; and the role of Ordo-liberalism in competition policy, in European economic and monetary union, and in German policy during the euro area crisis. At the same time, stress is placed on the gaps in Ordo-liberal thinking and counter-national unifying myths, drawing on social Catholicism, social partnership, and civilian power. The chapter has three main case studies: of Ordo-liberalism in the Great Depression, focusing on the Brauns Commission, the Lautenbach Plan, and the role of Wilhelm Röpke; central bank independence, monetary policy reform in the early 1970s, and the ‘monetarist revolution’; and Alfred Müller-Armack’s proposal for a European Stabilization Board. These case studies use archival evidence. The chapter closes with reflections on the significance of Ordo-liberalism in Germany.
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"The development of the national frameworks and an analysis of the relationship between the Commission and the national competition agencies." In Preparatory Report for the Ex Post Review of the Competition Policy of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, 30–45. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210052672c006.
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Hirschmann, Gisela. "Pluralist Accountability in Times of Economic Crisis." In Accountability in Global Governance, 151–80. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861249.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes the conditions for pluralist accountability in response to human rights violations that were attributed to the European Union (EU) Troika’s austerity policies that were implemented in Greece and Portugal between 2010 and 2015 in response to the global financial crisis. I demonstrate how competition between national and EU institutions, and between different EU institutions, led the Portuguese Constitutional Court and the European Parliament to develop distinguished profiles as accountability holders. Major differences existed as to the degree of vulnerability of the different Troika institutions to human rights demands: while the International Monetary Fund and European Central Bank rendered themselves immune against human rights demands, the European Commission was more vulnerable due to its broader mandate and the declining trust of the public in EU institutions’ capacity to address the crisis. This explains why a pluralist accountability framework was most active with regard to the European Commission.
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Flynn, Leo. "Article 140 TFEU." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.244.
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Articles 121(1), 122(2), second sentence, and 123(5) EC At least once every two years, or at the request of a Member State with a derogation, the Commission and the European Central Bank shall report to the Council on the progress made by the Member States with a derogation in fulfilling their obligations regarding the achievement of economic and monetary union. These reports shall include an examination of the compatibility between the national legislation of each of these Member States, including the statutes of its national central bank, and Articles 130 and 131 and the Statute of the ESCB and of the ECB. The reports shall also examine the achievement of a high degree of sustainable convergence by reference to the fulfilment by each Member State.
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Markakis, Menelaos. "Democracy, Legitimacy, and Accountability in Euro Crisis Management." In Accountability in the Economic and Monetary Union, 105–51. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845263.003.0004.
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This chapter looks at democracy, legitimacy, and accountability in Euro crisis management. It looks at the main critiques of the EU’s response to the crisis. It will be shown that scholars in this area castigate the EMU governance framework for its shortcomings in terms of input, output, and social legitimacy. The chapter makes the case for increased democratic controls and intense inter-institutional dialogue in the functioning of the EMU. It demonstrates how the crisis-induced developments have impacted on the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in the EU and the Member States. First, more powers were conferred on the Commission, Council, and Eurogroup in the measures enacted to combat the crisis. Though the European Parliament was heavily involved in norm production and had a pretty good strike rate in getting its amendments included in the final legislation, its role in policy implementation remains minimal. Second, the EU legislature put much of its reforming faith in a new recruit to strengthen democratic control in the EMU—the national parliaments. The crisis-induced legal and economic developments have circumscribed their budgetary sovereignty in many ways, but the newly enacted rules also serve to empower them vis-à-vis the executive. Third, the de facto division between borrower and lender states might have a bearing on the intra-institutional balance of power in the EU, and the emerging patterns of geographical fragmentation threaten the unity of the EU-28. The chapter set outs concrete proposals on how to enhance transparency and accountability in the EMU.
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Cento, Veljanovski. "Part III The Legal Framework, 9 Damages." In Cartel Damages. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198855163.003.0009.
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This chapter assesses damages actions for competition infringement. The Damages Directive sets out a common legal basis across the EU for the right of those harmed by a competition infringement to sue and quantification of damages. It has been transposed into the UK and incorporated as Schedule 8A of the Competition Act 1989. The Damages Directive gives the national courts the power to estimate the overcharge; requires the European Commission to issue guidelines on the quantification of overcharges and on ‘pass-on to’; and advises that the national courts can request assistance from a willing national competition authority where appropriate to determine quantum. In English law, the position is that damages are compensatory and aim to place the victim in the position they would have been had they not been injured so far as monetary compensation can. There are several heads or types of damages that have so far been claimed: overcharge damages; lost volume or lost profit damages; run-on damages; umbrella damages; cost-based damages; future losses, lost chance, and lost opportunity damages; and aggregate damages in collective actions.
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Usher, J. A. "Monetary movements, taxation, and the Treaty ‘freedoms’." In The Law of Money and Financial Services in the EC, 39–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198298779.003.0003.
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Abstract Linkages were clearly made between monetary movements and taxation m Council Directive 88/361,1 which finally established the basic principle of free movement of capital as a matter of Community law, with effect for most Member States from 1 July 1990. With regard to tax harmonization, Directive 88/361 expressly envisaged in its art. 6(5) that the Commission would submit to the Council by 31 December 1988 proposals aimed at eliminating or reducing risks of distortion, tax evasion, and tax avoidance ‘linked to the diversity of national systems for the taxation of savings and for controlling the application of these systems’, and the Council was to take a position by 30 June 1989. As stated in the previous Chapter, this initiative failed. However, the start of the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union has led to the elimination of exchange risks and differential interest rates for the eleven participants and thus made the legal theory of moving money to other Member States a realistic proposition for ordinary taxpayers. No doubt this was one reason for the resuscitation in 1998 of a proposal for withholding taxes on investment income; however, legal problems and political initiatives may be observed with regard to tax incentives, tax competition, tax evasion, and tax discrimination. Furthermore, in the context of monetary movements, possible conflicts with other substantive provisions of the EC Treaty arise from the wording of art. 58(1) (a) (formerly art. 73d(1)(a)). This states that the provisions of art. 56 (i.e. the liberalization of capital movements and payments inside and outside the Community) ‘shall be without prejudice to the right of Member States: (a) to apply the relevant provision of their tax law which distinguish between tax-payers who are not in the same situation with regard to their place of residence or with regard to the place where their capital is invested; …’
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Galbraith, John Kenneth, and James K. Galbraith. "The Impeccable System." In Money. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171661.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the impact of the Federal Reserve System on money and banking in the United States. The Federal Reserve System was created in 1913 by virtue of the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress and signed by President Woodrow Wilson. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided not for one but for as many as twelve central banks. It was conceived as an answer to the great panics, but in this respect the System was notably defective. Nor was the System better as an antidote for an alarming epidemic of bank failures. Furthermore, the most severe inflation ever in peacetime occurred under its watch. The chapter considers the successes and failures of the Federal Reserve System and looks at another body established to study the management of money in the United States: the National Monetary Commission.
Conference papers on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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Ciolomic, Ioana Andreea, and Ioana Natalia Beleiu. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS’ IN DEFINING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.83.
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owned enterprises (SOEs) have an essential role in national economies worldwide, but regardless of their acknowledged contribution to the global markets, divergent opinions and approaches can be observed when defining and characterizing these entities. On the other hand, international organizations such as OECD, International Monetary Fund, European Commission, United Nations, World Trade Organizations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and professional organizations such as IPSASB and Chartered Institute of Management Accountants have an essential role in SOEs' activity. One of the biggest challenges that professional bodies have nowadays is to find a unique definition to match the need of practitioners and capture the complexity of SOEs. Even if there can be identified some common approaches between academicians, international, and professional organizations, there are some delicate areas that require substantial efforts for clarifications. The paper addresses this topic, aiming to clarify the main aspects concerning the definition of SOEs from international and professional organizations' points of view based on qualitative research methods.
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ORGA-DUMITRIU, Gina. "CAPITAL MOVEMENTS VS. FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AND FREEDOM TO PROVIDE SERVICES IN THE CASE-LAW OF THE CJEU." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s02.02.
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The Treaty of Rome promoted a more cautious approach as concerns the free movement of capital in comparison with other fundamental economic freedoms. The recognized importance of the sovereign prerogatives of the states in the field of monetary policies explains why its original regulatory wording bears the signs of a reserved attitude and of an increased concern for the balance of powers distributed between the Commission, the Council and the Member States. The full liberalization of capital movements is the result of a legislative interventions in stages that culminated in the Directive of 24 June 1988 and the Maastricht Treaty, which laid down the free movement of capital not only in the relations between Member States but also in the relations with third countries. Thus, through a paradoxical dynamic, the capital movements enjoy a wider territorial scope compared to the other freedoms (of goods, persons and services) which are applicable only in intra-European cross-border situations (I). The study aims at analysing the recent interpretations of the Court of Luxembourg regarding particular illustrations of the notion of capital movements (II) and highlights the elements of added value regarding the delimitation of the free movement of capital from the freedom of establishment (III), and from the freedom to provide services (IV), respectively. In accordance with the reasoning of the Court, the provisions of Article 49 TFEU on freedom of establishment will be the ones that will apply, to the extent the shares held within a company allow the exercise of a definite influence on the decisions of a company. In exchange, the participations made only with the intention of making a financial investment, without the intention of influencing the management and control of the companies, must be analysed by reference to Article 63 TFEU on the free movement of capital. The distinction between the capital movements and the freedom to provide services provided in Article 56 TFEU arises in the presence of a regulation on the provision of financial services and proves to be much more delicate in practice. The national measure will only be examined from the perspective of one of these two freedoms if, in the circumstances of the case, one of them is entirely secondary to the other and can be linked to it.
Reports on the topic "National Monetary Commission"
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Gasparini, Leonardo, Mariana Marchionni, Walter Sosa Escudero, and Sergio Olivieri. Income, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean: New Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011234.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is part of a large project on quality of life and deprivation in LAC commissioned by the IDB's Research Department (RES) that makes extensive use of the Gallup World Poll. This survey provides rich data on a wide range of issues in over 130 countries, 23 of them from LAC. This paper aims to provide evidence on the multiple dimensions of deprivation in LAC by exploiting this new dataset, combined with the national household surveys. The authors estimate levels and patterns of income, multidimensional non-monetary, and subjective deprivation for all countries in the region based on Gallup data, and compare the results with those from household surveys.