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Journal articles on the topic 'National Ocean Council'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

De Lucia, Vito, and Philip Peter Nickels. "Reflecting on the Role of the Arctic Council vis-à-vis a Future International Legally Binding Instrument on Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 11 (2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v11.2554.

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Negotiations are ongoing to develop an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). If adopted, the ILBI will likely apply to parts of the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Council has played an important role for ocean governance. This begs the question of what role the Arctic Council will play vis-à-vis a future ILBI, which is envisioned to “not undermine existing relevant legal instruments and frameworks and re

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Baker, Betsy, and Brooks Yeager. "Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement." Transnational Environmental Law 4, no. 2 (2015): 359–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102515000151.

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AbstractThis article proposes an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement (AOCA) as a framework for more effective coordination and sharing of practices regarding national conservation and management policies in the marine Arctic. It envisions a nimble, versatile body that operates without creating new institutions and focuses instead on convening and coordinating existing individuals and institutions whose expertise can assist the Arctic states with questions that the Arctic states define. The AOCA could incorporate aspects of regional seas agreements (RSAs) into a less formal regional arrangement

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Robinson, Sam. "Early Twentieth-Century Ocean Science Diplomacy." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 4 (2020): 384–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.4.384.

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This paper is a response to a 2018 call for greater understanding of how previous examples of marine science diplomacy could help shape present day efforts to draft a new law of the sea that protects marine biodiversity and conserves the marine environment. It tackles this through analysis of the various twists, turns, and challenges of early science diplomacy efforts in marine science during the early twentieth century. It looks in turn at questions of defining and agreeing on research objectives, how backchannel science diplomacy can become official government diplomacy, and finally, how car

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Denisov, V. I. "CIS Radionavigation System Evolution and International Cooperation in Radionavigation Support." Journal of Navigation 46, no. 3 (1993): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011747.

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In the former USSR, the Radionavigation Service was based on national radio systems without any real employment of foreign navigation aids. Separation of the independent sovereign States from the USSR caused problems in operating separate radionavigation systems (RNS) and resulted in failure to support the economic activity of the States with radionavigation data. Solving the problem for each new State individually seems unrealistic. Its solution can, however, be found through cooperation amongst the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Internavigation Committee therefore suggested an i

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McDougall, Carrie, Atziri Ibanez, and Susan White. "Achieving Environmental Literacy with NOAA's Observing Systems Data." Marine Technology Society Journal 39, no. 4 (2005): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533205787465896.

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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has significantly increased its commitment to promoting environmental literacy by adopting this effort as a strategic cross-cutting priority, forming an Office of Education and establishing an Education Council. Another of NOAA's strategic cross-cutting priorities is integrating global environmental observations and data management. NOAA possesses a vast array of observing systems that monitor oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial parameters. The streaming data from these systems offers broad opportunities to create real-time visualiza

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Bookman, Charles A. "Toward More-Productive Naval Shipbuilding—Results of an Assessment by the National Research Council." Journal of Ship Production 1, no. 03 (1985): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1985.1.3.157.

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A three-year assessment of opportunities for productivity improvement in U.S. naval shipbuilding, conducted by the Committee on U.S. Shipbuilding Technology of the National Research Council, focused In part on the role and use of computers in shipbuilding. This paper describes the committee's work, and comments on the computerization of ship design, engineering and production, and on the modernization of shipbuilding management systems.

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Showstack, Randy. "Continuity of ocean color data record at risk, according to U.S. National Research Council report." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, no. 29 (2011): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011eo290002.

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Garber, William F. "Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (1986): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0157.

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In 1983 the Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council-Academy of Sciences organized a Committee on Ocean Waste Transportation to consider the question of “Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent”. A report of the work of the Committee was published by the National Academy Press in 1984. A comprehensive contract study of outfall and barge or ship disposal procedures for sludge solids was made for Committee use. This helped show that a systems approach is required to find the optimum combination of source control, treatment and ocean d

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Wartzok, Douglas, Arthur N. Popper, Jonathan Gordon, and Jennifer Merrill. "Factors Affecting the Responses of Marine Mammals to Acoustic Disturbance." Marine Technology Society Journal 37, no. 4 (2003): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537041.

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The issues surrounding marine mammals and noise cannot be managed effectively without an understanding of the effects of that noise on individual mammals and their populations. In the spring of 2003 the National Research Council released Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals, a report that reviewed sources of ocean noise (natural and anthropogenic), the effects of noise on marine mammals, patterns and long-term trends in ocean noise, and included recommendations intended to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of anthropogenic marine noise. This paper provides a brief summary of observed

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Ragsdale, Rob, Eric Vowinkel, Dwayne Porter, et al. "Successful Integration Efforts in Water Quality From the Integrated Ocean Observing System Regional Associations and the National Water Quality Monitoring Network." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 1 (2011): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.1.3.

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AbstractThe Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Regional Associations and Interagency Partners hosted a water quality workshop in January 2010 to discuss issues of nutrient enrichment and dissolved oxygen depletion (hypoxia), harmful algal blooms (HABs), and beach water quality. In 2007, the National Water Quality Monitoring Council piloted demonstration projects as part of the National Water Quality Monitoring Network (Network) for U.S. Coastal Waters and their Tributaries in three IOOS Regional Associations, and these projects are ongoing. Examples of integrated science-based solutions

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Summerhayes, C. P. "Polar science strategies for institute managers." Polar Record 52, no. 2 (2015): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000716.

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ABSTRACTManaging polar research is a tremendous challenge. It covers work at sea on rough and intimidating oceans, and on land over crevassed terrain or rotten sea ice with the prospect of death or frostbite. These environments are extremely hostile and difficult to work in. Results are costly to obtain, and yet the work is of vital importance, as the polar regions are the world's freezers, critical components of the climate system, and repositories of amazing biodiversity. These regions are grossly undersampled, and relatively poorly monitored. National efforts are best carried out in an inte

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Hengst, Sjoerd. "Standardization -A Competitive Tool." Journal of Ship Production 13, no. 03 (1997): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1997.13.3.198.

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The paper deals with aspects of standardization in relation to international developments. In the E. U. the role of the organization for standardization, CEN, is changing. This is the result of the tie of standards with the directives issued by the E.C. and affects the National Standards. For shipping and shipbuilding, IMO will be the reference. ISO is the international organization to develop the standards. In Europe, standardization for the maritime industry, the international (ISO) developments and the role of CEN in relation to Council Directives of the E.C. are the concern of the administ

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Voronkov, L. S., and A. A. Smirnova. "The Arctic council as an international organization of a new type." Journal of International Analytics, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-3-7-16.

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The article emphasizes that the Arctic Council (AC) is a high level forum of cooperation, based on taking decisions by consensus that are carried out by member states on a voluntary basis and in accordance with their national interests. The AC does not meet the criteria of a classical international intergovernmental organization – IGO and may not be referred to as an international non-governmental organization – INGO due to its members. The high performance of the AC activity in the absence of a complex organizational structure, any executive body and a court is rooted in respect for national

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de La Fayette, Louise Angélique. "Oceans Governance in the Arctic." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no. 3 (2008): 531–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735208x331908.

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AbstractGlobal warming is bringing rapid change to the Arctic. The melting of sea ice and glaciers is increasing faster than scientists predicted even a year ago. Environmental change is forcing legal and economic developments, which in turn will have serious environmental and social consequences. However, the potential for conflict has been greatly exaggerated. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has established the international legal regime governing the division of ocean space, sovereign rights over ocean resources, protection of the marine environment and the c

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Sander, Gunnar. "International Legal Obligations for Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Arctic Ocean." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 31, no. 1 (2016): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341385.

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Environmental impact assessment (eia) and strategic environmental assessment (sea) are procedures for the prior assessment of impacts of proposed developments before decisions are taken. Customary law and most international agreements relevant for the Arctic Ocean are unspecific about assessment tools and content. The Espoo Convention and its sea Protocol are the only specialised instruments available. They do not cover marine activities well, and not all the Arctic Ocean coastal states are parties. Other problems in the assessment regime are related to uneven geographical and sectoral coverag

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Frisk, George V. "Ocean noise and marine mammals: A summary report of the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 4 (2003): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4780708.

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Garber, W. F. "Monitoring of Coastal Ocean Waters Receiving Wastewaters in the USA: Review of Two 1990 Publications of the USA National Research Council – National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (1992): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0205.

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Required monitoring of the physical, biological and chemical condition of the nearshore waters of the ocean receiving treated wastewaters has been underway in the U.S.A. since 1955 or about 35 years. When established the stated intent had been to utilize the information obtained to evaluate the effects of the diffusion of wastewaters upon the beneficial values of these receiving waters. That is upon the food web including game and food fish; upon water contact sports uses; upon aesthetics; and upon the local, regional, and worldwide ecology. To this end original requirements had included a pro

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Stram, Diana L., and Diana C. K. Evans. "Fishery management responses to climate change in the North Pacific." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 7 (2009): 1633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp138.

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Abstract Stram, D. L., and Evans, D. C. K. 2009. Fishery management responses to climate change in the North Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1633–1639. In the North Pacific, warming trends, coupled with declining sea ice, raise concerns about the effects of climate change on fish populations and ecosystem dynamics. Scientists are only beginning to understand the potential feedback mechanisms that will affect everything from plankton populations to major commercial fish species distributions, yet fishery managers have a responsibility to prepare for and respond to changing fishin

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Isaacson, M., and O. Nwogu. "Random Short-Crested Wave Forces on a Pile." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 111, no. 3 (1989): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257153.

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Numerical simulations and laboratory tests have been carried out to investigate the effect of wave short-crestedness on the random forces on a vertical pile. Linearized expressions based on the Morison equation are derived for the spectra of the in-line and transverse forces in short-crested seas. Expressions are also derived for the probability distribution of the peak resultant force for narrow-banded short-crested seas. The experiments were conducted in the offshore wave basin of the Hydraulics Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada. The pile was segmented in order to provide data

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Thornhill, Eric, Brian Veitch, and Neil Bose. "Dynamic Instability of a High-Speed Planing Boat Model." Marine Technology and SNAME News 37, no. 03 (2000): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2000.37.3.146.

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A series of bare-hull resistance and self-propulsion tests were carried out on a 1/8 scale model of a 11.8 m long, waterjet-propelled planing hull in the clear water towing tank at the National Research Council of Canada's Institute for Marine Dynamics. The bare-hull resistance tests, performed with the waterjet inlets closed, spanned a range of eight model velocities and nine ballast conditions consisting of three displacements each with three positions of the longitudinal center of gravity. The hull was then fitted with two model waterjet thrusters and tested over the same speeds and ballast

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Broullón, Daniel, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, et al. "A global monthly climatology of total alkalinity: a neural network approach." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 3 (2019): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019.

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Abstract. Global climatologies of the seawater CO2 chemistry variables are necessary to assess the marine carbon cycle in depth. The climatologies should adequately capture seasonal variability to properly address ocean acidification and similar issues related to the carbon cycle. Total alkalinity (AT) is one variable of the seawater CO2 chemistry system involved in ocean acidification and frequently measured. We used the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2.2019 (GLODAPv2) to extract relationships among the drivers of the AT variability and AT concentration using a neural network (NNG

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Johnson, Steve, and Brian Salerno. "U.S. Coast Guard Regulation of Passenger-Carrying Submersibles." Marine Technology and SNAME News 28, no. 06 (1991): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1991.28.6.324.

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Passenger-carrying submersibles have been certified by the Coast Guard for operations in the United States Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and Guam. Although subject to the Coast Guard small passenger vessel regulations, 46 CFR Subchapter T, submersibles are not specifically addressed in the regulations. The Coast Guard does have a background in submersible safety based on past efforts to regulate industrial and research submersibles and interaction with the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), which has been classing submersibles for many years and has classed all passenger submersibles to date. The ce

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Jackson, Robert C., Greg M. McFarquhar, Jeff Stith, et al. "An Assessment of the Impact of Antishattering Tips and Artifact Removal Techniques on Cloud Ice Size Distributions Measured by the 2D Cloud Probe." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (2014): 2567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00239.1.

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Abstract Prior estimates of ice crystal size distributions derived from 2D cloud probes (2DCs) have been artificially amplified by small ice crystals generated from the shattering of large ice crystals on the probe tips. Although antishatter tips and algorithms exist, there is considerable uncertainty in their effectiveness. This paper examines differences in ice crystal size distributions from adjacent 2DCs with standard and antishatter tips, and processed with and without antishattering algorithms. The measurements were obtained from the National Research Council of Canada Convair-580 during

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Hartman, Susan E., Richard S. Lampitt, Kate E. Larkin, et al. "The Porcupine Abyssal Plain fixed-point sustained observatory (PAP-SO): variations and trends from the Northeast Atlantic fixed-point time-series." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 5 (2012): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss077.

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Abstract Hartman, S. E., Lampitt, R. S., Larkin, K. E., Pagnani, M., Campbell, J., Gkritzalis, T., Jiang, Z.-P., Pebody, C. A., Ruhl, H. A., Gooday, A. J., Bett, B. J., Billett, D. S. M., Provost, P., McLachlan, R., Turton, J. D., and Lankester, S. 2012. The Porcupine Abyssal Plain fixed-point sustained observatory (PAP-SO): variations and trends from the Northeast Atlantic fixed-point time-series. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 776–783. The Porcupine Abyssal Plain sustained observatory (PAP-SO) in the Northeast Atlantic (49°N 16.5°W; 4800 m) is the longest running open-ocean multidisci

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Malone, Thomas C., and Michael J. Hemsley. "Developing the IOOS for Improved Management and Mitigation of Coastal Inundation." Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 4 (2006): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353097.

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Ocean.US was established by the National Ocean Research Leadership Council in 2000 to (1) design and prepare strategic plans for implementing and improving an integrated ocean observing system (IOOS) for the United States, (2) promote coordinated implementation of these plans, and (3) promote research and development needed to improve operational capabilities. Among the highest priorities for phased development of the IOOS is improving capabilities to predict, manage, and mitigate effects of coastal inundation caused by hurricanes, tropical storms, extra-tropical cyclones, nor'easters, and tsu

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Ruberu, Shiyamalie R., Yun-Gang Liu, Carolyn T. Wong, et al. "Receptor Binding Assay for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Optimization and Interlaboratory Comparison." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, no. 4 (2003): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.4.737.

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Abstract A receptor binding assay (RBA) for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins was formatted for use in a high throughput detection system using microplate scintillation counting. The RBA technology was transferred from the National Ocean Service, which uses a Wallac TriLux 1450 MicroBeta microplate scintillation counter, to the California Department of Health Services, which uses a Packard TopCount scintillation counter. Due to differences in the detector arrangement between these 2 counters, markedly different counting efficiencies were exhibited, requiring optimization

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Petersen, Nikolaj. "Arktisk politik og regimedannelse i 2010'erne." Nordlit 16, no. 1 (2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2310.

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Recent developments have placed the High North on the international agenda. These include global warming, the prospects of major oil and gas finds, the opening of the Arctic Ocean to international shipping and the ongoing partition of its outer continental shelf between the five coastal states. In the so-called Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 these "Arctic Five" promised to play according to the UNCLOS rules and to shoulder their responsibility as coastal states. Despite this, the future may see both cooperation and conflict in the Arctic. The aim of the article is to discuss the possibilities o

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Ma, Zaizhong, Lars Peter Riishøjgaard, Michiko Masutani, John S. Woollen, and George D. Emmitt. "Impact of Different Satellite Wind Lidar Telescope Configurations on NCEP GFS Forecast Skill in Observing System Simulation Experiments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 3 (2015): 478–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00057.1.

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AbstractThe Global Wind Observing Sounder (GWOS) concept, which has been developed as a hypothetical space-based hybrid wind lidar system by NASA in response to the 2007 National Research Council (NRC) decadal survey, is expected to provide global wind profile observations with high vertical resolution, precision, and accuracy when realized. The assimilation of Doppler wind lidar (DWL) observations anticipated from the GWOS is being conducted as a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) at the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA). A companion paper (Riishøjgaa

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Broullón, Daniel, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, et al. "A global monthly climatology of oceanic total dissolved inorganic carbon: a neural network approach." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 3 (2020): 1725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere have modified the carbon cycle for more than 2 centuries. As the ocean stores most of the carbon on our planet, there is an important task in unraveling the natural and anthropogenic processes that drive the carbon cycle at different spatial and temporal scales. We contribute to this by designing a global monthly climatology of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), which offers a robust basis in carbon cycle modeling but also for other studies related to this cycle. A feedforward neural network (dubbed NNGv2LDEO) was configured to e

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Korolev, A., J. W. Strapp, G. A. Isaac, and E. Emery. "Improved Airborne Hot-Wire Measurements of Ice Water Content in Clouds." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 9 (2013): 2121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00007.1.

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Abstract Airborne measurements of ice water content (IWC) in both ice and mixed-phase clouds remain one of the long-standing problems in experimental cloud physics. For nearly three decades, IWC has been measured with the help of the Nevzorov hot-wire total water content (TWC) sensor, which had an inverted cone shape. It was assumed that ice particles would be captured inside the cone and then completely melt and evaporate. However, wind tunnel experiments conducted with the help of high-speed video recordings showed that ice particles may bounce out of the TWC cone, resulting in the underesti

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Drinkwater, Kenneth F., Franz J. Mueter, and Sei-Ichi Saitoh. "Shifting boundaries of water, ice, flora, fauna, people, and institutions in the Arctic and Subarctic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 7 (2018): 2293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy179.

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Abstract An international Open Science Meeting entitled Moving in, out, and across the Subarctic and Arctic marine ecosystems: shifting boundaries of water, ice, flora, fauna, people, and institutions, took place 11–15 June 2017 in Tromsø, Norway. Organized by the Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic Seas programme and cosponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and the North Pacific Marine Science Organization, the primary aim of the meeting was to examine past, present, and future ecosystem responses to climate variability and ocean acidification (OA) and the

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Goldin, D., and C. Lukashin. "Empirical Polarization Distribution Models for CLARREO-Imager Intercalibration." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 3 (2016): 439–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0165.1.

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AbstractPolarization effects bias the performance of various existing passive spaceborne instruments, such as MODIS and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), as well as geostationary imagers. It is essential to evaluate and correct for these effects in order to achieve the required accuracy of the total reflectance at the top of the atmosphere.In addition to performing highly accurate decadal climate change observations, one of the objectives of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission recommended by the National Research Council for launch

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Dionisi, Davide, Fernando Congeduti, Gian Luigi Liberti, and Francesco Cardillo. "Calibration of a Multichannel Water Vapor Raman Lidar through Noncollocated Operational Soundings: Optimization and Characterization of Accuracy and Variability." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, no. 1 (2010): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1327.1.

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Abstract This paper presents a parametric automatic procedure to calibrate the multichannel Rayleigh–Mie–Raman lidar at the Institute for Atmospheric Science and Climate of the Italian National Research Council (ISAC-CNR) in Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, using as a reference the operational 0000 UTC soundings at the WMO station 16245 (Pratica di Mare) located about 25 km southwest of the lidar site. The procedure, which is applied to both channels of the system, first identifies portions of the lidar and radiosonde profiles that are assumed to sample the same features of the water vapor profile, t

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Verma, Alok K., Ray Ferrari, Manorama Talaiver, Sueanne E. McKinney, Daniel Dickerson, and Deborah Chen. "MarineTech Project—Attracting Students towards Math and Science Careers in Shipbuilding and Repair Industry." Journal of Ship Production and Design 26, no. 01 (2010): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2010.26.1.29.

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Low enrollment and high attrition rates in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) based degree programs have created a shortage of workforce in industries such as shipbuilding and repair that are important for national security. Part of this problem can be attributed to pedagogical issues such as lack of engaging hands-on activities used for math and science instruction in middle and high schools. Another reason for this is that the teachers are not trained in taking an integrated approach to teaching math and science. This has led to large-scale flight and attrition from STEM-based

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Kustra, Wojciech, Joanna Żukowska, Marcin Budzyński, and Kazimierz Jamroz. "Injury Prediction Models for Onshore Road Network Development." Polish Maritime Research 26, no. 2 (2019): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0029.

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Abstract Integrating different modes of transport (road, rail, air and water) is important for port cities. To accommodate this need, new transport hubs must be built such as airports or sea ports. If ports are to grow, they must be accessible, a feature which is best achieved by building new roads, including fast roads. Poland must develop a network of fast roads that will provide good access to ports. What is equally important is to upgrade the network of national roads to complement fast roads. A key criterion in this case is to ensure that the roads are efficient to minimise time lost for

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Thomas, J. "Book review of Committee on the Evaluation, Design, and Monitoring of Marine Reserves and Protected Areas in the United States; Ocean Studies Board; Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources; National Research Council (2001) Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems." Coral Reefs 21, no. 2 (2002): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-002-0224-y.

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Brodzik, Mary, David Long, and Molly Hardman. "Best Practices in Crafting the Calibrated, Enhanced-Resolution Passive-Microwave EASE-Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature Earth System Data Record." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (2018): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111793.

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Since the late 1970s, satellite passive-microwave brightness temperatures have been a mainstay in remote sensing of the cryosphere. Polar snow and ice-covered ocean and land surfaces are especially sensitive to climate change and are observed to fluctuate on interannual to decadal timescales. In regions of limited sunlight and cloudy conditions, microwave measurements are particularly valuable for monitoring snow- and ice-covered ocean and land surfaces, due to microwave sensitivity to phase changes of water. Historically available at relatively low resolutions (25 km) compared to optical tech

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Oraić, Dražen, Relja Beck, Željko Pavlinec, et al. "Bonamia exitiosa in European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis) on the Croatian Adriatic Coast from 2016 to 2020." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090929.

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The annual production of European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in Croatia is about 50 to 65 tons, and it has a long tradition. All Croatian oyster farms are subjected to the national surveillance program aiming to detect the presence of Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens according to the Council Directive 2006/88/EC. Within the surveillance program, the first findings of the parasite Bonamia spp. occurred in 2016 in two production areas in the north and south of the Eastern Adriatic coast. The repeated findings of the parasite were noted up to 2020 but also on two additional sites in the

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Spencer, Don, and Stephen J. Jones. "Model-Scale/Full-Scale Correlation in Open Water and Ice for Canadian Coast Guard “R-Class” Icebreakers." Journal of Ship Research 45, no. 04 (2001): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2001.45.4.249.

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CCGS Pierre Radisson, one of the R-Class icebreakers Model-scale data from the National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Dynamics' water and ice towing tanks for the Canadian Coast Guard's R-Class icebreaker are compared with previous model tests and, more importantly, with three sets of full-scale ice trials data collected in 1978, 1979 and 1991. In open water, good agreement between model-and full-scale was found for bollard tests, and for self-propulsion tests provided a roughness allowance of 0.0008 was used. In ice, good correlation was found with the 1978 tests when the s

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Walker, Dan, Keith Michel, James C. Coleman, and Jacqueline Michel. "Oil in the Sea: Changes in the Nature of Sources and Inputs Since 1985." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-669.

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ABSTRACT The (U.S.) National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council (NRC) has completed the third in a series (spanning three decades) of comprehensive examinations of the inputs, fates, and effects of petroleum in the ocean. This most recent study, entitled Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects (NRC 2002) indicates that changes in petroleum handling practices and production techniques, as well as the introduction of double-hulled tankers, have reduced the size, frequency, and total volume of marine spills over the last decade. As suggested by earlier studies, natural seeps, la

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Fishman, J., L. T. Iraci, J. Al-Saadi, et al. "The United States' Next Generation of Atmospheric Composition and Coastal Ecosystem Measurements: NASA's Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) Mission." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93, no. 10 (2012): 1547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00201.1.

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The Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission was recommended by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Earth Science Decadal Survey to measure tropospheric trace gases and aerosols and coastal ocean phytoplankton, water quality, and biogeochemistry from geostationary orbit, providing continuous observations within the field of view. To fulfill the mandate and address the challenge put forth by the NRC, two GEO-CAPE Science Working Groups (SWGs), representing the atmospheric composition and ocean color disciplines, have developed realistic science objectives using inpu

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Morris, David J., John K. Pinnegar, David L. Maxwell, et al. "Over 10 million seawater temperature records for the United Kingdom Continental Shelf between 1880 and 2014 from 17 Cefas (United Kingdom government) marine data systems." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (2018): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-27-2018.

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Abstract. The datasets described here bring together quality-controlled seawater temperature measurements from over 130 years of departmental government-funded marine science investigations in the UK (United Kingdom). Since before the foundation of a Marine Biological Association fisheries laboratory in 1902 and through subsequent evolutions as the Directorate of Fisheries Research and the current Centre for Environment Fisheries &amp; Aquaculture Science, UK government marine scientists and observers have been collecting seawater temperature data as part of oceanographic, chemical, biolog

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Wu, Der-yuan. "City Diplomacy, Multilateral Networks and the Role of Southeast Asia." Jurnal Global & Strategis 14, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.17-30.

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In the wake of globalization, cities have increasingly engaged in international affairs. Positioning as in-between administrative entities and to reconcile between competing national interests and universal objectives like the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), cities could demonstrate their agency in providing alternative pursuit of global development. In particular, while international affairs have in a way environmentalized, global environmentalism in turn has strongly urbanized in recent decades. Many cities along the coast, in Asia or broader world alike, are at the forefront of cli

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Herring, Peter J. "Malcolm Roy Clarke. 24 October 1930 — 10 May 2013." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 60 (January 2014): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2014.0011.

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Malcolm Clarke was a leading authority on cephalopods and their significance in the world oceans. Much of his knowledge of their abundance was gained through a study of their beaks from the stomachs of predators, particularly sperm whales. He had a lifelong enthusiasm for sperm whales (and for other cetaceans), leading him to reappraise their buoyancy control. Postgraduate experience as a whaling inspector in the Antarctic led to his joining the National Institute of oceanography in 1958 to work on oceanic squids. In 1972 he moved to the Marine Biological association’s Plymouth laboratory, whe

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Duncan, Ronlyn. "The Challenges of Regulating Diffuse Agricultural Pollution to Improve Water Quality." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.433549.

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Worldwide, the cumulative effects of diffuse pollution arising from a range of human activities are diminishing the quality and ecosystem capacity of lakes, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. Devising effective ways to regulate the causes and effects of diffuse pollution is a fraught legal, political, policy, and management challenge given the difficulties in identifying and measuring who is responsible for what, where, and when. In 2011, under its Resource Management Act, 1991, the South Pacific nation of New Zealand introduced national policy to arrest diffuse pollution with a requirement for lo

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Bruzzone, Gabriele, Angelo Odetti, Massimo Caccia, and Roberta Ferretti. "Monitoring of Sea-Ice-Atmosphere Interface in the Proximity of Arctic Tidewater Glaciers: The Contribution of Marine Robotics." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (2020): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111707.

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The Svalbard archipelago, with its partially closed waters influenced by both oceanic conditions and large tidal glaciers, represents a prime target for understanding the effects of ongoing climate change on glaciers, oceans, and ecosystems. An understanding of the role played by tidewater glaciers in marine primary production is still affected by a lack of data from close proximity to glacier fronts, to which, for safety reasons, manned surface vessels cannot get too close. In this context, autonomous marine vehicles can play a key role in collecting high quality data in dangerous interface a

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Venosa, A. D., K. Lee, M. Boufadel, Z. Li, E. Wickley-Olsen, and T. King. "DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL WAVE TANK." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-777.

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ABSTRACT In 2005, the National Research Council (NRC) published a comprehensive treatise on oil spill dispersants. Among other things, it concluded that research on dispersion effectiveness as a function of energy dissipation rate and particle size distribution was a high priority. Energy dissipation rate (turbulence and existence of breaking waves) is important to initiate and promote effective dispersion, and the particle size distribution of dispersed oil droplets affects dispersion and the ultimate fate of oil in the water column. In this paper, we discuss the use of a wave tank built on t

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Goddard, Stephen. "Marine biotechnology: Emerging opportunities and future perspectives." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp7-7.

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The rapid growth of genetic, cellular and molecular technologies is enabling scientists to explore and develop marine resources for widespread applications in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, environmental and energy industries. Marine biotechnology products and services were estimated at 2.8 billion euros in 2010, with a cumulative annual growth rate of 4-5% (Marine Board-European Science Foundation, 2010) The Sultanate of Oman occupies a strategic geographical position and has a coastline in excess of 3000km, with the Arabian Sea located to the south and the Sea of Oman and Arabian Gulf to

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SINGH, UDAY. "Looking West: India’s Energy Policy In West Asia." Think India 22, no. 3 (2019): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8279.

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Energy security, of course, is a key ingredient of India’s interest in West Asia. It is dependent on imports for 80% of its oil needs, of which roughly 55% is sourced from the Persian Gulf region. The ratio could decline slowly as New Delhi diversifies with an increased focus on African producers. But the rate at which India’s energy demand is growing—it is currently the world’s fourth biggest oil consumer with import dependence projected to increase to 90% by 2031—offsets this in absolute terms. India’s increasingly multidimensional relations with Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states buttres

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RUBEL, O. E., А. AGHAYEV, and A. A. ZHIKHAREVA. "INSTITUTIONAL-COGNITIVE AND NONLINEAR SCIENTIFIC FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATIVE "SMART"-SPECIALIZATION OF THE MARITIME ECONOMIC COMPLEX." Economic innovations 23, no. 2(79) (2021): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.2(79).140-151.

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Topicality. In the twentieth century, there was an active discussion about the structure of the innovation process as a single period of scientific knowledge - from the promotion of ideas and hypotheses to the introduction of products to market. The beginning of the discussion of this issue was the work of S. Klein and N. Rosenberg "The positive sum strategy: Harnessing technology for economic grown". They described and criticized the classical linear model of innovation, based on the idea that the development of science is based on basic research, which then finds its continuation in applied

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