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1
Mordi, A. Richard. "The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008924.
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To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.
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Wells, Michael P. "The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039187.
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SummarySouth Africa contains an extensive, well-managed protected area network which generates considerable economic benefits from tourism, but the extensive land and financial resources required by the parks and reserves are difficult to reconcile with the acute social and economic development needs of poor rural people with very limited access to any kind of resources. Local communities have incurred substantial costs from the establishment of these parks while receiving few benefits in return. National and provincial governments, as well as the conservation authorities, have now recognized that the long-term future of parks and reserves depends on taking effective steps to redress the local imbalance of benefits and costs. Integrated conservation-development projects (ICDPs) are beginning to test a range of specific measures to increase local community participation in the benefits from protected areas. Parks have considerable resources and expertise which they can use to support local development through ICDPs, although it would be unrealistic to expect parks to solve widespread rural poverty amongst their neighbours. Instead, park authorities should take the lead in forming partnerships to mobilize the combined resources and expertise of other national and provincial government agencies, NGOs and the private sector, as well as the local communities themselves. Community participation in wildlife tourism may best be achievable through joint ventures with the private sector or park management authorities.
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Ustjuzhanin, Peter, Vasiliy Kovtunovich, Pavel Udovichenko, Adrian Armstrong, and Alexander Streltzov. "Plume moths in the protected areas of KwaZulu Natal province, Republic of South Africa." Ecologica Montenegrina 27 (January 10, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.27.2.
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The article gives 70 Pterophoridae species of nature reserves and national parks of KwaZulu Natal province, Republic of South Africa. New taxonomic combinations are revealed, new data on the distribution of Plume moths in the Republic of South Africa are indicated. New generic combinations were established for two species of Marasmarcha ammonias (Meyrick, 1909) and Sphenarches erythrodactylus (Fletcher, 1911). 7 species are recorded for the first time for the province of KwaZulu Natal.
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JENKINS, D. J., and C. N. L. MACPHERSON. "Transmission ecology ofEchinococcusin wild-life in Australia and Africa." Parasitology 127, S1 (October 2003): S63—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003871.
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Following the introduction ofE. granulosusinto Australia with domestic animals during European settlement, the parasite quickly became established in theE. granulosus-naive native animals of the continent. The distribution ofE. granulosusin wildlife in Australia is restricted by rainfall, but nevertheless the parasite is currently widespread and highly prevalent in many areas including numerous national parks and privately owned farms. The human population of Africa is rapidly increasing resulting in ever more pressure on wild-life populations and habitat. National parks, reserves and conservation areas now provide important tracts of preserved habitat for maintaining populations of wildlife that are also important in the maintenance ofE. granulosus. In some parts of Africa, hydatid-infected humans provide a source ofE. granulosusinfection to wildlife definitive hosts. In many areas felids may also act as important definitive hosts forE. granulosuswith the parasite being maintained in a prey/predator relationship between lions and a range of intermediate hosts. Populations ofE. granulosus-infected wild-life both in Australia and Africa act as important reservoirs in perpetuating the transmission ofE. granulosusto both domestic animals and humans. In Australia,E. granulosus-infected wild-life is infiltrating urban areas and currently represents a potentially important new public health problem.
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Chakawa, Joshua, and V. Z. Nyawo-Shava. "Guerrilla warfare and the environment in Southern Africa: Impediments faced by ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/6.
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Zimbabwe Peoples’ Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the armed wing of Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) which waged the war to liberate Zimbabwe. It operated from its bases in Zambia between 1964 and 1980. Umkhonto Wesizwe (MK) was ANC’s armed wing which sought to liberate South Africa from minority rule. Both forces (MK and ZIPRA) worked side by side until the attainment of independence by Zimbabwe when ANC guerrillas were sent back to Zambia by the new Zimbabwean government. This paper argues that the failure of ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe to deploy larger numbers of guerrillas to the war front in Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) and South Africa was mainly caused by bio-physical challenges. ZAPU and ANC guerrillas faced the difficult task of crossing the Zambezi River and then walking through the sparsely vegetated areas, game reserves and parks until they reached villages deep in the country. Rhodesian and South African Defense Forces found it relatively easy to disrupt guerrilla movements along these routes. Even after entering into Rhodesia, ANC guerrillas had environmental challenges in crossing to South Africa. As such, they could not effectively launch protracted rural guerrilla warfare. Studies on ZIPRA and ANC guerrilla warfare have tended to ignore these environmental problems across inhospitable territories. For the ANC, surveillance along Limpopo River and in Kruger National Park acted more as impediments than conduits. ANC also had to cope with almost all challenges which confronted ZIPRA guerrillas such as the Zambezi, Lake Kariba and various parks which Rhodesians always used as a first line of defense but had a geographically difficult task in South Africa where the environment was not attractive for a guerrilla warfare.
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BATES, M. F. "Herpetofauna of the nature reserves and national parks of the Free State province of South Africa." African Journal of Herpetology 46, no. 1 (January 1997): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.1997.9649972.
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Tang, Xiaolan, and John Adekunle Adesina. "Biodiversity Conservation of National Parks and Nature-Protected Areas in West Africa: The Case of Kainji National Park, Nigeria." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127322.
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Due to rising global warming and climate change, biodiversity protection has become a critical ecological concern. Rich biodiversity zones are under threat and are deteriorating, necessitating national, regional, and provincial efforts to safeguard these natural areas. The effective conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas help to improve biodiversity conservation, forest, and urban air quality. The continuous encroachment and abuse of these protected areas have degraded the ecosystem over time. While exploring the geophysical ecology and biodiversity conservation of these areas in West Africa, Kainji National Park was selected for this study because of its notable location, naturalness, rich habitat diversity, topographic uniqueness, and landmass. The conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas is a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation globally. This study is aimed at the target United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 13, 2030—Climate Action targeted at taking urgent action towards combating climate change and its impacts. The study captures both flora and fauna that are dominant in the study area. The 15 identified tree species were selected from over 30 species with 563,500,000 (an average of 3,700,000 in each sample frame) trees for every tree species/type with a total of 63% tree green canopy cover. The study areas divided into three zones were randomly sampled within a stratum of 25 × 25 km frames divided into 150 sample frames for proper analyses using the i-Tree Eco v6.0.25. It is a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service peer-reviewed application (software) designed which includes tools for urban and rural forestry study and benefits evaluations. The following microclimatic data were captured and analyzed photosynthetically active radiation, rain/precipitation, temperature, transpiration, evaporation, water intercepted by trees, runoff avoided by trees, potential evaporation by trees, and isoprene and monoterpene by trees. This study also further discusses the tree benefits of a green, low carbon, and sustainable environment within the context of biodiversity conservation, considering carbon storage, carbon sequestration, hydrology effects, pollution removal, oxygen production, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There is a quick need for remotely-sensed information about the national parks, protected areas and nature reserves at regular intervals, and government policies must be strict against illegal poaching, logging activities, and other hazardous human impacts.
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Sánchez, Alfonso, Alvaro Fernandez, and Juan B. González. "Conservancies, rainfall anomalies and communal violence: subnational evidence from East Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 61, no. 1 (March 2023): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x22000416.
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AbstractAre conservancies hotspots for communal violence and if so, do rainfall anomalies increase the likelihood of violence? The consensus from a rich number of case studies suggests that conservancies (e.g. national parks, game reserves) increase tensions between communities, which often lead to violent conflicts. Yet, these insights remain to be empirically tested using a large-N study. We examine this claim and explore if rainfall anomalies have an amplifying effect on violent conflicts. We contend that the spatial convergence between conservancies and rainfall variability can spark conflicts over access to resources in times of scarcity and create strategic opportunities to satisfy secondary goals in times of abundance. To test our expectations, we use sub-national data from East Africa between 1990 and 2018. Our results suggest that regions with conservancies are somewhat more prone to communal violence and find strong evidence that positive rainfall anomalies increase the likelihood of violent communal conflicts in regions with a conservancy.
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Dudek, Anna. "The Development of Tourism in Protected Areas and the Exploitation of the Natural Environment by Local Communities in Africa and Asia." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0029.
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Abstract From an economic point of view, protected areas do not bring in high profits, in comparison to other possible ways of land usage. National parks and nature reserves are costly in their creation, as well as in their subsequent upkeep and management. In developing countries, their operation can be the source of many political and economic problems. Usually, local communities neighboring protected areas perceive the existence of a protected zone negatively, although they are often able to avail themselves of park resources in various ways. Besides being given the opportunity to rationally make use of certain park resources, community members may be employed as park attendants, which is a practice that is widespread. A part of the profits obtained from the developing tourist industry may be allocated towards local development programs, e.g. the building of a new hospital or school. Some national parks, while lacking the adequate infrastructure necessary for tourism, grapple with a lack of funds. The lack of earning opportunities in connection with the development of tourism results in the local community’s over-exploitation of park resources. This often manifests itself in an increased incidence of poaching in the protected area.
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Burgess, Neil D., Isaac Malugu, Peter Sumbi, Almas Kashindye, Adam Kijazi, Karyn Tabor, Boniface Mbilinyi, et al. "Two decades of change in state, pressure and conservation responses in the coastal forest biodiversity hotspot of Tanzania." Oryx 51, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531500099x.
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AbstractWe present an analysis of changes of state, pressures and conservation responses over 20 years in the Tanzanian portion of the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa biodiversity hotspot. Baseline data collected during 1989–1995 are compared with data from a synthesis of recently published papers and reports and new field work carried out across the region during 2010–2014. We show that biodiversity endemism values are largely unchanged, although two new species (amphibian and mammal) have been named and two extremely rare tree species have been relocated. However, forest habitat continues to be lost and degraded, largely as a result of agricultural expansion, charcoal production to supply cities with cooking fuel, logging for timber and cutting of wood for firewood and building poles. Habitat loss is linked to an increase in the number of species threatened over time. The government-managed forest reserve network has expanded slightly but has low effectiveness. Three forest reserves have been upgraded to National Parks and Nature Reserves, which have stricter protection and more effective enforcement. There has also been rapid development of village-owned forest reserves, with more than 140 now existing; although usually small, they are an important addition to the areas being managed for sustainable resource use, and also provide tangible benefits to local people. Human-use pressures remain intense in many areas, and combined with emerging pressures from mining, gas and oil exploration, many endemic species remain threatened with extinction.
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Turner, Jason A., Hans de Iongh, and Emma J. Dunston-Clarke. "Assessing the Social Cohesion of a Translocated Pride of White Lions Integrated with Wild Tawny Lions in South Africa, Using Social Network Analysis." Animals 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12151985.
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In South Africa, lions are protected in national parks and smaller fenced reserves. Translocating lions between fenced reserves, whilst necessary to maintain genetic diversity, is disruptive and can impact survivorship and pride cohesion. Critical to translocation success is pride cohesion. White lions are a natural colour variant occurring in the Greater Kruger Park Region, where anthropogenic threats eliminated this population until reintroduction in 2006. Through social network analysis (SNA), the sociality of a released pride of captive-origin white and wild tawny lions was compared to two captive-origin and wild prides of tawny lions. Social interactions and pride dynamics were recorded for each pride. For all prides, cubs and subadults were central to the play network, while adults received the most social interactions. White and wild tawny adult males initiated more social interactions than captive-origin tawny males, whilst a keystone adult female was identified in each pride. For the constructed pride, social interactions were more evenly distributed, suggesting a high level of connectedness and cohesion. This is the first study to demonstrate that captive-origin white and wild tawny lions can form a socially functional pride, suggesting that white lions would survive in the wild in the absence of anthropogenic threats.
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Pfeffer, Pierre. "La grande faune africaine, facteur de développement." Revue française d'administration publique 53, no. 1 (1990): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1990.2322.
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African Big Game as a Factor of Development. Big game, which is a vital resource in development, is threatened with extinction. Balanced and durable traditional hunting methods are giving way to intensive hunting. National parks and game reserves are not enough. We need to introduce a System of Controls on the hunting of these species based on a network of protected areas lying alongside those where shooting and hunting would be organized by specialized services and the local village community. Development agencies should demonstrate their interest and seize the opportunity of using wild life in this way.
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Houndonougbo, Juliano S. H., Valère K. Salako, Rodrigue Idohou, Fortuné A. Azihou, Achille E. Assogbadjo, and Romain Glèlè Kakaï. "LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELEPHANTS AND BORASSUS AETHIOPUM MART. (ARECACEAE) IN THE PENDJARI NATIONAL PARK IN BENIN." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 331 (July 21, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2017.331.a31324.
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Elephants are reported to have a dramatic impact on woodyvegetation in protected areas. Careful control of elephant and wood species populations is therefore crucial to successful biodiversity management in such ecosystems. The perceptions of local people and protected areas managers could very usefully supple- ment classic ecological surveys and monito- ring to achieve this goal. This study assessed the perceptions of managers and local people regarding the causes, damage, consequences and management options of elephant pres- sure on the declining dioecious palm Boras- sus aethiopum. The study was conducted in the Pendjari National Park, which is part of the W-Arly-Pendjari transboundary complex of reserves in West Africa. Semi-structured inter- views were conducted with 53 respondents belonging to three socio-professional cate- gories: administrators, ecoguards and local professional hunters. Relative frequency of citation and the Pearson correlation were used to assess the consensus and concordance of their perceptions, respectively. The respon- dents reported a steep increase in the number of elephants in the Pendjari National Park, which they attributed to significant elephant migration from transboundary parks where poaching pressure was perceived as high. This has resulted in high pressure on tree species including B. aethiopum. Despite differences in professional outlook, consensual and concor- dant opinions were noted among administra- tors, ecoguards and local professional hunters on the relationship between B. aethiopum and elephants. A regional approach aiming to pro- tect the elephant population (low poaching) in the W-Arly-Pendjari complex and other neighbouring reserves was suggested in order to limit elephant migration.
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Klink, Carlos Augusto. "Germination and seedling establishment of two native and one invading African grass species in the Brazilian cerrado." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009354.
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ABSTRACTIntroduced either accidentally or purposefully for the creation of cultivated pastures, African grasses are becoming major invaders of ecological reserves and national parks of the Brazilian savannas, the cerrado. African grasses are particularly good colonizers of disturbed sites. Germination in the field and laboratory, and seedling establishment in the field were studied for the African species Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquamulatus (Hochst.) Hack., and for the native species Echinolaena infltxa (Poiret) Chase and Schizachyrium tenerum Nees. The African species had a higher and faster germination rate than the two native species, but its seedling mortality was higher. The main cause of seedling mortality in the field was herbivory by ants. It is suggested that the invasion of cerrado by African grasses depends on the kind of management being practised.
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Baynes-Rock, Marcus. "Converging on Ancient Bones." Humanimalia 7, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9980.
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The majority of spotted hyena studies are conducted in places such as national parks and reserves where there are few humans present other than the researchers. I argue that this reflects a perception that “real” hyenas are those largely unaffected by contact with humans. This is at odds with fossil evidence which demonstrates a long, shared history of human/hyena co-evolution since our ancestors first came together on the African continent more than six million years ago. From that time human ancestors adopted lifeways that brought them into direct competition with hyena ancestors over carcass-based resources. These relations of competition and coexistence persisted through dispersals across Eurasia and into the late Pleistocene. So too in Africa, our respective ancestors competed over prey for millions of years. There hyena/human competition over livestock animals is a vestige of ancient enmity that marks both species as enemies. In light of this evidence I present a reconfiguration of what it is to be hyena or human. Using a theoretical framework developed by Jacob von Uexküll I argue that hyenas are to a great degree human-like and vice versa. This conclusion in turn undermines human exceptionalism by undermining the “non-animalness” which is normally held to separate humans from other species.
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Newby, John E. "Parks for people—a case study from the Aïr Mountains of Niger." Oryx 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023188.
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The Aïr Mountains of north-central Niger are relatively unspoilt and contain some of the last remaining populations of addax Addax nasomaculatus, ostrich Struthio camelus and dama gazella Gazella dama in in West Africa. The Aïr Mountain are also home for some 5000 Twaregs, half of whom are cultivators and the other half herders. The Aïr and Tùnùrù National Nature Reserve, which was gazetted in 1988, covers more than 77,000 sq km. It was inspired by concern for the region's unique and increasingly threatened wildlife, wcology. The Nigerien Wildlife Service and the IUCN/WWF project that supports the reserve are attempting to reconcile conservation with development through a broadly based programme geared to protection, resoration and sustainable use of the area's natural resources.
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Ignatiev, Pavlo, and Iryna Zaporizka. "Еconomic development of the United Republic of Tanzania." 17, no. 17 (June 30, 2023): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2310-9513-2023-17-02.
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Achieving balanced economic growth is one of the priorities of governments in developing countries. This is especially relevant for certain African countries that have such characteristics as a favorable geographical location and considerable demographic resource. The policy of the United Republic of Tanzania is an example of successful strategy, since the country not only demonstrates a dynamic growth of GDP, but also competes for regional leadership with neighboring Kenya. The object is the economic policy of Tanzania, while the subject is represented by national interests, resources, and the tools of management of processes of national economic growth. Because of this the article aims at establishing comparative advantages of Tanzania and the peculiarities of its economic advancement. The system approach is used in the article, since it analyzes the economic policy as the set of elements that interact with each other. It was found that Tanzania is a strategic player in East Africa in terms of logistics that at the same time enjoys an appropriate tourism potential, represented by Mount Kilimanjaro, the national parks of international importance, and the popular islands in the Indian Ocean. The basis of the national economic strategy is the focus on transport and tourist services, which can be considered rather unusual for the African continent. At the same time, Tanzania is trying to effectively use its opportunities in the fields of agriculture and mining industry and is also actively developing transport infrastructure in order to become a logistics hub in the region. Moreover, the country is taking steps to exploit the commercial reserves of oil and natural gas. Tanzania’s foreign economic ties play an important role. This state actor has Chinese orientation since Beijing is its main trading partner and a major investor in infrastructure projects. Tanzanian political elite is also actively diversifying its contacts by deepening the cooperation with Türkiye. The complex of these factors helps to ensure balanced economic development, as well as to gain certain advantages in the competition with Kenya for the leadership in the East African region.
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Chidumayo, Emmanuel N. "Biotic interactions, climate and disturbance underlie the distribution of two Julbernardia tree species in miombo woodlands of Africa." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000584.
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Abstract:Occurrence data for Julbernardia globiflora and J. paniculata at 617 sites in the miombo woodland region of central, eastern and southern Africa and forest inventory data for 512 woodland plots in Zambia were used to determine species distribution and dominance. Distribution of the two Julbernardia species overlaps in the central region of the miombo woodland range while the eastern and western range regions are exclusively for only one of the two species. In the region of co-occurrence, there is a clear spatial separation in the dominance of the two species. In old-growth woodland a significant proportion of the variation in the dominance of J. globiflora was explained by the dominance of J. paniculata while mean annual maximum temperature and tree species richness negatively affect the dominance of J. paniculata. Old-growth woodland clearing changes the local climatic conditions and alters the way Julbernardia species in re-growth stands respond to potential evapo-transpiration (PET). Climate change, especially global warming, may further reinforce the impacts of PET to differentially favour J. globiflora. Because of this altered response of Julbernardia species in re-growth miombo, preserving old-growth miombo and preventing present human disturbances in designated areas, such as forest reserves and national parks, may be a useful climate adaptation strategy for these species.
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Ma, Ben, Yuqian Zhang, Yilei Hou, and Yali Wen. "Do Protected Areas Matter? A Systematic Review of the Social and Ecological Impacts of the Establishment of Protected Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 7259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197259.
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There is growing interest in evaluating the effects of establishing protected areas (PAs). However, the mechanisms through which the establishment of PAs achieved significant positive effects remain unclear, and how different conservation mechanisms have achieved significant positive social and ecological benefits has also not been sufficiently studied. In this study, we systematically reviewed exemplary cases from Asia, Africa, and South America, using panel data to assess the conservation effectiveness of nature reserves and national parks. By surveying 629 literature samples reported in 31 studies, we found that the establishment of PAs has positive influences on poverty reduction, family incomes, household expenditure, employment, forest cover, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and a reduction in forest fragmentation. Furthermore, we analyzed the specific aspects that influence the publication of a paper in a high-impact journal. We found that publication is more likely when the research uses panel data, matching methods of data analysis, large samples, and plots or PAs as research units and has significant evaluation results. Our results suggest that future studies should use panel data and matching method analysis to assess the impacts of PAs from multiple perspectives and focus on the effectiveness of specific conservation mechanisms in achieving positive effects.
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Assédé, Emeline P. S., Aristide C. Adomou, and Brice Sinsin. "Magnoliophyta, Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari, Atacora province, Benin." Check List 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.642.
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The Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari is an example of best management practice of protected areas in West Africa with typical Sudanian savanna vegetation. It is part of the vast and transboundary protected areas of W, Pendjari and Arly National Parks of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. This work provides an overview of the flora of the reserve by means of a thorough botanical inventory. The plant species composition is typical of Sudanian savanna. We recorded 684 plant species, which were distributed among 366 genera and 89 families. The two most species-rich families were Fabaceae (115) and Poaceae (112). The most important life forms were phanerophytes and therophytes. The chorological spectrum was dominated by Sudanian species. With Ipomoea beninensis Akoègninou, Lisowski and Sinsin, Thunbergia atacorensis Akoègninou and Lisowski and Cissus kouandeensis A.Chev., three endemic species of Benin were recorded, demonstrating the importance of the reserve for plant conservation.
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Grishina, Nina. "Environmental Problems of Liberia." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 64, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2023-64-3-125-135.
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The Republic of Liberia is experiencing many of the same environmental problems as the entire region of West Africa. In recent decades, challenges related to the preservation of natural resources have become increasingly relevant here. The natural resources of Liberia, its flora and fauna are insufficiently protected, which opens up wide opportunities for various kinds of illegal activities. Despite the fact that any types of development of natural resources are prohibited in nature reserves and national parks, the local population for many years has been using their territory for farming, cattle grazing, logging, small-scale mining, house building, fishing and hunting. The article analyzes the main environmental risks in the Republic of Liberia: unauthorized logging, hunting of wild animals, pollution of terrestrial water sources and oceanic coastal waters by industrial and household waste, uncontrolled increase in the number of landfills. It is emphasized that the unfavorable environmental situation negatively affects the health of the population and damages the tourism industry. The work of some national and international environmental organizations to normalize the environmental situation in the country is analyzed. It is concluded that currently the listed environmental problems of Liberia, due to the difficult internal economic situation, are far from being resolved. Сurrently, measures taken for environmental protection purposes, both at the level of individual countries of the continent and at the international level, do not give the expected results. Thus, environmental problems in Liberia, as in a number of other States of the African continent, are growing much more intensively than they are being solved. In many ways, this is the result of a whole complex of interrelated challenges of the modern stage of development, rooted in the traditional understanding of the practical use of natural resources.
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Munang'andu, Hetron Mweemba, Victor Siamudaala, Musso Munyeme, and King Shimumbo Nalubamba. "A Review of Ecological Factors Associated with the Epidemiology of Wildlife Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa and Zambezi Valley Ecosystems of Zambia." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/372523.
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Trypanosomiasis has been endemic in wildlife in Zambia for more than a century. The disease has been associated with neurological disorders in humans. Current conservation strategies by the Zambian government of turning all game reserves into state-protected National Parks (NPs) and game management areas (GMAs) have led to the expansion of the wildlife and tsetse population in the Luangwa and Zambezi valley ecosystem. This ecological niche lies in the common tsetse fly belt that harbors the highest tsetse population density in Southern Africa. Ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and rainfall found in this niche allow for a favorable interplay between wild reservoir hosts and vector tsetse flies. These ecological factors that influence the survival of a wide range of wildlife species provide adequate habitat for tsetse flies thereby supporting the coexistence of disease reservoir hosts and vector tsetse flies leading to prolonged persistence of trypanosomiasis in the area. On the other hand, increase in anthropogenic activities poses a significant threat of reducing the tsetse and wildlife habitat in the area. Herein, we demonstrate that while conservation of wildlife and biodiversity is an important preservation strategy of natural resources, it could serve as a long-term reservoir of wildlife trypanosomiasis.
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Szantoi, Zoltan, Andreas Brink, and Andrea Lupi. "An update and beyond: key landscapes for conservation land cover and change monitoring, thematic and validation datasets for the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 3767–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3767-2021.
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Abstract. Natural resources are increasingly threatened in the world. Threats to biodiversity and human well-being pose enormous challenges in many vulnerable areas. Effective monitoring and protection of sites with strategic conservation importance require timely monitoring, with a particular focus on certain land cover classes that are especially vulnerable. Larger ecological zones and wildlife corridors also warrant monitoring, as these areas are subject to an even higher degree of pressure and habitat loss as they are not “protected” compared to protected areas (national parks, nature reserves, etc.). To address such a need, a satellite-imagery-based monitoring workflow was developed to cover at-risk areas. The first phase of the programme covered a total area of 560 442 km2 in sub-Saharan Africa. In this update, we remapped some of the areas using the latest satellite images available, and in addition we included some new areas to be mapped. Thus, in this version we have updated and mapped an additional 852 025 km2 in the Caribbean, African and Pacific regions, involving up to 32 land cover classes. Medium- to high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery was used to generate dense time series data, from which the thematic land cover maps were derived. Each map and change map was fully verified and validated by an independent team to meet our strict data quality requirements. The independent validation datasets for each key landscape for conservation (KLC) are also described and presented here (all datasets presented are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931968; Szantoi et al., 2021a).
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Wilkie, David S., and Julia F. Carpenter. "Can nature tourism help finance protected areas in the Congo Basin?" Oryx 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00080.x.
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AbstractIn the debt-ridden, high-population-growth, resource-mining states of the Congo Basin, conservation of biodiversity is seldom the primary concern of national policy makers or of local resource users. Moreover, the recurring costs of managing protected areas and the opportunity costs of forgoing logging and farming to maintain protected areas are a substantial net drain on national and local economies. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly important that protected areas generate, from user fees or donor contributions, sufficient funds to offset the costs of maintaining them. Government and donor investment currently meet less than 30 per cent of the estimated recurring costs required to manage the protected-area network within central African countries effectively, and cover none of the growing opportunity costs. Nature tourism, the fastest growing sector of the $US3 trillion (3 million million) a year global tourism industry, may offer a source of revenue to help fill this gap in funds. Congo Basin national parks and reserves harbour many charismatic animals (okapi, lowland gorilla, mandrills, bongo, forest elephant) that are likely to attract tourists, and as a result many protected- area managers are sinking capital into the development of tourist infrastructure. This paper reviews the evidence for ecotourism's capacity to generate revenue for protected-area management and appraises the financial viability of nature tourism in the Congo Basin.
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Heydenrych, Barry J., Richard M. Cowling, and Amanda T. Lombard. "Strategic conservation interventions in a region of high biodiversity and high vulnerability: a case study from the Agulhas Plain at the southern tip of Africa." Oryx 33, no. 3 (July 1999): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00068.x.
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AbstractIn terms of the persistence of biodiversity, the siting of conservation areas has traditionally been ad hoc. In the Cape Floristic Region, a hot-spot of plant biodiversity and endemism, past conservation interventions have led to the mountains being over-represented in the reserve network, while the lowlands have remained very poorly conserved. Ongoing threats to the lowlands such as the rampant spread of invasive alien plants, and land transformation for agriculture and resort development, continue to undermine biodiversity in these regions. A new conservation intervention, the Agulhas National Park, is in the process of being implemented on the coastal lowlands at Africa's southernmost tip. A flexible, reserve-selection design tool is being used to guide this process. The practical challenges in implementing a new protected area in a fragmented landscape, which has a high biodiversity and vulnerability, are examined. The role of different institutions, in partic-in particular state-private partnerships, and current investigations into conservation agencies' policies, legislation and funding mechanisms are dealt with. It is imperative that future conservation planning considers the threats to biodiversity first and foremost. Institutions such as South African National Parks and the Cape Nature Conservation Board must act strategically to avoid changes in land use that will compromise the biodiversity goals of retention and persistence. Conservation efforts will only succeed if institutional and socio-economic considerations are integrated with conservation plans aimed at ensuring the long-term persistence of biodiversity.
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Rotem, Dotan, and Gilad Weil. "Natural Ecosystem-Units in Israel and the Palestinian Authority - Representativeness in Protected Areas and Suggested Solutions for Biodiversity Conservation." Journal of Landscape Ecology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0011.
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Abstract The geographic location of Israel and the Palestinian Authorityon the border between Mediterranean and desert climate, and the strong topographic and geomorphological variation resulting from its position on the Great African Rift Valley, combine to sustain a great diversity of landscapes in a very small country. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the protected areas in Israel and the Palestinian Authority adequately represent the range of landscapes and ecosystems in the region. Altogether, we defined 23 natural ecosystem-units in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, of which 17 are terrestrial landscapes and 6 are aquatic systems. In considering the adequacy of coverage in protected areas, we mapped Israel and the Palestinian Authority landscapes according to a set of environmental factors (climatic, geomorphological, geological and botanical) that we believe most effectively distinguish landscape types in this region. When the separation between adjacent units relies on sharp topographic or edaphic change in the landscape, the mapped units can be separated by a clear and sharp line. When adjacent units are actually a gradient of continuous environmental conditions the separation lines relied mostly on botanic characteristics. The main land use categories in this analysis were urban areas, agricultural areas, nature reserves, national parks and forest reserves. For the first time in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, we quantified the different landscape types under the different categories of land use. This process, known as systematic conservation planning, allowed us to detect natural landscapes that are underrepresented in protected areas, and can guide decision makers to establish or improve management for the better representation of biodiversity.
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Swatuk, Larry A. "From “Project” to “Context”: Community Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380054794925.
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Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programs presently proliferate across the Global South. In Southern Africa, CBNRM overwhelmingly focuses on wildlife conservation in areas adjacent to national parks and game reserves. The objects of these development activities are remote communities that exhibit the highest levels of poverty in the region, the consequences of which are sometimes resource degradation. CBNRM seeks to empower and enrich the lives of these communities through the active co-management of their natural resource base. Almost without exception, however, CBNRM projects have had disappointing results. Common explanations lay blame at the feet of local people who are seen to lack capacity and will, among other things. This paper contests this explanation by subjecting the particular case of Botswana to a deeper, critical political ecology analysis. Drawing on insights from Homer-Dixon regarding resource capture and ecological marginalization, and from Acharya regarding the localization of global norms, the paper argues that CBNRM is better understood as a discursive site wherein diverse actors bring unequal power/knowledge to bear in the pursuit of particular interests. In Botswana this manifests at a local level as an on-going struggle over access to land and related resources. However, given that CBNRM is supported by a wide array of international actors, forming perhaps the thin edge of a wider wedge in support of democratization, good governance and biodiversity preservation, locally empowered actors are forced to adapt their interests to the strictures of emergent structures of global governance. The outcome is a complex interplay of activities whereby CBNRM is realized but not in a form anticipated by its primary supporters.
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Mvogo Ndongo, Pierre A., Thomas von Rintelen, Minette Tomedi-Tabi Eyango, and Neil Cumberlidge. "Morphological and molecular analyses reveal three new endemic species of the freshwater crab genus Buea Cumberlidge, Mvogo Ndongo, Clark & Daniels, 2019 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) from a rainforest biodiversity hotspot in Cameroon, Central Africa." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 3 (May 2020): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa019.
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Abstract Three new species of the Cameroonian endemic freshwater crab genus Buea Cumberlidge, Mvogo Ndongo, Clark & Daniels, 2019 are described. The new species were collected from protected areas in the Southwest region of Cameroon, the Korup and Bakossi National Parks and the Mt. Nlonako Ecological Reserve. These species are distinguished from each other and from the type species of the genus, Buea asylos (Cumberlidge, 1993), by a combination of morphological characters (carapace, thoracic sternum, chelipeds, and male first gonopod) and by partial sequences of three mitochondrial DNA genes (COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA). A phylogenetic analysis that included representatives of all other freshwater crab genera found in Cameroon recovered each of the new species as a well-supported distinct lineage. An identification key is also provided for the four species of Buea and the conservation status of the new species is discussed.
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Shadwell, Eleanor, and Edmund February. "Effects of groundwater abstraction on two keystone tree species in an arid savanna national park." PeerJ 5 (January 25, 2017): e2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2923.
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BackgroundIn arid systems with no surface water, deep boreholes in ephemeral river beds provide for humans and animals. With continually increasing infrastructure development for tourism in arid wildlife parks such as the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southern Africa, we ask what effects increased abstraction may have on large trees. Large trees in arid savannas perform essential ecosystem services by providing food, shade, nesting sites and increased nutrients for many other plant and animal species and for this are regarded as keystone species.MethodsWe determine seasonal fluctuations in the water table while also determining the water source for the dominant large tree species in the Auob and Nossob rivers in the Park. We also determine the extent to which these trees are physiologically stressed using leafδ13C, xylem pressure potentials, specific leaf area and an estimate of canopy death. We do this both upstream and downstream of a low water use borehole in the Auob River and a high water use borehole in the Nossob River.ResultsOur results show that the trees are indeed using deep groundwater in the wet season and that this is the same water used by people. In the dry season, trees in the Auob downstream of the active borehole become detached from the aquifer and use more isotopically enriched soil water. In the Nossob in the dry season, all trees use isotopically enriched soil water, and downstream of the active borehole use stomatal regulation to maintain leaf water potentials. These results suggest that trees in the more heavily utilised Nossob are under more water stress than those trees in the Auob but that trees in both rivers demonstrate physiological adaptation to the changes in available water with smaller heavier leaves, no significant canopy dieback and in the dry season in the Nossob stomatal regulation of leaf water potentials.DiscussionAn increase in abstraction of groundwater particularly at the Nossob borehole may cause an additional draw down of the water table adding to the physiological stress demonstrated in our study. The managers of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park have a mandate that includes biodiversity conservation. To fulfil this mandate, upper and lower thresholds for groundwater abstraction that allow for an adequate ecological reserve have to be determined.
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Wescott, Geoffrey Charles. "Australia's Distinctive National Parks System." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002258x.
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Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.
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Kimeto, Janet C., and Kezia Herman Mkwizu. "Sustainability of national parks and game reserves during the Covid-19 pandemic in Kenya." JOURNAL OF TOURISM, CULINARY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (JTCE) 3, no. 1 (April 27, 2023): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37715/jtce.v3i1.3677.
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This paper is to explore sustainability of national parks and game reserves in Kenya. Objectives are to examine the responsibility of tourism stakeholders in sustainability of national parks and game reserves during the Covid-19; explore the benefit and cost of tourism of parks and game reserves during the Covid-19; and explore the mitigating measures by tourism stakeholders on issues affecting wildlife in parks and game reserves during the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodology is based on a literature review method by deploying a systematic literature review. The findings indicated that as much as tourism is globally seen as an income generator and foreign exchange earner but was worst hit by the pandemic. If the effects of the pandemic are not mitigated early, then the effects are harmful to the resources and environment. Tourism stakeholders should ensure posterity and fame of parks and game reserves are sustained. This paper provides information on the responsibilities of tourism stakeholders in the sustainability of parks and game reserves in Kenya as a tourism destination. The outcome of this paper implies that the tourism stakeholders may look into ways of mitigating the negative effects of tourism in the Covid-19 to ensure sustainability in the post- Covid -19 pandemic.
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Sanou, Lassina. "Perceptions locales des perturbations écologiques sur la dynamique de la végétation de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière Parc National du W, Afrique de l’Ouest." Revue Ecosystèmes et Paysages 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59384/recopays.tg3204.
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L’activité humaine est au centre des perturbations écologiques et participe au processus lent de reconstitution des écosystèmes. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le Parc National du W et trois villages environnants avec pour objectif global de disposer de connaissances de base pouvant contribuer à une meilleure gestion des habitats des aires proté-gées. Des enquêtes menées auprès de 240 personnes visaient à recueillir leur perception des facteurs de perturbation écologiques (feu, pâture). Il ressort que les populations locales ont une bonne connaissance des effets de la pâture et des feux de brousses et perçoivent les activités humaines comme principale cause de la dégradation des forêts. Les facteurs de dégradation des formations végétales reconnus par les acteurs enquêtés sont par ordre décroissant : la croissance démographique (85,83%), les défrichements des terres pour l’extension des superficies culturales (84,58%), la variabilité climatique (80%), les feux de brousse (66,25%), la politique de gestion des formations végétales (61,67%). Les moyennes des scores de réponse des répondants sur leur per-ception de l’usage des feux et de la période de mise de feu précoce indiquent que les populations locales utilisent couramment les feux pour les défrichements des terres ( =2,69) et la période Novembre-Décembre est celle indiquée pour les feux précoces ( =3,03). La réussite des projets d’aménagement doit tenir compte des préoccupations des communautés locales et ne nécessite pas la suppression totale de la pâture et des feux tant que ces facteurs sont appliqués avec modération.
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Lama, Sony, Jingjing Zhang, and Xiaofeng Luan. "Evaluating the Conservation Status and Effectiveness of Multi-Type Protected Areas for Carbon Sequestration in the Loess Plateau, China." Atmosphere 15, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070764.
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Evaluating the conservation effectiveness of multiple types of protected areas (PAs) on carbon sequestration services can enhance the role of PAs in mitigating global warming. Here, we evaluated the conservation status and effectiveness of national parks, nature reserves, forest parks, geo-parks, and scenic spots on carbon sequestration within the Loess Plateau throughout 2000–2020. The results show that all existing PA types have good representation and conservation effectiveness on carbon sequestration. Nature reserves are the most representative of carbon sequestration but are the least effective in protecting carbon sequestration and are the only ones that are weekly effective in protecting critical carbon sequestration. The main factors influencing these results are PA size, 2000 precipitation, slope, change rate of evapotranspiration, PA rank, and 2000 evapotranspiration. We suggest upgrading the critical carbon sequestration distribution areas in scenic spots, forest parks and geo-parks to national parks or nature reserves in the future and implementing appropriate protection and restoration measures in low carbon sequestration areas within grassland and wild plant nature reserves to help achieve the goal of carbon neutrality early.
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Khudoba, V. "Representation analysis of large reserves units network in Western Volyn-Podillia region." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 15, 2011): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2197.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the network of reserves, national parks and regional landscape parks in Western Volyn-Podillia region. The research has determined their level of representation of nature-territorial complexes of the region itself. It has been suggested in the article to optimize these objects in order to increase their representation by means of creating more regional landscape parks. Key words: nature reserves stock, natural reserve, national park, regional landscape park, natureterritorial complexes.
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CHETVERIKOV, B., and A. KOSTYANCHUK. "Method of mapping of the national parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technology." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 42, no. II (September 1, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-2-42-84-91.
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Aim. The aim of the work is to create a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies. The objectives of the work are to propose a technological scheme of mapping of National parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies and to describe the methodology of this mapping. Method. The first step was to search for input data and analyze them. Since the data was obtained from free online services, their geometric correction did not make sense, as they were already bound in the coordinate system WGS_1984. The following 11 layers were then vectorized: nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature parks, regional landscape parks, reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks, parks-monuments of landscape art. An attribute database with the following structure is created for each vector layer: Name – name of the protected area, Oblast – location (region of Ukraine), Area – area of the territory (ha), Type – type of protected area according to the classification. Different symbols of protected objects are designed for each vector layer. In the future, it is planned to compile an atlas of National Parks and Protected Areas of Ukraine based on the created GIS. Results. As a result of this goal, we obtained a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine, which consists of 11 vector layers according to the classification of nature reserves of Ukraine and contains 1204 objects for which the corresponding attribute tables have been created. Practical significance. The practical significance of this work is quite high, because orderly, systematized spatial and attributive information will: help in resolving issues of land management and recreation; improving management efficiency; to promote the provision and development of scientific activity; to improve the information and educational functioning of the objects of the nature reserve fund, etc.
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Aschenbrand, Erik, and Thomas Michler. "Why Do UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Get Less Recognition than National Parks? A Landscape Research Perspective on Protected Area Narratives in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413647.
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This paper explores how landscape research can contribute to our understanding of why integrated protected area concepts like biosphere reserves get less recognition than national parks. In this regard, we analysed policy documents and online communication of biosphere reserves and national parks, conducted qualitative interviews with conservation professionals and volunteers as well as participant observation in order to identify and compare narratives that guide the communication and perception of both protected area categories. The results show how national parks offer a clear interpretation of space by building on landscape stereotypes and creating landscape legibility and experience-ability through touristification. National Parks also experience conflicts about proper management and combine a variety of goals, often including regional development. Nevertheless, their narrative is unambiguous and powerful. Biosphere reserves, on the other hand, have an image problem that is essentially due to the difficulty of communicating their objectives. They confront the difficult task of creating a vision that combines development and conservation while integrating contrarious landscape stereotypes. We argue for a fundamental engagement with protected area narratives, as this improves understanding of protected areas’ transformative potential.
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LeBlanc, Julie M. A., and Vivianne LeBlanc1. "National Parks and Indigenous Land Management." Ethnologies 32, no. 2 (September 15, 2011): 23–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006304ar.
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Tourists make decisions that impact the places they visit. Through an economic and development perspective, tourism has grown into a capital venture for most countries all while having the challenging task of operating under specific policies that shape visiting experiences. These experiences are critical in assessing how, by and for whom land is developed and managed. This article explores three continents as case studies: Eastern Africa's Maasai Mara, Australia's Uluru-Kata Tuta site and the Torngat Mountains National Reserve Park in Canada. The African and Australian examples are based on participant-observation fieldwork by the authors while the Torngat Mountains serves as an example of what could become the new National Reserve Park in Canada and its possible tourism impact forecasting. Critical analysis is particularly important in this article as we examine, compare and contrast the development approach and land management policies from the tourist's experiential perspective. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the various levels and politics of planning involved in the recognition, nationalization and touristification of heritage sites as well as the creation of identities based on local confines. More specifically, with the focus on tourist experience, we attempt to uncover the nature of theory and practice in indigenous, private and public land management for tourism exploitation.
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TSARYK, Lyubomyr, and Ihor KUZYK. "RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 53, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.2.13.
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According to the results of the study of the nature protection aspect of the russian-Ukrainian war, it was established that since 2014, the russian federation illegally captured and destroyed about 500 objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, with a total area of over 1.2 million hectares. Came under occupation 3 Biosphere Reserves, 14 Nature Reserves, 19 National Natural Parks, dozens Regional Landscape Parks, hundreds Reserves, Sights Nature, Reserve Tracts, Botanical gardens, Dendrological parks, Zoological parks and Parks-sights of garden and park art. Famous protected objects suffered from russian military aggression: Biosphere Reserve «Askania-Nova», Chornomorskyi Biosphere Reserve, National Natural Parks «Slobozhanskyi», «Gomilshan Lisy», «Svyati Hory», «Meotida», «Oleshkivsʹki Pisky», Nature Reserve «Khomutovsky Step». Practically all types of biodiversity in the protected areas have been destroyed, unique landscapes are disturbed, the scientific achievements of specialists of nature-reserved objects were liquidated or exported. Cases of mining of protected areas have been recorded, uncontrolled deforestation, destruction of rare species of flora and fauna, etc.
At the first stage of military aggression, in 2014, russia illegally occupied 100% of the natural reserve fund of the Crimean peninsula, 25.2% of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk region and 23.8% of the nature reserve fund of Luhansk region. In the second stage of aggression and full-scale war against Ukraine, from February 24, 2022, the russian federation completely seized all territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as well as a significant part of valuable nature conservation of Kyiv, Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions. As of September 1, 2022, a large part of the territory of Ukraine, including nature conservation areas, is freed from occupation. But it is still quite difficult to assess the damage caused to the national nature reserve fund. Therefore, the prospect of further scientific-practical research remains the assessment of damage caused to protected objects and territories in the east and south of Ukraine.
Key words: war, russian aggression, national natural parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves, flora, fauna.
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Muhumuza, Moses, and Kevin Balkwill. "Factors Affecting the Success of Conserving Biodiversity in National Parks: A Review of Case Studies from Africa." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (August 14, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/798101.
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National Parks are a cornerstone for biodiversity conservation in Africa. Two approaches are commonly used to sustain biodiversity in National Parks. Past and current studies show that both approaches are generally ineffective in conserving biodiversity in National Parks in Africa. However, there are a handful of cases where these approaches have been successful at conserving biodiversity in National Parks. The question this paper attempts to answer is why in some cases these approaches have been successful and in other cases they have failed. A metadata analysis of 123 documents on case studies about conservation of biodiversity in National Parks in Africa was conducted. A series of search engines were used to find papers for review. Results showed that all factors responsible for both the success and failure of conserving biodiversity in National Parks in various contexts were socioeconomic and cultural in nature. The highest percentage in both successful case studies (66%) and unsuccessful cases studies (55%) was associated with the creation and management of the park. These results suggest that future conservation approaches in National Parks in Africa should place more emphasis on the human dimension of biodiversity conservation than purely scientific studies of species and habitats in National Parks.
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Dubуna, D. V., P. M. Ustymenko, L. P. Vakarenko, B. O. Baranovski, L. O. Karmyzova, and I. A. Ivanko. "Rare plant gene pool of the Steppe of Ukraine in the war zone." Ecology and Noospherology 34, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/032302.
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The results of field and camera studies on the collection and compilation of information on the presence of rare, endangered, and typical natural plant groups that are subject to protection in the territories of nature reserves in the war zone and occupied territories are presented. It was established that two biosphere reserves (BZ) (40% of the total number), 9 nature reserves (PZ) (45%) 10 national natural parks (NPP) (17%) and 23 regional landscape parks (RLP) (30%), 48 protected tracts (6%), 48 reserves of national importance (15%). In addition, a number of protected areas were in the war zone and have now been liberated from occupation, namely one radiation-ecological biosphere reserve, one nature reserve, 8 national natural parks, 8 regional landscape parks, 65 protected tracts, 20 nature reserves of national importance. The conducted analysis of the rare phytocenofund of Ukraine showed that in the pre-war period in the current zone of military operations and in the occupied territories there were plant groups of 58 formations and 513 associations of almost all the main types of vegetation of Ukraine (except meadow), which is 36% of formations and 52% of rare associations from of the entire rare phytocenofund of Ukraine. According to their sociological status, they are divided into 149 associations of 25 formations of rare natural plant communities that are subject to protection; 248 associations of 23 formations of natural plant groups that are under threat of extinction and subject to protection; 116 associations of 10 formations of typical natural plant communities that are subject to protection. Negative impact on natural ecosystems in the territories of the PZF. The work also provides an assessment of the negative impact on rare groups in the territories of the PZF, located in the combat zone and occupied territories.
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ГУЛЬБИНА, А. А. "Marine protected waters of the Far East: pages of history." Вестник ДВО РАН, no. 210(2) (April 27, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37102/08697698.2020.210.2.006.
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Показана история создания на Дальнем Востоке России морских охраняемых акваторий федерального и регионального статуса заповедников, национальных парков, заказников. The history of creation of marine protected areas of federal and regional status is shown: reserves, national parks, reserves of the Far Eastern seas.
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Kosheliuk, T. V. "Institutional Management System Of National Nature Parks In Ukraine." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 54 (November 30, 2020): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.54.74-89.
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The article presents an analysis of the understanding of the concept and management system in the field of nature reserves of Ukraine, in particular, national nature parks. As a result of the analysis of scientific literature, normative-legal acts the author’s approaches to systematization of types of management in this sphere are presented. The separation of three management systems is substantiated: 1) state; 2) intra-administrative 3) public. Based on this, a system of entities (institutions) that implement management functions at different levels. The study identified problems and shortcomings in the mechanism of public management of national nature parks and suggested ways to solve them.
The issues of peculiarities of management of national nature parks, legal status of subjects of administrative activity, competences of subjects of state management of nature reserve fund, as well as participation of public and scientific institutions in this process are insufficiently researched today. Therefore, there is a need to develop ways to improve the institutional framework of management in this area.
The author emphasizes the subordination of national nature parks various agencies, which creates a problematic situation, because when the national nature park belongs to a non-core agency, which does not have special units for the management of such facilities, there are numerous violations of current legislation on nature reserves.
After all, only a centralized management system of the relevant body will help maintain compliance with the legal regime in these areas and optimize the activities of national nature parks.
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Brusak, Vitaliy P., Yaroroslav S. Kravchuk, Ivan V. Brusak, and Diana A. Krychevska. "State and prospects of relief protection in nature reserves and national nature parks of the Ukrainian Carpathians." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112202.
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The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of the protection of relief types within nature reserves and national nature parks of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The study analyzes coverage of usual and unique types of mountain and premountain relief of the Ukrainian Carpathians within nature protection institutions. The method contains a general geomorphological analysis of the relief of nature conservation institutions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. geomorphological structure and zoning of the research region based on the systematization and comparison of the up to date cartographic and descriptive materials. Comparing the map Geomorphological structure (morphostructure and morphosculpture) of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Hnatiuk et al., 2007) and borrowed cartographic materials from the Projects of organization of nature reserves and national nature parks within the region, special representativeness of relief types in the QGIS software is obtained. Authors set a degree of representativeness of relief types within the territories of nature conservation institutions as well as present it in special tables and maps. Additionally, the map ofthe location of nature reserves and national nature parks within the geomorphological zoning of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Rudko & Kravchuk, 2002) is made as well as the character of protection of various geomorphological areas of mountain and premountain parts of the region is clarified. For the first time, authors establish the degree of regional and typological geomorphological representativeness of natural reserves and national nature parks as well as clarify the current state of protection of relief types of the Ukrainian Carpathians in general. Based on the results of the analysis, authors develop proposals for the creation of new nature conservation institutions in the Ukrainian Carpathians for optimization of the relief as well as proposals for the protection of the region and its use in nature conservation, scientific, natural-cognitive, and recreational purposes.
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Yang, Shuhui, and Xiaoyu Duan. "Protection and enlightenment of ecological integrity of Canadian national parks." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101035.
Full textAbstract:
Canada is one of the first countries in the world to establish a national park, and pioneered the concept of ecological integrity management of national parks. Based on this concept, the country has basically achieved the sustainable development of national parks. China has a vast territory, a large number of scenic spots and nature reserves, but its system and management methods need to be optimized. This paper takes forestry developed countries as an example, summarizes the progress of ecological integrity protection in Canadian national parks, summarizes its current ecosystem adaptive management concepts and implementation methods, Ecological Integrity (EI) monitoring construction and related evaluation index systems, ecosystem protection and restoration. The experience is intended to provide a reference for the improvement of the ecological integrity protection of national parks in China.
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Zhai, Boqiang, and Xitun Yuan. "Discussion on the Integration and Optimization Plan of Natural Reserve-Take Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as an example." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703003.
Full textAbstract:
The integration and optimization of nature reserves is an important part of the new round of land and space planning, and it is also an important part of building a system of nature reserves with national parks as the main body. This article takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, which has many nature reserves and relatively complex conditions as an example, to summarize and study the technical and operational issues involved in the integration and optimization of 30 different types of nature reserves, natural parks and scenic spots in the region. We propose an integration and optimization plan that fits the region, focusing on the treatment of the overlapping and distributed residential land, basic farmland, and major construction projects of each protected area, and provide reasonable suggestions for the integration and optimization of the construction of natural reserves with Chinese characteristics.
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Taber, Andrew B. "The status and conservation of the Chacoan peccary in Paraguay." Oryx 25, no. 3 (July 1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034177.
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The Chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri is endemic to the dry thorn forest of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Since its discovery by scientists in the 1970s its population has declined due to overhunting, habitat destruction, and possibly disease. As of 1989 about 5000 individuals are estimated to survive in the Paraguayan Chaco. Small dispersed populations still exist in Argentina and Bolivia, but more information is needed on the status of this species in those two countries. In Paraguay, Chacoan peccaries have almost disappeared from the two national parks within their range and the only significant population exists in an area where there are no reserves. The survival of this species depends on enforcing regulations against hunting both within and outside the national parks, translocating animals to the parks, establishing a system of reserves on private land in critical areas, training of Paraguayan wildlife professionals, and environmental education.
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Barnett-Itzhaki, Zohar, Aviv Sar-Shalom, Liav Cohn, Lior Chen, and Ofer Steinitz. "The effect of heatwaves on the number of visits to national parks and reserves." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289201.
Full textAbstract:
Background Climate change is leading to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves in many regions of the world. Climate change is also related to air pollution. Both heatwaves and air pollution have adverse health effects, and can also affect social behaviors, including tourism and touristic activities. The aim of this study was to examine the association between heatwaves, air pollution and visits to national parks and reserves in Israel. Methods Data on 68,518 visits in 51 national parks and reserves in Israel in the years 2016–2019 was crossed with temperature and air pollution data (represented by particulate matter PM10) and analyzed using statistical tests. Results Number of visits, as a function of temperature followed a unimodal distribution, in which more visits were reported on mild temperature days (in comparison to hot or cold days). In addition, the number of visits in sites with beaches was linearly correlated with temperature. Negative associations were found between number of visits and heatwaves, and between number of visits and exceedances in PM10 levels. Conclusions Heatwaves were shown to have a negative effect on the number of visits in national parks and reserves in Israel. The negative association between exceedances in air pollution and number of visits may be mediated by the positive correlation between air pollution exceedance events and heatwaves.
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Raszka, Beata, and Maria Hełdak. "Implementation of Biosphere Reserves in Poland–Problems of the Polish Law and Nature Legacy." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 15305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115305.
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The article addresses the issue of the management and functioning of biosphere reserves (BRs) in Poland. The hypothesis was raised that BRs in Poland are virtual rather than real entities. The study examined how the existence of BRs is reflected in Polish strategic and planning documents. The study examined documents from 1947 to 2022, i.e., Polish legal acts (archived and current), the national Strategy for Responsible Development, voivodeship strategies, and national park protection plans. It evaluated to what extent the biosphere reserves fulfil their role in Poland, as defined by the Man and Biosphere program. To verify the research questions, legal documents (laws and regulations) enacted by the Polish authorities, strategies, and planning documents created at the central and voivodeship levels, protection plans for nature conservation forms covering biosphere reserves, economic plans of entities managing biosphere reserves, and other documents were analyzed. It was shown that: (1) BRs do not have a legal basis in Polish legislation at the national level, despite Poland’s ratification of the Man and Biosphere program, (2) there is a lack of detailed information about BRs in national and voivodeship strategic documents (development strategies and spatial development plans for voivodeships), (3) the existence of biosphere reserves does not translate into spatial planning principles at the local level (municipalities), (4) there is no legal possibility to separate tasks related to biosphere reserves in nature conservation protection plans (national parks, nature reserves, and landscape parks), (5) in the case of transboundary BRs, the Inspection carried out in the Carpathians International Biosphere Reserve (Poland-Ukraine-Slovakia) showed only formal cooperation, not practical. In conclusion, the management of BRs and the implementation of tasks contained in the MaB program, particularly those related to sustainable development of the environment, society, and economy, are ineffective due to the lack of legal authorization in Poland.
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Rizun, Volodymyr. "Catalogue of Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) specimens deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine." Catalogue of the digitized collections, deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/cdcsmnh.2024.25.
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The species Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) belongs to the genus, distributed in the Palaearctic, Middle East and North Africa, and represented by more than 500 described species (Catalogue of Life, 2023). In Ukraine, the genus is represented by 9 species. Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) has been recorded from thefollowing localities in Ukraine: outskirts of Sambir town, Spas village (Nowicki, 1858), the Eastern Beskydy up to Chornohora range (Nowicki, 1864), Ivano-Frankivsk city at the Bystrytsia river, in the river silt deposits (Łomnicki, 1886), beech forest zone of the Carpathians (Nowicki, 1873), Galicia, Bukovyna, Podilska gubernias , Zelemianka river, Bolekhiv town , NR «Gorgany» , foothill and lowland areas of the Carpathians: Ciscarpathian Upland, Beskydy massif, Gorgany massif, Pokutsko-Bukovynski Carpathians, Krasna range, as well as the Klavdievo village near Kyiv city, 10.V.1976 р., 2 spec., V.G. Dolin (IZU) , the Carpathians (including the Ciscarpathian Upland with foothills above 300 m a.s.l.), Right-Bank Polissia (mixed forest zone), Broadleaf Forest Zone (including the Ciscarpathian Upland, but with foothills of the Carpathians up to 300 m a.s.l. and Male Polissia) . Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) is distributed in the mountains and foothills of Central Europe and the northern part of southern Europe (Burakowski et al., 1973). In Ukraine it is found in the belts of oak and beech forests and lives along the banks of rivers and streams . There are 34 specimens of Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) in the collection of the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv. The beetles were collected by Łomnicki M., Polianskyi S., Stöckl A., Susulovskyi A.S., Rizun V.B. Most of them were collected in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a number of individuals – in recent decades. Three specimens (Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//17, Digital record number: SMNH010749, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58124; Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//18, Digital record number: SMNH010750, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58125; Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//19, Digital record number: SMNH010751, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58126) most probably were mentioned in the work by M. Łomniсki (Łomnicki M. Muzeum imienia Dzieduszyckich we Lwowe. Dział I. Zoologiczny oddział zwierząt bezkręgowych. IV. Chrząszcze, czyli Tęgoskrzydłe (Coleoptera). – Lwów, 1886. – 308 s.). In general, the collection contains specimens, collected from Ukraine: Lvivska, Ivano-Frankivska, Chernivetska, Zakarpatska provinces, and from Poland. Some part of the presented material was collected in nature conservation areas of Ukraine: the Nature Reserve «Gorgany», National Nature Parks «Boikivshchyna», «Carpathian» and «Hutsulshchyna». This article was written with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, call 2022.01 «Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods» the project 2022.01/0013 «Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine». The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine and are the sole responsibility of the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine.
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Davenport, Tim R. B., Katarzyna Nowak, and Andrew Perkin. "Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania." Oryx 48, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001676.
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AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas with no official protection status. Primate species were evaluated and ranked on the basis of irreplaceability and vulnerability, using a combination of established and original criteria, resulting in a primate Taxon Conservation Score. Sites were ranked on the basis of summed primate scores. The majority (71%) of Priority Primate Areas are also Important Bird Areas (IBAs), or part of an IBA. Critical subsets of sites were derived through complementarity analyses. Adequate protection of just nine sites, including six national parks (Kilimanjaro, Kitulo, Mahale, Saadani, Udzungwa and Jozani-Chwaka Bay), one nature reserve (Kilombero) and two forest reserves (Minziro and Mgambo), totalling 8,679 km2, would protect all 27 of Tanzania's primate species. The addition of three forest reserves (Rondo, Kilulu Hill and Ngezi) and two game reserves (Grumeti and Biharamulo), results in a list of 14 Priority Primate Areas covering 10,561 km2 (1.1% of Tanzania's total land area), whose conservation would ensure the protection of all 43 of Tanzania's species and subspecies of primates.