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1
Wodak, Ruth, and András Kovács. "National identities in times of supra-national challenges." Journal of Language and Politics 3, no. 2 (August 24, 2004): 209–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.3.2.05wod.
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After the end of the Cold War vigorous discussions developed about new alternatives in security policy in almost all the countries of the former Warsaw Pact and in neutral and non-aligned states, including Austria and Hungary. The comparison of the debates in Austria and Hungary over the last 50 years, focusing on presidential speeches on the one hand, on opinion polls on the other (among many other data sources), shed light on the identity policy aspect of these discourses. The argumentation strategies used by the supporters and by the opponents of different security policies were analysed, illustrating the fact that in Austria neutrality is still perceived as integral part of national identity, whereas in Hungary, joining NATO is viewed as a possibility of finally “belonging” to the West.
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Simon, Károly László, and Katalin Gombos. "National Security Review of Foreign Investments in Hungary." DANUBE 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/danb-2021-0006.
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Abstract Screening mechanisms as investment policy measures keep gaining importance worldwide. In October 2018, the Hungarian Parliament also adopted rules on the national security review of foreign investments. This paper intends to present the newly introduced Hungarian screening mechanism which is applicable from 1st January 2019. The goal of this article is to determine how the established Hungarian FDI system can be typified, integrated into an existing regulatory model, or whether it carries elements of a multi-layered system, possibly providing a completely new approach to FDI. We conclude that Hungarian new rules on foreign investment control have become more transparent and coherent than in the past. Nonetheless the review process suffers from a number of shortcomings that may hinder the full accomplishment of the predictability and the effectiveness.
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Dalinczuk, Lana. "Organized crime as a threat to national security." Doctrina. Studia społeczno-polityczne, no. 17 (March 15, 2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/doc.2020.17.01.
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All kinds of illegal trafficking, prostitution, pornography, gambling, fraud and counterfeiting, computer crime, corruption, piracy, illegal immigration and many other criminal activities can pose a threat to national and even international security if conducted by larger criminal groups or organizations. The phenomenon of organized crime has acquired a transnational character due to the increasing globalization of financial markets and communications as well as technological development. The three countries of East Central Europe – The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland – can be of interest in terms of organized crime as recent political and economic developments in these countries have made them attractive to such criminal activities. Another problematic region in terms of organized criminal activities is the region of Central Asia which includes several countries of the former Soviet Union – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
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Szádeczky, Tamás. "Governmental Regulation of Cybersecurity in the EU and Hungary after 2000." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public 19, no. 1 (2020): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2020.1.7.
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The term information security evolved to cybersecurity nowadays, which emphasises the interdependence of information assets and the importance of cyber-physical systems. Parallel to this, the need for appropriate management of the EU and government strategies and new public administration tasks also appeared. In the European Union, the first measure concerning this issue was the establishment of the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) in 2004, mostly with consultative tasks. The first official cybersecurity strategy in the EU, called the Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace, was accepted in 2013. Afterwards, ENISA’s role has been strengthened as well as its range of tasks were broadened. Beside the critical infrastructure protection efforts, the Network Information Security (NIS) directive and related legislation were a giant leap towards a common level of cybersecurity in the community. The formation of an EU Cybersecurity Act and filling NIS with more practical guidance is an ongoing process nowadays. Despite being a post-socialist country, Hungary is in the first line of legislation on cybersecurity in the community. Since 2005 there were several government decrees, from 2009 the first act-level rules on the information security of some governmental services. Based on the National Security Strategy, the National Cybersecurity Strategy was formed in 2013. The same year the first information security act applicable to all government, local government, governmental data processing and critical infrastructure service providers has come into force. The alignment of the National Cybersecurity Strategy to NIS directive happens these days. Thus, the regulation of cybersecurity in the EU and in Hungary are heading in the right direction, but the practical implementation today is far away from the strategic objectives. The community is lagging far behind the United States of America and China, just to mention the most important players in the field.
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Mireanu, Manuel. "The Spectacle of Security in the Case of Hungarian Far-Right Paramilitary Groups." Fascism 2, no. 1 (2013): 68–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00201011.
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This paper takes up the emergence of far-right patrols in Hungary in 2011 and provides an interpretation that is centered on security as a need, a practice, and a discourse. The argument is that these patrols used a logic of spectacle in order to legitimize their security agenda, an agenda that was driven by both symbolic and explicit violence. The patrols emerged in the context of a steady growth in and acceptance of far-right ideas and practices in Hungary. These practices and ideas were focused mostly on the ‘Gypsy problem,’ which in Hungary has been articulated as a threat posed by Roma communities. This is a perceived threat to the safety and national and cultural integrity of the Hungarian population, and as such, the far-right groups chose to tackle this threat through security measures. The patrols emerged in the Hungarian countryside as a way to increase the security of the ‘Hungarian’ population vis-à-vis the ‘Gypsy crime’ problem. This paper argues that the violence that these patrols used in their security struggles received a great deal of legitimacy through a combination of security and spectacle. Thus, the patrols were more than thugs and militias: They were reiterating an idealized glorious past, with which every Hungarian could identify. In addressing and illustrating these issues, the paper uses the ‘security-scape’ of Gyöngyöspata, the village where most of the patrols were conducted.
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Horváth, Edit. "Renascence of the administrative jurisdiction in Hungary." Bratislava Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2019.3.1.131.
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The administrative jurisdiction is one of the guarantees of the civil legal security. However, a state has to „grow up” to this as to every legal guaranties. Administrative jurisdiction, and within it the creation of an independent administrative procedural order has been cause for much excitement in the law-making community basically from the early 1990 s, when control over administrative rulings became genuinely possible again. It was thus unsurprising that the codification of the Act on the procedural code of public administration was followed with interest, and the professional and scientific community gave regular updates on the status of the codification. Therefore, the fact that the president did not sign the Act passed by the National Assembly, but sent it to the Constitutional Court for evaluation instead caused a major stir. Based on the decision 1/2017. (I. 17.) of the Constitutional Court, the National Assembly eventually modified a number of provisions in the Act on the administrative procedural code and passed the Act again, which was then promulgated on March 1, 2017 as Act I/2017 on the administrative procedural code, and became effective, as per initial plans, on January 1, 2018. The article is not an ode to the Hungarian administrative jurisdiction or to the new independent administrative procedural code, but a historical and mainly legal analysis.
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Ivanova, Diana. "Hungarian Security Policy and the Migrant Crisis (2015–2017)." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0026.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the Hungarian security policy over the last two years, focused on the migrant crisis. This policy is explained on the basis of the National Security Strategy. According to the Strategy, the migration is treated as a natural and at the same time complex phenomenon, bringing economic and demographic advantages and, at the same time, carrying public and national security risks. It is concluded that resolving the crisis is one of the most important priorities of the Hungarian security policy. The paper highlights the differences between the Hungarian security policy and the official policy of the EU. Like the other members of the Visegrád Group, Budapest is against the quota system for the allocation of migrants. The position of Hungary is that the discussion of the migrant problem both in the Group and at EU level should be based on the concept of effective solidarity. The country supports European integration of the Western Balkans. The study is based on documents, mainly of the Visegrád Group, and materials from the media.
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Rácz, Attila. "The effects of Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF) border security deployment on the civilian population’s subjective sense of security." Belvedere Meridionale 30, no. 4 (2018): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2018.4.5.
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Communities that are directly affected by the migration crisis perceive and evaluate events differently than others who live farther off, and just have got information about the events from different news channels. The civilian population’s attitudes toward the military or security forces are key factor in maintaining conflict-free or in minimizing conflict situation in times of various crises. Civilians living in an operation area are directly affected by the operations with the events often taking place on their own property. It follows from that the civilians in the operation area relate differently to migration and migrants, and border protecting troopers and policemen too, than others who live far off. In this research we have focused to regional level, because the national researches that try to examine the irregular migration mostly on a national representative sample, so these have limited ability to provide reliable information on smaller territorial units. Otherwise this study is analysing how the attitudes changed in these smaller territorial units or societies which was affected by the migratory crisis directly. A further aim of this analysis is to show those possible explanations and interpretations which are lying behind the quantitative data. This study aims to show the attitudes to migration among the civilian population and the changes in their subjective sense of security, based on empirical data, along the Southern border in Hungary.
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Szádeczky, Tamás. "Enhanced Functionality Brings New Privacy and Security Issues – An Analysis of eID." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 12, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2018-1-1.
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As compared with traditional paper-based versions and the standard username-password login to e-Government services, the new electronic identity and travel documents have made on-site electronic and on-line authentication of citizen more comfortable and secure.The biometric passport was introduced in Hungary in 2006. A decade later the electronic identity card (eID) was implemented. The reason for the improvement of such documents is twofold: enhancing security features and performing new functions. The development is certainly welcome, but it also generates new types of risks, with which governments and citizens must take into account.In this paper, I will first analyze the most widespread technologies of data storage cards from the passive elements to the chipcards, including the biometric passport. The objective is to provide an overview of the technical development as a background to my paper. I will then proceed to an analysis of the relevant EU and national legal background, data elements, data protection and the functions (ePASS, eID, eSIGN) of the new Hungarian and German identity card, as well as the security risks and protection properties of the eID-type documents. The paper concludes with a summary of the lessons learned from and the risks involved in the current solutions in Hungary and Germany.
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Derzhaliuk, M. "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Causes, Effects and Lessons (Part 1)." Problems of World History, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2017-3-6.
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Objective and subjective, interior and international causes of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, its drivers and consequences are highlighted in the article. The author pays attention to the fact that the major goal of the uprising was not to overthrow, but to improve the socialist order, turn down Matyas Rakosi’s personality cult, correct hard mistakes and bring perpetrators to justice. The article shows that democratic forces of Hungary gave rise to peaceful removal of Stalin’s state structure and to formation of the democratic socialism with national features. The author states that provocations and military interference of the USSR into home affairs of Hungary were the principal cause of mass uprising of civil population. He also underlines that the Revolution leaders took into account interests of the USSR, they were constantly holding talks with Soviet management, and avoided involving power structures (army, police, security forces), except some certain commanders and units into combat actions against occupation of Hungary. The author points out that not a single country in the world stood up to defend and support Hungary, and stresses that the Revolution ideas were put into practice in evolution way during 70-80s of the XX century.
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Derzhaliuk, M. "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Causes, Effects and Lessons (Part 2)." Problems of World History, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2017-4-8.
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Objective and subjective, interior and international causes of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, its drivers and consequences are highlighted in the article. The author pays attention to the fact that the major goal of the uprising was not to overthrow, but to improve the socialist order, turn down Matyas Rakosi’s personality cult, correct hard mistakes and bring perpetrators to justice. The article shows that democratic forces of Hungary gave rise to peaceful removal of Stalin’s state structure and to formation of the democratic socialism with national features. The author states that provocations and military interference of the USSR into home affairs of Hungary were the principal cause of mass uprising of civil population. He also underlines that the Revolution leaders took into account interests of the USSR, they were constantly holding talks with Soviet management, and avoided involving power structures (army, police, security forces), except some certain commanders and units into combat actions against occupation of Hungary. The author points out that not a single country in the world stood up to defend and support Hungary, and stresses that the Revolution ideas were put into practice in evolution way during 70-80s of the XX century.
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Jeyakumar Nathan, Robert, Soekmawati, Vijay Victor, József Popp, Mária Fekete-Farkas, and Judit Oláh. "Food Innovation Adoption and Organic Food Consumerism—A Cross National Study between Malaysia and Hungary." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020363.
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In order to meet the rising global demand for food and to ensure food security in line with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 2, technological advances have been introduced in the food production industry. The organic food industry has benefitted from advances in food technology and innovation. However, there remains skepticism regarding organic foods on the part of consumers, specifically on consumers’ acceptance of food innovation technologies used in the production of organic foods. This study measured factors that influence consumers’ food innovation adoption and subsequently their intention to purchase organic foods. We compared the organic foods purchase behavior of Malaysian and Hungarian consumers to examine differences between Asian and European consumers. The findings show food innovation adoption as the most crucial predictor for the intention to purchase organic foods in Hungary, while social lifestyle factor was the most influential in Malaysia. Other factors such as environmental concerns and health consciousness were also examined in relation to food innovation adoption and organic food consumerism. This paper discusses differences between European and Asian organic foods consumers and provides recommendations for stakeholders.
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Todorov, Ihor. "Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations in the Context of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic Aspirations." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-31.
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The article examines Ukrainian-Hungarian relations against the background of Hungary’s three-year-long veto on meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The author outlined the origins and essence of the current conflict between Ukraine and Hungary after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’ in September 2017. Hungary believed that Ukraine had violated the rights of the Hungarian national minority as well as several international and bilateral agreements. Throughout the years of Ukraine’s independence, the Hungarian ethnic minority in Transcarpathia has enjoyed the internationally recognised right to study in their mother tongue from primary school to university. This conflict is the reason why Hungary has vetoed meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The law was sent to the Venice Commission for expert legal assessment, but its recommendations did not reduce tensions between Kyiv and Budapest. They still have different interpretations of the opinion of the Venice Commission. The Alliance called on the parties to resolve the dispute bilaterally without taking it to the NATO level, but numerous bilateral talks at the level of foreign ministers, ministers of education, and representatives of national minorities did not bear fruit. Based on an examination of Hungary’s official statements, the author claims that the government is determined to protect the national minority by all legal means at the political and diplomatic levels. The article emphasises that both countries could implement joint projects in the fields of energy, regional security, environment, and combating transnational threats. Ukraine and Hungary are part of one region. Promoting cooperation and maintaining general agreement within its boundaries can significantly expand the capabilities of both countries and give them an opportunity to keep the conflict under control. Keywords: Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, NATO-Ukraine Commission, Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’.
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Bocskor, Ákos. "Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ Year: The Orbán Government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015." Sociology 52, no. 3 (June 2018): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762081.
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This article conducts a critical discourse analysis of the Hungarian government’s National Consultation campaign on ‘immigration and terrorism’ in early 2015. The analysis draws on a discourse-historical approach to illuminate how the language and contents of the consultation draw on the discursive and political repertoires of the post-2010 Orbán governments and how, at the same time, they are underpinned by particular elements in the history of migration and diversity in Hungary. The consultation framed immigration as both an economic and security threat and conflated asylum seekers, economic migrants and terrorists, as well as regular and irregular migration. Nevertheless, these discourses would later feed into the government’s response to the large number of asylum seekers who entered the country in the summer of 2015 and would be used to legitimize the actions subsequently taken to tackle what would internationally come to be defined as a ‘crisis’.
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Nagy, Veronika. "How to silence the lambs? Constructing authoritarian governance in post-transitional Hungary." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 3/4 (August 9, 2017): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6642.
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This paper examines a range of arguments put forward to explain how financial surveillance of non-governmental organisations empowers authoritarianism in the post-transitional Hungarian context. In doing so, it attempts to shed light on the limitations of existing surveillance theories regarding the historical component of surveillance tolerance and the different modes of governance in post-communist European countries. It argues that post-transitional disappointment in democratic governance is causing Hungarians to become resigned to political decisions and to support new forms of authoritarian rules. Such a stoic attitude and the historically embedded surveillance culture facilitate the use of monitoring mechanisms that not only target terrorists as an external security threat, but also target NGOs defined as ‘the enemies of national values’. Hungarian authoritarian policies are not facilitated by extended surveillance practices, as Anglo-Saxon theories have regularly argued, but by the way they are used as an instrument of a political deterrence strategy against political opponents.
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Farkas, Johanna, János Sallai, and Ernő Krauzer. "The History of Law Enforcement Culture in Hungary." Belügyi Szemle 68, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2020.2.3.
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In Hungary, Ágoston Karvasy was an early pioneer writing about the history of law enforcement. In his first study he defined the concept of law enforcement as a science. The idea of establishing a national police organisation was first mentioned after the reform era but it has not been realized that time but only in the year of 1872. However, the first professional journal of law enforcement was published in 1869 and the word police officer as the ʻguard of the order’ appeared in the Hungarian language in 1870. The scope of authority and jurisdiction of the Police was declared in a law passed in 1881. In 1873 the Metropolitan Police Department was established and in 1905 the Border Police and the Police Department of Fiume were established. In the period between 1945-47, the police continuously emerged. Although the State Security Office was destroyed by the revolution of October 1956 and it was not restored afterwards, it has not effected the Police itself. The organizational culture of the Police is mostly influenced by its educational and training systems. The training of the probationary police officers was approved first by the prime minister in 1884. In 1920 the training of police officers was unified on new bases by the leaders of the Ministry for Internal Affairs and the Police Department. Then the Police Academy was set up in 1948 and the Police College was established in 1971. In 2012 the University of Public Service and its Faculty of Law Enforcement were established and took over the functionalities of the Police Academy as well.
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Tuluș, Arthur. "The Condition of National Minorities in Eastern Europe in a Secret Cia Report From 1965." Eminak, no. 2(34) (July 1, 2021): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2021.2(34).529.
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In the context of the Cold War, detailed knowledge of the opponent and espionage were fundamental elements in the security policies of the two antagonistic sides. The CIA, the United States’ foreign intelligence service, identified the condition of ethnic minorities as one of the possible vulnerabilities of the Eastern Camp, judging from the perspective of the restrictive policies that Communist states held regarding rights and freedoms. Our study is based on the analysis of a document prepared by the CIA in 1965, a memorandum that took data from the latest official censuses in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, and recorded the effects of assimilation policies on national minorities within the Eastern Communist states. The document is all the more interesting as the issue of national minorities rights’ in the Communist world was taboo.
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Som, Zoltán, and Tamás Szádeczky. "The legend of information security." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 325 (February 14, 2018): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v325.32.
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Act 50 of 2013 has served as a new and large scale impetus for both public bodies and local governments regarding information security in Hungary. This naturally means an increased need for professionals on the field. The National University of Public Services has become an institution that may very well be capable of training the required number of professionals. The aforementioned act has been amended by an implementing regulation (no. 41/2015) and as a result the system as a whole has changed regarding information security.3 This paper aims to highlight any problems that shall be addressed and solved as quickly and swiftly as possible. Basic skills and areas that shall be improved will also be in focus as well as processes that are vital in order to realize the actual situation of information security. Without the possibility to continuously determine the actual situation and without the means to assess such situation, the probability of deterring from the right path increases. Further challenges that this area has to face actually originate from situation assessment and the determination of the “correct” path. The theoretical model (to be presented), developed during the previous years, provides quick and swift possibilities to intervene in such areas if need be. The model guarantees a way to give feedback and is able to set up a communication channel that may be used to support the whole structure on the long run in a cost efficient manner. It is capable to provide feedback from numerous areas of the system while maintaining its structure and applying clarity or additional precision where necessary. Its real advantage is that the whole system (of institutions and/or public bodies) may use it as a single institution or body would not be able to realize or develop the model in its entirety.
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Hajnáczky, Tamás. "Hungarian Gypsy Musician’s National Association: Battles Faced by Gypsy Musicians in Hungary during the Interwar Years." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2760.
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The governments of the Horthy era did not formulate a central Gypsy policy and, consequently, the so-called ‘Gypsy issue’ fell fully into the hands of the assigned ministries and local authorities. The public authorities acted at their own discretion: Largely, they acted according to their basic tasks and understanding, or simply ignored the issue. As a result, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Welfare and Labour were the decisive authorities in this issue. Mainly law enforcement dealt with travelling Gypsies—a small portion of the estimated one hundred thousand Gypsies living in Hungary—the majority of whom lived in ‘colonies’ and were dealt with as an issue of public health. Regarding Gypsies, the same era is frequently judged by the legal action affecting these travellers and the often criticised measures regulating public security and health. The foundation of the Hungarian Gypsy Musicians’ National Association, which intended to represent the interests of nearly ten thousand Gypsy musicians, somewhat changed the picture that had developed, since the organisation enjoyed the full support of the heads of the Ministry of the Interior and the city of Budapest. Regulations were enacted to protect their interests and initiatives. Behind the patronage, one might note, was that after the Treaty of Trianon Gypsy music became part of irredentist ideology and the revisionist movement, and therefore the interests and claims of the Gypsy musicians fully fitted the age. The topic is very important for social inclusion today because Gypsy music continues to be considered part of Hungarian cultural heritage and thus gives Gypsies work and integration opportunities.
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Sałek-Imińska, Agnieszka. "Level of economic security of NATO Eastern flank countries." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 32, no. 32 (December 31, 2018): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8101.
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In the modern world an undoubted increase in the economic factor of maintaining the security of states is observed. Economic security is an important element of the functioning of national economies, including the states of the eastern flank of NATO. Perceiving economic security as a balance of development needs of these states we can identify several areas of activity of its quantifiers, which can include development, infrastructure and balance opportunities and needs. To determine the levels of these quantifiers, we must use a carefully selected set of meters. One of them is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which clearly describes the measurable features present in the analyzed national economies. The objective of this article is to attempt to indicate the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states in terms of the level of economic growth measured by GDP. From an autonomous perspective, this meter does not give grounds for expressing value judgments in the context of the widely understood level of economic security, but it constitutes their necessary component and basis for further analyzes and evaluations. For the needs of the elaboration, an assumption was made, being a simplification of the economic reality, indicating that changes in annual GDP will show the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states. Hence, an increase in GDP growth lower than 1.9% in a period, which the analysis refers to, is a sign of a decrease in the level of economic security of a given state and vice versa. In all the states of NATO’s eastern flank, an improvement in its level was observed, where in 2017 in all the states of NATO’s eastern flank the rate of GDP growth was higher than the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9%. Years 2014–2016 also constitute a period of improvement in the level of the economic security of the analyzed states, except for Bulgaria in 2014, Estonia and Lithuania in 2015 and Estonia in 2016. While the period from 2008 to 2013 is a period when the level of the economic security of the states of NATO’s eastern flank is diverse and there are no indications that it improved. In the context of the analyzed problem, the best years were 2008 and 2011, for which GDP growth was the highest. In 2008 Estonia, Latvia and Hungary were those that did not reach the critical threshold (decline in economic security). The other six states were characterized by an increase in the level of economic security. The following year is a period when all the states (except for Poland) did not register any improvement. This resulted from a general economic recession, which was observed in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Considering the number of years for which the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9% was not reached, we can claim that the economy of Poland (2 periods: 2012–2013), and then Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovakia (3 periods), Romania (4 years) and Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary (5 years) were characterized by the highest level of economic security in the analyzed period.
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Czimre, Klára, Gábor Kozma, Károly Teperics, György Szabó, and István Fazekas. "Renewable energy resources in new Hungary development plan: some general and spatial characteristics." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 2019): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2019.0022.
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The growing significance of renewable energy resources has been one of the most important processes in the field of energy management for the past two decades. This is due to phenomena related to environmental protection, security of supply, economic and rural development, as well as to the abundance of financial incentives (EU grants, constructive national off-take regime). As a consequence of this, the paper concentrates on the general and territorial characteristics of the EU financial instruments for Hungary in the 2007–2013 budgetary period with the objective to enhance the dissemination of renewable energy resources. As an outcome of our research, three very important conclusions were drawn. First of all, less developed regions were more active in submitting proposals though the more developed regions reached higher success rates. Secondly, it was noticed that the “identity” of the successful tenderers influenced the average volume of proposals to a considerable extent. Thirdly, in the case of the successful proposals, the development level and size (of settlements) of the territorial units (districts) had a direct impact on the identity of the applicants and on the average size of proposals.
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Zakharova, Olha, Olga Bezzubchenko, Khrystyna Mityushkina, and Tamara Nikolenko. "Assessment of countries’ international investment activity in the context of ensuring economic security." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.07.
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For the vast majority of countries, creating a favorable investment environment, which determines the possibility of attracting foreign capital, is a prerequisite for economic growth, addressing issues of national interests and a sufficient level of economic security. The presented article aims to assess the development of international investment activities to ensure countries’ investment security as components of economic security. Using multidimensional evaluation methods, construction of complex indicators, methods of statistical grouping, measurement of stochastic relationships, the integrated level of investment security of Central and Eastern European countries is determined. The assessment results showed that such countries as Estonia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, and Romania have the highest level of investment security and are among the countries that have strengthened their investment security positions over the period. The countries’ evaluation shows that 46% of the countries surveyed were classified as countries with a safe level of investment development. According to the results of correlation analysis, it was determined that the Investment Security Index is more correlated with the state of the investment climate of the country; in the group of Central and Eastern European countries, there is a close correlation with the level of investment attractiveness, which means that for these countries, macroeconomic stability and stable dynamics of socio-economic growth are the factors determining investment opportunities. The obtained results should be considered to identify the basic risks of the investment environment.
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Klaus, Witold. "Security First: The New Right-Wing Government in Poland and its Policy towards Immigrants and Refugees." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 3/4 (August 9, 2017): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6627.
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The so called refugee crisis in 2015 coincided with the Polish parliamentary electoral campaign. The effect of it was – for the first time in Poland – the introduction of migration policy to the political agenda of the right-wing and populist political parties on a massive scale. They presented migration as an issue of security – both national and cultural, direct and symbolic. The new government, acting since the end of 2015, included immigration and asylum issues into their political programme as a key element of national security. Their discourse about refugees is usually based on the differentiation: us and them. And “them” are pictured as evil, dangerous, Muslim terrorists.
The new government and its authoritarian style of governing has introduced a number of initiatives designed to deprive individuals of immigrant rights (like in the new so-called Antiterrorist Act from the mid of 2016, based on which every foreign citizen could be put under surveillance without any court control) or to stop refugee influx on the Polish territory in any way – directly from their country of origin (new amendments to asylum law are trying to introduce border and accelerated procedures) or under the UE resettlement and relocation programme (Poland is one of 3 EU Member States – along Hungary and Austria – that hasn’t relocated anyone).
In this paper I will present in more detail the legal changes described above, their consequences and the so-called rationalities presented by the government.
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Gizicki, Wojciech. "Central Europe and NATO Transformation 2014–2018." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2019.1.8.
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The collapse of the Cold-War order in Europe brought about a radical change in the global security system. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the disbandment of the Warsaw Pact created a situation where the only serious and effective guarantee of stability in Europe was NATO. Central European states, which until that time had been subordinated to the USSR, unequivocally and consistently chose to pursue the Euro-Atlantic direction in their security policy. The decision resulted in their gaining full, even though gradual, membership in the Alliance during the years 1999–2004. The accession process was first completed by the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Central Europe is not free from dangers stemming from national and supranational transformations. NATO is facing the need to increase its activity and systematically ensure joint cooperation and security guarantees as regards all its member states. This is primarily caused by a revival of Russia’s superpower ambitions under the presidency of Vladimir Putin and an escalation of terrorism and cyberspace threats. The decisions and practical actions related to biennial NATO summits are of vital importance in this respect. The text presented here is an analysis of the security of Central Europe within NATO structures in the light of the last three NATO summits: in Newport in 2014, in Warsaw in 2016 and in Brussels in 2018.
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Hauff, Sven, and Stefan Kirchner. "Identifying work value patterns: cross-national comparison and historical dynamics." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2013-0101.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize different work value patterns empirically. Furthermore, it is analyzed how these patterns are distributed in different countries and how they change in the course of time. Design/methodology/approach – Latent class analysis as an advanced clustering procedure was applied. The empirical analysis is based on data from the International Social Survey Program from three time periods (1989, 1997 and 2005), covering five countries (USA, Great Britain, West Germany, Norway and Hungary). Findings – The analysis reveals four distinct work value patterns among employees: “moderate demanders”, “high demanders”, “post modern demanders” and “income and security demanders.” The affiliation to these patterns depends on gender, generational membership, education, occupation and nationality. The historical analysis reveals considerable variety in cross-national developments. Practical implications – The work value patterns identified have implications for recruitment, employee motivation and international HRM strategies. Management needs to be aware of work value patterns in the workforce in order to avoid mismatches and their negative consequences. If mismatch is unavoidable, the paper highlights the need to proactively manage mismatches between work value patterns and workplace situation. Originality/value – The authors argue that different work values are not independent of each other. Instead, they seem to have systematic interrelations and exist in specific patterns. Accordingly different segments within the labor force can be characterized by specific combinations of work values. This is highly relevant because it could help to customize HR instruments and incentives.
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Sengers, Karin, and Peter Donders. "Current Practice in Posting According to Regulation 1408/71." European Journal of Social Security 5, no. 2 (June 2003): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270300500202.
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This article describes the findings of a study that investigates the application of posting provisions for the period 1995–20001. The study was requested by the European Commission and follows an earlier study. The aims of this study were to: — find out how European mobility by posting is developing; — identify problems experienced by Member States' administrations, social security institutions, employers and workers when applying the posting provisions; — suggest possible solutions both at Community and at national level; — monitor the development of candidate countries with regard to the posting provisions in bilateral agreements and the preparations for implementing the co-ordination regulations 1408/71 and 574/72. Four Candidate Countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Lithuania) were included in this study. Member States were also asked about the the posting provisions in bilateral agreements with Candidate Countries.
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KRASIVSKYI, Orest, and Nadiia PIDBEREZHNYK. "PROBLEMS OF NATION-BUILDING PROCESSES IN UKRAINE AT THE PRESENT STAGE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-214-221.
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The article deals with the problematic aspects of nation-building processes in Ukraine at the present stage. A methodological basis is a comprehensive approach to problem analysis. The categories «nation», «Ukrainian nation», «Ukrainian people» are characterized. The main markers of national identity are identified among which: national consciousness, national interest, national territory, national idea, culture, language, history, common origin, religion. The nation was found to contain both ethnic, cultural and political components. From the dominance of one of these characteristics is formed in essence, an ethnic or political nation. The basic internal and external factors that negatively effecting nation-building processes in Ukraine are investigated. The internal ones include: lack of clear legislative criteria for inclusion in the ethnic community and real indicators of the ethnic composition of the Ukrainian people; loss of title ethnic identity based on linguistic marker; political speculation about the ethno-cultural features of the regions of Ukraine, linguistic and mental differences of the citizens of Ukraine; lack of an effective system of national-patriotic education and formation of national consciousness. External factors include: hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, aimed at loss of territorial integrity and state sovereignty of Ukraine, aggravation of interethnic relations; intensive globalization processes that require new approaches to public policy on preserving and developing national identity; negative impact of information flows of foreign countries on the formation of information and cultural space of Ukraine; political and cultural expansion of neighboring countries (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia) into Ukraine, which goes beyond the support of their national minorities and poses a direct threat to Ukraine's national security. Keywords: ethnicity,nation, national identity, nationalization, Ukraine, Ukrainian nation, hybrid war.
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Park, Hayong, Juhyoung Woo, and Waonho Yi. "The Improvement of Safety Inspection Policies for Passenger Ships, Excursion Ships, and Ferries through Safety Management Analysis and On-site Inspections." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.3.27.
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In contrast to land, sea routes are exposed to many dangers due to certain conditions on the surface of the water. In the wake of the Sewol ferry disaster in April, 2014, ferry and other ship-related systems were improved. Experts from related organizations have since conducted safety inspections on passenger ships, excursion ships, and ferries in accordance with the National Security Agency and individual laws. These inspections were introduced after the public's attention was raised from not only the Sewol incident but also from the sinking of the cruise ship Hableány, which happened in Budapest, Hungary on May 29, 2015. Accordingly, this study presents measures to improve the safety management of passenger ships, excursion ships, and ferries such as facility standards, inspection regulations, and safety management regulations. These tasks will be accomplished by comprehensively analyzing problems through on-site inspections combined with safety management initiatives which will identify safety issues regarding passenger ships, excursion ships, and ferries.
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Orbán, Anna, and Annamária Beláz. "eIdentification - Renewable regulated electronic administration services." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 325 (February 14, 2018): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v325.38.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2005, Hungary has a comprehensive central identification solution. The Client Gate is capable of identifying citizens for any public authority that connects to it. The Client Gate is very popular and useful tool for identification among citizens for electronic transaction. Today approximately 2.4 million clients have a Client Gate account. However, many have an aversion towards the online administration. They can choose the personal administration or they can use their mobile phone for administration.
Since the beginning of 2016, the new electronic ID card integrates personal identification, social security and tax identification information which is also suitable for providing an electronic signature. These two new identification options are available to citizens, including the newly introduced national eID card, as well as the Partial Code Telephone Authentication. A half years about a million new eID card has been claimed for the citizens. However, the telephone authentication is less popular.
In Hungary, the new electronic administration is based on the "Regulated Electronic Administrative Services” (Hungarian short name SZEÜSZ) since 2012. The new central identification solution, the Central Authentication Agent as one of the Regulated Electronic Administrative Service has been launched that supports the use of different electronic identification and authentication services. Now the usual Client Gate has been changed to the Central Authentication Agent in Web Assistant application to implement full electronic administration procedures.
The aim of the study is to present the experience of the various methods of identification by comparative analysis.
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Lutsyshyn, Halyna, and Nataliia Lukach. "Energy Aspect of Ukrainian-Russian Conflict of the End of XX and the XXI Centuries." Humanitarian vision 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/shv2021.01.025.
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The article deals with bilateral Russia and Ukraine power relations, urgent questions of their cooperation and form of realization of large Russia foreign economic projects. The separation of bilateral Ukrainian-Russian relations in the energy sector is quite conditional, the authors have studied. Because they are objectively inscribed in the relations of both countries with a third party – first of all, European countries as consumers of energy resources transported through the territory of Ukraine. Thus, both from the point of view of the technological chain (producer-transit-consumer) and from the economic point of view (seller-provider of transportation services-buyer), these relations should be considered in a tripartite format. It tries to determine possible threats of Ukraine’s national security in the context of Russia foreign power strategy realization. Ukrainian-Russian relations in the energy sector are quite dynamic, but cannot be assessed unambiguously due to the presence of a combination of positive and negative factors and trends. They largely depend on the general state of relations between the two capitals, and sometimes have a decisive influence on them. It has been investigated that the weaknesses of the Ukrainian energy sector since independence in 1991 shed light on the fundamental link between energy security and national security. From the point of view of global energy processes, one should take into account the favorable geopolitical and geographical position of Ukraine and its related role as a transit state. The integration of the Ukrainian energy system into the European one is a component of Ukraine’s strategic goal of joining the EU. Ukraine has a sufficiently strong and developed gas, oil and electricity networks, connected to the transport networks of the EU and CIS countries: Russia, Moldova, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, which allows it to participate in the formation of European energy policy and common energy market, play an important role in energy cooperation between the CIS and the EU.
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Coşkun, Bezen, and Tuğçe Kılıç. "Sınır Kentlerindeki Suriyelilerin ve Yerleşik Halkın Güvenlik Algıları: Gaziantep, İzmir ve Szeged Örneği." Göç Dergisi 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v6i1.623.
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Savaşın başladığı 2011 yılından itibaren milyonlarca Suriyeli çeşitli rotaları takip ederek önce komşu ülkelere daha sonra da Avrupa içlerine doğru hareket etmiştir. Türkiye’de Gaziantep ve İzmir, Macaristan’da ise Szeged Suriyelilerin Batı Avrupa’ya doğru uzanan göç rotasının değişik noktalarında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Suriyelilerin Kuzey Suriye - Batı Avrupa göç rotasının giriş, transit ve çıkış noktalarında yer alan bu üç şehirdeki Suriyelilerin ve buralarda yaşayan yerel halkın güvenlik algılarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak analiz, yorumcu (interpretivist) bir perspektiften yapılacaktır. Çalışma Gaziantep’te 2011-2015, İzmir’de 2015-2017 ve Szeged’de 2015-2017 yılları arasında yapılan gözlemlere, yapılandırılmamış veya yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Böylece Suriyeli mültecilerin ve yerel halkın güvenlik algıları insani güvenliği kavramsal çerçevesinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan karşılaştırma sonucunda üç kentte de Suriyelilerin ve yerel halkın güvenlik algılarının, o şehrin göç rotasının hangi noktasında bulunduğu, uluslararası mülteci rejimi ve ulusal düzeydeki mülteci politikalarından etkilenmiş olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHHuman Security Perceptions of Syrians and the Local People in Border Provinces of Gaziantep, Izmir and SzegedSince the beginning of the war in 2011, millions of Syrians have left their country by following the various routes to move into neighbouring countries first, then into Europe. Gaziantep and Izmir in Turkey and Szeged in Hungary are situated at the different points of Syrian migration route from Northern Syria to Western Europe. This study aims to explore the security perceptions of Syrians and the local people living in these cities. For this purpose, an interpretivist approach was taken. The study is based on observations, unstructured and semi-structured interviews that were conducted in Gaziantep İzmir and Szeged between 2011 and 2017. Security perceptions of Syrian refugees and local people were compared within the context of human security perspective. The study found that the security perceptions of Syrians and the local population in three cities were affected by the position of these cities at the migration route, international refugee regime and refugee policies at the national level.
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Balogh, Margit. "Arrest and Conviction of Cardinal József Mindszenty 1948–1949. Part 1. “He wants to be a martyr, but I would not do him this favour”." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 1-2 (2020): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.1-2.06.
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As a result of the intense political struggle after the Second World War, the Catholic Church, led by Cardinal József Mindszenty, Archbishop of Esztergom, remained the only independent institution in Hungary. This study deals with the political process against Mindszenty and his show-trial. On 26 December 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty was taken into police custody, having been accused of treachery, espionage, foreign currency manipulation, and conspiring to overthrow the republic. All of these charges were stereotypical accusations made by totalitarian regimes. There were seven defendants in the Mindszenty case, comprising three groups: “legitimist conspirators”, “traitorous spies”, and the “foreign currency speculators”, who were the alleged fi nanciers of the conspiracy. The world was shocked to hear of the arrest of the Hungarian primate, Cardinal Mindszenty. The Holy See imposed the gravest discipline on Catholics. Mind- szenty was interrogated immediately after his arrest. He initially stood fi rm. The subse- quent interrogation records clearly refl ect, however, the methods of the State Protection Authority: a series of self-accusatory and factitious sentences are to be found in the manipulated texts. This article is based on documents held by the Hungarian National Archives, the Historical Archives of the State Security Services, the Esztergom Primate Archives, the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the National Archi- ves and Records Administration (USA), and others.
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Raduški, Nada. "Position of Serbian minorities in neighboring countries in the light of European integration and geopolitical processes." Vojno delo 72, no. 2 (2020): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2002037r.
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Within contemporary geopolitical processes, respect for the rights of national minorities is no longer the discretion of a state, but rather is an indirect or direct international regulation of the minority issue. In the beginning of the 1990s, the political economical crisis and disintegration of the former SFRY opened the national question, that was considered to be permanently and successfully solved, in the most dramatic way, and ethnic conflicts and clashes followed the desintegration of the country. With the formation of a new states on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, the existence of numerous and different national minorities ("old" and "new") required a different approach to their protection and integration in complex political circumstances. Thus, the position of the so called new minorities drastically changed since they formed constituent nations in the former SFRY, while after secession they remained separated from their home nations and became national minorities almost overnight. Out of Serbia, in former Yugoslav republics live nearly half a million persons belonging to Serbian nationality as new national minority. The paper discusses the position and rights of the Serbian minority in the post Yugoslav states (Slovenia, Croatia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro) as well as in some neighboring member states of the European Union (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria). In addition to the analysis of basic demographic indicators (number and spatial distribution) that determine the realization of the rights and freedoms of each minority, the paper examines the issue of protecting the national, cultural and linguistic identity of Serbs, as well as the ways of its preservation and improvement. Although the social and legal status of the Serbian minority is determined by European standards, the analysis points to their undefined status, since they still do not recognize the status of a national minority in some countries, and that they are in practice faced with more or less assimilation. In order to fully realize minority rights and improve the position of the Serb minority, ratified international documents, bilateral agreements, national laws, as well as well-designed policies and assistance from the home state are of great importance.Respecting basic human rights and freedom, as well as national minority protection, represent the basic factors of stability, security and democratic and socio-economic development of every country.
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Balogh, Margit. "Arrest and Сonviction of Cardinal József Mindszenty 1948–1949. Part 2. “Most pitiful prisoner of the country”." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.04.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of the political struggle that unfolded in Hungary after the Second World War, the only independent institution remaining in the country was the Catholic Church headed by the Archbishop of Esztergom, Cardinal József Mindszenty. Part One of the article reconstructs the investigation and political process against the primate, who was arrested on charges of high treason, preparing a coup aimed at overthrowing the republican system, espionage, and currency speculation. Part Two deals with the political process and show trial of Mindszenty. The hearings began on 3 February 1949 at the Budapest People’s Court, and, on 8 February 1949, the guilty verdict was announced. The facts were so cleverly manipulated that Mindszenty’s hopes for a change in the political system in the country were qualified as a political conspiracy. The cardinal was sentenced to life imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, and complete confiscation of property. While preparing for the court of second instance, Mindszenty put forward new projects aimed at reconciling the state and the Church. Deeply disappointed, the cardinal signed his letters “condemned”, “prisoner”, and “condemned archbishop”. The show-trial and long prison confinement only strengthened the cardinal’s faith. This article is based on documents held by the Hungarian National Archives, the Historical Archives of the State Security Services, the Esztergom Primate Archives, the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the National Archives and Records Administration (USA), and others.
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BROZIC, LILIANA. "INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMUNITY AT THE CROSSROADS." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/2 (June 30, 2016): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.2.00.
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For some time already, the international security community has been at a crossroads and looking for new right directions. The established operational guidelines have changed, and in some areas, it seems that they simply no longer exist. There are many factors which have had an effect on the relatively high level of security we have witnessed in the last few years. The financial crisis, which started to show its teeth in 2008 and 2009, has seriously changed the European armed forces, their structure, organization and development. Many comforted themselves that this does not constitute a significant problem, since we are relatively safe. Public opinion surveys in Slovenia revealed that most of all, people feel threatened by natural disasters and socio-economic situation. However, gradually but relatively quickly, everything has changed. In the spring of 2014, Crimea held a referendum on its annexation to the Russian Federation. The rattling of weapons began, provoking different reactions in the international community and resulting in altered relations between NATO and Russia. These changes were also discussed at the July NATO Summit in Warsaw. Two years earlier, in 2012, the media increasingly reported on the soaring migration problems in the Mediterranean Sea and difficulties suffered by Italy due to those phenomena. By the end of last year, migrations from the Southeast reached unimaginable proportions and gave a profound shock to the foundations of the European Union. Some terrorist attacks in European cities, which were said to be organized and carried out by migrants, had a significant impact on the altered understanding of the new (in)security. Some experts adopted a scientific approach to the new understanding of safety. The Defence Research Centre of the Faculty of Social Sciences, for example, published the results of a survey on the opinions of the Slovenian public regarding safety, which was carried out in 2015/2016. Among other things, the findings show that the recent migrant crisis has affected the Slovenian public, which perceives mass migrations as well as illegal and economic migrants as an important reason of concern. The authors of the survey observed a marked increase in the acceptance of the idea that in the protection of borders from illegal crossings, the Police are assisted by the Slovenian Armed Forces. A significantly high number of people also agreed with the idea that the armed forces should help in the fight against terrorism which, before the occurrence of mass migrations, was unthinkable. According to the authors of the survey, in the last three years, the support of the Slovenian public to the participation of Slovenia in international operations and missions has also grown by more than 20 percent. In addition, the proportion of the public which supports proposals to increase the defence budget has gone up. But will it actually increase, and how soon? We are still waiting for the new European defence strategy. We are anticipating new solutions, agreements between the decision-makers, etc. In the meantime, different authors went through various experiences. Some of them have decided to share them with our readers. In his article Fourth Generation Warfare: Geopolitical Framework to Slovenian Security (Part 1),Viktor Potočnik explores the issue of how geopolitics impacts the global security situation, what are the contemporary security risks and how they can affect Slovenia. In ensuring national security, the Slovenian Armed Forces play an important role. Consequently, Potočnik raises the question of whether they have a sufficient level of readiness to withstand potential risks, and presents the facts which he believes can have a key influence on the Slovenian national security. Cyber threats represent one of the most modern forms of security threats. In the previous issue of the Contemporary Military Challenges, Vinko Vegič provided the definition of cyber threats. This issue continues this theme with the article NATO and Cyber Deterrence, written by Staša Novak. According to her, NATO is de facto already pursuing certain elements of cyber deterrence based on strong defence, declaratory policy and responsive measures. However, responsive measures are not NATO offensive cyber capabilities, but the possibility of a collective defence response to a cyber attack, which implies a response with all available means. The increased number of migrants on their way to a better future has surprised many people in the Balkans, although numerous institutions and individuals had warned of this possibility before. Some experiences and responses of Slovenia’s neighbour, Hungary, are presented in an article by József Padányi and László Földi, titled Lessons Learned for the Hungarian Defence Forces from the Deployment of Engineer Obstacles during the 2015 Europe-Wide Mass-Migration Emergency. The article focuses mainly on the activities of the Hungarian armed forces. Metodi Hadji-Janev and Marija Jankuloska point out that the region of South- Eastern Europe has witnessed some examples of terrorist attacks and observe that the use of drones for countering global terrorism proved to be effective. Their article The Challenges of Drone Usage by Southeast European Countries examines the possibilities of their use in the home region. In his article titled Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the International Fight against It, József Kis-Benedek discusses the origins of this phenomenon and its manifestations in various Middle East countries, as well as the response of those countries and other international actors who share an interest in this part of the world. He also calls attention to the question of the Kurds and the emergence of volunteer fighters who are coming to Syria and Iraq to fight. The Battalion Battle Group and the evaluation of its training is the subject of the article titled Battle Group Training Cycle, in which Aleš Avsec compares the methods of training of these units in the Slovenian Armed Forces with the training of similar units in the United States of America. Is it even possible to compare two countries which are that different?
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Babyshev, Vyacheslav. "Impact of intergenerational transfers on fertility." Population 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.8.
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On the theoretical basis of the "generational economy" the article describes the "model of overlapping generations" and "life cycle model" as the cause of the existence of intergenerational transfers. The classification of approaches to their study is carried out. Based on the exchange model (the concept of childbearing as a long-term investment in future transfers from adult children to elderly parents) and the theory of substitutions (crowding out private transfers by public social systems), the "elderly security hypothesis" is highlighted as a possible socio-economic reason for the demographic transition. Based on the works of A. Cigno, a theoretical review of this theory is made using the concepts of ^substitution effect» and «free rider effect». According to the works of R. Fenge and B. Scheubel, the "income effect" and "price effect" are defined as the key parameters for testing this hypothesis. An overview of the existing scientific and practical works on the topic of research is made, highlighting methods and results on the following examples: Italy after World War II, Germany at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Brazil in 1991-2000, Hungary in 19502006, 34 OECD countries in the 1990s and the consolidated data for 121 countries at present. The author has carried out his own empirical test of the «hypothesis of elderly security» in the countries of the world on the basis of UN and OECD statistics. Coverage, social security spending, replacement rate, mandatory premium rate, and an increased risk of poverty among older people support the safe aging theory of upward intergenerational transfers from children to parents. But the internal rate of return of pension systems and the average income of older people support the competing hypothesis of top-down intergenerational transfers from parent to child. It is concluded that, with a relatively low standard of living of population, intergenerational transfers go from children to parents, but when a certain level of national welfare is reached, the movement of transfers changes to the opposite direction.
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Pásztor, Emese. "„Magánélet és bizonytalanság” – A jogi kontrollmechanizmusok szerepe a nemzetbiztonsági célú titkos információgyűjtés alapjogi kockázatainak mérséklésében." Információs Társadalom 17, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22503/inftars.xvii.2017.1.2.
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A terrorizmus Európa mind több országában olyan fenyegetés, amely a lakosságtól már a mindennapokban is kényszerű alkalmazkodást követel. A demokratikus intézmények védelme érdekében az államok különleges megfigyelési eszközöket vethetnek be, melyeknek a technikai lehetőségek egyre kevésbé szabnak korlátokat. A veszély forrása bárhol lehet, ezért kézenfekvő az állami logika, mely az ártatlanság vélelmét és a konkrét bűncselekményekhez kapcsolódó gyanút félretéve inkább minden polgárra kockázati tényezőként tekint, utat nyitva ezzel a tömeges megfigyelésnek. A tanulmány arra keresi a választ, hogy a nemzetbiztonsági célú titkos információgyűjtés működését miként lehet hatékony külső jogi kontroll alá rendelni. A strasbourgi bíróság esetjoga által kirajzolt minimum a bírói hatalmi ág végső jogorvoslati szerepének biztosítása felé mutat. A tanulmány célja annak elemzése, hogy intézményi, hatásköri, illetve eljárási szempontból hogyan rajzolható fel az a rendszer, mely amellett, hogy megfelel a strasbourgi mércének és a magyar alkotmányos hagyománynak, valóban alkalmas is a titkos megfigyelések hatékony külső jogi kontrolljának megvalósítására.
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‘Privacy and insecurity’ – The role of legal control mechanisms in reducing the risks to fundamental rights posed by national security-related secret intelligence gathering
More and more countries in Europe are being faced with the threat of terrorism, which is forcing people to make adjustments in their everyday lives. To protect democratic institutions, states are permitted to use extraordinary measures for surveillance, barely bound by technical restrictions. The source of danger might be anywhere, so it seems a logical approach by the state to put aside the presumption of innocence and reasonable suspicion related to concrete crimes, and consider every citizen as a potential risk-factor, paving the way to mass surveillance. The aim of the study is to find out how national security-related secret intelligence gathering could be subjected to effective external legal control. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights emphasizes the importance of the final judicialcontrol, but the details are still unclear. The study examines the ideal system of external legal control considering the institutional and procedural aspects, as well as the question of powers, a system which fully complies with the test used by the European Court of Human Rights and the constitutional traditions of Hungary, while being able to provide effective external legal control for secret surveillance.
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Martynov, Andrii. "Bifurcation in the Process of European Integration under the Influence of a Pandemic." European Historical Studies, no. 16 (2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.2.
Full textAbstract:
The coronavirus pandemic has become the most serious challenge since the European Union’s existence. The challenge is complex. The first blow was struck on four freedoms: movement of capital, goods, labor and services. Discontinuing production under the influence of a pandemic will mean both insufficient supply and too low demand. Quarantine measures have split the Common Market into “national containers”. The monetary union is also facing a serious crisis before the pandemic. The next blow to European solidarity was the crisis with illegal migrants. The humanitarian crisis has benefited populists to intensify xenophobic sentiment and terrorist movements to send their killers to the EU. The pretext of left and right populism is wandering Europe. Security threats are real. The UK’s exit from the EU has created a deficit in the EU budget. Germany and France should increase their contributions proportionally. The Visegrad bloc countries oppose their greater financial responsibility. Austria does not agree with the single Eurozone budget. Polls in the spring of 2016 showed an increase in the position of European skeptics in France, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, the Greek part of Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Contemporary political discourse offers European optimistic and European pessimistic scenarios. The European Republic is decentralized (European regions), post-national, parliamentary-democratic and social. This concerns a possible shift from the United States of Europe project to the European Republic. The concept of republic is a common ideological and political heritage of Europe. A New Europe Demands New Political Thinking without Populism and Nationalism. The European Republic should be at the center of the triangle: liberalism (liberty), socialism (equality) and nationalism (brotherhood). The pessimistic scenario focuses on the fragmentation of the European Union. The basis of such fragmentation can be the project of European integration of different speeds.
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Vetoshkina, E. D. "Holocaust Denial: Social Conditionality and Comparative Analysis of Criminal Law Prohibition." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.168.11.129-138.
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From the second half of the 20th century the revisionist movement has spread among scientists, public and political figures. Publicists and scientists are known for criticizing the testimonies of concentration camp prisoners and their executioners, as well as denying the possibility of mass extermination of prisoners in terms of the technical capabilities of gas chambers.Attempts to reinterpret historical events often border on extremism and pose a threat to national security, leading to a significant deterioration in international relations. At the international level, a number of acts have been adopted indicating that the Holocaust is a fact established by the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal, and calling on states to reject any denial of the Holocaust. International organizations that oppose attempts to rewrite history include the Council of Europe, the United Nations, and UNESCO.At the national level, responsibility for denying and justifying the Holocaust has been established in a number of states. The first group includes states that are responsible for denying and approving the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis (Germany, France, Austria, Israel). The second group includes states that equated Nazi crimes in their legislation with crimes of communism (Hungary, Czech Republic, Lithuania). The third group consists of states that prohibit the denial and justification of any genocide (Switzerland, Luxembourg). Some states (for example, the United States) refused to introduce such bans, citing freedom of speech and belief.In 2014, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation introduced article 354.1 "Rehabilitation of Nazism", which sets forth responsibility for denying the facts established by the Nuremberg Tribunal verdict. At the same time, the legislator should not selectively approach the protection of historical events. It would be fair to criminalize the denial of genocide and other international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of any criteria relating to the perpetrators.
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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleh V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk, and Maria I. Shpinkovska. "Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 54 (April 25, 2019): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1167.1180.
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The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.
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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleg V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk, and Maria I. Shpinkovska. "Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development." Journal of Social Sciences Research, Special Issue 5 (December 15, 2018): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi5.549.562.
Full textAbstract:
The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.
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Bencze, Tibor, and Gábor Koncz. "The effects of afforestation programs in Heves County between 2007 and 2013." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 6, no. 1-2 (July 18, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2017.1-2.20-25.
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The forest is one of the most complex natural ecosystems that is one of the basic living conditions of the healthy human life due to its effects on the environment. According to their functions forests can fill security, economic, social, health, tourism, and education as well as research roles.
After the end of World War I the level of forest cover decreased to 11.8% in Hungary. At this time Hungary was Europe’s fourth poorest country in forest and tree. The increasing of forest cover was an important objective in each areas since then.
The location and the size of the afforested area ultimately will be appointed by the landowners’ intentions. The state can support the success of the afforestation program by various devices, and promote effectively the enforcement of public interest. The New Hungary Rural Development Programme (2007-2013) envisaged the deployment of 69,000 hectares of new forest, of which 70% were implemented. Under the measure support was granted for the first afforestation of areas withdrawn from agricultural cultivation.
Despite the above average extent of forest covers in Heves County (24.5% in 2006), further opportunities were opened to increase the forest area. In afforestation terms the high priority regions includes the poor quality arable lands of feet of Mátra and Bükk mountains and the reclamation areas of Visonta open-cast lignite mine in Heves County.
During the research, we worked on secondary databases with a view to examine how regional differences there are in within Heves County in the case of location of forest areas and implemented forest plantations. On the one hand we used the data of Forestry Directorate of the National Food Chain Safety Office, on the other hand we worked up the statistics of Agricultural and Rural Development Agency about afforestation subsidies supported in the framework of New Hungary Rural Development Programme (2007-2013).
There are significant differences among the districts of Heves County regarding the extent of forest cover between upland and lowland areas. While Pétervására and Bélapátfalva districts were characterized by 61% and 59% forest cover in 2006, at the same time in Füzesabony, Heves and Hatvan districts the same value was slightly higher than 4%. In the period between 2006 and 2015 the rate of forestation increased in all districts of the County at least by 0.2 percent. The growth rate was more than one percent in Heves megye járásai között az erdősültség mértékét illetően jelentős különbségek figyelhetők meg a hegyvidéki és alföldi területek között. Miközben a Pétervásárai járást és a Bélapátfalvai járást 61, illetve 59%-os erdősültség jellemezte, addig a Füzesabonyi, a Hevesi és a Hatvani járásban ez az érték alig haladta meg a 4%-ot. A megye minden egyes járásában növekedett az erdősültség mértéke a 2006 ás 2015 közötti időszakban legalább 0,2 százalékponttal. 1 százalékpont feletti volt a növekedés a Pétervásárai és a Gyöngyösi járásban. Ezáltal jelentős kiterjedésű, mezőgazdasági művelésre kevéssé alkalmas terület kapott új funkciót.Pétervására and Gyöngyös district. Therefore, a significant expanse of land that is less suitable for agricultural cultivation has given a new function.
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Basov, F. "Vishegrad Four and Development of European Integration." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 12 (2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-12-87-95.
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This article is devoted to the study of the position of the Visegrad countries (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia) on the further development of European integration. Particular attention is paid to such important EU projects as the Defense Union, the Energy Union and the European Green Deal. The article also analyzes the stand of the Visegrad states on migration issues, institutional problems of European integration, energy security. Prestige and status remain important factors for the foreign and European policy of the Visegrad countries. For this reason, the latter are supporters of an intergovernmental and confederal approach to European integration, preservation of national competencies. In the vision of the further development of European integration, the positions of the mainstream and V4 have come closer. The Visegrad states do not want to leave the EU and are not ready to go to a tough confrontation with Brussels. The V4 countries that are not part of the Eurozone are planning to join it. They also support the main and most ambitious projects of European integration mentioned above, although they have their own special priorities in these projects. Visegrad is a sub-region with its own characteristics in the perception of European integration. These characteristics consist in conservatism, pragmatism, agrarianism, an anti-migrant mood. In this, some neighboring countries are similar to the Visegrad Four – Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia. This circumstance suggests that in the future it will be possible to speak about the informal group “V4+”.
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Varga, Veronika, Imre Boncz, Andor Sebestyén, Dóra Endrei, István Ágoston, Iván Péter, and Bálint Molics. "A gyógyfürdőellátások igénybevételi mutatói Magyarországon." Orvosi Hetilap 160, Supplement 1 (February 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2019.31373.
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Introduction: The role of spa therapy is well defined and its importance has significantly increased in the healthcare but the utilization indicators of the implemented treatments are less known. Aim: The objective of our study was to analyze the utilization and the social insurance indicators of the healthcare publicly financed by health insurance in spa institutions. Data and methods: The data used for the analysis were derived from the funding database of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. The period examined covered the years between 2009 and 2016. The spa treatment counts, social insurance expenses, the territorial inequalities in utilization, sex and age distribution of the treatments were examined. Results: The treatment counts were the highest (7 349 587) in 2009 and they gradually decreased with 6 558 204 treatments by 2012. ‘Spa pool of medicinal water’ treatment was the most common care in each year which incidence showed a downward trend during the past years: 2 544 617 treatments were performed in 2009 but 2016 showed only 1 898 338 treatments. We found the highest health insurance expenditures in 2016: 4.261 billion HUF or 13.8 EUR. In the previous years, there was a lower health insurance expenditure: in 2010 3.928 billion HUF (14.3 million EUR), in 2011 3.921 billion HUF (14.0 million EUR) and in 2012 3.875 billion HUF (13.4 million EUR). The utilization made the highest incidence of treatments in Csongrád county with 13 174/10 000 inhabitants and 8160 thousand HUF/10 000 inhabitants of social security subsidy in 2016. The lowest utilization counts for treatments were found in Nógrád county with 3233/10 000 inhabitants and 2192 thousand HUF/10 000 inhabitants of social security subsidy. The highest utilization indicators were found in the age group between 60 and 69 in the distribution of population and genders. Conclusion: In the utilization of spa therapy funded by health insurance fund, no significant change has occurred during the past years but territorial discrepancies can be seen in sex, age, and county breakdown. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 22–28.
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Poljanec, Kristijan, and Tomislav Jakšić. "Safeguarding Croatian Strategic Industries Within the Scope of the EU Foreign Direct Investment Regime." Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.2.123-149.
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A European Union (EU)-wide screening regime entered into force in October 2020, marking the turning point in the Member States’ investment relations with third countries, most notably, the emerging economies of the Far East. Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) states have recently embraced novel screening solutions; some legislative proposals are still pending in a few states. These regulatory changes are the result of the socio-economic turmoil caused by the COVID-19 epidemic, which threatens a major fire sale of resources that are deemed critical for the Member States’ national security and public order. In this paper, the authors examine the existing screening mechanisms regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) in five EU countries: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, and Poland. Given the apparent lack of comprehensive FDI screening mechanisms in Croatia, the authors consider that the findings of this comparative analysis could help Croatian legislator establish a comprehensive legal regime for FDI pouring into Croatian strategic industries. This paper argues that Croatia should introduce novel screening mechanisms along the lines of the Germanic legal tradition, most notably, the CEE and the German foreign trade and payments law. The authors suggest potential solutions de lege ferenda that would fit the scope and objectives of the screening regulation. Following the introduction, the second section of the paper glances through FDI screening mechanisms in four CEE countries. In the third section, the paper revisits the existing Croatian legislation on FDI control. The fourth section considers possible amendments thereof within the context of the German foreign trade and payments law. The fifth section summarises and concludes the paper.
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Lovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>
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Kozachuk, Oleh, and Grigore Vasilescu. "The Problem of Ethnopolitical Stability in Central and Eastern Europe and Theoretical Framework for the New Institutionalism." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 18, 2018): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.249-255.
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Modern Europe suffers from political instability which is caused by Russian foreign policy above all. The complex nature of the Russian Federation's efforts in order to instrumentalize the divide etimperaprinciple is becoming increasingly apparent. Killing the wedge between the European powers is a guarantee of the lack of consensus in the decision making in response to the aggressive and dangerous behavior of Moscow in the global dimension (Crimea annexation, aggression in the East of Ukraine, support of B. Assad in Syria and the formation of uncontrolled waves of migration, interference with the electoral process in the USA, chemical attack in Salisbury, UK, a permanent blockage of the work of the UN Security Council etc.). Unfortunately, at the level of bilateral relations, there are also attempts to disperse neighboring states, in particular on ethnonational grounds (frequent provocations involving Russian special services in the border towns of Ukraine, Poland, and Hungary). In this regard, the problem of ensuring ethnopolitical stability in the region becomes extremely relevant, and even more vital.
It is worth noting that Ukraine not only offers the study of its own experience for the development of a common policy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe; Ukrainian scientists carry out comprehensive conceptual studies on ethnopolitical stability and the ways to ensure it, making their work useful for the European community.
The problem of ethnopolitical stability is of great practical importance not only for Ukraine but also for Moldova. The neighbouring state has been suffering from the targeted actions of the Russian Federation since 1992, which uses the peculiarities of the ethnic composition of Moldova, its history and the language issue for producing an ethnopolitical destabilization’s zone on the border with Ukraine. Obviously, Moldova (as well as Ukraine) faces (and will face) a lot of difficulties, including ethnopolitical in its path towards EU. However, the clear crystallization of national interests, the understanding of these national interests by the general public will be a reliable fence in the inspiration of ethnopolitical instability, both in Moldova and in Ukraine.
Keywords: ethnicity, ethnopolitical stability, new institutionalism, instrumentalization, Central and Eastern Europe
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Merész, Gergő, and Bence Takács. "PP165 Content Instead Of Orders: Experiences Of Launching A Knowledge Base." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002642.
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IntroductionIn Hungary, the procedure for health technology assessment of innovative pharmaceutical products allows 13 assessors 43 calendar days to evaluate reimbursement submissions. These short timelines have created a need for smart capacity building, namely, streamlining the scientific evaluation process while making sure that the quality of the critical appraisals remain high. The objective of this study was to present and evaluate the implementation of an online knowledge base to distill community knowledge, and also for management purposes.MethodsThe scope and the content-, functional-, and technical specification was developed, and information technology security requirements were identified during the pre-implementation phase. An existing platform was chosen for adaptation, ensuring that descriptive follow-up data is available on uptake for monitoring purposes. Both the adaptation and maintenance were carried out internally by the Department of Health Technology Assessment at the National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition.ResultsThe key requirements identified when developing the specification were searchability, low maintenance need, low operating costs and attractivity for users. An already existing open-source, flat file content management system was chosen for adaptation. In terms of content, a health technology assessment handbook, process documentation, a news bulletin section was created, and corporate identity elements were added. Since the start of the service in September 2018, the number of total daily page downloads to the knowledge base varied between four and 1,193 (average 205 per day), with the assessment handbook topping the overall page visit statistics.ConclusionsThe implementation of this knowledge base enables the Department of Technology Assessment to rely more on the formalized community knowledge when carrying out critical appraisal, while enabling better knowledge and quality management. Uptake remains an issue on the long run, indicating a need for continuous content development.
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Casolari, Federico. "RESPECT FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN A TIME OF ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRISIS: THE ROLE OF REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE HUNGARIAN AFFAIRE." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230045.
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This article offers a critical analysis of the role played by regional international organizations (IOs) – in particular the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the European Union (EU) – in coping with the problems that have been affecting the rule of law in the aftermath of the recent economic and financial crises. The intent is to highlight the main shortcomings of the monitoring/enforcement tools designed by these IOs and to assess whether they require further revision. The specific focus will be on the mechanisms put in place in response to the illiberal practices and constitutional reforms adopted in Hungary from 2011 to 2013. This case is instructive in two respects. In the first place, those legal and political developments have been harshly criticized by all the IOs concerned, and so their response makes it possible to see (i) in what way and to what extent they operate in monitoring and protecting the rule of law, (ii) how well they interact in subiecta materia, and (iii) the strengths and weaknesses of their mandate. And, in the second place, the Hungarian question has made it apparent that violations of the rule of law at the national level can easily take on a systemic, structural and multifaceted dimension that rises to the European level – a problem I will be referring to as the “rule-of-law crisis”. This has prompted an overall rethinking of the way the rule of law needs to be enforced, in a debate that has gained momentum within the EU legal order, very recently leading to a proposal (in March 2014) for a new EU framework through which to strengthen the rule of law. Here, the potential impact of this framework will be considered by also taking into account the alternative solutions offered by scholars and stakeholders.
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Papp, Nikolett. "A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban." Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.04.09.
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"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."