Academic literature on the topic 'National speech behavior'

This chapter examines the significance of the United States' globally robust surveillance apparatus, led by the National Security Agency (NSA), with particular emphasis on the tension between the internet-freedom movement and cybersecurity policy. Central to this tension is the question of anonymity, or whether or not it is possible to connect behaviors or material online to a particular person. On the one hand, anonymity is central to freedom online, and for online speech in particular. On the other hand, anonymity enables criminal behavior online, ranging from intellectual property theft to whole-scale cyber warfare. The chapter links the specific vision of internet freedom proposed by State Secretary Hillary Clinton to the revelations of the NSA-led surveillance apparatus and suggests that the United States's proposal for a freedom to connect deviates from traditional protections for freedom of expression by not protecting anonymous speech. It also describes the practical consequences of a global communications infrastructure that lacks any guarantee of confidentiality of messages across borders.

Project Vesta was a comprehensive research project to investigate the behaviour and spread of high-intensity bushfires in dry eucalypt forests with different fuel ages and understorey vegetation structures. The project was designed to quantify age-related changes in fuel attributes and fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forests typical of southern Australia.
 The four main scientific aims of Project Vesta were: To quantify the changes in the behaviour of fire in dry eucalypt forest as fuel develops with age (i.e. time since fire); To characterise wind speed profiles in forest with different overstorey and understorey vegetation structure in relation to fire behaviour; To develop new algorithms describing the relationship between fire spread and wind speed, and fire spread and fuel characteristics including load, structure and height; and to develop a National Fire Behaviour Prediction System for dry eucalypt forests.
 These aims have been addressed through a program of experimental burning and associated studies at two sites in the south-west of Western Australia.

This handbook surveys the materials, approaches, and contexts of American folklore and folklife studies to guide folklorists and students/scholars of American culture, history, and society through more than 350 years of work in the subject. To cover the contextual and behavioral aspects as well as textual materials of American folklore and folklife studies, the handbook contains forty-three chapters under four major headings of (1) background, theory, and practice; (2) genres, processes, and practitioners; (3) settings, contexts, and institutions; and (4) groups, networks, and communities. In addition to long-standing areas of cultural study such as folktales and speech, the handbook includes areas that have emerged in the twenty-first century such as the Internet, poetry slams, sexual orientations and practices, neurodiverse identities (e.g., Aspies), disability groups (e.g., deaf), and bodylore. The result is a reference work that serves as both a survey of folklore and folklife studies as they have been practiced and a guide to their future. Shaping these studies has been the cultural diversity and changing national boundaries of the United States, relative youth of the nation and its legacy of mass immigration, mobility of residents and their relation to an indigenous and racialized population, and a varied landscape and settlement pattern. The handbook is a reference, therefore, to American studies as well as the global study of tradition, folk arts, and cultural practice.

Liberalism is in trouble. As a set of ideas, it has lost much of its historical authority in guiding public policy and personal behaviour. In this post-liberal climate, Russell Blackford asks whether liberalism is truly over and, if not, if it's worth saving. How We Became Post-Liberal examines how Western liberal democracies became nations where traditional liberal principles of toleration (religious and otherwise), individual liberty and freedom of speech are widely viewed as under attack, or twisted to support conservative policies. Blackford traces the lineage of liberalism from classical antiquity and the rise of Christianity, with comparison to problems of freedom and toleration that arose in non-Western civilizations. The political and philosophical story culminates in the recent development – over the past 30 to 50 years – of post-liberal ideologies in the West. At each stage, he raises arguments for and against liberal principles, identifying why no argument to date has been totally successful in convincing opponents. From to the Charlie Hebdo tragedy to the murder of Samuel Pety, this is an indispensable guide for anyone wanting to understand the why, what and how of the post-liberal world.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

AbstractAccording to the United Nations (UN), at least 258 million people are moving across countries around the globe, consciously or unconsciously, in search of a safe and dignified life (IOM 2019; UN 2017). The international attempt to regulate these movements through the so-called Compacts seems unlikely to provide effective solutions. Often criticised as being non-binding instruments but with great potential in shaping states’ future behaviour (Türk 2018), the Compacts are not explicit in including SOGI minorities in the measures to be adopted through international cooperation for improving the management of migration and refugee flows, while respecting their human rights. It is noticeable that objective no. 7 (‘Address and reduce vulnerabilities in migration’) of the Global Compact related to migration refers to ‘victims of violence, including sexual and gender-based violence (…) [and] persons who are discriminated against on any basis’ as examples of vulnerable groups and, more generally, advances the development of gender-responsive migration policies (Atak et al. 2018). Equally, the Global Compact on Refugees pays attention in all fields to ‘sexual and gender-based violence’, while calling upon states to strengthen international efforts to prevent and combat it (paras. 5, 13, 51, 57, 59, 72 and 75). Yet, although this wording may be inclusive of SOGI, the Compacts avoided any specific reference or commitment in relation either to migrants who identify themselves as LGBTIQ+ or to SOGI claimants, perhaps owing to the need for the widest possible consensus among UN member states to secure the Compacts’ adoption. This represents a missed opportunity to raise awareness of SOGI asylum claimants’ needs at the universal level and speed up multilateral solutions to the movements across countries of people fleeing homophobia and transphobia.

AbstractUnder the inspiring and aspiring title: Paving the way for pushing and pursuing a “one for all, all for one” triple transition: social, green, and digital: The Three MuskEUteers, a group of remarkable co-authors and contributors have developed radically new forward-looking visions, principles, approaches, and action recommendations for an attuned indivisible social, green, and digital transition.The triple transition is aimed at helping humanity gather around a life-sustaining purpose, as opposed to life-destroying one in terms of wars of all kinds (military, economic, political, etc.); nature decay and wreckage (carbon footprint, plastic pollution, soil poisoning, etc.); human alienation (favelas, homeless persons, refugee camps, child malnutrition, poverty, exclusion of any kind); and geographic imbalances with empty rural spaces and overcrowded megacities (creating difficult access of rural and/or remote population to care, health, and other essential services; difficulty of urban population to contact with natural environments).The work highlights the urgent need to speed up a third social transition (Within this social transition dimension we understand the socio-cultural scope as any social shift implies a cultural transition and vice versa, with its very deep implications.), in addition to the green and digital transitions more widely recognised by the international community. Innovation, or a European industry-led twin transition aiming for climate neutrality and digital leadership, cannot be supported without a firm, responsive, responsible social and environmental engagement. Neither is it possible to tackle a JUST triple transition which is not firmly rooted in worthwhile human development, underpinned by the Sustainable Development Goals. And none of these transitions can go separately and/or isolated; they all need to intertwine around the notion of (more, firmer, and determined) just transition.European society is presented as a huge “co-laboratory” for this “all for one, one for all” boundaryless triple transition to respond to the urgent radical changes demanded by humanity and by the planet. The chapter proposes a radically new vision to pursue a non-explored transformative way to ideate, design, develop, and deliver science, innovation, and collaboration through experimentation and learning, and throughout multi-stakeholder engagement from the n-helix spectrum. It proposes systemic innovation tactics for the “how” (green, techno-digital), for the strategic “what” (green, social), for the purposeful “why” (green, social), and for the operational “how best” (green, social, techno-digital) within the governing principles of eco-centric society. This encompasses: Courageous goal-aligned alternatives, as a shift to new (yet ancient) principles of eco-centric rather than ego-centric behaviour. The adoption of a “complex system mind-set” to build up dynamic, context-sensitive, and holistic approaches to co-design mission and purpose-driven actions, outcomes, outputs, and no-harm impacts. The ignition of the transformative capacity of all forms of collaboration (international, interdisciplinary, intersectoral, intergenerational, inter-institutional, inter-genders) vs hierarchy as alternative governance and distribution models to overcome the unjust and unsustainable biased status quo within evolving, adaptable, flexible, and transformational n-helix ecosystems. The Three MuskEUteers, deeply anchored in European values (human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and human rights), will pave the way and drive humanity towards the achievement of the ambitious, but achievable, targets of the United Nations 2030 Global Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals.Europe can be the initiator of co-laboratory experiments where social change drives the “all for one, one for all” dream into transforming this three-prong transition into possible real good ecosystems working.

Abstract This chapter moves from the national frame to the local frame to examine how a particular Social Gospel leader, Charles Stelzle, carried out the Federal Council of Churches’ “social service” mission within his home congregation. Stelzle named his ministry the “Labor Temple” and placed it in the midst of a diverse, working-class neighborhood in Manhattan. However, by offering free social services, education, and meeting spaces to immigrants, Stelzle rendered wage earners dependent, or at least desirous, of the resources he and the Presbytery of New York had to give away. While ministers defended their preaching as “free speech,” they derided the “radical” speech among their patrons. Ultimately, Federal Council ministers encouraged the public to entrust them as leaders in the world of social service, but they also used their ministries to sharply patrol the appropriate boundaries of working-class Christian belief and political behavior.

Abstract This chapter demonstrates how George H.W. Bush chose Indiana senator Dan Quayle as his vice-presidential nominee and how that decision backfired. The controversy that ensued over the nomination revolved around Quayle’s joining the National Guard during the Vietnam War. Quayle was the first baby boomer on a national ticket and the kerfuffle surrounding his nomination showed that future candidates of that generation would have to explain their behavior vis-a-vis the Vietnam-era draft. At the same time, Bill Clinton recovered from his disastrous speech at the Democratic National Convention with a charismatic appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. His successful comeback demonstrated the growing importance of non-traditional media on American politics as the traditional press gatekeepers declined. Finally, despite the controversy over Quayle, Bush employed the post-1968 GOP playbook and hit Dukakis hard on issues of crime and national defense. In the end, the Bush/Quayle ticket seized the advantage and took the lead in the election after the Republican convention and never conceded it.

Image components are formed with the help of mostly verbal metaphors, which was confirmed by our linguistic research on the concept of “education”. Verbal metaphors are mostly related to fixed speech constructions, much less to individual-authorial ones, as well as paremias, which are usually semantically related to two conceptual fields – “family” and “human behavior in society”. The purpose of the paper is isolation and linguistic qualification of means of verbal objectification of the concept of “education” as a component of the system of Ukrainian axiology. This goal requires the following tasks: to outline the theoretical foundations of the study of axiological concepts in linguistics; describe the principles of determining the means of verbal objectification of the concept of “education” as a component of the system of Ukrainian axiology; to fix and qualify from the classical linguistic positions the means of verbal objectification of the concept of “education”, based on the theory of V. Karasyk. Methodology of the study is based on different methods: inductive and generalization methods are used for the formation of the theoretical unit of research; descriptive method helped to describe and clarify the leading features and structural features of the concepts; method of conceptual analysis was applied to identify conceptual, figurative and evaluative components in the structure of the studied concept; structural (method of component analysis) was utilized in order to determine the semantic meaning of the conceptual, figurative and evaluative components of the studied concept. The use of the mathematical method of quantitative calculations made it possible to determine the most and least dynamic in terms of verbal representatives of the concept. Results of the survey showed that axiology was the first science to study the concept of “value”, later, the object of its attention attracted other humanities, which equated it with the notion of “concept” (primarily as an axiological concept). The axiological concept in linguistics is regarded in term of several research approaches. The most relevant for our work are linguistic and linguocognitive approaches due to its representation in the linguistic consciousness as a multidimensional grid of meanings. These meanings are expressed by lexical, phraseological, paremiological units, precedent texts, etiquette formulas, as well as tactics of speech behavior that reflect fragments of social life. Practical implications. For the practical analysis of the axiological concept of “education”, which we had been studying, we tested the approach of V. Karasyk in order to establish all the vocabulary meanings of the concept under consideration, its metaphor quality and the range of assessments that characterize it. Value/originality. Identifying the conceptual components of “education” made it possible to identify two lexical and semantic variants, one of which has purely verbal semantics, thirteen derived concepts, including 5 nouns, 3 adjectives, 4verbs and their forms, 1 adverb, and more than 40 synonyms, most of which are verbs. Such an investigation can solve precise conceptual problems in linguistics, namely a valuable component of verbal objectification.

The aim of the article is to discuss the linguistic image of chronotypes in Polish dialectal phrases. In the research material, following Wojciech Chlebda, it was assumed that phrases are multi-word phrases reproduced in specific speech situations. The research material consists of units taken from dialectal dictionaries, collections of dialectal and national proverbs, and in a small part also units obtained from indigenous people. The first part of the work explains the basic concepts: chronotype, phrase, linguistic image of the world and cognitive definition. The next one analyzed the material. It was divided into the following categories, which are folk beliefs regarding sleep and the times of getting up and waking up: Like a day, like a dream, Dreams should not be believed, Sleep is the brother of death, Sleep is a waste of time, During sleep we have no control over ourselves, A person should work from the morning. The conclusions stated that the reproduction of phrases becomes a intergenerational message and may have a negative impact on the behavior of individuals.

The work is devoted to the study of forms, models and principles of the organization of intercultural communication, as well as the peculiarities of their functioning in dialogical statements. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to develop problems of typologization of the principles of intercultural communication (IC) and the conditions for their speech implementation interest in which is dictated by changes in society, the expansion of interaction between cultures and peoples. The problems of cultural identity, cultural differences and mutual understanding are especially relevant. The subject of the research is intercultural communication in Ukrainian and English linguistic cultures. The object of the research is the typology of models, forms and principles of the organization of intercultural communication, their speech realization in the analyzed linguocultures. The aim of the study is to analyze scientific data on the problems of typologizing models, forms and principles of intercultural communication, to generalize its semantics and pragmatics in each of the studied linguocultures, to determine the typology of models, forms and principles of organizing intercultural communication. The definition of intercultural communication is obvious from the term itself: it is the communication of people representing different cultures. We adhere to the following definition: "Intercultural communication is an adequate understanding of two participants in a communicative act belonging to different national cultures." Intercultural communication as a social phenomenon was brought to life by the practical needs of the post-war world, which were supported by changes in public consciousness, in recognition of absolute value of the diversity of world cultures in the rejection of the colonial cultural policy, in the awareness of the fragility of existence and the threat of destruction of most traditional cultures and languages. Currently, there are various approaches to describing the intercultural and intracultural interaction of people in society, but the study of linguistic and semiotic models of communication is not given due attention either in domestic or foreign linguistic knowledge. The Western communication models described in the work do not meet contemporary requirements. Acquaintance with the works of Western scientists allows us to assert: used methods and approaches do not cover and do not describe all aspects of intercultural communication. IC can be explored either at the group level or at the individual level. Most of the research carried out at the group level was of an anthropological and sociological nature. They were based on two methodological approaches: 1) "understanding of cultures as cognitive systems", which is described by V. Gudenaf; 2) understanding of culture as a "symbolic system" the opposite approach of K. Geertz. The state of contemporary society, in which one of the main problems is the problem of intercultural interaction, has led to a heightened interest in the research of cultural anthropologists who have developed a new understanding of the foundations of the existence of culture. Historically, contemporary communicative linguistics, continuing the traditions of F. Schleiermacher and his "general" hermeneutics, which studied the process of understanding and its regularities, focused on the conditions for only successful communication. At the heart of any process of understanding is precisely the principle of interaction between parts and the whole, which is a prerequisite for the application of the systemic method in each specific area of research. In this way, an understanding of both the behavior of people and the products of their cultural and historical activities occurs.

This chapter places collective memory at the source of a country’s values. In that regard, it enquires into the nature of normative obligations arising from memory. Based on moral-philosophical considerations, it finds normativity in the ‘processes surrounding memory’ described in the temporal security concept. Over time, the relationship between collective memory, identity, and behaviour generates a ‘duty to act’ for countries in the sense of ‘ought’. This last and most diffuse impact of collective memory unfolds and persists into the long run. Through it, collective memory, entirely outside the realm of conscious choice, channels behaviour towards one good course of action. To illustrate this, the empirical study picks up the case countries, Germany and Austria, at a late point in time. In 2015, large numbers of refugees arrived at their borders during what became known as the ‘European refugee crisis’. In this ‘critical situation’, both countries were required to react and thus position themselves vis-à-vis the highly normative issue of asylum. With the help of a content analysis of official speeches, the case study demonstrates how German and Austrian politicians came to identify different versions of what a good response entails based on their country’s diverse collective memories.

Ethnic translation is a field of study that highlights the significance of cultural and national identity as a component of translation strategy. It is a prerequisite for successfully integrating the original text into the host culture and achieving authenticity and accuracy in translation. Comparing the original text with its translation enables us to identify the reasons for any discrepancies. These discrepancies can be attributed to the preservation or transformation of cultural and national identity. The first reason is the structure of the rhetorical ideal, which consists of the ideal speaker and the ideal speech, as understood in light of scientific ideas. The second reason is the selection of speech influence techniques in both the original and translated texts. Additionally, the methods used to convey Kazakh ethical representations and norms of behaviour play a crucial role in achieving a ‘harmonising dialogue’. The study of the rhetorical ideal in relation to the national constants of Kazakh national and communicative consciousness serves as the foundation for examining the techniques used to create a national worldview in both the original text and its translation. This analysis also explains the differences between the linguistic personalities of the author and the translator (secondary linguistic personality). An interesting object of study is Russian translations of zhyrau poetry, which were translated word-for-word by Kazakh poets writing in Russian, namely A. Kodar and O. Zhanaidarov. The rhetorical ideal’s dominant values are explained culturally and nationally through the use of proverbs, idioms, symbols, and mythological poetics in the national conceptosphere and linguistic expressions. The author’s conceptosphere employs allegory, poetic syntax devices, and an imaginary world. The text has been edited for objectivity, comprehensibility, conventional structure, clear and objective language, format, formal register, structure, balance, precise word choice, and grammatical correctness. The secondary linguistic personality of the translator considers the otherness of the Other as an important aspect of identity manifestation. It is important to give special consideration to the category of ‘imaginary world’. This approach helps to understand the historical and cultural conditions that affect effective communication between the poet and the addressee.

In 2023, Joby Aviation conducted a test of a prototype propeller for an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) tilt-propeller aircraft in the 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel at the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC). The propeller differed from rotors found on typical helicopters and tiltrotors in having rigid blades and no cyclic pitch variation, and from airplane propellers in operating in an edgewise flow environment. This wind tunnel test was intended to study the behavior of the propeller in the transition regime experienced during conversion from thrust-borne, through semi-thrust-borne, to wing-borne flight and back. There were three objectives of the test: measuring 1) propeller performance, 2) dynamic blade loads, particularly in resonance, and 3) aeroacoustics. The propeller was instrumented with rotating-frame blade load sensors and mounted to a fixed-frame balance. Testing was performed at a range of wind speed, propeller angle of attack, propeller speed, and collective blade pitch points. Sample results are provided in the paper, including a look at the high propeller pitch and roll moments in edgewise flight, a demonstration of blade resonance due to variable RPM operation, and a comparison of overall sound pressure levels showing expected increases in noise with high propeller angles of attack and high tip speeds. This paper is part of a trio, with companion papers cited in the text presenting detailed analysis of measurements and comparisons to analytical predictions of performance, loads, and aeroacoustics.

The Dragonfly relocatable lander was selected as NASA's New Frontiers mission in 2019 to explore the organic-rich surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. The coaxial quadrotor vehicle will fly to multiple geologic sites covering a distance of over 50 miles near the Titan equator. At each site, Dragonfly will sample materials, determine the surface composition, and investigate how far prebiotic chemistry has progressed on Titan. Upon arrival, the lander will enter the Titan atmosphere protected inside an aeroshell, which will descend and decelerate with parachutes. At an altitude of approximately 1 km above the ground, the lander will separate from the backshell and perform a controlled transition to powered flight. Prior to separation from the backshell and after the heatshield has been ejected, the Preparation for Powered Flight (PPF) sequence will be initiated, which ensures the lander is in a safe and stable state for autonomous descent. A critical element of PPF is the de-spin maneuver, where diagonally opposing rotors rotate at maximum speed to reduce any residual angular momentum by creating a yaw moment in lander body axes. This paper presents high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations of the Dragonfly rotorcraft lander during the PPF sequence. Aerodynamic performance predictions are compared with test data from the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex to validate the simulations and build confidence in the PPF simulation results. Blade-resolved simulations capture the unsteady and complex flow behavior in Titan's dense, low-temperature atmospheric conditions during PPF. The results are analyzed, providing insight into aerodynamic performance and the aerodynamic moments critical for mission success.

This article provides a comparative analysis between Chinese and Russian cultures using the example of Chinese and Russian addresses, expressions of greeting and farewell, respect and politeness, compliments, as well as their acceptance.

The modern trend of society development implies the search for ways to create favorable conditions for living and overcoming communicative barriers between peoples. One of the tools to achieve this goal is a favorable attitude of people to each other, the ability to appreciate the best qualities of the neighbor, namely to use a compliment, to remove the barrier of distrust of mankind. This article deals with the speech genre of compliment in the Bashkir linguoculture, reveals the peculiarities of compliment use in speech behavior, response reactions.

The relevance of this article is due to the emergence of such new field of research as contrastive cultural studies which focuses on cultural differences reflected in the speech and non-speech behavior of cultural speakers. The article substantiates the position on the expediency of using contrastive cross-cultural analysis for comparing different cultures as well as variants of the same culture. Based on the typological and charac-terological approach to the study of cultures, the author of the article identifies cultural oppositions within the framework of the parameter “attitude to other people”, which allows us to show the differences between two variants of Anglo-Saxon culture: British and American.

Abstract An annual publication on senior design projects to aid persons with disabilities supported by the National Science Foundation since 1988 is described in this report Some of the projects described in these books are custom modifications of existing devices, modifications that would be prohibitively expensive to the disabled individual were it not for the student engineer and this NSF program. Other projects are unique one-of-a kind devices wholly designed and constructed by the student for the disabled individual. Some projects built in years past include a laser-pointing device for people who cannot use their hands, a speech aid, a behavior modification device, a hands-free automatic answering and hang-up telephone system, and an infrared beacon to help a blind person move around a room.

Discrimination, together with poverty, is a major obstacle to the social inclusion of Roma people. When it comes to areas where discrimination is potentially committed, the most complaints are within the range of violations of the dignity of the person, or insult, threat or similar behavior that characterizes the person's verbal endangerment. Hate speech – making public statements that contains messages of hate or intolerance against a racial, national, ethnic, religious, sexual, or other social group or its members is often expressed on social networks. The authors present the legal basis for the protection of Roma people against discrimination, possible acts of discrimination on social networks, discuss the relationship between hate speech and free speech and the possible responsibility of social networks.

The vibrations involved in a typical axial compressor rotor in an aircraft engine are complex. Generally, the compressor blades are arranged in a cantilever type configuration. It is also known that the amplitude of vibration is highest near the tip section of the shroudless blade. Compressors are limited by aerodynamic instabilities such as rotating stall and surge. Rotating stall generally initiates near the tip region of the compressor. Blade vibrations coupled with aerodynamic instabilities will lead to a catastrophic scenario of flutter that is asynchronous to the rotor speed. This aeroelastic interaction is detrimental if not taken into consideration. Knowledge of vibration characteristics of the compressor rotor will help in mapping the flutter zone for safe operation. The modal characteristics of the transonic axial compressor rotor available at the Axial Flow Compressor Research (AFCR) facility of National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) are established in this study. A cyclic-symmetric pre-stressed modal analysis is performed on a single sector of the compressor rotor consisting of a shroudless blade connected to the disk with a pin type dovetail arrangement for different speeds. The main diagnostic charts for turbomachinery vibration i.e., Campbell and Interference diagrams are generated for various speeds and harmonic indices/ nodal diameters of the compressor rotor. The critical crossings of the engine order excitation lines over the natural frequencies of the blade are highlighted. Experimental modal investigations and analysis are carried out on the compressor rotor at the stationary condition and for two different boundary conditions. First, the blade alone modal characteristics under the free-free condition are established. Later, the complete blade-disk assembly mounted on a base test-stand is used to investigate the cantilever fixed-free boundary condition of the chosen blade. The modal characteristics are established by performing impact hammer experiments. Blade excitation is provided by a calibrated Dytran make impact hammer and the response is measured using a calibrated accelerometer. The structural dynamic data acquisition hardware and software from OROS is used for determining the natural frequencies, mode shapes and structural damping for each mode of the compressor rotor. There is a good agreement in the natural frequencies and mode shapes established using experiment and numerical methods for the first three modes investigated. Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) analysis is carried out for two different modal identification algorithms to compare the mode shapes.

Road networks around the world are reaching a critical stage in their lifecycle. Typically constructed in the 1960’s and 70’s, many of the structures, now over forty years old, require increasingly significant levels of maintenance in order to ensure their continued integrity and performance. Many national transport authorities while planning ahead for this use traffic microsimulation models to help them predict the likely effects of associated roadwork on traffic flow. The challenge faced is that these models consistently under-predict traffic flows, and the resultant queue lengths, even though there is nothing fundamentally different from a speed or lane restriction for roadworks compared to those used in other normal circumstances. The reasons for this over-prediction or under-prediction are that ‘real’ traffic behaves differently from ‘modelled’ traffic. This paper explores these differences with reference to a case study example, reviews the psychological literature for explanatory factors, and uses this to propose new guidelines for how models should be designed and calibrated for improved accuracy. In the case study presented in this paper, approximately a lane’s worth of capacity is being lost due to ‘soft’ driver behaviour factors. This paper helps to explain why this is happening and how it can be recovered.

The National Driver Offender Retraining Scheme (NDORS) comprises behaviour change courses offered to road traffic offenders instead of prosecution. This report presents an evaluation of the majority of these courses, to establish whether they changed behaviour, how long any change was maintained, what psychological mechanisms bring about the change, barriers to change experienced by attendees, and how the courses could be improved. Self-reported survey data on underlying attitudes and behaviours was collected before and after courses. Interviews and focus groups were used to gather detailed feedback from attendees. Survey data was only usable for the National Speed Awareness Course due to low sample size mainly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It showed improved attitudes to speed and knowledge of limits, better engagement with road safety, and fewer hazardous driving events after course attendance. Some specific changes in self-reported speed choice were also observed suggesting specific information from the course was retained and used. These changes were retained two months after the course. Attendees across all courses evaluated noted that trainers were very important in achieving change, as were the specific tips provided to help them identify specific triggers to offending when driving. Attendees were pleasantly surprised that the tone of the courses was not 'judgemental' and this approach helped people to move their self-image from someone who had been 'caught out' to someone who could benefit from challenging their driving behaviour. Overall, the findings suggest that the courses are having a positive impact on the behaviours they target and are working through a range of mechanisms to produce this. While the quantity and form of data collected varies across courses, there are consistent findings of positive impact. Several potential improvements to courses are also suggested.

Leading up to the 2024 European Parliament election, much attention was given to the anticipated gains of populist parties across Europe. While some populist parties made significant advances, the overall outcome was more moderate than expected. Sweden deviated from this general trend, witnessing gains for left-wing parties and a surprising setback for the populist radical right. The 2024 elections marked a historic decline for the Sweden Democrats, the first instance since their formation in 1988 that they regressed in comparison to previous national and European Parliament elections. This decline is particularly notable following their strong performance in the 2022 national elections, where they became Sweden’s second-largest party. This article examines these developments, drawing on existing research, media reports and exit polls, with a focus on the Sweden Democrats’ campaign strategies, election results and voter behaviour. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these election outcomes for both Swedish domestic politics and the broader European political landscape. Keywords: radical right; populism; Sweden Democrats; European Union; elections, voting behaviour

This toolkit uses a holistic approach to investigate the concepts of extremism and radicalisation, and to examine the barriers to social cohesion, particularly in the context of digital spaces. To this end, we interviewed 30 young people across 15 countries in our consortium and 13 practitioners engaged in deradicalisation work in Germany, France, Israel, and the UK. The aim of the interviews with young people was threefold. First, we sought to investigate experiences of marginalisation, perceived injustices, and social identity as contributing to radicalisation. We also explored how young people make sense of these mundane interactions. Third, we explored lay-beliefs in youth around radicalisation, extremism, and political violence. Six themes emerged from our interviews. First, young people saw radicalisation differently to official state, political, and academic definitions, defining it as an attitudinal phenomenon. Young people reported many negative experiences with extremist content in digital spaces, perceiving these spaces as amplifiers of minoritising processes and as inevitable places of online harms (e.g., racism, hate speech). We also found that for some participants, LGBTQIA+ and feminist movements were experienced as threats. Finally, young people elevated education as a means of countering radicalisation and the dangers of online harms. We adapted a visualisation task to explore metaphors of marginalisation by asking young people to depict how they place themselves within society; our findings illustrate shared themes of exclusion and injustices. In our interviews with practitioners, we sought to explore how social workers involved in deradicalization programs for youth understand and use in their work the key concepts in the field: radicalization and extremism. We found that practitioners understand radicalization as a process that has relatively little to do with how authorities - both national and EU - understand it. Rather than a process that occurs mainly because of the spread of threatening religious beliefs and political ideologies, practitioners saw radicalization as the result of structural factors, the neglect of social policies and social issues in societies experiencing growing inequalities, decreasing political opportunities, increasing perceptions of minorities as cultural others, and the spread of conspiracy theories due to the deterioration of public education. However, while stressing structural factors, practitioners also underlined that these are beyond their control and expressed frustration over the lack of means at their disposal. Extremism as a concept was seen as particularly unhelpful because of its inherent normativity and adoption by law enforcement agencies, making it impossible to use in their day-to-day work with young people. Practitioners stated that rather than using "official language" in their daily interactions, they prefer to talk about hate and violence, racism, right-wing extremism, and other similar concepts that are clearer to their clients while still indicating problematic behaviour. Finally, best practices for deradicalization have most often meant for our practitioners building the alternative networks and especially the trusting relationships with young people that are typical of social work in general