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Eramian, Laura. "Ethnicity without labels?" Focaal 2014, no. 70 (December 1, 2014): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2014.700108.
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Following the 1994 genocide, the government of Rwanda embarked on a “deethnicization” campaign to outlaw Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa labels and replace them with a pan-Rwandan national identity. Since then, to use ethnic labels means risking accusations of “divisionism” or perpetuating ethnic schisms. Based on one year of ethnographic fieldwork in the university town of Butare, I argue that the absence of ethnic labels produces practical interpretive problems for Rwandans because of the excess of possible ways of interpreting what people mean when they evaluate each other's conduct in everyday talk. I trace the historical entanglement of ethnicity with class, rural/urban, occupational, and moral distinctions such that the content of ethnic stereotypes can be evoked even without ethnic labels. In so doing, I aim to enrich understandings of both the power and danger inherent in the ambiguous place of ethnicity in Rwanda's “postethnic” moment.
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Lygidakis, Charilaos, Jean Paul Uwizihiwe, Per Kallestrup, Michela Bia, Jeanine Condo, and Claus Vögele. "Community- and mHealth-based integrated management of diabetes in primary healthcare in Rwanda (D²Rwanda): the protocol of a mixed-methods study including a cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e028427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028427.
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IntroductionIn Rwanda, diabetes mellitus prevalence is estimated between 3.1% and 4.3%. To address non-communicable diseases and the shortage of health workforce, the Rwandan Ministry of Health has introduced the home-based care practitioners (HBCPs) programme: laypeople provide longitudinal care to chronic patients after receiving a six-month training. Leveraging technological mobile solutions may also help improve health and healthcare. The D²Rwanda study aims at: (a) determining the efficacy of an integrated programme for the management of diabetes in Rwanda, which will provide monthly patient assessments by HBCPs, and an educational and self-management mHealth patient tool, and; (b) exploring qualitatively the ways the interventions will have been enacted, their challenges and effects, and changes in the patients’ health behaviours and HBCPs’ work satisfaction.Methods and analysisThis is a mixed-methods sequential explanatory study. First, there will be a one-year cluster randomised controlled trial including two interventions ((1) HBCPs’ programme; (2) HBCPs’ programme + mobile health application) and usual care (control). Currently, nine hospitals run the HBCPs’ programme. Under each hospital, administrative areas implementing the HBCPs’ programme will be randomised to receive intervention 1 or 2. Eligible patients from each area will receive the same intervention. Areas without the HBCPs’ programme will be assigned to the control group. The primary outcome will be changes in glycated haemoglobin. Secondary outcomes include medication adherence, mortality, complications, health-related quality of life, diabetes-related distress and health literacy. Second, at the end of the trial, focus group discussions will be conducted with patients and HBCPs. Financial support was received from the Karen Elise Jensens Fond, and the Universities of Aarhus and Luxembourg.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee and the Ethics Review Panel of the University of Luxembourg. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03376607; Pre-results.
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Namahoro, Jean Pierre, and Adrien Mugabushaka. "Forecasting Maternal Complications Based on the Impact of Gross National Income Using Various Models for Rwanda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (August 19, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7692428.
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Introduction. Preferably maternal mortalities are predominant in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In some African countries, including Rwanda, programs related to health-care delivery to reduce significantly severe complications including mortalities are established. Unfortunately, historical and forecasted maternal mortality reduction and the influence of gross national income (GNI) were not accessed. This study is aimed to forecast the three years of maternal mortalities (MMs) based on the influence of gross national income (GNI) in Rwanda. Methods. The period involved is from January 2009 to April 2018. Data analyzed were obtained from the Central Hospital of the University of Kigali (CHUK) and mined data from the WHO database. Time series approach (Box-Jenkins and exponential smoothing) and linear regression models were applied. Besides, IBM-SPSS and Eviews were used in the analysis. Results. The results revealed that MMs were not statistically different in several years, and there was a significant correlation between MMs and GNI (-0.610, P value 0.012 < 0.05). A double exponential smoothing model (DESM) was fitted for the best forecast and ARIMA (0,1,0) and linear regression models for a quick forecast. Conclusion. There was a slight effect of GNI in maternal mortality reduction, which leads to the steady decrease of the forecasted maternal mortality up to May 2021. The Government of Rwanda should intensively strengthen the health-care system, save the children programs, and support pregnant women by using GNI for reducing MMs at an advanced level.
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Gahutu, Jean Bosco. "Physiology teaching and learning experience in a new modular curriculum at the National University of Rwanda." Advances in Physiology Education 34, no. 1 (March 2010): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00093.2009.
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In the present article, I report on my experience in teaching and learning physiology in the first year of a new modular curriculum at the Faculty of Medicine of the National University of Rwanda. With self-reported questionnaires, I collected learning experience perceptions from 112 students who attended the module of physiology in 2008. The results showed satisfaction with active learning methods but complaints about the limited contact hours allocated to classroom lectures and practical classes. Student-centered learning was handicapped by the limited computer and internet access for students and by the limited number of textbooks in the library. In conclusion, the new teaching and learning style was appreciated by the students, but problems related to limited human and material resources need to be solved.
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Karamage, Rodrigue, Hilaire Habyarimana, Anastasie Uwababyeyi, and Christine Ingabire. "French Background Students’ Perception of English as Medium of Instruction at the University of Rwanda: Case of Gabonese Students in Nyarugenge and Huye Campuses." African Journal of Empirical Research 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.1.39.
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One of the most significant advantages of English as a medium of instruction lies in its ability to advance internationalization and collaboration. However, students from diverse linguistic backgrounds may struggle to grasp complex academic concepts and effectively participate in classroom discussions due to limited English proficiency. This can exacerbate existing inequalities and hinder academic success for vulnerable student populations. This qualitative research sought to investigate the perception of Francophone Gabonese students about English as a Medium of Instruction at the University of Rwanda. Focus group interviews were administered to ten and twenty-two Gabonese students from Nyarugenge and Huye campuses respectively. The data collected were categorized and analyzed thematically. The study found that it is difficult for the Gabonese students to learn in English due to their minimum language background and exposure. It was revealed that these students face a big challenge of communicating with national students who only use Kinyarwanda in their academic activities, which induces them to cope with their learning by visiting YouTube tutorials in French. It was recommended that the University of Rwanda set up a teaching and learning environment using English only in the campuses and provide need-based intensive English courses to francophone students.
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Manzi Muhire, R., MR Rasoloherimampiononi, M. Slatnik, and E. Baganizi. "RELATIONSHIP OF ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS WITH BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA: PP.19.223." Journal of Hypertension 28 (June 2010): e315-e316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000379149.98273.bf.
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Uwambajimana Gashumba, O., E. Munyaneza, S. Twahirwa, A. Nzamukosha, V. Musengamana, and D. Ryamukuru. "Impact of educational interventions on knowledge, attitude, practice toward pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting among healthcare professionals at the University Teaching Hospital, Rwanda." Rwanda Medical Journal 81, no. 2 (July 12, 2024): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i2.7.
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INTRODUCTION: Pharmacovigilance (PV) is crucial in healthcare for detecting, understanding, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Despite its significance, there persists underreporting of ADRs due to gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among healthcare professionals (HCPs), leading to global impacts on patient safety and healthcare costs. This study aimed to enhance the KAP regarding PV and ADR reporting among HCPs at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK), Rwanda. The study's focus was on implementing an educational intervention (EI) to address these gaps and assess its impact on HCPs' confidence in ADR monitoring and reporting, alongside the actual number of reported drug adverse events in the hospital post-EI. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at CHUK, Rwanda, using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The study involved 217 HCPs, assessing their KAP on PV and ADR reporting before and after an EI. A self-administered questionnaire and data on reported ADRs were used for the evaluation of the EI. RESULTS: The EI significantly enhanced HCPs' KAP regarding PV and ADR reporting. The proportion of participants understanding the purpose of PV increased from 61.9% to 78.8% (p=0.001), while awareness of the national PV in Rwanda surged from 38.1% to 96.6% (p<0.001). Attitudes among HCPs notably improved, particularly in identifying events as serious, escalating from 59.8% to 79.5% (p < 0.001). The observed improvement in practice was solely in the availability of ADR reporting forms, rising from 58.7% to 82.2% (p < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in certain KAP aspects. Participants exhibited increased confidence in monitoring and reporting ADRs post-intervention. Furthermore, a significant increase in reported drug adverse events to the quality assurance office was observed (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The study underscores the effectiveness of EI in enhancing HCPs' KAP concerning PV and ADR reporting. While improvements were evident, sustaining education initiatives remain critical for optimal ADR reporting and patient safety.
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Smith, Stephanie L., Beatha Nyirandagijimana, Janvier Hakizimana, Roger P. Levy, Robert Bienvenu, Anathalie Uwamwezi, Octavien Hakizimfura, et al. "Evaluating the delivery of Problem Management Plus in primary care settings in rural Rwanda: a study protocol using a pragmatic randomised hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e054630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054630.
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IntroductionEvidence-based low-intensity psychological interventions such as Problem Management Plus (PM+) have the potential to expand treatment access for depression and anxiety, yet these interventions are not yet effectively implemented in rural, public health systems in resource-limited settings. In 2017, Partners In Health adapted PM+ for delivery by primary care nurses in rural Rwanda and began integrating PM+ into health centres in collaboration with the Rwandan Ministry of Health, using established implementation strategies for mental health integration into primary care (Mentoring and Enhanced Supervision at Health Centers for Mental Health (MESH MH)). A gap in the evidence regarding whether low-intensity psychological interventions can be successfully integrated into real-world primary care settings and improve outcomes for common mental disorders remains. In this study, we will rigorously evaluate the delivery of PM+ by primary care nurses, supported by MESH MH, as it is scaled across one rural district in Rwanda.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study to test the clinical outcomes of routinely delivered PM+ and to describe the implementation of PM+ at health centres. To study the clinical effectiveness of PM+, we will use a pragmatic, randomised multiple baseline design to determine whether participants experience improvement in depression symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and functioning (measured by the WHO-Disability Assessment Scale Brief 2.0) after receiving PM+. We will employ quantitative and qualitative methods to describe and evaluate PM+ implementation outcomes using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework, using routinely collected programme data and semistructured interviews.Ethics and disseminationThis evaluation was approved by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (Protocol #196/RNEC/2019) and deemed exempt by the Harvard University Institutional Review Board. The results from this evaluation will be useful for health systems planners and policy-makers working to translate the evidence base for low-intensity psychological interventions into practice.
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Musafiri, Jean Paul, and Jean de Dieu Dushimimana. "Effect of Project Team Management Practices on Project Performance: A Case of the National Union of Disabilities’ Organizations of Rwanda Project Implemented in Rubavu District, Rwanda by University of Rwanda - College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine." African Journal of Empirical Research 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.2.18.
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The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of team acquisition, training & development and motivation on project performance, encompassing scope management, cost control, timeliness, quality of deliverables, and stakeholder satisfaction. Effective management of project teams is pivotal in determining project success. This research endeavors to examine the correlation between project team management practices and project performance within the framework of the National Union of Disabilities’ Organizations of Rwanda (NUDOR) project implemented by University of Rwanda - College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UR-CAVM) in Rubavu District from 2020 to 2022. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the research incorporated quantitative data derived from questionnaires and qualitative. The anticipated findings seek to illuminate the efficacy of team acquisition processes, underscore the importance of team training and development in enhancing project performance, and elucidate the role of team motivation in attaining project objectives. Furthermore, the research aims to uncover how these team management practices influence effective project scope management, strategies for cost control, adherence to project timelines, delivery quality, and stakeholder satisfaction. Strong positive correlations are observed between various team management factors and project performance. Specifically, the findings reveal that team acquisition, team training and development, and team motivation exhibit significant coefficients of β1: 0.302 (p: 0.000), β2: 0.123 (p: 0.046), and β3: 0.546 (p: 0.000) respectively. All these coefficients are statistically significant, as indicated by their associated Sig. values below 0.05. NUDOR project team should keep enhancing recruitment and selection process, invest in training and development, foster motivation strategies and conduct regular performance evaluation to ensure that individuals with the right skills, experience, and cultural fit are brought on board and their performance sustained.
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Paul, K. B. "DEVELOPMENT OF A FARMER-BASED BEAN SEED MULTIPLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR RWANDAN FARMERS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 675e—675. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.675e.
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Most farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa plant local cultivars introduced generations ago. Various national and international organizations and development projects introduce annually hundreds of improved germplasms to a country, and test these under farmer conditions for adaptability and acceptability. Although some local varieties perform well under traditional farming practices, many disease and insect pest resistant improved varieties out-yield local cultivars even under low-input production conditions of Africa. Regrettably, the seed production and distribution system in most of these countries are poorly developed; thus the promising varieties remain unavailable to the majority of farmers. To overcome this problem, the University of Arkansas-led Rwanda Farming Systems Research Project (FSRP) personnel trained farmer-cooperators in the production of good quality bean (Phaselous sp.) seeds. This, and the development of a farmer to farmer seed distribution system that led to quick diffusion of improved bean varieties in the project area will be discussed.
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De Schaepdryver, André. "Medische Ontwikkelingssamenwerking in Centraal-Afrika." Afrika Focus 6, no. 1 (January 26, 1990): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00601003.
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Medical Development-Cooperation in Central Africa The author describes the Project of Medical Cooperation between the Medical Faculties of the University of Ghent and the National University of Rwanda in Butare. The objectives of this project, which started in 1966, were the following: (1) to organize and dispense the theoretical education and practical training at the G.P.-level; (2) to structure the postgraduate education of alumni selected for higher education posts; (3) to take care of the postgraduate training of specialists; (4) to organize the continuing education of health personnel; (5) to promote and participate in medical research. The results of the Project were, in 1984: (1) at the level of health personnel: the education and training of 220 physicians, 19 university lecturers and 15 specialists; (2) at the level of the infrastructure: the building of the Medical Faculty facilities, the pediatric and medical policlinics and clinics, the community health service for adults; the adaptation of the gynecological-obstetrical policlinic and clinic and of the community health service for children; the founding of the Faculty library, secretariat and workshop, (3) at the research level: the founding and development of the University Center for Research on Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Medicine, aiming at: a) the valorization and integration of traditional medicine; b) the study of Rwandese medicinal plants; c) the local production of pharmaceutical preparations of plant origin and organic raw materials. The attention is drawn to the importance of the postgraduate education in Belgium, for periods of 5 years, of 25 Rwandese medical alumni, which resulted in 15 Ph.D. -theses and a nearly complete rwandization of the Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Butare. A pairing Agreement Butare-Ghent has taken the relief of the Project, insuring its continuity through visiting lecturers, and the coaching of trainees and of research projects in various fields of the local pathology.
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Côté, René. "Dossier on the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning: A Reaction from University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM)." Canadian journal of law and society 18, no. 2 (August 2003): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100007730.
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Two years ago, while preparing a one week seminar for law professors at the Université nationale du Rwanda in Butare, I had the occasion to revisit the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning. I remember that my reaction was: how did things change so significantly since the Report was published?That is why I was very interested to receive my new issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society that announced a complete dossier on the Report. After I read the first two articles by esteemed colleagues Roderick A. Macdonald and Constance Backhouse, I was shocked. How could there be such a gap between my perception and theirs? I was nevertheless relieved to see that Andrée Lajoie, in her “comments on the comments”, was as astonished as I was. I then decided to write my own comments in order to reflect a bit more the situation of the Civil Law faculties in Quebec and in particular the vision of the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). I will limit my comments to three topics: the study of law at the undergraduate and graduate levels and the state of legal scholarship.
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Dushimimana, D., H. Vasanthakalaam, and A. Karangwa. "Assessment of maize production system during the Covid-19 pandemic in Rwanda: Case study of Kigali City Region." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 121 (July 6, 2023): 23737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.121.23160.
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The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a major transformation in the food system globally including in Rwanda. This research identified and assessed the status and structure of the maize production system in the Kigali city region before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The methods adopted for this study include both quantitative and qualitative methods using primary data obtained from the participants’ interview and focus group discussions, the secondary data were obtained from national institute of statistics of Rwanda (NISR). While production, processing, distribution and consumption are the four parts of the maize production system, the study only focused on the production system. The sample size for the study was 256 respondents who were maize production system actors from the Kigali city region. The study showed that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the prize of dried maize was significantly influenced by the cost of diammonium phosphate (DAP) (p=0.000), the source of the irrigating scheme (p=0.008), being a cooperative member (p=0.000) and marital status (p=0.002). During the pandemic, DAP (p=0.109) was absent at market due to lockdowns, and farmers did not access it. Maize farmers-built responses of resilience, persistence, adaptation, transformation, and persistence to encounter the consequences of the lockdowns. Innovative responses to shortage of maize- input stocks, and poor imports were presented, which represented 26.66% of resilient responses adopted by farmers. The innovative responses to labor shortage with farm workers` migration to their home provinces before and during the implementation of containment measures were 20%. Resilience built against the absence of extension services due to restricted movements was 13.33%. Reactions to restricted movement to and from fields, and adaptation to COVID-19 pandemic containing measures were 26.66 %, while reaction to the shortage of dried -maize at the market, which shortened the maize production cycle was 13.33%. Apart from maize production, more than half of the maize selling system were women 51.61%. Women in raw maize processing were 67.67% with a 100% level of university. Key words: COVID-19, food systems, city region, resilience, aflatoxin, maize production system, Kigali
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Darko, Delese, and Yvonne Adu-Boahen. "PO 8300 REGIONAL CENTER FOR REGULATORY EXCELLENCE IN CLINICAL TRIAL OVERSIGHT – TRAINING 2017." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A28.1—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.71.
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BackgroundThe competencies of the various national medicines regulatory agencies (NMRAs) in Africa vary which leads to generally porous regulatory systems for clinical trial oversight. Consequently, many trials have been conducted under unacceptable conditions compromising participants’ safety and data credibility and resulted in questionable outcomes that are used for making scientific judgement in addressing issues of public health in Africa.To improve the safety and quality of health technologies in Africa, the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) agency launched a programme to designate Regional Centres of Regulatory Excellence (RCOREs) with the specific objective of bridging existing gaps between African NMRAs through strengthening regulatory capacity of African Union member states. The Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), Ghana, was designated as RCORE for Clinical Trials oversight in May 2014.MethodsTo achieve the RCORE objectives, the FDA collaborated with the School of Public Health (SPH), University of Ghana to develop a training manual and piloted a training programme with funds from the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) through NEPAD.The programme, consisting of 4 compulsory modules, was organised from 6–30 November 2017 for 10 participants from Zambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Rwanda and Ghana. Interactive training methods in the form of theoretical and practical sessions were employed.ResultsThe pilot RCORE training was successful with expected training objectives achieved. Participants gained hands-on experience through activities like observing Good Clinical Practice inspection and a Technical Advisory Committee Meeting. Participants were given template tools to assist in developing regulatory guidelines and forms in their respective countries.A follow-up questionnaire was circulated to participants to assess the impact of the training on their work. Feedback indicates that regulation of clinical trials has improved in their respective institutions.ConclusionThis pilot fellowship training was successful, leading to the improvement of clinical trial regulation in the participating countries.
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Okech, Paulo, Shiferaw Mitiku, Kashi Carasso, Jean Damour Habagusenga, and Marie Jeanne Mukazayire. "Evaluation of Cold Chain Equipment Platform Solar Fridges Project in Upper Nile State Republic of South Sudan." Global Journal of Health Science 15, no. 4 (March 20, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n4p1.
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BACKGROUND: A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain with uninterrupted chain of activities that maintain a given temperature range that keep and maintain the quality of vaccines. Vaccines move through complex procedures and processes that require special attention and care. Effective cold chain systems require efficient end-to-end vaccine storage, handling, and stock management to maintain vaccines under strict temperature control of between 2 °C and 8 °C (for almost all vaccines).
METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study design and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research approach is employed to conducting the research. Data were collected through face to face in-depth interviews and questionnaires from Vaccinators and key persons from IPs. Prior to data collection, ethical approval was obtained from national Ministry of Health, Directorate of planning and M&E, and the University of Rwanda, Research Committee Board. Accordingly, data were collected after seeking the personal consent sought from the participants.
RESULTS: The key findings from this study showed that the cold chain coverage has been improved compared to the result obtained in EPI coverage survey conducted in 2017. The results revealed that inadequate availability of EPI cold technicians, lack of fridge spare parts, trained staff, and adequate vaccine forecasting was the major challenges at county and the health facility level.
CONCLUSIONS: The main factor that contributed positively in strengthening vaccines supply chain system in the Upper Nile State was the substantive increase in cold chain coverage. However, the role of the CCEOP in improving immunization coverage is still doubted due to lack of regular preventive maintenance, spare parts, and EPI technicians. The major challenges that affect the vaccines relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability were found to be mainly poor vaccines handling, due to inadequate knowledge on cold chain management.
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Orem, J., H. Ddungu, F. Karsan, S. Nafuna, F. Okuku, D. Kanyike, A. Kavuma, I. Luutu, and S. Bolouki. "Challenges of Building and Sustaining Radiation Therapy Capacity in Low-Resource Settings: A Case of the Breakdown of Cobalt 60 Teletherapy in Uganda and Lessons Learned." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 168s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.23500.
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Background and context: The use of radiotherapy in developing countries is slowly gaining momentum but the gains are accompanied by some pitfalls. The breakdown of a teletherapy (cobalt 60) machine in Uganda is an example of the challenges to be considered while expanding access to treatment. It was a major test for the country and the Uganda Cancer Institute the agency of government responsible for provision of cancer services. It attracted a national and international outcry. This unprecedented response was based on the importance a seemingly old equipment in Kampala was playing in the entire region (Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and southern Sudan). However, the manner in which the crisis was handled demonstrated clearly how to turn a misfortune into an opportunity given the many lessons learnt. Aim: In this paper we aim to highlight how the breakdown of the equipment triggered a major crisis and the response to the crisis resulting in the restoration of services within a reasonable time frame. We also want to show the long-term service modernization and expansion drive this has triggered within Uganda and the entire region. Strategy/Tactics: The restoration process comprised planning, decommissioning, renovation, security and safety systems, procurement of new machine, installation and commissioning. As this was ongoing there was the need for care provision for patient in need. Concurrently undertaken was public reassurance through building confidence and trust in the capacity for speedy restoration of services. Program/Policy process: All these steps were taken collaboratively within country, region and internationally. In the region there was support from the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi and internationally, technical support from the IAEA. Outcomes: Service has been fully restored, a new teletherapy cobalt machines installed and commissioned. The machine has modern capabilities compared with the previous. So far more than 200 patients have been treated. The numbers of patients are steadily increasing hence the government has embarked on modernization and expansion of the radiotherapy services in the country. What was learned: The breakdown of Uganda's radiotherapy machines has provided lessons that are important for handling health system operational crisis which may occur as we try to build complex delivery systems. It provided lessons that are important in the drive for expansion of radiotherapy services in developing countries. In particular that benefit of investments in modern equipment transcends national boundaries. Secondly how to limit potential impact of major crisis through regional and international collaboration. Further that the needs of patients is central in crisis management. Finally need to consider pooling infrastructure investments in tackling NCD's such as the East Africa's centre of excellence for skills and tertiary education project of the East African community.
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Kazora, Amos Shyaka, and Khaldoon A. Mourad. "Assessing the National Sanitation Policy in Rwanda." Review of Environment and Earth Sciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.80.2018.52.55.63.
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Mukantabana, Domitilla, Yvonne Nsaba Uwera, Christine Igikundiro, Fauste Uwingabire, and Patricia Moreland. "Abstract: Innovations in Pediatric Education at the University of Rwanda, Kabgayi Campus, Rwanda." Rwanda Journal 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v2i2.43f.
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Zhen, Cheng. "Rwanda-Conflict, Violence, and Reconstruction." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 51, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/51/20240476.
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When it comes to Rwanda, most people first think of the tragic movie The Rwanda Hotel. That film recreates the bloody 1994 massacre in Rwanda, causing irreparable harm to every Rwandan people. Rwanda's history is indeed full of hatred and misery. After the massacre, the Rwandan government led the people to take national reconstruction measures for the country and achieved the desired results. Based on adjusting their own culture, the Rwandans also explored a development path that suits their national conditions and has African characteristics. After the completion of the reconstruction, Rwanda largely resumed its economic development and made all-around progress, even known as the Singapore of Africa. Rwanda's reconstruction policy is generally improving, but there are still some shortcomings that need to be adjusted and improved. Driven by those reconstruction measures, Rwanda has achieved remarkable results and is worth learning from other countries.
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Pratama, Arinaldo Habib. "KEPENTINGAN EKONOMI RWANDA DALAM PERANG KONGO." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.7.1.61-73.2018.
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This research is conducted to understand how Rwanda is able to achieve their economic interest in Congo War,using national interest and resource wars as main concept . The result of research shows that Rwanda is able to achieve their economy interest because either Democratic Republic of Congo was unable to grasp political, security and also economy control. The emergences of mineral world market during Congo War also contribute to Rwanda‟s economy interest during Congo War. Although Rwanda‟s economic interest in DRC could be categorized as form of illegal economy, Rwanda able to convince international community and Rwanda‟s people because security threat that come from inside Zaire or DRC.Keyword : Rwanda, Congo War, economy interest, resource wars, mineral exploitation
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Ingabire, Laurence, Samuel Wabala, and Jean De Dieu Dushimimana. "Assessment of Teambuilding and Employee Performance at Rwanda National Police Headquarters." SCIENCE MUNDI 4, no. 1 (June 5, 2024): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/scimundi.4.1.10.
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This work presents study aimed to analyze the effect of team building on employee performance at Rwanda National Police (RNP). The study was based on the following objectives: to find out the effect of defining shared goals of team on employee performance in Rwanda National Police, assess the effect of collaboration on employee performance in Rwanda National Police, determine the effect of commitment on employee performance in Rwanda National Police and determine the effect of team shared values on employee performance in Rwanda National Police. The research was based on equity theory and agency theory. The study used quantitative techniques to collect and analyze data. The study targeted a total of 500 police officers between 25 and 55 years who has been in service for at least ten years. These officers are expected to have gained technical skills and experience in various domain. The targeted population are Executive Officers, Senior Officers, Junior Officers and Noncommissioned officers. The population of the study selected using Slovin’s formula, The sample size of the study was 222. The study used simple random sampling. The findings indicate the coefficient for Share Goals is β is 0.303 and the Sig. is 0.000, indicating that Share Goals has a statistically significant influence on Employees' Performance in RNP. The coefficient for Commitment β is 0.148 and the Sig. is 0.034, indicating that Commitment has a statistically significant influence on Employees' Performance in RNP. The coefficient for Collaboration β is 0.178 and the Sig. is 0.001, indicating that Collaboration has a statistically significant influence on Employees' Performance in RNP. The coefficient for Shared Values β is 0.309 and the Sig. is 0.000, indicating that Shared Values has a statistically significant influence on Employees' Performance in RNP. Rwanda National Police should implement transparent goal-setting processes, fostering a culture of collaboration through training and tools, enhancing commitment through recognition and growth opportunities, and promoting shared values to create a values-driven organizational culture.
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Rubagiza, Jolly, Jane Umutoni, and Innocent Iyakaremye. "Gender-Related Factors Influencing Female Students’ Participation in Higher Education in Rwanda." International Journal of African Higher Education 9, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 124–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v9i2.15377.
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Rwanda is widely seen as one of the most progressive countries in the world with regard to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. In education, for example, girls’ access to primary and secondary education is among the highest in Africa. However, female students’ participation remains limited in public universities and they constitute only around a third of the student population at the University of Rwanda. This article explores the factors that influence female students’ participation in public higher education in the country. It draws from a study commissioned by the University of Rwanda on the causes of low female enrolment at the institution that was conducted between 2016 and 2017. The study employed a mixed methods approach, and data was gathered by means of questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results revealed interlinked structural (such as university policies) and socio-cultural factors that contribute to the exclusion of female students from Rwanda’s top university. Given the complexities involved, this calls for a multi-pronged approach to address the issue of female representation at the University.
Key words: Gender disparities, female students, higher education, Rwanda
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Drumbl, M. A. "Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda." Journal of International Peacekeeping 22, no. 1-4 (April 8, 2020): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-0220104016.
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The Rwandan genocide triggered a vast number of criminal and quasi-criminal prosecutions. Rwanda therefore constitutes an example of a robust and rapid implementation of criminal accountability for atrocity. Rwanda, moreover, departed from other countries – such as South Africa – by eschewing a truth and reconciliation process as part of a transitional justice process. This chapter unpacks three levels of judicialization that promoted criminal responsibility for atrocity in Rwanda: the ICTR, specialized chambers of national courts, and gacaca proceedings. The ICTR indicted roughly 90 individuals, the national courts convicted in the area of 10,000 defendants (with some proceedings remaining ongoing), while approximately one million individuals proceeded through gacaca. The ICTR and gacaca proceedings have been concluded for several years already. This article summarizes these proceedings, discusses the outcomes and assesses their impact. In addition, this article examines how these three layers of judicialization interfaced with each other.
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Janzen, Reinhild Kauenhoven. "The Musée National du Rwanda: Surviving the War." African Arts 28, no. 3 (1995): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337273.
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Emmy, Tushabe, Kabera Callixte, and Jacob N. Mahina. "Domestic Tourism Strategies and its Implications on Economic Growth: Case Study of Rwandan National Parks." East African Journal of Business and Economics 6, no. 1 (July 4, 2023): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.6.1.1290.
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Domestic tourism is a critical part of tourism development in Rwanda. However, most of the government’s efforts have been concentrated on the development of international tourism. This focus has resulted in considerable growth in the country’s most significant contributor to the national economy. While the impact of domestic tourism has been addressed in the latest developed Rwanda’s National Tourism Strategy, the initiatives set forward have had minimal effects. This paper aimed to address the issue of an increased focus on domestic tourism contribution in developing the economy of Rwanda besides international tourism. The rationale for this paper supports a strong motivation for a more dedicated approach by Rwanda’s tourism stakeholders (public and private) to develop the country’s domestic tourism market alongside the international market with reference to the national parks of Rwanda. The population under this study was composed of three different groups of respondents at three national parks in Rwanda. These were local residents living adjacent to the three national parks under study; the park authorities and government officials (policymakers) in tourism and conservation-related matters, and tourism and conservation experts. The researcher developed a structured questionnaire that was administered to the selected respondents. The administration of the questionnaire was done by the researcher with the help of three research assistants. The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyse the data. The data collected using the open-ended questions were analysed using content analysis. The study established that domestic tourism is yet to be developed in Rwanda. The study also reported that domestic tourism has the potential of leading to significant economic development by supplementing revenue generated by foreign tourists
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Alpha, Kadiho, Nyabera Onsoti, and Alice Kituyi. "Project Planning and Implementation in Rwanda National Union of Deaf Project Kicukiro District." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i4.976.
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A number of donor funded project fail during implementation stage due to poor planning. This study objective was to assess the impact of project planning on implementation in Rwanda National Union of Deaf (RNUD) Project. Specific objectives of the study included: to determine ways in which project planning impacts on successful implementation of Rwanda National Union of Deaf (RNUD) Project in Kicukiro District; to establish how project implementation processes are accomplished in the Rwanda National Union of Deaf (RNUD) Project in Kicukiro District; and to determine the impact of project planning on project implementation of Rwanda National Union of Deaf (RNUD) Project in Kicukiro District. The researcher used descriptive research design for data analysis. The researcher used a simple random sampling to select 112 respondents including 16 respondents who included project donors and employees, who were given questionnaires to provide quantitative data. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis models with help of SPSS version 21.0 were used to analyse the collected data from the field. The results revealed a positive and significant relationship between project planning and implementation of Rwanda National Union of Deaf (RNUD) Project in Kicukiro District, Rwanda. For instance, the positive and significant relationship between project scope planning and team development (r=.821 and p=.000), between project scope planning and task assignment (r=.787 and p=.000), between project scope planning and plan execution (r=.848 and p=.000) between project resource planning and team development (r=.834 and p=.000) between project resource planning and task assignment (r=.772 and p=.000) between project resource planning and plan execution (r=.858 and p=.000) For the findings, the study recommend project employees should be equipped with more planning skills to enhance the process of project planning by including the project beneficiaries, The researcher would also like to recommend to project beneficiaries to be part and parcel of project planning and implementation process of RNUD Project to enhance its performance and ensure full participation of stakeholder to enhance productive implementation process of project and beneficiary satisfaction.
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Creemers-Palmers, Magda. "De Oude Fotodokumentatie Over Rwanda in het Museum van Tervuren." Afrika Focus 8, no. 2 (February 2, 1992): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00802003.
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The ‘Ancient’ Rwanda Photo-Documentation in the Museum of Tervuren In september 1989 the ‘Musée national du Rwanda’ was inaugurated in Butare (Rwanda). Construction and arrangement of the Museum were completed by the ‘Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale’ of Tervuren. For this occasion, Tervuren started to collect an ‘ancient’ photo-documentation of Rwanda, to supply the new Rwanda-Muséum with pictorial sources. Public as well as some private collections were gathered so that a final selection could be done. Up till now this photo-documentation is still kept in the Muséwn of Tervuren. For the sake of the historical research about Rwanda, our final purpose is, in co-operation with the Rwanda-Muséum, to complete and to gather as much the photographic evidence as possible. Moreover, these sources need to be identified and described; only future and elaborated research will reveal more data about this important photographic documentation.
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Zajadacz, Alina, and Josepha Uwamahoro. "Diversity of the geographical environment of national parks in Rwanda as centers of nature based tourism." Prace Geograficzne, no. 165 (2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20833113pg.21.009.14586.
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The purpose of the article is to present the geographical diversity of four national parks in Rwanda (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati-Mukura National Park), as well as a diversified approach to the ways of sharing them as centers of nature-based tourism. The first part attempts to define nature-based tourism and to outline the characteristics of the geographical environment and the state of tourism development in Rwanda. The natural tourist values of national parks and ways of making them available for tourism were discussed on this background. The study used secondary materials (literature, reports, statistical data) as well as primary materials – results of the field inventory and interviews conducted with employees of the national parks during the geographical field seminar in Rwanda entitled Tourism and the functioning of protected natural areas in overpopulated conditions (January-February 2020). The knowledge and experience of the author who is a native resident of Rwanda was also important in collecting and interpreting data. The conclusions present a synthetic diversity of the geographical environment of Rwanda with regard to three main zones. In addition, the importance of the economic effects of nature-based tourism for many beneficiaries was emphasized: residents, entrepreneurs, the geographical environment of national parks, as well as the state economy. Recommended further research concerns the need to take up issues also in the field of community-based tourism, environmental awareness and attitude of society, and development opportunities for sustainable and responsible tourism in Rwanda. Zróżnicowanie środowiska geograficznego parków narodowych w Rwandzie jako centrów turystyki opartej na walorach przyrodniczych Zarys treści: Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zróżnicowania środowiska geograficznego czterech parków narodowych w Rwandzie (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati-Mukura National Park), a także zróżnicowanego podejścia do sposobów ich udostępniania, jako centów turystyki bazującej na walorach przyrodniczych (nature-based tourism). W pierwszej części podjęto próbę zdefiniowania nature-based tourism, oraz przedstawienia w zarysie stanu rozwoju turystyki w Rwandzie. Na tym tle zostały scharakteryzowane przyrodnicze walory turystyczne parków narodowych oraz sposoby ich udostępniania dla turystyki. W opracowaniu wykorzystano materiały wtórne (literaturę, raporty, dane statystyczne), jak również pierwotne – wyniki inwentaryzacji terenowej oraz wywiadów przeprowadzonych z pracownikami parków narodowych podczas geograficznego seminarium terenowego w Rwandzie pt. Turystyka a funkcjonowanie przyrodniczych obszarów chronionych w warunkach przeludnienia (styczeń-luty 2020). Istotne znaczenie w gromadzeniu i interpretacji danych ma również wiedza i doświadczenie autorki będącej rdzennym mieszkańcem Rwandy. W konkluzjach przedstawiono syntetyczne zróżnicowanie środowiska geograficznego Rwandy z uwzględnieniem trzech stref. Ponadto podkreślone zostały efekty ekonomiczne tej formy turystyki dla wielu beneficjentów: mieszkańców, przedsiębiorców, środowiska geograficznego parków narodowych, a także gospodarki państwa. Rekomendowane, dalsze badania powinny dotyczyć takiej problematyki, jak community-based tourism, świadomości i postaw ekologicznych społeczeństwa oraz możliwości rozwoju dla zrównoważonej i odpowiedzialnej turystyki w Rwandzie.
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Aboud, Frances, Karma Choden, Michael Tusiimi, Rafael Contreras Gomez, Rachel Hatch, Sara Dang, Theresa Betancourt, Karma Dyenka, Grace Umulisa, and Carina Omoeva. "A Tale of Two Programs for Parents of Young Children: Independently-Conducted Case Studies of Workforce Contributions to Scale in Bhutan and Rwanda." Children 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2023): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10081413.
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Two case studies of parenting programs, aiming to improve parenting practices and child development outcomes, and implemented by Save the Children/Ministry of Health/Khesar Gyalpo University in Bhutan and Boston College/University of Rwanda/FXB in Rwanda, respectively called Prescription to Play and Sugira Muryango, were conducted by an independent research and learning group. Implementation research focused on the workforce, a crucial but little-studied element determining the success of programs going to scale. Mixed methods were used to examine their training, workload, challenges, and quality of delivery. Health assistants in Bhutan and volunteers in Rwanda were trained for 10–11 days using demonstrations, role plays, and manuals outlining activities to deliver to groups of parents (Bhutan) or during home visits (Rwanda). Workers’ own assessments of their delivery quality, their confidence, and their motivations revealed that duty, confidence, and community respect were strong motivators. According to independent observations, the quality of their delivery was generally good, with an overall mean rating on 10 items of 2.36 (Bhutan) and 2.44 (Rwanda) out of 3. The facilitators of scaling for Bhutan included institutionalizing training and a knowledgeable workforce; the barrier was an overworked workforce. The facilitators of scaling for Rwanda included strong follow-up supervision; the barriers included high attrition among a volunteer workforce.
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Dominicus, Nzabuheraheza François. "Milk production an hygiene in Rwanda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5, no. 2 (July 24, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.9.cy001.
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Rwanda is a highland country located in central Africa. It is bordered on the north by Uganda, south by Burundi, east by Tanzania and west by the Democratic Republic of Congo. Because it is one of the world’s most densely populated nations, its land is intensively cultivated to feed its people. Rwanda has scenic beauties including several animal sanctuaries. Volcanoes National Park, one of the most beautiful sights in Africa, is located 60 miles northwest of the capital Kigali. It is home to many gorillas and several bird species. Akagera National Park is located in north-eastern Rwanda and surrounded by wooded hills, river line forest, and grassland, as home to lions, elephants, hippos, impalas, zebras, buffaloes, and other animals. Other game reserves include Nyungwe Forest Reserve and the Biosphere Reserve [1].
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Abasenga, Albert. "The communication difficulties for foreigners in Rwanda." Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2023): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jllls.v3i2.462.
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The study entitled “The Communication difficulties for Foreigners in Rwanda.”, was conducted in the Republic of Rwanda. The problem of this study emanates from numerous difficulties that the foreigners who live in Rwanda meet in their daily communications. It set out to meet three objectives: (1) To access the Linguistic backgrounds of Foreigners who live in Rwanda. (2) To find out the difficulties in communications faced by the foreigners in Rwanda. (3) To highlight the solutions that overcome the difficulties in Communications for foreigners in Rwanda. To achieve these objectives, the study used a questionnaire, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were presented into figures and tables, and statistically analysed. The findings revealed that many foreigners who live in Rwanda have a different linguistic background from Rwandans. Secondly, the results mentioned some difficulties that the foreigners meet in Rwanda and some opportunities that they missed due to those difficulties. Lastly, the findings showed some solutions that can be taken to handle difficulties in communications for foreigners who live in Rwanda. To conclude, the study recommends that foreigners who travel to Rwanda have to be aware of Rwandan culture, as well as the Rwandan national language (Kinyarwanda), and recognise the use of the Language Service Providers (LSP) in their services.
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de Lame, Danielle. "(Im)possible Belgian Mourning for Rwanda." African Studies Review 48, no. 2 (September 2005): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0069.
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Abstract:Rwanda became a Belgian trusteeship under mandate of the Société des Nations after the first World War. With churches playing a prominent role in the political evolution of Rwanda, the two countries were closely bound together. After the 1959 revolution in Rwanda and independence in 1962, development cooperation with strong NGO input still linked them. While the genocide still has tragic influence on the new Rwanda, Belgium has undergone a political process leading to a federal state. The colonial past refers to a national past. Changes in Rwanda and Belgium question any collective attempt of mourning for a past that is very different for all parties involved.
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Asempah, Eric, and Mary E. Wiktorowicz. "Understanding HPV Vaccination Policymaking in Rwanda: A Case of Health Prioritization and Public-Private-Partnership in a Low-Resource Setting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 21 (October 30, 2023): 6998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20216998.
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Rwanda is the first African country to implement a national HPV vaccination program in 2011. This study sought to clarify the HPV vaccination policymaking process in Rwanda through the lens of Kingdon’s multiple stream framework and Foucault’s concept of governmentality. Perspectives of policymakers engaged in HPV vaccination policy were gathered from published sources, along with key informant interviews. Rwanda’s track record of successful vaccination programs enabled by a culture of local accountability created public and private sector incentives. Effective stakeholder engagement, health priority setting, and resource mobilization garnered locally and through international development aid, reflect indicators of policy success. The national HPV policymaking process in Rwanda unfolded in a relatively cohesive and stable policy network. Although peripheral stakeholder resistance and a constrained national budget can present a threat to policy survival, the study shows that such factors as the engagement of policy entrepreneurs within a policy network, private sector incentives, and international aid were effective in ensuring policy resolution.
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Elias, Michel, and Danielle Helbig. "Deux mille collines pour les petits et les grands. Radioscopie des stéréotypes hutu et tutsi au Rwanda et au Burundi." Politique africaine 42, no. 1 (1991): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1991.5475.
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Two thousand hills for the small and the tall : radioscopy of Hutu and Tutsi stereotypes in Rwanda. The west tends to feed itself with stereotypes when dealing with Rwanda and Burundi. During the colonial period, a hierarchy-based racial ideology has established wich distinguishes three courses of identification : Tutsi, Hutu and Twa. This discourse was retained in its broad lines by some anthropologists after indepetulance. More seriously, younger generations in Rwanda and Burundi have internalized this ethnic analysis and their national realities.
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LEMARCHAND, RENÉ. "A HISTORY OF GENOCIDE IN RWANDA." Journal of African History 43, no. 2 (July 2002): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702008198.
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Raphael, Nkaka. "Rwanda National Days Celebrations and Racist Propaganda (1962-1982)." Rwanda Journal 4, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v4i1.3b.
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Twagirayezu, D., and A. Van Deun. "Characteristics of the Rwanda National TB/Leprosy Programme (PNILT)." Tubercle and Lung Disease 75 (June 1994): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(94)90904-0.
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Mugabo, F., N. Rutambika, T. Walker, and D. R. J. Singer. "Pharmacogivilance at the chub National referral hospital in Rwanda." Clinical Therapeutics 37, no. 8 (August 2015): e111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.05.317.
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BUCYANA, J. "The International Penal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Reconciliation." International Journal of Refugee Law 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/8.4.622.
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Hasselskog, Malin, and Isabell Schierenbeck. "National policy in local practice: the case of Rwanda." Third World Quarterly 36, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 950–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1030386.
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Clark, Janine Natalya. "National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A flawed approach?" Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28, no. 2 (April 2010): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001003736793.
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Fathima, Samreen, and Elise Hategekimana. "Cancer Burden in Rwanda: 5 Years Diagnostic Experience at University of Teaching Hospital of Butare, Rwanda." JCO Global Oncology 10, Supplement_1 (July 2024): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go-24-31000.
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PURPOSE Cancer is recognized as a global problem. Recent reports indicate that 1 in 5 men and 1 in 6 women worldwide will develop cancer in their lifetime. In 2018, 18.1 million new cases were reported worldwide, with many of them occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Approximately 1 million new cases are diagnosed annually in Africa. The University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB) diagnoses many cancer cases annually at Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, but there is no consensus or study as to which types of cancers predominate and how patient care can be enhanced in future. In this study, we studied the status of cancer burden based on types at CHUB, Rwanda. We reviewed the different types of diagnosis made and the associated demographics. METHODS This retrospective study included all anatomical pathology reports seen between 2018-2022 at CHUB. Anatomical pathology reports were examined, and cases were classified based on age, sex, district/location, and diagnosis of malignancy. Cancer types were grouped according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS A total of 8085 specimens reports were examined. Of the 8085 specimens, 1709 (21%) had diagnosis of malignancy and 6376 specimens had a benign diagnosis. Of the 1709 specimens, 990 were female patients and 717 were male patients. Diagnosis of Carcinoma (1365), sarcoma (109), lymphoma (99), melanoma (59), and non-differentiated (45) was made. In patients less than 15 years old, lymphoma had the highest rate of diagnosis, followed by sarcoma. Of all diagnosed cancers, cervix was most prevalent followed by stomach, prostate, breast, and skin. Cervical carcinoma was most prevalent in females and prostate in males. CONCLUSION Cancer cases and the number of diagnosed specimens increased in 2020. The number of histologically diagnosed cancers is still low considering 4 million people who can access care at CHUB. Gastric cancer is a major concern as it comes second behind cervix by only 5 cases in the last 5 years. Major challenges of further classifications of sarcomas, lymphomas and non-differentiated cancers are due to lack of immunohistochemistry, as well as population sensitization for screening and early diagnosis.
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Mupenzi, Jean de la Paix, Ji Wen Ge, Lan Hai Li, and Gabriel Habiyaremye. "Analysis of Urban Environment: Case Study of the Spatial Integration of Rwandan Cities." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.424.
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This paper presents the results of the study undertaken in Rwanda to investigate the spatial integration of cities. It was revealed that the economic subordination degree appears to be very low because the economy of all cities in country depends on Kigali City, the capital of Rwanda that detains more than 70% of national economy.
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Niyonzima, Emmanuel, and Eyayu Kasseye Bayu. "Assessing the Contributions of Rwanda Gender Equality Policies to the Women Empowerment in Rwanda." American Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajds.v1i2.2099.
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This study was conducted in Rwanda with the main purpose of examining the contributions of Rwanda’s gender equality policies to women’s empowerment. This research solely employed secondary data to analyse the effects of gender equality policies on the empowerment of women in Rwanda. To gather information, many books, journals, newspapers, and other research publications on gender and women’s empowerment were examined. This study discovered a significant link between gender equality and women’s empowerment in the study area. Gender equality policies, for example, increased the number of women who went to school, increased labour force participation, reduced maternal health risks, raised the national GDP, and promoted human rights. Furthermore, to attain gender equality and increase women’s empowerment, the government has adopted numerous policies that have played a significant role in achieving gender equality. Among these initiatives are the formation of the Gender Monitoring Office, the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, the National Women’s Council, and a council for women who are in parliament. Furthermore, the government has implemented various legal instruments to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. They are associated with inheritance, employment, human resources development, human rights, and other spheres of society. Yet, the women in Rwanda have some encounters for full participation in development as well as achieving gender equality, like society norms about gender equality and family violence. For those challenges, the authors would like to recommend that the government increase the mobilisation of citizens about the contribution of women’s empowerment and gender equality to sustainable growth, increase the budget for girls’ education, and enact new laws for gender-based violence and women’s empowerment promotion.
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Thomson, Susan. "The Long Shadow of Genocide in Rwanda." Current History 116, no. 790 (May 1, 2017): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.790.183.
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Kagoya, Sumaya M., and Kezia H. Mkwizu. "Determinants of Youths’ Intention to Shop Online: Study of Uganda and Rwanda." University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal 17, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/udslj.v17i2.9.
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Existing literature on online shopping has focused on reasons for people to shop online while there is limited research on youths’ intention to shop online. Hence, this paper was motivated to examine the determinants of youth’s intention to shop online by comparing two countries namely Uganda and Rwanda. This paper’s specific objectives are; to analyse the relationship between hedonic and satisfaction among youths to shop online and to analyse the relationship between subjective norms and satisfaction among youths to shop online. This is a quantitative study that used structured questionnaires which were circulated by email survey to 122 youths of higher education institutions in Uganda (Makerere University Business School) and Rwanda (University of Rwanda). The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicated a significant relationship between hedonic and satisfaction among youths’ intention to shop online (p=0.000 for Uganda; p=0.05 for Rwanda); and a significant relationship between subjective norms and satisfaction among youths’ intention to shop online (p=0.02 for Uganda; p=0.000 for Rwanda). The practical implication is for stakeholders of online shopping and policy makers to consider hedonic and subjective norms as key factors that determine youths’ intention to shop online.
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Nyandwi, Alypio, Cyprien Munyanshongore, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, Prata Ndola, and Gisela Perren-Klingler. "Correlates of emotional violence against children in Rwanda: Findings from a cross-sectional national survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 13, 2023): e0286788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286788.
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Introduction National data on children affected by violence are critical in preventing violence against children. Rwanda conducted its first cross-sectional national survey on violence against children in 2015. This study used data from the Rwanda Survey to describe the profile of children affected by emotional violence (EV) and to assess factors associated with it in Rwanda. Methods A sample of 1,110 children (618 boys and 492 girls) aged 13–17 from the Rwanda Survey was analysed. Weighted descriptive statistics were applied to describe the prevalence of EV and the profile of children affected by it. In addition, factors associated with EV were investigated using logistic regression. Results Male children were more likely to experience EV than female children. Nine percent (8.87%, 95% CI [6.95–11.25]) of male children versus five percent (5.17%, 95% CI [3.79–7.03]) of female children reported having experienced EV in their lifetime. Seven percent (6.77%, 95% CI [5.15–8.84]) of male children versus four percent of female children (3.97%, 95% CI [2.83–5.54]) reported having experienced EV in the last twelve months before the survey. Fathers and mothers were the top two perpetrators of EV against children. Seventeen percent of male children (17.09%, 95% CI [11.06–25.47]) and 12 percent of female children (11.89%, 95% CI [6.97,19.55]) reported EV by their fathers. Mothers were responsible for nineteen percent (19.25%, 95% CI [12.94–27.65]) of EV reported by male children and eleven percent (10.78%, 95% CI [5.77–19.25]) of EV reported by female children. Female children (OR = 0.48, 95% CI [0.31–0.76]) and children with some trust in people from their communities (OR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.23–0.93]) were less likely to report EV. Factors associated with risk for EV were not attending school (OR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.10–2.92]), living with father only (OR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.21–7.85]), not feeling close to biological parents (OR = 7.18, 95% CI [2.12–24.37]), living in a larger household (OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.03–3.19]), not having a friend (OR = 2.08, 95% CI [1.02–4.11]), and not feeling safe in the community (OR = 2.56, 95% CI [1.03–6.38]). Conclusion EV against children was pervasive in Rwanda, with parents topping the list of its perpetrators. Children from unsupportive socioeconomic family environments, i.e., children without a close relationship with biological parents, children not attending school, children living with their fathers only, children from larger households of five people and more, children without a friend, and children who reported not feeling safe in their communities, were identified as groups of children vulnerable to emotional violence in Rwanda. A family-centred approach, focusing on positive parenting and protecting vulnerable children, is needed to reduce emotional violence against children and the risk factors associated with it in Rwanda.
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Merlin, Bella. "Using Stanislavsky's Toolkit for Shakespeare's Richard III, Part I: Research on the Text and the Play." New Theatre Quarterly 29, no. 1 (February 2013): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x13000031.
Full textAbstract:
An actor's training continues throughout his/her professional career, yet they rarely have the time or inclination to write in detail about their processes, when building a character, to provide documents for inquisitive peers. In this two-part article, Bella Merlin articulates the discoveries made playing Margaret in Richard III at the Colorado Shakespeare Festival in Summer 2012, directed by internationally acclaimed actor-director Tina Packer (co-founder of Shakespeare and Company with Kristin Linklater in 1978). Merlin highlights how the shift from teacher to actor reactivates the ‘willing vulnerability’ that she demands of her own students. She focuses on Stanislavsky's three avenues of research: on the playtext; on the world of the play and playwright; and on the self. There can be resistance by some theatre practitioners to the application of Stanislavsky's tools to Shakespeare's texts, often due to a perceived over-psychologizing. Here, Merlin challenges some of these resistances. She demonstrates that Packer's insistence on connecting voice with thought to release the imagination implicitly harnesses Shakespeare's structure with Stanislavsky's underpinnings. Packer also lays emphasis on contemporary resonance, freeing the natural voice, and the significance of Shakespeare's female characters in Richard III for awakening an audience to the consequences of violence. The journey is unsettlingly personal and startlingly global. Part I, which follows, addresses research on the text and research on the play, drawing upon history, biography, accounts of grief, and chilling footage of the Rwandan genocide. Part II, planned for the next issue, uses the immediacy of a rehearsal journal to address research on the self. Bella Merlin is an actor, writer and actor-trainer. Acting includes seasons at the National Theatre with Max Stafford-Clark's Out of Joint Company. Publications include The Complete Stanislavsky Toolkit (2007) and Acting: the Basics (2010). She is currently Professor of Acting at the University of California, Davis.
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Merlin, Bella. "Using Stanislavsky's Toolkit for Shakespeare's Richard III, Part II: Research on the Self in the Play." New Theatre Quarterly 29, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x13000262.
Full textAbstract:
An actor's training continues throughout his/her professional career, yet they rarely have the time or inclination to write in detail about their processes, when building a character, to provide documents for inquisitive peers. In this two-part article, Bella Merlin articulates the discoveries made playing Margaret in Richard III at the Colorado Shakespeare Festival in Summer 2012, directed by internationally acclaimed actor-director Tina Packer (co-founder of Shakespeare and Company with Kristin Linklater in 1978). Merlin highlights how the shift from teacher to actor reactivates the ‘willing vulnerability’ that she demands of her own students. She focuses on Stanislavsky's three avenues of research: on the playtext; on the world of the play and playwright; and on the self. There can be resistance by some theatre practitioners to the application of Stanislavsky's tools to Shakespeare's texts, often due to a perceived over-psychologizing. In these articles Merlin challenges some of these resistances. She demonstrates that Packer's insistence on connecting voice with thought to release the imagination implicitly harnesses Shakespeare's structure with Stanislavsky's underpinnings. Packer also lays emphasis on contemporary resonance, freeing the natural voice, and the significance of Shakespeare's female characters in Richard III for awakening an audience to the consequences of violence. The journey is unsettlingly personal and startlingly global. In Part I, in NTQ 113, Merlin addressed research on the text and research on the play, drawing upon history, biography, accounts of grief, and chilling footage of the Rwandan genocide. In Part II, which follows, she uses the immediacy of a rehearsal journal to address research on the self. Bella Merlin is an actor, writer, and actor-trainer. Acting includes seasons at the National Theatre with Max Stafford-Clark's Out of Joint Company. Publications include The Complete Stanislavsky Toolkit (2007) and Acting: the Basics (2010). She is currently Professor of Acting at the University of California, Davis.
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Stone, Richard. "Afghan scholars find a warm welcome in Rwanda." Science 375, no. 6576 (January 7, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.acz9931.
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