Academic literature on the topic 'Nationalist separatist terrorism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nationalist separatist terrorism"
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Brockhoff, Sarah, Tim Krieger, and Daniel Meierrieks. "Heterogeneous Terrorism: Determinants of Left-Wing and Nationalist-Separatist Terrorism in Western Europe." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0038.
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AbstractWe analyze the determinants of left-wing and nationalist-separatist terrorism for 18 Western European countries for the 1970–2007 period. Focusing on the influence of the Cold War, we find that it predicts left-wing but not nationalist-separatist terrorism, suggesting that there is indeed some heterogeneity in the causes of terrorism. However, we also find that a number of factors determine both kinds of terrorism, indicating that there were differences but also commonalities in the causes of left-wing and nationalist-separatist terrorism in Western Europe during our observation period.
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Lewis, Mark. "The Failure of the Austrian and Yugoslav Police to Repress the Croatian Ustaša in Austria, 1929–1934." Austrian History Yearbook 45 (April 2014): 186–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237813000672.
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Since the 1970s, historiography about the pre-World War II phase of the Croatian Ustaša concentrated on Italian and Hungarian state support for Ante Pavelić's national-separatist/terrorist organization from approximately 1929–1934, and identified Nazi support when it became more significant in the late 1930s and put the group in charge of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. More recent scholarship has investigated the support of Croatian exiles in the United States and Argentina for the Ustaša movement, as well as how the Ustaša regime, once in power, tried to legitimate its policies of racial “cleansing” and social revolution against capitalism and secularism. The first aim of this article is to return to the early period of the Ustaša, when it was a terrorist organization, and to show that it had an important base in Austria that senior Austrian police officials tolerated. The article, therefore, takes a somewhat different position from that of historian Arnold Suppan, who argued that the Austrian police could find no evidence that the Ustaša in Austria had been involved in terrorism, and that the Austrian government had made a good faith effort to expel Ustaša members. The fact that elements of the Austrian police indeed knew about the Ustaša network and protected certain senior members supports historian Gerhard Jagschitz's argument that the Vienna police had not turned over a new leaf in the postwar period and had not shed all political activities. However, Jagschitz concentrated on the problems surrounding the establishment of a domestic intelligence agency in the 1920s, showing how it ultimately was not effective. This article concentrates on 1929–1934, demonstrating that while the Austrian political police was not all-knowing, certain decisions not to share what it knew about ultra-nationalist Croatian terrorism damaged the Austrian police's international reputation. Second, this article argues that the Yugoslav police possibly turned to shadowy extra-judicial groups to carry out assassinations against Ustaša figures, in part because the Austrian police were not aggressive enough in repressing the organization. This adds an additional factor to the interpretations of historians James Sadkovich and Mario Jareb, who contend that Yugoslav police violence was an extension of the Serbian dictatorship's attempt to repress Croatian nationalism by any means necessary.
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Kilimnik, Evgenii Vital'evich. "Operative activities of the Ministry of the Interior of Lithuania against national-separatists in 1944 - 1953." Полицейская деятельность, no. 2 (February 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2021.2.35439.
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Based on the historical-legal approach, the author studies the national-separatist organization The Forest Brothers that was acting in Lithuania in 1944 - 1953 and was resisting the authorities by means of terrorist acts. The research subject is the set of measures aimed at suppressing nationalist armed groups. Special attention to this research is caused by the necessity to analyze the activities of the Forest Brothers, as in Lithuania since the Post-Soviet period, the actions of nationalists have been heroified, many of whom, during the occupation, served in divisions under the German administration. The purpose of the research is the historical and legal assessment of the activities of separatists in postwar Lithuania. Special attention is given to the operative activities of NKVD aimed at suppressing regional extremism and introducing legal order in postwar Lithuania. Special contribution of the author is the consideration of the problem of national-separatism in Lithuania. It’s been established that to suppress and oppose the Forest Brothers, the bodies of NKVD and the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic developed a set of operative, tactical and ideological measures which helped as early as by the late 1945 to change the situation in the Republic and achieve the permanent annual decrease of destructive actions of nationalists, and since the late 1940s - the early 1950s to fully control the criminogenic situation in the Republic. It’s been established that the set of measures against Lithuanian separatists consisted of five main directions which included the creation of People's Defense Platoons known as “Destroyers”, constant mopping up of forests for extinguishing the resistance zones, intelligence work, large scale amnesty of fighters, deportation of persons who shared the ideas and supported nationalism and separatism. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the critical scientific insight into Lithuanian separatism, its prerequisites and methods of struggling against it by the internal affairs bodies of Lithuania in 1944 - 1953.
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Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "The Rise of the Russian Khalifat: The View from the Jihadist Side." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 1 (2010): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419189504.
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AbstractRussia, similar to many other parts of the globe, continues to be affected by terrorism, mostly since the beginning of the conflicts in the Caucasus. While started by the Chechens after the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), terrorism and resistance to Moscow in general soon moved outside Chechen borders, absorbing representatives from other ethnic groups of the Caucasus and beyond. As a result, what originally had been mostly a Chechen nationalist movement finally transformed itself into a multi-ethnic force where the liberation of Chechnya from Russian rule became just one aspect of the struggle. Moreover, nationalist-minded Chechens seemed to have moved to the margins of the resistance, for increasing numbers of the resistance members could well go to the official Chechen leadership. While nationalistic and, in a way, a moderate model of the Chechen resistance became increasingly unworkable, jihadism provided an increasingly acceptable modus operandi. To start with, jihadism emphasises an ideological, Muslim identity and discards any sense of ethnicity, nationalism in general, that separates Muslims from each other. Secondly, jihadism promulgates the creation of a universal Khalifat as the final goal. Khalifat is seen as the ideal society, in a way similar to that of the “thousand-year rule of Christ” and/or communism, each of which actually transcends history as it is known. All of this has led to the increasing influence of jihadists among the members of the Chechen resistance, and a final split between them and the nationalist-minded members of the resistance. This paper presents a detailed analytic account of the recent developments within the Chechen resistance, as well as the jihadist ideology, and terrorism in the North Caucasus and Russia in general.
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Da’san, Hamza Mohammad, and Rula Odeh Alsawalqa. "The Relationship between University Students’ Perceptions of Terrorism and Academic Specializations." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0096.
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By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities. Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students. Received: 8 April 2021 / Accepted: 5 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Singh, Satyavir. "Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in South Asia : Challenges and Policy Options." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840205800306.
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Threats from the cross-border terrorism and separatism nexus between narcotic mafias and terrorist and insurgent groups, religious and political extremism, and aggressive nationalism pose new challenges to the viability of large multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multicultural and multi-religious states of the South Asia Region (SAR) and there is an urgent need to combat these challenges through democracy, secularism, tolerance, regional co-operation and rule of law. The largest drug producing areas of the world Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle lie within the geographic proximity of the SAR. These geographical links are exacerbated by the connection between narcotics and arms, with the sea routes of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal providing ideal conduits for supply of both arms and narcotics. This resulted in the lethal cocktail of narco-terrorism and such a nexus can encourage ‘maritime terrorism’, in the coastal and island states of the SAR.
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Epshteyn, V. A., P. V. Menshikov, A. S. Vilchinskii, and V. S. Novikova. "On the issue of the administrative and legal methodology used by the Kingdom of Spain to counter the nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque country." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-4-53-100-109.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the instruments used by the Spanish Kingdom in administrative and legal spheres to counter nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque Country throughout different historic periods. Special attention is paid to the confrontation with the Basque terrorist organization ETA. In addition, the research analyzes what caused ETA to emerge, underscores the major stages of its evolution, and discusses cross-border aspects of bilateral cooperation between Spain and France under the aegis of the supra-national specialized organization of Europol. The administrative and legal instruments used by Spain are distinguished in context of the analysis of the prospects for the applying of modern political and legal toolkit in the regional policy that is often contrary to the interests of the modern centralized state. The research pays attention to the administrative measures that led to ETA crisis and its further collapse.Material and methods. The paper uses the methodology of a retrospective analysis and content-analysis to characterize the shifts in the principles of Spanish administrative and territorial tools and their influence on the nature of the Basque nationalism. The Constitution of 1977 and the Statute of autonomy of the Basque Country are considered.Results. The paper sums up all the major shifts in the Spanish practice in the usage of administrative and political measures to combat the Basque separatist aspirations, evaluates their efficiency and outlines current obstacles towards the way of the establishment of a new bilateral dialogue with Madrid.Conclusion. The first part of this article points out the growth of nationalist and separatist aspirations in the Basque Country and shows how political systems (absolute monarchy, republic, authoritarian governance, constitutional monarchy) lead to the application of new administrative and legal instruments that affect the Basque nationalist aspirations. The second part focuses on the current state of relations between the region and the central government.
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MARINOV, Petar. "THE ESSENCE OF MODERN TERRORISM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSION OF THE NATURE OF TERRORISM." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-18.
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Abstract: Terrorism as a phenomenon has a complex structure in which ideological, social, religious, ethnic, psychological and other elements are intertwined. Modern terrorism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that successfully adapts to the political and economic situation. Effective counteraction is beyond the power of any independent specialized institution or individual country. Understanding of the concept of terrorism is linked to the analysis of the common features of modern terrorism. Based on the content of ideology and motivation, as well as the specifics of the methods of action, there are differences between terrorism based on left and right ideologies, on nationalism and separatism, and with different religious motivations.
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Kostakopoulou, Theodora. "Defending the Case for Liberal Anationalism." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s084182090000535x.
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Nationalism appears to be so entrenched in political life and discourse, that its illiberal face is often deemed to be an exception and unfortunate coincidence triggered by international terrorism. Alternatively, it may be depicted as the result of ill-thought policies which can be reversible. In this paper, I argue that liberal nationalism is conceptually flawed and politically illiberal. Illiberal tendencies are an integral part of it and these cannot be corrected by ‘taming’ unruly nationalism or by articulating ‘benign’ adaptations of it. Because the liberal and illiberal faces are interwoven in complex ways, my suggestion is to look far ahead and beyond it. The territory may be uncharted, but a commitment to a pro-human welfare orientation could open the way for separating liberalism from nationalism and aligning the former with critical democratic politics. The challenge, as I see it, is to articulate a liberal anationalism which by affirming equal human dignity and the importance of non-domination could sustain inclusionary and democratic communities.
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Kakhkhorov, Davlatali, Vagip Abdrashitov, and Shavkat Machidzoda. "Coordinating Activities of the Prosecutor’s Office to Counteract and Prevent Extremism Among Migrant Workers in Modern Russia." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.2.4.
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Introduction: at the present stage of state and law development, the formation of interstate relations of a new format takes place in the context of rather complex and contradictory processes, whose many participants, demonstrating different levels of resistance, become vulnerable to both traditional and new challenges and threats of modern history. One of these threats is extremist activity, which is a real threat to the constitutional order and national security of any state. In recent decades, such phenomena as xenophobia, separatism, religious fanaticism and terrorism, various nationalist sentiments that develop into an active movement and extremism of various etiologies have been actively developed. For Russia, as a multi-ethnic democratic state, these phenomena are particularly dangerous, since they undermine the peaceful coexistence of various ethnic and social groups. In addition, the development of information technologies makes it more accessible to carry out extremist activities among the general population. The social networks are increasingly used by the supporters of terrorism and extremism to conduct active propaganda and vigorous recruitment. In this regard, the authors of the paper set a goal to study the real state of the prosecutor’s supervision over the implementation of laws on countering extremism among migrant workers, as well as to develop new forms of coordinating activities of the prosecutor’s office to prevent and suppress acts of extremist activity in the context of modern political and economic challenges of the modern Russian state and the world as a whole. Methods: the methodological framework for this research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of synthesis, scientific generalization and comparative law analysis. Results: despite giving the Prosecutor General’s Office the power to block the sites containing extremist information and remove direct calls for extremist activity, the issue of combating this phenomenon remains particularly topical. In this regard, the importance of coordinating, organizing and implementing the effective control over countering extremist activities, and improving the activities of the law enforcement agencies headed by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation in the fight against extremism is increasing in every possible way. Conclusions: only joint, well-thought-out and well-coordinated activities, led by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, will prevent the main threats and minimize the negative impact of extremist activities on all sides, aspects and areas of functional activity of the modern Russian state, which is thus fighting not only extremism in all its manifestations, but also related phenomena, including nationalism, chauvinism, separatism, xenophobia, religious and mono-ethnic fanaticism and terrorism, as the most dangerous form of extremism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nationalist separatist terrorism"
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Seloom, Muhanad. "The label 'terrorist' : PKK in Turkey." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31146.
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This thesis examines how the ‘terrorist’ label affects those that are labelled by this designation, particularly with reference on a subsequent choice to use violence in the context of an ethno-nationalist conflict. Drawing on the PKK as a case study, the study asks: what effect did the labelling of the PKK as a ‘terrorist organisation’ by the Turkish government have on the use of violence by Kurds in the Turkish-Kurdish ethno-nationalist conflict? The invocation of the label terrorist in any conflict often means both the labeller and the labelled are predisposed to use violence. This study argues that this process of labelling leads the labeller and the labelled to frame one another as an existential threat. To date, the effects of using the label ‘terrorist’ in an ethno-nationalist conflict context remain relatively understudied in both social and political sciences. The period under analysis extends from 1992 to 2015, corresponding to the period during which the Turkish government continuously designated the PKK as ‘terrorist’. In conflict discourse, belligerents use demeaning labels against each other to gather support, legitimacy or simply to increase combatants’ morale. The study argues that the label terrorist is a constituent element of the conflict. The Turkish government uses the label terrorist as a tool to securitise the Kurdish-Turkish ethno-nationalist conflict. The Turkish government’s labelling of the PKK as ‘terrorist’ places the Kurdish issue in the broader framework of securitisation, a theory in International Relations. While securitising the Kurdish issue has bestowed more powers to the Turkish government to combat violence described as ‘terrorist’, the resolution of the ethno-nationalist conflict became increasingly more complex leading to protracted waves of violence. Analysing data collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with Kurds from Turkey, the study reveals that the impact of the label terrorist is far more complex than previously assumed in the existing academic literature. The specific effects of the label terrorist on any given conflict, however, are the subject of an empirical question to be settled through rigorous research. Drawing on the Labelling Theory of Deviance fathered by Howard S. Becker and complemented by discourse analysis, this study finds that the application of the label terrorist against the PKK increases the perception of victimization among its wider Kurdish community. Secondly, the research demonstrates that the invocation of the label terrorist against the PKK places the group’s actors and sympathizers in a situation that makes it harder for them to engage in peaceful means of resolving the conflict. The interplay between these two consequential effects of victimisation and political exclusion leads to the conclusion that there is an indirect relationship between designating an ethno-nationalist armed group ‘terrorist’ and the choice to use violence.
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Snell, Brandon Charles. "The Origins of Ethno/National Separatist Terrorism: A Cross-National Analysis of the Background Conditions of Terrorist Campaigns." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1244481182.
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Vyšatová, Eliška. "Fungování nacionálně-separatistických organizací. Komparativní studie organizací IRA a ETA." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-333268.
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UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut politologických studií Eliška Vyšatová Praha 2014 Diploma thesis: The Functioning of national-separatist organizations. A Comparative study of the IRA and ETA Abstract: The diploma thesis "The Functioning of National-Separatist Organizations. A Comparative Study of IRA and ETA" deals with two West European national-separatist organizations as well as the phenomenon of political terrorism and ethnic conflict. The selected organizations are unique among other ones as to their history and the way of functioning, and for these reasons they have been chosen for this study. Both organizations can be considered the main source of conflict in the national separatist movement in Basque Country and Northern Ireland from the beginning of the 20th century. The basic premise is that both IRA and ETA reach their aim, which can be generalised as independence of the national states, which they are a part of, in a specific way, it being primarily terrorism. The main aim of this paper is to compare various aspects of functioning of IRA and ETA and, on the basis of these results, to evaluate if we can consider these as two organizations different from other groups of this kind as well as different from each other, although they demonstrate some similar...
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Štekl, Jakub. "Zánik a dezintegrace nacionalistických teroristických skupin." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-415237.
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The thesis is focused on the process of demise and disintegration of nationalist terrorist groups. The case studies of terrorism in Northern Ireland and Basque region in Spain demonstrate and analyze the development of local terrorist organizations from the beginning to the cessation of violent actions. An emphasis is put especially on the end of armed campaign and transformation of nationalist activities within a legal framework. In the case of Northern Ireland, the focus is put on the activities of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) from the beginning of the Troubles to the Belfast Agreement in 1998. The research in this thesis includes the influence of affiliated political parties - Sinn Féin in this case - on the process of negotiations and the continuation of Northern Irish nationalism after the end of armed campaign. The Basque case is devoted to the development of Basque nationalism since the beginning of the 20th century, the creation and development of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and its terrorist campaign within both the Francoist regime and Spanish democracy. An emphasis is put on the development of the organization until its official dissolution in 2018, activities of the political parties of the Nationalist Left affiliated to ETA and the attitude of Spanish authorities to...
Books on the topic "Nationalist separatist terrorism"
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Zločini i zablude albanskih separatista. Beograd: Novinsko-informativni Centar Vojska, 1999.
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Sandler, Todd. Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190845841.001.0001.
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The causes and consequences of terrorism are matters of considerable debate and great interest. Spectacular events are recognized by their dates, including the 9/11 attacks in New York and Washington and the 7/7 London bombings. Many other attacks, including those in non-Western countries, receive far less attention even though they may be more frequent and cumulatively cause more casualties. In Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to KnowRG, leading economist Todd Sandler provides a broad overview of a persistently topical topic. The general issues he examines include what terrorism is, its causes, the roles of terrorist groups, how governments seek to counter terrorism, its economic consequences, and the future of terrorism. He focuses on the modern era and how specific motivations, ranging from nationalism/separatism to left- or right-wing extremism or religious ideals, and general conditions, such as poverty and inequality or whether a country is democratic or authoritarian, affect the frequency and costs of terrorism. The diversity of terrorist groups and type of attacks can be overwhelming, and Sandler provides a unifying framework to generate insight: strategic interaction. That is, like other organizations, terrorist groups organize to pursue goals and respond in an optimal fashion to a risky environment that can influence the group's size, its diversity of attacks, its regional location, its host country's characteristics, and the group's ideology. Terrorists also responded to enhanced security measures by altering their tactics, targets, and location. As such, they are formidable opponents to their stronger government adversaries. Governments, in turn, pursue various costly strategies to prevent terrorism, including passive barriers and active attacks against terrorists, their resources, and those who support them. Terrorism covers numerous questions on the subject and sheds lights on a wide-range of theoretical and empirical research.
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Ahram, Ariel I. Break all the Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917371.001.0001.
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Since 2011, civil wars and state failure have beset the Arab world, underlying the perceived misalignment between national borders and identity in the region. This book is about the separatist movements that aim to remake those borders—the Southern Movement in Yemen, the federalists in eastern Libya, Kurdish nationalists in Syria and Iraq, and the Islamic State (IS). These movements took advantage of state breakdown to seize territory and set up states-within-states. They ran schools, hospitals, and court systems. Their militias provided security to those whom the state had failed. Separatists drew inspiration from the ideals of self-determination that emerged after World War I during the brief “Wilsonian moment.” They built off the historical legacies of prior state-building projects that had failed to gain recognition. New international norms, such as responsibility to protect, offered them hope to correct mistakes of the past. Separatists reached out to the international community for acknowledgement and support. Some served as crucial allies in the campaign against terrorism. Yet the United States and the rest of the international community refused to grant them the recognition they sought. This book shows how understanding the separatist movements’ efforts to break borders in their own terms can help illuminate avenues toward a more stable regional order in the Arab world.
Book chapters on the topic "Nationalist separatist terrorism"
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Forest, James J. F. "Nationalist and separatist terrorism." In Routledge Handbook Of Terrorism And Counterterrorism, 74–86. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315744636-7.
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Townshend, Charles. "5. Nationalism and terror." In Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction, 74–94. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198809098.003.0005.
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The framework for much of modern terrorist action is ethnic or nationalist, with each nationalism being culturally unique. The emblematic terrorist act—the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914—was a nationalist act. Nationalist movements have shown greater resilience than smaller left-wing revolutionary groups. Nationalism is a very strong force, so even a nation whose struggle seems likely to fail, such as the Chechens, may never give up. ‘Nationalism and terror’ looks at how nationalists have used terror to fight their cause, illustrating this with the case studies of the Irish republican IRA, the Basque separatists ETA, and Zionists in Palestine. Can terror liberate nations?
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Reinares, Fernando. "Nationalist separatism and terrorism in comparative perspective." In Root Causes of Terrorism. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203337653.ch9.
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"Nationalist separatism and terrorism in comparative perspective." In Root Causes of Terrorism, 137–48. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203337653-16.
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