Academic literature on the topic 'Native manufactures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Native manufactures"
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Zanier, Claudio. "Silk Cultivatiom in Italy." Journal of Medieval Worlds 1, no. 4 (2019): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2019.1.4.41.
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Silk cultivation in Italy started in the eleventh century CE. Initially, silkworms were cultivated using only indigenous black mulberry trees. For several centuries following, manufacturers in Italian towns manufactured luxury silk fabrics utilizing only imported foreign silk threads. In the fifteenth century, however, the practice of cultivating non-native white mulberry trees made its way from China to Italy. Due to the better quality of their leaves, this facilitated the production of domestic Italian silk threads for use in the manufacture of luxury products. Rural silk cultivation then expanded sharply.
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Sommer, Christian, Niels Icken, Ismail Özden, Gerd Lutters, and Stephan Scheidegger. "Evaluation of low contrast resolution and radiation dose in abdominal CT protocols by a difference detail curve (DDC) method." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0109.
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AbstractThe use of optimised CT protocols regarding radiation exposure is a legal requirement. Since low contrast visibility is intrinsically varying within the CT slice, there is no adequate method for optimisation of dose and image quality. We developed a method to access image quality in a way that represents the situation closer to a real patient. This method is based on a novel difference detail curve (DDC) phantom with low contrast objects representing native tissue contrast and contrast media with different densities and diameters. The position of the contrast objects have been evaluated by a noise level analysis of CT slices of different manufactures. The dose – length – product can be measured within the phantom simultaneously. For all tested manu-factures and CT protocols, the noise analysis revealed a similar spatial variation of the signal -to-noise ratio (SNR). For the DDC method, contrast steps of 6 (4-8) Hounsfield Units (HU) are adequate. For the different CT units, comparable low contrast detectability is associated with remarkably varying dose levels (CTDI range from 8 to 18 mGy for native contrast and 9-16 mGy for contrast media). The novel DDC phantom is sensitive to protocol optimisations and therefore suitable for rating subtle effects caused by protocol optimisation.
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Neiburger, E. J. "Isotope Radiography of the Largest Prehistoric Copper Celt." North American Archaeologist 10, no. 1 (July 1989): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3ufj-wjbl-1xrp-njj1.
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A large 61 × 13 × 4.5 cm copper celt was found in an American Hopewell Indian mound in Ross County, Ohio. It weighs 17.7 kg and theories concerning the manner of its manufacture by technologically “primitive” prehistoric natives have been suggested. Because of its great size and density, normal X-ray analysis could not be used. This celt was analyzed (non-destructively) using Iridium 192 isotope as a gamma ray source for radiography. The radiographs show the celt was relatively solid in construction, not laminated nor cast, but manufactured by wrought working the metal.
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Yu, Lei, Lei Tao, Yinghua Zhao, Yonghong Li, Dening Pei, and Chunming Rao. "Analysis of Molecular Heterogeneity in Therapeutic IFNα2b from Different Manufacturers by LC/Q-TOF." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173965.
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Recombinant human IFNα2b (rhIFNα2b), as an important immune-related protein, has been widely used in clinic for decades. It is also at the forefront of the recent emergence of biosimilar medicines, with numerous products now available worldwide. Although with the same amino acid sequence, recombinant proteins are generally heterogeneous due to post-translational modification and chemical reactions during expression, purification, and long-term storage, which could have significant impact on the final product quality. So therapeutic rhIFNα2b must be closely monitored to ensure consistency, safety, and efficacy. In this study, we compared seven rhIFNα2b preparations from six manufacturers in China and one in America, as well as four batches of rhIFNα2b preparations from the same manufacturer, measuring IFNα2b variants and site-specific modifications using a developed LC/Q-TOF approach. Three main forms of N-terminus, cysteine, methionine, and acetylated cysteine were detected in five rhIFNα2b preparations produced in E. coli (1E~5E) and one in Pseudomonas (6P), but only the native form with N-terminal cysteine was found in rhIFNα2b preparation produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (7Y). Two samples with the lowest purity (4E and 6P), showed the highest level of acetylation at N-terminal cysteine and oxidation at methionine. The level of oxidation and deamidation varied not only between samples from different manufacturers but also between different batches of the same manufacturer. Although variable between samples from different manufacturers, the constitution of N-terminus and disulfide bonds was relatively stable between different batches, which may be a potential indicator for batch consistency. These findings provide a valid reference for the stability evaluation of the production process and final products.
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SALAZAR, JOELLE K., LAUREN J. GONSALVES, VIDYA NATARAJAN, ARLETTE SHAZER, KARL REINEKE, TANVI MHETRAS, CHINMYEE SULE, CHRISTINA K. CARSTENS, KRISTIN M. SCHILL, and MARY LOU TORTORELLO. "Population Dynamics of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Native Microflora During Manufacture and Aging of Gouda Cheese Made with Unpasteurized Milk." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-480.
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ABSTRACT Cheeses made with unpasteurized milk are a safety concern due to possible contamination with foodborne pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been implicated in several outbreaks and recalls linked to Gouda cheese made with unpasteurized milk. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Code of Federal Regulations requires cheeses made with unpasteurized milk to be aged at a minimum of 1.7°C for at least 60 days before entering interstate commerce. The goal of this study was (i) to assess the population dynamics of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 during aging of Gouda cheese when the pathogens were inoculated into the unpasteurized milk used for manufacture and (ii) to compare the native microbial populations throughout manufacture and aging. Unpasteurized milk was inoculated with L. monocytogenes at 1 or 3 log CFU/mL or with E. coli O157:H7 at 1 log CFU/mL, and Gouda cheese was manufactured in laboratory-scale or pilot plant–scale settings. Cheeses were stored at 10°C for at least 90 days, and some cheeses were stored up to 163 days. Initial native microflora populations in unpasteurized milk did not differ significantly for laboratory-scale or pilot plant–scale trials, and population dynamics trended similarly throughout cheese manufacture and aging. During manufacture, approximately 81% of the total L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 populations was found in the curd samples. At an inoculation level of 1 log CFU/mL, L. monocytogenes survived in the cheese beyond 60 days in four of five trials. In contrast, E. coli O157:H7 was detected beyond 60 days in only one trial. At the higher 3-log inoculation level, the population of L. monocytogenes increased significantly from 3.96 ± 0.07 log CFU/g at the beginning of aging to 6.00 ± 0.73 log CFU/g after 150 days, corresponding to a growth rate of 0.04 ± 0.02 log CFU/g/day. The types of native microflora assessed included Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, and yeasts and molds. Generally, lactic acid and mesophilic bacterial populations remained consistent at approximately 8 to 9 log CFU/g during aging, whereas yeast and mold populations steadily increased. The data from this study will contribute to knowledge about survival of these pathogens during Gouda cheese production and will help researchers assess the risks of illness from consumption of Gouda cheese made with unpasteurized milk. HIGHLIGHTS
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Lee, Yi Ming, and Shyue Bin Chang. "Design and Implementation of Automotive Shock Absorber Performance Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.281.
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In Taiwan, the motor and autobike industry have a considerable extent to promote the manufacture of shock absorber tests. As it is known, using a software and equipment to process the information about the operation of a corresponding damper is necessary. In order to promote the shock absorber damping tester, to develop the Labview based shock absorber testing machine provides functions such as the hardware test, setup parameters, the measurements for test elements, the testing results display and historical consults. There are some researching steps are involved by making out the major operations and testing functions to construct the shock absorber tester and so on. The expected purpose will be attained by both training the relative process technology and getting the future development in absorber testing know-how by native manufacturers in Asian area, instead of imported machines from Japan or America.
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Bernecker, Claudia, Maria Augusta R. B. F. Lima, Catalin D. Ciubotaru, Peter Schlenke, Isabel Dorn, and Dan Cojoc. "Biomechanics of Ex Vivo-Generated Red Blood Cells Investigated by Optical Tweezers and Digital Holographic Microscopy." Cells 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030552.
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Ex vivo-generated red blood cells are a promising resource for future safe blood products, manufactured independently of voluntary blood donations. The physiological process of terminal maturation from spheroid reticulocytes to biconcave erythrocytes has not been accomplished yet. A better biomechanical characterization of cultured red blood cells (cRBCs) will be of utmost interest for manufacturer approval and therapeutic application. Here, we introduce a novel optical tweezer (OT) approach to measure the deformation and elasticity of single cells trapped away from the coverslip. To investigate membrane properties dependent on membrane lipid content, two culture conditions of cRBCs were investigated, cRBCPlasma with plasma and cRBCHPL supplemented with human platelet lysate. Biomechanical characterization of cells under optical forces proves the similar features of native RBCs and cRBCHPL, and different characteristics for cRBCPlasma. To confirm these results, we also applied a second technique, digital holographic microscopy (DHM), for cells laid on the surface. OT and DHM provided related results in terms of cell deformation and membrane fluctuations, allowing a reliable discrimination between cultured and native red blood cells. The two techniques are compared and discussed in terms of application and complementarity.
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Claps, S., G. Annicchiarico, M. A. Di Napoli, F. Paladino, D. Giorgio, L. Sepe, and R. Rossi. "Native and non native sheep breed differences in canestrato pugliese cheese quality: a resource for a sustainable pastoral system." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 4 (September 5, 2016): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/568/2015-cjfs.
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Canestrato Pugliese is an Italian uncooked hard cheese made by the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status. In the past, it was manufactured with milk from local sheep breeds (Altamurana and Leccese) while in recent years it has almost entirely been made with milk from non-native sheep breeds (Sarda and Comisana). The aim of the study was to investigate the breed effect on the quality of Canestrato Pugliese cheese by comparing two native (Altamurana and Leccese) and two non-native (Sarda and Comisana) sheep breeds. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of CREA-ZOE (Apulia region, Southern Italy) using a flock set-up of four sheep breeds: Altamurana, Leccese, Sarda, and Comisana. All sheep fed pasture supplemented with 200 g/sheep/day concentrate at each milking. For each breed, three cheese-makings of Canestrato Pugliese were carried out for three consecutive days following the PDO technology. At two and four months of ripening, cheese was analysed for gross composition, fatty acid profile, nutritional indexes, and volatile organic compounds. Significant differences were found between breeds in the fatty acid profile and nutritional indexes (P ≤ 0.05). Canestrato Pugliese from Comisana, Leccese, and Sarda had a higher dry matter and fat content than that from Altamurana breed (P ≤ 0.05). Cheeses from Altamurana and Comisana showed a higher content of unsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids and a better omega-6/omega-3 ratio than the others (P ≤ 0.05). The best Health Promoting Index was detected in Altamurana, Comisana, and Leccese cheeses (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, sheep breed affected the content of volatile organic compounds (P ≤ 0.05). The highest value of volatile organic compounds was observed in cheeses from Leccese breed (P ≤ 0.05). The discriminant analysis performed on cheese data shows a separation between native and non-native sheep breeds. The present study reveals that the breed has an evident effect on the fatty acid and volatile organic compound profile of Canestrato Pugliese.
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Chindina, L. A., and N. M. Zinyakov. "Cultural and Technological Characteristics of Russian Forged Iron Tools from the Selkup Cemetery Migalka in the Middle Ob Basin." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.3.090-098.
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This study addresses Russian iron artifacts from the Narym Selkup cemetery Migalka, dating to the late 1600s to early 1700s. Two most important categories of tools are described—knives and axes. In terms of morphology, knives fall into two groups: straight-backed and those with convex (“humped”) backs. The combination of a “humpbacked” blade, typical of native manufacture, and Russian hilt plates precludes an unambiguous ethnic attribution. Special attention is paid to knives with fi ligree-enamel hilt plates as markers of high socio-economic status. The garniture evidences northern Russian origin. The metallographic analysis of knives (22% of the sample) revealed two technological groups: made of solid steel and welded. Axes, made by Russian artisans, are of the shaft-hole type and fall into four types. The analysis, relating to 42% of the sample, indicates two techniques: welding of a steel blade onto an iron base or a piece of raw steel, and using irregularly carbonized metal for forging the entire axe. Ferrous metal items follow the Russian technological traditions. Three key factors accounted for the spread of Russian artifacts among the natives: “Tsar’s gift” for paying the yasak (tribute); colonization of Siberia followed by the emergence of trade manufacture; and the involvement of natives, specifi cally the Narym Selkups, in the all-Russian market. Our fi ndings attest to the relevance of iron artifacts from archaeological sites to the historical and cultural studies of the colonization period in western Siberia.
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Jarvis, Michael C. "Structure of native cellulose microfibrils, the starting point for nanocellulose manufacture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2112 (December 25, 2017): 20170045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0045.
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There is an emerging consensus that higher plants synthesize cellulose microfibrils that initially comprise 18 chains. However, the mean number of chains per microfibrilin situis usually greater than 18, sometimes much greater. Microfibrils from woody tissues of conifers, grasses and dicotyledonous plants, and from organs like cotton hairs, all differ in detailed structure and mean diameter. Diameters increase further when aggregated microfibrils are isolated. Because surface chains differ, the tensile properties of the cellulose may be augmented by increasing microfibril diameter. Association of microfibrils with anionic polysaccharides in primary cell walls and mucilages leads toin vivomechanisms of disaggregation that may be relevant to the preparation of nanofibrillar cellulose products. For the preparation of nanocrystalline celluloses, the key issue is the nature and axial spacing of disordered domains at which axial scission can be initiated. These disordered domains do not, as has often been suggested, take the form of large blocks occupying much of the length of the microfibril. They are more likely to be located at chain ends or at places where the microfibril has been mechanically damaged, but their structure and the reasons for their sensitivity to acid hydrolysis need better characterization.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology’.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Native manufactures"
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JAWAD, MOHAMMAD. "Manufactured by Nature: Growing Generatively Designed Products." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5898.
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Mass production and assembly lines are yesterday’s manufacturing methods. They have exhausted Earth’s resources and limited the possibilities of design in terms of both form and material, prompting designers to search for new processes. A new generation of making includes biomimicry-inspired technologies such as 3D printing and parametric simulation, which have transformed the production paradigm. Utilizing nature as industry, this thesis explores the possibility of “growing” designed objects by employing nature’s own processes and resources. It integrates bio materials, generative design and additive manufacturing to produce objects for a post-industrial world. The project outcomes employ natural minerals, crystallization and 3D printing to develop new forms of making, proposing a new suite of tools for designers.
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Fyfe, Clare. "The changing nature of supply chain management in the European grocery retail sector." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338544.
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Bryce, Joseph A. "An Investigation of the Manufacture and Use of Bone Awls at Wolf Village (42UT273)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6189.
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Wolf Village is a Fremont farming village located at the southern end of Utah Valley where Brigham Young University has conducted six field schools there and recovered 135 awl and awl fragments. The Wolf Village awls, like the awls from many Fremont sites, represent a large range of morphological variability. Because of the ubiquity and diversity of Fremont bone awls, many different approaches have been taken to organize and understand them; focusing more on morphological characteristics than interpretation. In order to better understand the life use of bone awls, experiments were conducted to replicate the manufacture and use of these tools and to create a comparative collection for diagnostic characteristics. Based on the results of analysis and comparison, the craftspeople at Wolf Village used a variety of methods to make tools for use in basket-making, leatherwork, and other activities.
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Crull, Donald Scott. "The economy and archaeology of European-made glass beads and manufactured goods used in first contact situations in Oregon, California and Washington." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/.
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This thesis examines the role played by European-made glass beads and other manufactured goods in first contact of Europeans with Native American Indian populations in Oregon, California and Washington. Utilising both the historical and archaeological record, the activities of the Spanish in Alta California, the Russians in Northern California, the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Pacific Northwest Coast companies are examined, highlighting their use of beads in gift giving and exchange with the Indians. The sources of the large volume of glass beads are presented and their method of manufacture discussed. The way In which different European nationalities and organisations progressed geographically and in the intensity of their interactions with the native populations is reflected in the archaeological assemblages, whilst processes of exchange and the use of trinkets such as beads in subjugation and pacification are clarified by study of the historical sources. Different European groups used such materials through the mission system, by pacification of groups to ensure access and safe passage and by the fur companies use of the beads as items of exchange for pelts of otters and other animals. The native Indian groups showed different preferences for specific coloured beads which then became part of their own wealth base and exchange system. The effects of such transactions, whether used deliberately as a form of subjugation or inadvertently as barter items, was to transform the economic systems of the native populations and specifically the way In which conspicuous consumption was carried out in potlatch ceremonies. The effect of both the introduction of new material items and the novel form of economic transactions bolstered other effects of the Europeans which transformed Native American cosmology and society permanently.
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Lawrence, Jennifer. "Governing Nature, Sustaining Degradation: An Eco-Governmental Critique of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77385.
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This dissertation explores the discursive production of, and response to, environmental disaster. The project is contextualized through the case of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. By interrupting traditional perceptions of environmental disaster, this project frames socio-environmental disasters as a normal and increasingly experienced part of global hydrocarbon capitalism. The project purports that disaster is embedded within the current global economy and the high-]modernist ideologies that underlie it. As such, the strategies and techniques employed to respond to environmental disaster are intimately bound up within the same systemic processes that have created them in the first place. Moreover, because instrumentalist responses are quickly employed to mitigate disaster, the systemic factors productive of disaster remain concealed. Environmental disaster is thus a process of hydrocarbon capitalism rather than a product of it; as such it can, among other categories, be understood as manageable, profitable, and litigable. This research also highlights the normalization of chronic socio-environmental disaster though sensationalistic perspectives on acute disaster. This project explores the potential for resistance through artistic endeavors, highlighting how the discursive processes that construct traditional power/knowledge formations of environmental disaster might be subverted through non-traditional means. While the framework of eco-governmentality is especially useful in highlighting the problematic social relationships to nature, the project nonetheless acknowledges that counter-discourses for are likely to be appropriated by industry for the purpose of new enterprise and profit.Ph. D.
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Brodie, Lisa Clare. "The nature of complex manufacturing system innovation : the invention and adoption of new forms of aircraft wing manufacture." Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547624.
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Newman, Alana Nicole. "The manufactured nature of Ptolemaic royal representation and the question of agency : an analysis of the portraiture of Queen Arsinoë II." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25844.
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This thesis examines the portraiture of the Ptolemaic queen Arsinoë II (lived ca. 318- 268 BC), which appears on a variety of media including: coinage, intaglios, oinochoai (a type of wine jug), statuettes, sculpture-in-the-round, relief stelai, and temple reliefs. The overall aim of this study is to reveal the agency behind the portraiture of Arsinoë (labelled the ‘queen-image’) so as to show that her image was a fabrication of the Ptolemaic administration. In order to demonstrate this, a unique methodological approach is used that comprises elements from semiotics, Alfred Gell’s agency theory, and Richard Dyer’s star theory. This new theory is applied to the media portraying the queen that is collected into an accompanying catalogue composed of eighty-one entries, which includes both Greek and Egyptian-style representations for a holistic approach to the evidence. The material depicting the queen-image encompasses a large span of time: from the early 3rd into the 1st century BC. The first two chapters focus on the iconographic components making up Arsinoë’s portraits and categorise these elements based on the type of information – personal or public – that they convey about the queen. The iconographic elements of the queen-image are interpreted as embedded with conscious meaning: these pictorial signs are specifically chosen by the Ptolemaic administration because of the symbolism attached to them. Therefore, analysing their symbolic meaning provides insight into the royal ideology communicated by Arsinoë’s image. Chapter 3 considers the level of agency that the Ptolemaic administration had over individual portrait media in order to demonstrate the influence the administration had in the manufacture of the queen-image. Chapter 4 examines the display context of the portrait media so as to determine the accessibility of Arsinoë’s image to the population of Hellenistic Egypt thereby making it possible to characterise the audience of these works. The display context of the queen-image dictates both the types of people encountering her portrait and demonstrates the Ptolemaic administration’s success in promoting the queen to different groups. Finally, it is argued that the Ptolemaic administration used Arsinoë’s portraiture to propagate Lagid queenship, which incorporated concepts of legitimacy, authority, piety, attractiveness, fertility, and idealised femininity. As the first Ptolemaic queen to be depicted in portraitre, Arsinoë’s image becomes a model for queenship imitated by later royal women as well as a legitimising symbol for succeeding kings.
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Yair, Karen. "Craft and industry : investigating the nature and value of collaboration between crafts practitioners and manufacturers within the new product development process." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2001. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20579/.
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The thesis investigates the nature and value of crafts knowledges in the context of the new product development (NPD) process. Its aim is to develop an empirically-derived understanding of the potential benefits for both crafts practitioners and manufacturers of collaborative NPD, and of the factors influencing its outcome. The study adopted a grounded theory methodology, deriving theory from the lived experiences of participants in collaborative projects. Crafts practitioners, crafts-based manufacturers and designers with differing backgrounds and motivations were interviewed in relation to their own perceptions and experiences of the NPD process and its management. From this study, a network of inter-related case studies was developed, enabling comparative evaluation to be undertaken. Data analysis was conducted in relation to an emerging theoretical framework which drew upon an ongoing, critical review of literature relating to theories of design management, cognitive psychology, communication in design, and craft and design epistemologies. The thesis finds that the manufacturers' NPD activities were facilitated by the involvement of crafts practitioners, which resulted in significant intangible gains in addition to successful product outcomes. Collaboration was discovered in exemplary cases to enhance competitiveness, mobilising latent knowledge-based resources and learning capabilities, whilst initiating developments in organisational culture. For the crafts practitioners interviewed, the industrial environment was discovered to offer new affordances and constraints, which could then become a catalyst to creativity. In summary, the research: identifies the impact of crafts knowledges on the NPD process and its intangible outcomes. proposes strategies for the rejuvenation of the crafts-based industries. identifies problems inherent in collaboration and factors influencing project outcome. proposes implications for practitioners, manufacturers, educators and training providers. critiques theoretical advocacy for crafts-industry collaboration.
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Bernier, Marie-Charlotte. "Étude des interactions de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane manufacturées avec des cellules et des biomolécules." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1973.
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Les propriétés particulières des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane (nTiO2) liées à leur petite taille (<100 nm) en font des matériaux utilisés dans de nombreuses applications de la vie quotidienne (cosmétiques, biomatériaux…). Cependant, leurs effets sur la santé humaine et sur l’environnement sont encore mal connus. Dans notre étude, des nTiO2 anatase et des nTiO2 rutile enrobées de silice ont été testées sur deux lignées cellulaires murines modèles : les pré-ostéoblastes MC-3T3 et les fibroblastes L929. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes de leur cytoxicité, l’état d’agrégation des nTiO2 dans les différents milieux de culture a été étudié, ainsi que leur interaction avec la protéine majoritaire de la matrice extracellulaire, la fibronectine (Fn). Les conséquences de ces interactions sur l’adhésion des cellules MC-3T3 à des revêtements de Fn ont également été évaluées. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une cytotoxicité des nTiO2 dépendante du type cellulaire étudié, de la dose de nanoparticules, mais également de la nature chimique de la surface des nanoparticules. L’interaction des nTiO2 avec la Fn et la diminution de l’adhésion cellulaire dépendent aussi de la concentration et des propriétés de surface des nanoparticules. Par ailleurs, nos études de cytotoxicité concernant les pré-ostéoblastes ont montré une sécrétion de fortes doses de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-6, connue pour induire l’ostéolyse via l’activation d’ostéoclastes. Ainsi notre étude met en évidence l’urgence de reconsidérer l’utilisation de biomatériaux nanostructurés qui pourraient inhiber la reconstruction osseuseThe small size (<100 nm) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) gives them special properties that make them usefull for many everyday life applications (cosmetics, biomaterials. . . ). However, their effects on human health and the environment remain unkown or misunderstood. In this study, anatase nTiO2 and silica-coated rutile nTiO2 were tested on two murine cell lines: MC-3T3 pre-osteoblasts and L929 fibroblasts. In order to understand the cytotoxic mechanisms, TiO2 nanoparticles aggregation in different culture media and their interaction with fibronectin (Fn) –the major protein of the extracellular matrix– were studied. The consequences on MC-3T3 cell adhesion to Fn coatings were also evaluated. We have demonstrated that nTiO2 cytotoxicity depends on their concentration, the cell type, and the chemical nature of the nanoparticle surface. The interaction of nTiO2 with Fn and the decrease of cell adhesion also depend on the concentrations and surface’s nature of nanoparticles. Moreover, our cytoxicity studies concerning pre-osteoblasts have shown a secretion of high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, known to mediate osteolysis by osteoclast activation. Thus, our study highlights the urgent need to reconsider the use of nanostructured biomaterials and to determine if they could inhibit bone reconstruction
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Huchet, de Quénétain Christophe. "Nicolas Besnier (1686-1754) : architecte, orfèvre du roi, directeur de la Manufacture royale de tapisseries de Beauvais, et échevin de la Ville de Paris." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040025.
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Nicolas Besnier (1686-1754) est le fils de François Besnier, chef du gobelet du roi, et d’Henriette Delaunay. Son oncle est Nicolas Delaunay et son parrain est Corneille Van Clève. Comme architecte, Nicolas Besnier fait le voyage en Italie de 1709 à 1712 ; étudiant à l’Académie de France à Rome, il obtient le premier prix d'architecture de l’Académie de Saint-Luc en 1711. Maître orfèvre en 1714, associé à Delaunay, logé aux galeries du Louvre à partir de 1718, il est nommé orfèvre du roi par un brevet en 1723. Il travaille pour la cour de France, notamment pour le remplacement de la vaisselle ordinaire du roi et pour les Affaires étrangères, ainsi que pour les comtes de Tarroca, de Pontchartrain, les duchesses de Retz, d'Harcourt, le maréchal de Castries, les ducs de Bouillon, de Levy, Horatio Walpole, Gaspard-César-Charles de Lescalopier, William Bateman, l'église Saint-Louis-en-l'ile, la cour de Wurtemberg, etc… Il devient échevin de la ville de Paris en 1729. A cette époque, il décide de collaborer avec son gendre Jacques Roëttiers de La Tour, à qui il laissera la conduite de son atelier d’orfèvre. De 1734 à 1753, il est directeur de la Manufacture royale de tapisserie de Beauvais. Il supervise la création de nouvelles tentures par Jean-Baptiste Oudry - Métamorphoses d'Ovide, Verdures fines -, par Charles Joseph Natoire - Histoire de don Quichotte - et par François Boucher - les Fêtes italiennes, Histoire de Psyché,Seconde tenture chinoise, les Amours des dieux, la Noble pastorale, les Fragments d'opéra ; cette période est vraiment « l'âge d'or » de la manufacture. Il quitte son logement aux galeries du Louvre en 1739 et il remet son poinçon d'orfèvre en 1744Nicolas Besnier (1686-1754) is the son of François Besnier, head of the Gobelet du Roi and Henriette Delaunay. His uncle is Nicolas Delaunay and his godfather is Corneille Van Clève. As an architect, Nicolas Besnier traveled to Italy from 1709 to 1712. As student at the Academy of France in Rome, he obtained the first prize of architecture of the Académie de Saint-Luc in 1711. He became master goldsmith in 1714, partner with Delaunay, and was housed in the Galeries du Louvre from 1718. He was appointed goldsmith of the king by a patent in 1723. He worked for the court of France, notably for the replacement of the king's ordinary serveware and for the Foreign Affairs, as well as for the Counts of Tarroca, of Pontchartrain, the Duchess of Retz, of Harcourt, the Marshal de Castries, the Dukes of Bouillon, of Levy, Horatio Walpole, Gaspard-Caesar-Charles de Lescalopier,William Bateman... He became the alderman of the city of Paris in 1729. At that time, he decided to collaborate with his son in law Jacques Roëttiers de La Tour, who led the his workshop of goldsmith. From 1734, and until 1753, he was director of the Royal Manufacture of Tapestry of Beauvais. He supervised the creation of newhangings by Jean-Baptiste Oudry - Metamorphosis of Ovide, Fine verdures, by Charles Joseph Natoire - History of Don Quixote and by François Boucher - Italian festivals, Story of Psiché, the second Chinese hangings, the Loves of the gods, the Noble pastoral, Fragments of opera. This period is truly the « golden age » ofmanufacturing. He left his lodging at the galleries of the Louvre in 1739 and in 1744 gave back his hallmark of goldsmith
Books on the topic "Native manufactures"
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Preston cotton martyrs: The millworkers who shocked a nation. Lancaster [England]: Palatine Books, 2008.
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Turnbull, Jill. The Scottish glass industry 1610-1750: "to serve the whole nation with glass". Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2001.
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Wittstock, Laura Waterman. Ininatig's gift of sugar: Traditional native sugarmaking. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1993.
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Entrepreneurial nation: Why manufacturing is still key to America's future. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013.
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Smoke signals: The native takeback of North America's tobacco industry. Toronto: Dundurn, 2012.
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Militant women of a fragile nation. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2010.
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Abisaab, Malek Hassan. Militant women of a fragile nation. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2009.
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Abisaab, Malek Hassan. Militant women of a fragile nation. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2010.
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Made in Europe: A four nation best practice study. London: IBM Consulting Group ; London Business School, 1994.
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Husmann, George. The Cultivation of The Native Grape, and Manufacture of American Wines. IndyPublish, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Native manufactures"
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Anderson, Julie, Francis Neary, and John V. Pickstone. "The Changing Nature of Patients: Expectations and Information." In Surgeons, Manufacturers and Patients, 130–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596238_7.
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Uthmeier, Thorsten. "Neanderthal Utilitarian Equipment and Group Identity: The Social Context of Bifacial Tool Manufacture and Use." In The Nature of Culture, 65–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7426-0_7.
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Vercruysse, Emmanuel, Zachary Mollica, and Pradeep Devadass. "Altered Behaviour: The Performative Nature of Manufacture Chainsaw Choreographies + Bandsaw Manoeuvres." In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2018, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92294-2_24.
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Wei, Yimeng, Areti Markopoulou, Yuanshuang Zhu, Eduardo Chamorro Martin, and Nikol Kirova. "Additive Manufacture of Cellulose Based Bio-Material on Architectural Scale." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 286–304. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_27.
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AbstractThere are severe environmental and ecological issues once we evaluate the architecture industry with LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), such as emission of CO2 caused by necessary high temperature for producing cement and significant amounts of Construction Demolition Waste (CDW) in deteriorated and obsolete buildings. One of the ways to solve these problems is Bio-Material. CELLULOSE and CHITON is the 1st and 2nd abundant substance in nature (Duro-Royo, J.: Aguahoja_Programmable Water-based Biocomposites for Digital Design and Fabrication across Scales. MIT, pp. 1–3 (2019)), which means significantly potential for architectural dimension production. Meanwhile, renewability and biodegradability make it more conducive to the current problem of construction pollution. The purpose of this study is to explore Cellulose Based Biomaterial and bring it into architectural scale additive manufacture that engages with performance in the material development, with respect to time of solidification and control of shrinkage, as well as offering mechanical strength. At present, the experiments have proved the possibility of developing a cellulose-chitosan- based composite into 3D-Printing Construction Material (Sanandiya, N.D., Vijay, Y., Dimopoulou, M., Dritsas, S., Fernandez, J.G.: Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–5 (2018)). Moreover, The research shows that the characteristics (Such as waterproof, bending, compression, tensile, transparency) of the composite can be enhanced by different additives (such as xanthan gum, paper fiber, flour), which means it can be customized into various architectural components based on Performance Directional Optimization. This solution has a positive effect on environmental impact reduction and is of great significance in putting the architectural construction industry into a more environment-friendly and smart state.
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Macruz, Andrea, Ernesto Bueno, Gustavo G. Palma, Jaime Vega, Ricardo A. Palmieri, and Tan Chen Wu. "Measuring Human Perception of Biophilically-Driven Design with Facial Micro-expressions Analysis and EEG Biosensor." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 231–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_22.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the role technology and neuroscience play in aiding the design process and making meaningful connections between people and nature. Using two workshops as a vehicle, the team introduced advanced technologies and Quantified Self practices that allowed people to use neural data and pattern recognition as feedback for the design process. The objective is to find clues to natural elements of human perception that can inform the design to meet goals for well-being. A pattern network of geometric shapes that achieve a higher level of monitored meditation levels and point toward a positive emotional valence is proposed. By referencing biological forms found in nature, the workshops utilized an algorithmic process that explored how nature can influence architecture. To measure the impact, the team used FaceOSC for capture and an Artificial Neural Network for micro-expression recognition, and a MindWave sensor manufactured by NeuroSky, which documented the human response further. The methodology allowed us to establish a boundary logic, ranking geometric shapes that suggested positive emotions and a higher level of monitored meditation levels. The results pointed us to a deeper level of understanding relative to geometric shapes in design. They indicate a new way to predict how well-being factors can clarify and rationalize a more intuitive design process inspired by nature.
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Kirchhelle, Claas. "Staging Welfare: Writing Animal Machines." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements, 79–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62792-8_6.
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AbstractThis chapter uses Harrison’s personal archives to reconstruct the writing process leading up to Animal Machines. It argues that Animal Machines was as much an environmentalist and consumer-oriented book as it was about animal welfare. Harrison wrote Animal Machines between 1961 and 1964. During this period, she read scientific publications on animal behaviour, visited British farms, and corresponded with manufacturers, parliamentarians, and other campaigners—the most prominent of whom was the environmentalist Rachel Carson. Hardly any of her findings were novel. Animal Machines’ impact was instead based on Harrison’s ability to effectively stage existing concerns about intensive farming and technological alienation from nature alongside new ethology-informed concepts of animal welfare. Harrison mobilised anecdotal and scientific evidence as well as visual material to create a powerful moral contrast between a threatened romanticised countryside and a desensitised dystopian future characterised by the “factory farm.”
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Guldi, Jo. "The Tangible Shape of the Nation: The State, the Cheap Printed Map, and the Manufacture of British Identity, 1784-1855." In The Objects and Textures of Everyday Life in Imperial Britain, 23–48. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2016.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315562964-2.
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Crawfurd, John. "Husbandry of the Materials of Native Manufactures and Arts." In History of the Indian Archipelago, 439–71. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315031071-21.
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Gac, Scott. "Manufactured Nature." In Singing for Freedom, 117–23. Yale University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300111989.003.0010.
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Odikayor, Dickinson C., Ikponmwosa Oghogho, Samuel T. Wara, and Abayomi-Alli Adebayo. "Dual-SIM Phones." In Disruptive Technologies, Innovation and Global Redesign, 462–69. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0134-5.ch026.
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Dual-SIM mobile phones utilize technology that permits the use of two SIMs at a time. The technology permits simultaneous access to the mobile network services. Its disruptive nature is with reference to the mobile phone market in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Earlier market trend was inclination to “newer” and “better” phones, in favour of established single-SIM mobile phone manufacturers like Nokia and Samsung. Introduction of dual-SIM phones mainly manufactured by Chinese mobile phone manufacturing firms propelled user preference for phones acquisition which permits dual and simultaneous access to mobile network. This technology has compelled its adoption by established manufacturing names in order that they may remain competitive. It is a clear case of a disruptive technology, and this chapter focuses on it need, effects, and disruptive nature.
Conference papers on the topic "Native manufactures"
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Roy, G. K. "API Standard 616: Scopes for Different Interpretations." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-057.
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The intention of API standard 616 is to help manufacturer, or buyer of gas turbines in specifying the equipment, and is based on experience and good engineering practices over many years. Like any other standard, the definitions are broad-based to cover possibly the majority of manufacturers, and are based on experiences gathered in the industries in general. However, different interpretations are possible on some of the clauses of the standard. Each gas turbine customer has specific requirements, and the manufacturer’s objective is “Customer Focus” which means it has to fulfill the requirements of the customer totally, or even to take it a step further identify the needs that the customer has not even recognized. The common objective of providing a machine satisfying the specific requirements is difficult to achieve, when attempts are made to bridge the gaps between the customer and the manufacturer through the API standard 616. Few clauses of API standard 616 are controvertial in nature, where possibly more than one explanations are possible, and a more clear guide-line from API is needed to direct the users and the manufacturers. Turbine firing temperature, rotor insensitivity test, API 614, turbine baseplate, post-test bearing inspection, etc are some of them. In this paper these were discussed with some of the available gas turbine purchasing standards. It was concluded that standard like API 616 needs to be general in nature, so that it can be used for each specific customer, however, definitions and its’ scopes need to be clearly identified to avoid mis-use or incorrect use of the standard.
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Min, Lai, Wu Shaohong, and Yin Yunhe. "Valuing ecosystem services under grassland restoration scenarios in the Three-River Headwaters Region Nature Reserve, China." In 2013 International Conference on Manufacture Engineering and Environment Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meee131272.
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Min, Lai, Wu Shaohong, and Yin Yunhe. "Valuing ecosystem services under grassland restoration scenarios in the Three-River Headwaters Region Nature Reserve, China." In 2013 International Conference on Manufacture Engineering and Environment Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meee20131272.
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Castro, Nathan J., Christopher O’Brien, and Lijie Grace Zhang. "Development of Biomimetic and Bioactive 3D Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66107.
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Osteochondral tissue is composed of ordered and random biological nanostructures and can, in principal, be classified as a nanocomposite material. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop a novel biomimetic biphasic nanocomposite scaffold via a series of 3D fabricating techniques for osteochondral tissue regeneration. For this purpose, a highly porous Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) bone layer with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-encapsulated Poly(dioxanone) (PDO) nanospheres and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite was photocrosslinked to a Poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) cartilage layer containing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-encapsulated PLGA nanospheres. Novel tissue-specific growth factor-encapsulated nanospheres were efficiently fabricated via a wet co-axial electrospraying technique. Integration and porosity of the distinct layers was achieved via co-porogen leaching and ultraviolet (UV) photocrosslinking of water soluble poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and <150 um sodium chloride salt particles providing greater control over pore size and increased surface area. Our in vitro results showed significantly improved human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adhesion and differentiation in bone and cartilage layers, respectively. In addition, we are working on developing a novel table top stereolithography (SL) apparatus for the manufacture of custom designed 3D biomimetic scaffolds with incorporated growth factor encapsulated nanospheres for osteochondral defect repair. Our early-stage SL development has illustrated good corroboration between computer-aided design (CAD) and manufactured constructs with controlled geometry. The ultimate goal of the novel tabletop SL system is the manufacture of patient-specific implantable 3D nanocomposite scaffolds for osteochondral defect repair. The current SL system developed in our lab allows for efficient photocrosslinking of two novel nanocomposite polymeric materials for the manufacture of three-dimensional (3D) osteochondral constructs with good spatiotemporal control of growth factor release in addition to exhibiting similar mechanical properties to that of the native tissues being addressed.
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Pei, Z. J., and Alan Strasbaugh. "Fine Grinding of Silicon Wafers: Grinding Marks." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33458.
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In order to ensure high quality chips with high yield, the base material, semiconductor wafers (over 90% are silicon), must have superior quality. It is critically important to develop new manufacturing processes that allow silicon wafer manufacturers to produce high quality wafers at a reasonably low cost. A newly patented technology—fine grinding of etched silicon wafers—has great potential to manufacture very flat silicon wafers more cost-effectively. This paper presents an investigation of grinding marks in fine grinding. The investigation covers (1) nature of grinding marks, (2) factors that have effects on grinding marks, and (3) approaches to reduce grinding marks. Varying chuck speed during grinding operation is shown to be a very effective approach to reduce grinding marks. Conclusions from this study have direct impacts to the silicon wafer industry.
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Cuppoletti, John. "Composite Synthetic Membranes Containing Native and Engineered Transport Proteins." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-449.
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Our membrane transport protein laboratory has worked with material scientists, computational chemists and electrical and mechanical engineers to design bioactuators and sensing devices. The group has demonstrated that it is possible to produce materials composed native and engineered biological transport proteins in a variety of synthetic porous and solid materials. Biological transport proteins found in nature include pumps, which use energy to produce gradients of solutes, ion channels, which dissipate ion gradients, and a variety of carriers which can either transport substances down gradients or couple the uphill movement of substances to the dissipation of gradients. More than one type of protein can be reconstituted into the membranes to allow coupling of processes such as forming concentration gradients with ion pumps and dissipating them with an ion channel. Similarly, ion pumps can provide ion gradients to allow the co-transport of another substance. These systems are relevant to bioactuation. An example of a bioactuator that has recently been developed in the laboratory was based on a sucrose-proton exchanger coupled to a proton pump driven by ATP. When coupled together, the net reaction across the synthetic membrane was ATP driven sucrose transport across a flexible membrane across a closed space. As sucrose was transported, net flow of water occurred, causing pressure and deformation of the membrane. Transporters are regulated in nature. These proteins are sensitive to voltage, pH, sensitivity to a large variety of ligands and they can be modified to gain or lose these responses. Examples of sensors include ligand gated ion channels reconstituted on solid and permeable supports. Such sensors have value as high throughput screening devices for drug screening. Other sensors that have been developed in the laboratory include sensors for membrane active bacterial products such as the anthrax pore protein. These materials can be self assembled or manufactured by simple techniques, allowing the components to be stored in a stable form for years before (self) assembly on demand. The components can be modified at the atomic level, and are composed of nanostructures. Ranges of sizes of structures using these components range from the microscopic to macroscopic scale. The transport proteins can be obtained from natural sources or can be produced by recombinant methods from the genomes of all kingdoms including archea, bacteria and eukaryotes. For example, the laboratory is currently studying an ion channel from a thermophile from deep sea vents which has a growth optimum of 90 degrees centigrade, and has membrane transport proteins with very high temperature stability. The transport proteins can also be genetically modified to produce new properties such as activation by different ligands or transport of new substances such as therapeutic agents. The structures of many of these proteins are known, allowing computational chemists to help understand and predict the transport processes and to guide the engineering of new properties for the transport proteins and the composite membranes. Supported by DARPA and USARMY MURI Award and AFOSR.
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Jamalabad, Vikram R., Charles J. Gasdaska, and Jeffrey A. Chard. "Designing for Feature Preservation and Build Improvement in Fused Deposition Manufacture." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dfm-8934.
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Abstract A common problem facing designers utilizing Solid Freeform Fabrication techniques is the divergence between expected designs and obtained components. The causes range from processing issues (warpage and shrinkage) to discretization issues (reduction of 3-D components to 2-D or 1-D tool path plans). This problem is further compounded when post-processing issues (binder removal and sintering) are added on for applications like ceramic and metal part manufacture. Utilizing the build procedure to ensure that the part is built as expected is useful in reducing the time to manufacture. In addition, the preservation of features and resolution of feature conflict can be addressed. In this paper we specifically look at the toolpath generation procedures for Fused Deposition to extract information regarding the loss or alteration in original features. Further, we use this information to preserve, alter or resolve features. Due to the build procedures, the problems are inherently 2-dimensional in nature.
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Kumpaty, Subha, Renius Curtis Balu, Abhiram Pinnamaraju, Matthew Schaefer, Andrew Gray, and Scott Woida. "Characterizing Additively Manufactured Metals From a Novel Laser Wire Metal Deposition Process." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23177.
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Abstract Several tests were conducted on 316 stainless steel, and 17-4 PH stainless steel to understand the effect of additive manufacturing on their mechanical properties in general. The samples were produced via a custom-built laser wire metal deposition, with variable laser power of 3600W for 316 stainless, and 4000W for 17-4 PH, but all other printing parameters were kept same. Four different tests, Tensile, Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact, and optical microscopy were carried out to establish the material properties and surface characterization. Through our assessment, it was found that the properties of the laser-printed samples can be greatly varied by printing in an inert atmosphere, while the printing orientation and post-print heat treatment process also play a dominant role in determining the properties. This research showed that the properties of additively manufactured 316 stainless, and 17-4 PH have fared well when compared to ASTM standard values for annealed metals. Details of the results are presented. Inspecting the 316 stainless, the metal strength and hardness were high while being printed in x orientation, while the metal was much more ductile when printed in y orientation. The 316 stainless micro-structure contained no porosity or no anomalies from the samples tested. The results of 17-4 stainless samples matched the ASTM standard values for strength and hardness. But with Charpy impact tests, the results seemed slightly ductile as the values were slightly lower than the threshold. That brittle nature could have been a result of porosity that was visible under microscope. But the porosity levels decreased tremendously when the sample was once again printed in an inert environment. The results of this research have helped us understand the intricate nature of 316 and 17-4 PH stainless steels while being additively printed. The beneficial research experience of participating undergraduate students in collaboration with industry is a special feature of this project.
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Kirsch, Kathryn L., and Karen A. Thole. "Numerical Optimization, Characterization, and Experimental Investigation of Additively Manufactured Communicating Microchannels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75429.
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The degree of complexity in internal cooling designs is tied to the capabilities of the manufacturing process. Additive manufacturing grants designers increased freedom while offering adequate reproducibility of micro-sized, unconventional features that can be used to cool the skin of gas turbine components. One such desirable feature can be sourced from nature; a common characteristic of natural transport systems is a network of communicating channels. In an effort to create an engineered design that utilizes the benefits of those natural systems, the current study presents wavy microchannels that were connected using branches. Two different wavelength baseline configurations were designed, then each were numerically optimized using a commercial adjoint-based method. Three objective functions were posed to (1) minimize pressure loss, (2) maximize heat transfer, and (3) maximize the ratio of heat transfer to pressure loss. All baseline and optimized microchannels were manufactured using Laser Powder Bed Fusion for experimental investigation; pressure loss and heat transfer data were collected over a range of Reynolds numbers. The additive manufacturing process reproduced the desired optimized geometries faithfully. Surface roughness, however, strongly influenced the experimental results; successful replication of the intended flow and heat transfer performance was tied to the optimized design intent. Even still, certain test coupons yielded performances that correlated well with the simulation results.
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Stacey, Jonathan P., Matthew P. O’Donnell, and Mark Schenk. "Thermal Prestress in Composite Compliant Shell Mechanisms." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85826.
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Due to the anisotropic nature of fibre-reinforced laminates, thermally-induced internal stresses can remain in the material after manufacture. Mismatches between coefficients of thermal expansion are especially prominent in thin shells with fewer plies or large angle variations. Such stresses cause out-of-plane warping and are therefore often deliberately avoided. Utilising their effects on structural behaviour however, can enable stiffness-tailored composite compliant mechanisms. Work detailed in this paper aims to exploit thermal prestress to reduce the torsional stiffness of cross-ply tape laminate springs. An extension of an analytical tape spring model with composite thermal analysis is presented, which shows that thermal effects cause significant changes to the energy landscapes of thin composite shells. Tape springs that would otherwise be monostable structures become bistable and exhibit greater ranges of low-energy twisting when thermally-induced prestress is present. Predicted shell geometries are compared with finite element models and manufactured samples, showing good agreement between all approaches. The limited feasibility of zero torsional stiffness composite tape springs is discussed, as well as wider challenges involved in manufacturing prestressed composite compliant mechanisms such as fibre misalignment and moisture ingress.
Reports on the topic "Native manufactures"
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
Full textAbstract:
The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.