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Journal articles on the topic 'Native mounted police'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 February 2023

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1

Rowse, Tim, and Emma Waterton. "The ‘difficult heritage’ of the Native Mounted Police." Memory Studies 13, no. 4 (May 10, 2018): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698018766385.

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This article intervenes in the debate about whether and how the ‘Frontier Wars’ should be represented in Australia’s military heritage. If they were to be represented, those who resisted British colonial occupation would figure as Aboriginal patriots in a renovated heritage of Australian service to country. We point out, however, that certain historical actors have been, so far (and perhaps forever), excluded from such a revised Indigenous military heritage: those Aboriginal peoples who ‘served’ in the Native Mounted Police. While the archival record is patchy, scholarship tells us that, in their pacification of frontiers, the Native Mounted Police killed many Aboriginal peoples. Interrogating the meaning of war heritage in Australia, we discuss the politics of forgetting against the obligations of historiography to collective memory and ask: must scholarship always interrogate identity-sustaining myth, in service to the truth? To explore this question, we adopt Sharon Macdonald’s concept of ‘difficult heritage’.

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Burke, Heather, Bryce Barker, Lynley Wallis, Sarah Craig, and Michelle Combo. "Betwixt and Between: Trauma, Survival and the Aboriginal Troopers of the Queensland Native Mounted Police." Journal of Genocide Research 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1735147.

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Bleakley, Paul. "A State of Force." Contention 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2018.060204.

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Australian history is littered with examples of situations in which police have engaged in the use of force—in some cases, disproportionate violence—to maintain order and stability. In addition to this effort to control the population and ensure social order, extreme use of force was a key factor in repressing civil dissent and preventing marginalized communities from exercising their voice within the social discourse. Former Queensland Police Commissioner Frederic Urquhart was at the forefront of several high-profile examples of police enforcing social control during his tenure with the Queensland police, including the punitive expeditions of the Native Mounted Police Force, the civil disorder of the 1912 general strike, and the chaos associated with the 1919 Red Flag riots. In developing an appreciation for Urquhart’s behavior and motivations, it can be seen that the Queensland police have always served as a body dedicated to ensuring conformity through any means necessary.

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Griffin, Frederick. "Leopold Was Betrayed by Man He Befriended. Fellow Native of Bohemia "Sold out" Mounted Police Investigator." Labour / Le Travail 40 (1997): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144172.

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Gleason, Mona. "Disciplining the Student Body: Schooling and the Construction of Canadian Children's Bodies, 1930–1960." History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 2 (2001): 189–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2001.tb00084.x.

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In the spring of 1957, journalist Sidney Katz wrote a story forMaclean's Magazineentitled “The Lost Children of British Columbia” which detailed the disturbing events leading up to the forcible removal of 100 Doukhobor children from their New Denver homes by Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers. The children, all between the ages of seven and fourteen, were taken to the New Denver Dormitory, located approximately 260 miles northeast of Vancouver, British Columbia, where they remained until they reached the age of fifteen. They were not permitted to speak their native Russian, visit home (although parents were allowed brief, supervised visits to the dormitory), take holidays, or visit friends and relatives in the nearby town of New Denver.

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Tutchener, David, David Claudie, and Michael Morrison. "Results of archaeological surveys of the Pianamu cultural landscape, central Cape York Peninsula, 2014-2016." Queensland Archaeological Research 22 (September 3, 2019): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.22.2019.3699.

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This paper presents preliminary results of archaeological investigation of the northern Cape York Peninsula highlands, the homelands of the Kuuku I’yu (northern Kaanju) people. Despite intensive and long-term research programs elsewhere in Cape York Peninsula, no previous archaeological work has been undertaken in this particular region. The aim of this research was to identify the location of archaeological places and artefacts throughout the Kaanju Ngaachi Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) and the broader Wenlock region. The preliminary research results outlined here include the recording of rock art, culturally modified trees, lithic material, pastoral sites and the remains of a Native Mounted Police camp. This study clearly indicates that the highlands of Cape York Peninsula have substantial research potential; however, further work is required to achieve a greater understanding of both physical and cultural landscapes.

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Lowe, Kelsey M., Noelene Cole, Heather Burke, Lynley A. Wallis, Bryce Barker, and Elizabeth Hatte. "The archaeological signature of ‘ant bed’ mound floors in the northern tropics of Australia: Case study on the Lower Laura (Boralga) Native Mounted Police Camp, Cape York Peninsula." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (June 2018): 686–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.04.008.

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Cole, Noelene, Lynley A. Wallis, Heather Burke, and Bryce Barker. "‘On the brink of a fever stricken swamp’: Culturally modified trees and land-people relationships at the Lower Laura (Boralga) Native Mounted Police camp, Cape York Peninsula." Australian Archaeology 86, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2020.1749371.

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Barker, Bryce, Lynley A. Wallis, Heather Burke, Noelene Cole, Kelsey Lowe, Ursula Artym, Anthony Pagels, et al. "The archaeology of the ‘Secret War’: The material evidence of conflict on the Queensland frontier, 1849–1901." Queensland Archaeological Research 23 (July 21, 2020): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.23.2020.3720.

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Although the historical record relating to nineteenth century frontier conflict between Aboriginal groups and Europeans in Queensland has been clearly documented, there have been limited associated archaeological studies. As part of the Archaeology of the Queensland Native Mounted Police (NMP) project, this paper canvasses the physical imprint of frontier conflict across Queensland between 1849 and the early 1900s, focusing specifically on the activities and camp sites of the NMP, the paramilitary government-sanctioned force tasked with policing Aboriginal people to protect settler livelihoods. At least 148 NMP camps of varying duration once existed, and historical and archaeological investigations of these demonstrate some consistent patterning amongst them, as well as idiosyncrasies depending on individual locations and circumstances. All camps were positioned with primary regard to the availability of water and forage. Owing to their intended temporary nature and the frugality of the government, the surviving structural footprints of camps are generally limited. Buildings were typically timber slab and bark constructions with few permanent foundations and surviving architectural features are therefore rare, limited to elements such as ant bed flooring, remnant house or yard posts, stone lines demarcating pathways, and stone fireplaces. Architectural forms of spatial confinement, such as lockups or palisades, were absent from the camps themselves. The most distinctive features of NMP camps, and what allows them to be distinguished from the myriad pastoral sites of similar ages, are their artefact assemblages, especially the combined presence of gilt uniform buttons with the Victoria Regina insignia, knapped bottle glass, and certain ammunition-related objects.

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Seimu, Somo M. L. "THE COLONIAL COFFEE COMPULSION MARKETING POLICIES IN KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i5.2016.2690.

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This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to examine the compulsion marketing policies imposed by the Tanzania’s colonial authority among small-scale native coffee producers in the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. The policies were provided under Section 36 of the 1932 co-operative legislation. Also, the 1934 Chagga Rule; and the 1937 Native Coffee (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, which became a key and permanent coffee marketing policy in Tanzania that granted the Moshi Native Coffee Board (MNCB) and KNCU monopoly over the native produced coffee.

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11

Baumann, Robert F. "Subject Nationalities in the Military Service of Imperial Russia: The Case of the Bashkirs." Slavic Review 46, no. 3-4 (1987): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498099.

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On 6 July 1874, the government of Alexander II published an edict announcing the formation of a mounted Bashkir squadron in the Orenburgguberniia.The modest scale of the endeavor—a squadron-sized element added little to Russian military strength—belied its historic importance. The Bashkirs, in 1874, stood at a watershed in their long history of military service to Russia marking the divide between decades of irregular frontier duty and inclusion in the ranks of the regular army. The evolution of Bashkir military formations, paralleling the course of social change, offers a most instructive case in little-studied aspects of imperial policy towards subject national minorities and their employment in the armed forces in particular. A virtually forgotten component in Russia's rich military tradition, the contribution of “native” units organized among theinorodtsyof the Caucasus, the Crimea, and Asia was indeed significant.

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Meaney, Kelly M., David E. Peacock, David Taggart, and James Smith. "Rapid colonisation, breeding and successful recruitment of eastern barn owls (Tyto alba delicatula) using a customised wooden nest box in remnant mallee cropping areas of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia." Wildlife Research 48, no. 4 (2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20021.

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Abstract ContextThe introduced house mouse (Mus domesticus) causes significant economic damage to Australia’s agricultural enterprises. As part of the Marna Banggara Rewilding Project on the southern Yorke Peninsula (SYP), the present study focused on the eastern barn owl (Tyto alba delicatula) as a potential bio-controller of mice, by providing nesting spaces where natural hollows are limited. AimsTo design an appropriate pole-mounted wooden nest box, and to enhance barn-owl-breeding and house-mouse-hunting capacity on farmland adjacent to remnant native vegetation. MethodsA prototype nest box was collaboratively designed with a nest box manufacturer using data from previous barn owl studies and anecdotal reports. Eleven pole-mounted wooden boxes with platforms were installed at distances >1.4km apart on properties near Warooka, southern Yorke Peninsula (SYP), and monitored over a 6-month period using external trail cameras. Key resultsOf the 11 nest boxes installed, 55 percent were colonised within a month after establishment, and 82 percent were colonised within 7 months. Occupied nest boxes were actively used by paired owls for mating, breeding and rearing of chicks, which resulted in up to 35 fledgling owlets. ConclusionsThe nest box design successfully supported eastern barn owl colonisation and reproduction on the SYP. The inclusion of the platform not only provided easy, minimally invasive monitoring of barn owl activity and prey intake by researchers, but also increased usable space for barn owl behaviours, such as copulation and wing flapping. ImplicationsThe important nest box design elements featured in this paper, such as the platform, high entrance hole, predator-proof pole and rear door access, can be implemented in barn owl conservation, research and on farms where alternative nesting sites are limited.

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Upadhyay, Sanjina, Kevin A. Bierlein, John C. Little, Michael D. Burch, Kevin P. Elam, and Justin D. Brookes. "Mixing potential of a surface-mounted solar-powered water mixer (SWM) for controlling cyanobacterial blooms." Ecological Engineering 61 (December 2013): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.032.

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Tummers, Jeroen S., James R. Kerr, Pat O'Brien, Paul Kemp, and Martyn C. Lucas. "Enhancing the upstream passage of river lamprey at a microhydropower installation using horizontally-mounted studded tiles." Ecological Engineering 125 (December 2018): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.10.015.

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Paull, D. "The distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) in South Australia." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950585.

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This paper describes the South Australian distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) on the basis of records of its past occurrence and field surveys undertaken to determine its present distribution. Since European settlement I. o. obesulus has been recorded from four separate regions of the state: the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East, Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Subfossil remains show that I. o. obesulus also once occurred on Yorke Peninsula but there is no evidence that it has existed there in modem times. Field surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 confirmed that I. o. obesulus still exists in the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East and on Kangaroo Island. Its status on Eyre Peninsula is uncertain. Isoodon o. obesulus is vulnerable in the South East and Mount Lofty Ranges because of habitat fragmentation and predation by feral carnivores. The Kangaroo Island population is less threatened as large areas of habitat have been preserved and the fox (Vulpes vulpes) has not been introduced. The area of potential bandicoot habitat remaining in these three regions totals approximately 190 000 ha, most of which is already managed for nature conservation. This habitat is highly fragmented, occurring as small remnant patches of native vegetation separated by extensive tracts of cleared and modified land cover. The implications of this habitat configuration for the long-term survival of I. o. obesulus are discussed.

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Burns, Robert C., Teri Chuprinko, and Mary E. Allen. "Understanding Pacific Northwest (U.S.) mountain climbers’ motivations: Mount Baker, Washington, and Mount Hood, Oregon." eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 12, no. 1 (2020): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-12-1s4.

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17

De, Mriganka, and Gurpal S. Toor. "Nitrogen transformations in the mounded drainfields of drip dispersal and gravel trench septic systems." Ecological Engineering 102 (May 2017): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.039.

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18

Heiskanen, J., and R. Rikala. "Root growth and nutrient uptake of Norway spruce container seedlings planted in mounded boreal forest soil." Forest Ecology and Management 222, no. 1-3 (February 2006): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.047.

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19

Pennanen, Taina, Juha Heiskanen, and Tiina Korkama. "Dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of Norway spruce seedlings after planting on a mounded forest clearcut." Forest Ecology and Management 213, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.044.

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Karakaş, Recep, and Murat Biricik. "Birds of Mount Nemrut National Park Area, Turkey." eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 10, no. 1 (2018): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-10-1s36.

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21

Tummers, Jeroen S., Emily Winter, Sergio Silva, Pat O’Brien, Min-Ho Jang, and Martyn C. Lucas. "Evaluating the effectiveness of a Larinier super active baffle fish pass for European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis before and after modification with wall-mounted studded tiles." Ecological Engineering 91 (June 2016): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.046.

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22

Rodan, Bruce D., Adrian C. Newton, and Adalberto Verissimo. "Mahogany Conservation: Status and Policy Initiatives." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 4 (1992): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031453.

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Genuine or American mahogany is obtained from trees of the genus Swietenia (S. mahagoni, S. macrophylla, and S. humilis), and is one of the premier timbers of international commerce. The trade in mahogany commenced almost five centuries ago with S. mahagoni from the Caribbean; but following ‘commercial’ extinction of this resource, trade became centred on mahogany populations in South and Central America (S. macrophylla). The trade in mahogany is predominantly from primary forests, and has led to population and genetic resource declines — particularly in the Caribbean and Central America. More recently, there have been an increasing number of ‘commercial’ extinctions in South America. As the resource declines, pressures mount to accelerate the illegal extraction of mahogany from National Parks and lands reserved for indigenous (‘Indian’) peoples. Inability to control this trade threatens mahogany populations and genetic resources throughout its range, at the same time adversely affecting the livelihoods of indigenous peoples in the process.Mahogany often regenerates poorly following logging operations that are conducted using current management practices, and further research is required to determine the optimum biological and economic conditions for in situ silviculture. Attempts to cultivate mahogany in plantations have met with little success in the Americas, due mainly to effects of the shoot-borer (Hypsipyla grandella), a moth larva that damages terminal shoots, so leading to excessive branching and reduced timber value (Figs 3 and 4). The success of mahogany plantations in the neotropics will require the development of an integrated pest-management system, perhaps involving the incorporation of pestresistant genotypes within agro-forestry or mixed plantation systems.It is vital that appropriate silvicultural and trade practices are adopted to ensure sustainable mahogany extraction, while at the same time conserving an adequate population and genetic resource-base. To this end, effective trade monitoring and resource-regulation measures must be introduced to assist in controlling illegal trade and to encourage a scientifically managed, sustainable, utilization of mahogany. Two of the three mahogany species, S. humilis and S. mahagoni, have been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The third and only other recognized species of Swietenia, S. macrophylla, should also be considered for listing in CITES Appendix II, thereby benefiting from the international trade-monitoring and resource regulation requirements consequent upon such listing.

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Zobel, Donald B., and Joseph A. Antos. "Response of conifer shoot elongation to tephra from Mount St. Helens." Forest Ecology and Management 12, no. 2 (September 1985): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90077-5.

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Kerr, James R., Perikles Karageorgopoulos, and Paul S. Kemp. "Efficacy of a side-mounted vertically oriented bristle pass for improving upstream passage of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) at an experimental Crump weir." Ecological Engineering 85 (December 2015): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.013.

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25

Lethbridge, Mark, Michael Stead, and Cameron Wells. "Estimating kangaroo density by aerial survey: a comparison of thermal cameras with human observers." Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18122.

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Abstract ContextAerial surveys provide valuable information about the population status and distribution of many native and pest vertebrate species. They are vital for evidence-based monitoring, budget planning and setting management targets. Despite aircraft running costs, they remain one of the most cost-effective ways to capture distribution and abundance data over a broad area. In Australia, annual surveys of large macropods are undertaken in several states to inform management, and in some jurisdictions, to help set commercial kangaroo harvest quotas. Improvements in the cost efficiencies of these surveys are continually sought. Aerial thermal imaging techniques are increasingly being tested for wildlife surveys, but to date no studies have directly compared population data derived from thermal imaging with data collected by human observers during the same flight. AimsDuring an aerial survey of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus), eastern grey kangaroos (M. giganteus) and red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) across the state of Victoria, Australia, the objective was to conduct a direct comparison of the effectiveness of thermal camera technology and human observers for estimating kangaroo populations from aerial surveys. MethodsA thermal camera was mounted alongside an aerial observer on one side of the aircraft for a total of 1360km of transect lines. All thermal footage was reviewed manually. Population density estimates and distance sampling models were compared with human observer counts. Key resultsOverall, the kangaroo density estimates obtained from the thermal camera data were around 30% higher than estimates derived from aerial observer counts. This difference was greater in wooded habitats. Conversely, human-derived counts were greater in open habitats, possibly due to interference from sunlight and flushing. It was not possible to distinguish between species of macropod in the thermal imagery. ConclusionsThermal survey techniques require refining, but the results of the present study suggest that with careful selection of time of day for surveys, more accurate population estimates may be possible than with conventional aerial surveys. ImplicationsConventional aerial surveys may be underestimating animal populations in some habitats. Further studies that directly compare the performance of aerial observers and thermal imaging are required across a range of species and habitats.

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Geary, A. B., E. H. Merrill, J. G. Cook, R. C. Cook, and L. L. Irwin. "Elk nutritional resources: Herbicides, herbivory and forest succession at Mount St. Helens." Forest Ecology and Management 401 (October 2017): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.028.

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Riguccio, Lara, Patrizia Russo, Giuseppe Scandurra, and Giovanna Tomaselli. "Cultural Landscape: Stone Towers on Mount Etna." Landscape Research 40, no. 3 (November 9, 2013): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2013.829809.

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28

Politi, Patrizia I., Margarita Arianoutsou, and George P. Stamou. "Patterns of Abies cephalonica seedling recruitment in Mount Aenos National Park, Cephalonia, Greece." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 7 (September 2009): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.038.

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Christopoulou, Anastasia, Peter Z. Fulé, Pavlos Andriopoulos, Dimitris Sarris, and Margarita Arianoutsou. "Dendrochronology-based fire history of Pinus nigra forests in Mount Taygetos, Southern Greece." Forest Ecology and Management 293 (April 2013): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.048.

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30

Forsyth, David M., Andrew M. Gormley, Luke Woodford, and Tony Fitzgerald. "Effects of large-scale high-severity fire on occupancy and abundances of an invasive large mammal in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 39, no. 7 (2012): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12033.

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Context Despite large mammals being an important component of many ecosystems, there is little information on the impacts of fire on large mammal populations. Aims We evaluated the effects of the large-scale high-severity ‘Black Saturday’ fires of 7 February 2009 on occupancy and abundances of an invasive large mammal, the sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), in south-eastern Australia. Methods The effects of the Black Saturday fires on the abundance of sambar deer were assessed using repeated annual counts of faecal pellets during 2007–11 in Kinglake National Park, which was burnt, and in Mount Buffalo National Park, which was not burnt. Pre-fire occupancy was modelled from data collected at 80 4-km2 cells using three survey methods. The same survey methods were used at 15 burnt (n = 9 sampled pre-fire) and 15 unburnt (n = 5 sampled pre-fire) cells 16–24 months after Black Saturday. Because multiple surveys were performed in each cell, we used a Bayesian state–space site-occupancy model to partition changes in the probability of occupancy from changes in the probability of detection. Key results Counts of sambar deer pellets increased linearly during 2007–11 in the unburnt Mount Buffalo National Park. Pellet counts also increased linearly in Kinglake National Park from 2007 to 2008, and then decreased (to zero) following Black Saturday; pellet counts increased again in 2010 and 2011. Sambar deer occupancy was weakly reduced (from 0.99 to 0.88) in burnt cells 16–24 months after Black Saturday, but was little changed in unburnt cells (from 0.99 to 0.98). Conclusions We conclude that the abundance of sambar deer was substantially reduced by the large-scale high-severity Black Saturday fires, but that most burnt habitat was reoccupied 16–24 months later. Implications There is concern about the negative impacts of invasive sambar deer on native biodiversity, particularly immediately post-fire. Our study suggests that it takes at least 8 months before sambar deer recolonise areas burnt by a large-scale high-severity fire; however, a risk-averse approach would be to act (e.g. by erecting fences or culling) sooner than that.

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Attiwill, P. M., N. D. Turvey, and M. A. Adams. "Effects of mound-cultivation (bedding) on concentration and conservation of nutrients in a sandy podzol." Forest Ecology and Management 11, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90060-x.

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32

Subba, Phanindra. "Sources of Nepali Army’s military effectiveness during the Anglo-Nepal War." Unity Journal 1 (February 1, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v1i0.35701.

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Military effectiveness is the process by which the military converts available material and political resources into military power. The organizational revolution that took place in Europe during the period, 1500- 1700, multiplied the military effectiveness of the European states. This paper, however, aims to assess the military effectiveness of the Nepalese Army during the Anglo- Nepal War, 1814-16, in the context of the failure of many of the armies of South Asia to mount an effective resistance against the colonial onslaught. Further, it explores the sources of the Nepali Army’s effectiveness in performance rooted in Prithvi Narayan Shah’s national army in its formative phase. His concept of the nation-state, the creation of a permanent army and his policy of not limiting recruitment and promotions to the natives of Gorkha laid the foundation for a loyal, competent multi–ethnic army. Moreover, this paper states that the institutional stability provided by his successors during a period of political turbulence spared the army time to consolidate and pass its institutional memory to the following generation. War is a brutal business, and the military effectiveness of armies is tested in the battlefield in which weaknesses are severely punished after their exposures. Strong states fight to win, the weak to survive. The paper concludes that the Nepali Army proved its military effectiveness during the Anglo-Nepal War by ensuring Nepal’s continued survival as an independent, sovereign state ever.

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Luoranen, Jaana, Tiina Laine, and Timo Saksa. "Field performance of sand-coated (Conniflex®) Norway spruce seedlings planted in mounds made by continuously advancing mounder and in undisturbed soil." Forest Ecology and Management 517 (August 2022): 120259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120259.

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Guilherme, Frederico Augusto Guimarães, Angélica Ferreira Júnior, Luzia Francisca de Souza, Alécio Perini Martins, Gustavo Luz Ferreira, and Everton A. Maciel. "Effect of drainage ditches on diversity, structure and dynamics vegetation in campos de murundus (mound fields)." Ecological Engineering 182 (September 2022): 106723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106723.

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Bede, Ádám, and András István Csathó. "Complex characterization of kurgans in the Csanádi-hát region, Hungary." Tájökológiai Lapok 17, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3514.

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During the inventory of the mounds of the Körös-Maros National Park, the completre characterisation of those situated in the Csanádi-hát micro-region was conducted as well. We visited every existing and already destroyed prehistoric burial mound (most of them are Yamnaya kurgans from the Late Copper Age) based mainly on maps of the 18th and 19th centuries. We prepared a complete list of vascular plant species of each kurgan, except those ones where the total surface was ploughed. The investigated area covers 1039.41 km2. 254 kurgans were documented. From these, 64 have been already carried away or destroyed (25.2% of the total number of mounds). We have evaluated the still existing 190 kurgan’s recent stage (74.8%). 96 features (37.8%) from the total amount are used as arable fields, these were inadequate for botanical studies. On 94 mounds (37.0%), despite the annually changing agricultural utilization, different vegetation fragments were documented (forest-belts, alleys, roadside, channel banks, triangulation points, cemeteries, etc.). Several burial mounds are still preserved as fragments of the ancient loess meadow STEPPE and forest steppe vegetation. Some of the valuable plant species found dining the study are: Agropyron cristatum, Ajuga laxmannii, Carduus hamulosus, Chamaecytisus virescens, Glaucium corniculatum, Hylotelephium maximum, Inula germanica, Ornithogalum pyramidale, Papaver hybridum, Phlomis tuberosa, Ranunculus illyricus, Rosa gallica, Sternbergia colchiciflora, Vinca herbacea. Despite the fact that nature and heritage protection laws provide national conservation for these kurgans, the practical operation of the legislative is not solved. For the long-term conservation of the special vegetation of kurgans it would be required to take out the entire surface of the most valuable mounds from agricultural production and maintain their habitat (abandonment of ploughing). With the introduction of the cross compliance system (common agricultural policy of European Union), forward-looking practical initiatives have already been taken.

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36

Hosseinvand, Manouchehr, Ali Eskandari, and Reza Ghaderi. "The genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Dezful region, Iran." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 18004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6353.13.3.18004-18010.

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A survey was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in order to identify plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Basiria in Dezful region of Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Nematodes were extracted from the soil and root samples by using tray method, transferred to glycerin and mounted on permanent slides. Nematodes were identified based on morphological and morphometric characters. As a result, eight species including B. aberrans, B. duplexa, B. gracilis, B. jirians, B. tumida, B. graminophila, B. ritteri, and B. similis were identified; three species namely B. jirians, B. ritteri, and B. similis are here described and illustrated for the first time from Iran. B. jirians is characterized by body length 445–535 µm, stylet 9.0–9.2 µm, cephalic region without annuli, DGO 2.0–2.5 µm, median bulb at anterior end of pharynx, basal bulb pyriform, spermatheca non offset and tail elongate conoid with pointed to filiform terminus. B. ritteri can be characterized by body length 685–747 µm, stylet 10.5–11.5 µm, median bulb located at anterior half of pharynx, basal bulb cylindroid, spermatheca non offset and tail annulated and notched at tip. B. similis is characterized by body length 644–736 µm, stylet 10.3–11 µm, DGO 8.9–10.5 µm, basal bulb cylindroid and tail clavate.

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37

Nakhoul, Joseph, Catherine Fernandez, Anne Bousquet-Mélou, Nabil Nemer, Jihad Abboud, and Bernard Prévosto. "Vegetation dynamics and regeneration of Pinus pinea forests in Mount Lebanon: Towards the progressive disappearance of pine." Ecological Engineering 152 (June 2020): 105866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105866.

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38

Végh, Lea, and Shiro Tsuyuzaki. "Differences in canopy and understorey diversities after the eruptions of Mount Usu, northern Japan — Impacts of early forest management." Forest Ecology and Management 510 (April 2022): 120106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120106.

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39

Stewart, Kristine. "Effects of bark harvest and other human activity on populations of the African cherry (Prunus africana) on Mount Oku, Cameroon." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 7 (September 2009): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.039.

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40

Ward, Matthew J. "Patterns of box mistletoe Amyema miquelii infection and pink gum Eucalyptus fasciculosa condition in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 213, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.011.

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Schuetze, Christy. "Narrative Fortresses: Crisis Narratives and Conflict in the Conservation of Mount Gorongosa, Mozambique." Conservation and Society 13, no. 2 (2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.164193.

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42

Roth, Dik, and Madelinde Winnubst. "Moving out or living on a mound? Jointly planning a Dutch flood adaptation project." Land Use Policy 41 (November 2014): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.06.001.

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43

Cullotta, Sebastiano, and Giuseppe Barbera. "Mapping traditional cultural landscapes in the Mediterranean area using a combined multidisciplinary approach: Method and application to Mount Etna (Sicily; Italy)." Landscape and Urban Planning 100, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.012.

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44

Morimoto, Junko, Tomoko Kamichi, Ibuki Mizumoto, Shuzo Hasegawa, Masashi Nomura, and Tatsuaki Kobayashi. "Natural hybridization of Japanese Rhododendron section Brachycaryx in Mount Kintoki in eastern Japan and concerns for genetic diversity in restoring their habitat." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 2005): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11355-005-0023-z.

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45

Arce, J. A., and F. Alonso. "Factors related to the presence of theAustropotamobius pallipes(Lereboullet, 1858) species complex in calcareous mountin rivers in central Spain." Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 401 (2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2011042.

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46

Steponavičienė, Aušra, Dainius Steponavičius, Algirdas Raila, and Aurelija Kemzūraitė. "MODELLING THE OZONE PENETRATION IN A GRAIN LAYER / OZONO SKVERBTIES GRŪDŲ SLUOKSNYJE MODELIAVIMAS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20, no. 4 (November 22, 2012): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.645826.

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Studies of grain drying with ozone-air mixture were carried out to detect the ozone penetration patterns through the grain mound of various moisture content (14.6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23.0%) at different ozone concentrations (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) in the supplied air. The ozone penetration through the grain layer depends on the initial ozone concentration in the supplied air, ozonation time, velocity of the supplied air, height of the grain mound, initial grain moisture content and mycobiotic contamination of grain surface. It was determined that in a 60 cm height of the grain layer ozone is first recorded after 12 h, and at 105 cm – only after 34 h at w 0 = 19.0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. If the initial concentration of ozone is higher, it is first recorded sooner. Ozone penetration through the grain layer with higher moisture level is slower, and ozone reaction with grain surface and microflora present on it is longer. Hypothesis about the adequacy of the model (how it reflects the real process) has been verified by calculating reproduction and adequacy variance. The mathematical model could be applied for prediction of the course of grain ozonation process. Santrauka Grūdų džiovinimo ozono ir oro mišiniu tyrimai atlikti siekiant išaiškinti ozono skverbties per skirtingo drėgnio grūdų sampilą dėsningumus (14,6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23,0%), esant skirtingoms ozono koncentracijoms (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) tiekiamame ore. Ozono skverbtis grūdų sluoksnyje priklauso nuo pradinės ozono koncentracijos tiekiamame ore, ozonavimo trukmės, tiekiamo oro greičio, grūdų sampilo aukščio, pradinio grūdų drėgnio ir jų paviršiaus mikobiotinio užterštumo. 60 cm grūdų sluoksnio aukštyje ozonas pradėtas fiksuoti po 12 h, o 105 cm – tik po 34 h, kai w 0 = 19,0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. Padidinus pradinę ozono koncentraciją, ozonas pradedamas fiksuoti greičiau. Ozonuojant drėgnesnius grūdus, ozonas per jų sluoksnį skverbiasi lėčiau, vyksta ilgesnė jo reakcija su grūdų paviršiumi ir ant jų esančia mikroflora. Hipotezė apie modelio adekvatumą (kaip jis atspindi realų procesą) buvo patikrinta apskaičiavus reprodukcijos ir adekvatumo dispersijas. Sudarytas matematinis modelis gali būti taikomas grūdų ozonavimo procesui prognozuoti.

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47

Kaveri Theerthagiri Kavitha, Chirukandoth Sreekumar, and Bhaskaran Ravi Latha. "Case report of hook worm Grammocephalus hybridatus and stomach bot Cobboldia elephantis infections in a free-ranging Asian Elephant Elephas maximus in Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): 20915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6910.14.4.20915-20920.

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Elephants in the wild are susceptible to many gastrointestinal parasites. In the present study, necropsy was conducted on a free-ranging Asian Elephant Elephas maximus female aged about 15 years which died at Coimbatore forest range, Tamil Nadu state, India. The necropsy revealed that the liver was infected with round worms and the stomach was heavily infested with dipteran larvae. These round worms and larvae were collected and processed by dehydrating in ascending grades of alcohol and then cleared in carbolic acid. The cleared samples were mounted and examined under light microscopy for species identification. Faecal samples collected from the rectum were analysed by sedimentation for the presence of helminth eggs. On microscopic examination, the head end of the round worms showed a buccal capsule which possessed a pair of semilunar ventral cutting plates. Male worms showed well-developed bursa at the posterior end. The anterior end of the dipteran larvae showed two powerful oral hooks with cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Anterior spiracle appeared as a short club-shaped tube with 12 lobes. The abdominal segments of the larvae had a row of belt-like triangular spines. The posterior spiracles of the larvae had three longitudinal parallel slits in each spiracle with closed peritreme. Based on the above morphological characters, the round worms and larvae were identified as Grammocephalus hybridatus and Cobboldia elephantis, respectively. Strongyle eggs were identified in the faecal sample based on the morphology of thin shell and segmented yolk. This appears to be the first report of G. hybridatus infection in a free-ranging elephant in Tamil Nadu state, India.

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48

Kaveri Theerthagiri Kavitha, Chirukandoth Sreekumar, and Bhaskaran Ravi Latha. "Case report of hook worm Grammocephalus hybridatus and stomach bot Cobboldia elephantis infections in a free-ranging Asian Elephant Elephas maximus in Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): 20915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6910.14.4.20915-20920.

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Elephants in the wild are susceptible to many gastrointestinal parasites. In the present study, necropsy was conducted on a free-ranging Asian Elephant Elephas maximus female aged about 15 years which died at Coimbatore forest range, Tamil Nadu state, India. The necropsy revealed that the liver was infected with round worms and the stomach was heavily infested with dipteran larvae. These round worms and larvae were collected and processed by dehydrating in ascending grades of alcohol and then cleared in carbolic acid. The cleared samples were mounted and examined under light microscopy for species identification. Faecal samples collected from the rectum were analysed by sedimentation for the presence of helminth eggs. On microscopic examination, the head end of the round worms showed a buccal capsule which possessed a pair of semilunar ventral cutting plates. Male worms showed well-developed bursa at the posterior end. The anterior end of the dipteran larvae showed two powerful oral hooks with cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Anterior spiracle appeared as a short club-shaped tube with 12 lobes. The abdominal segments of the larvae had a row of belt-like triangular spines. The posterior spiracles of the larvae had three longitudinal parallel slits in each spiracle with closed peritreme. Based on the above morphological characters, the round worms and larvae were identified as Grammocephalus hybridatus and Cobboldia elephantis, respectively. Strongyle eggs were identified in the faecal sample based on the morphology of thin shell and segmented yolk. This appears to be the first report of G. hybridatus infection in a free-ranging elephant in Tamil Nadu state, India.

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Rosenfield, Derek Andrew, Alfred Acosta, Denise Trigilio Tavares, and Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto. "Potential remote drug delivery failures due to temperature-dependent viscosity and drug-loss of aqueous and emulsion-based fluids." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 17639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5745.13.2.17639-17645.

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The ability to inject wild animals from a distance using remote drug delivery systems (RDDS) is one of the most effective and humane practices in wildlife management. Several factors affect the successful administration of drugs using RDDS. For example, temperature-dependent viscosity change in aqueous (Newtonian) or water-in-oil emulsion (non-Newtonian) fluids, commonly used in tranquilizer and adjuvant-based vaccines, respectively, can potentially result in drug delivery failure. To better understand impacts due to viscosity changes, we investigated the fluid dynamics and ballistics involved in remote drug delivery. Our research was divided into two phases: we investigated the viscosimetric physics in the first phase to determine the fluid behavior under different temperature settings, simulating recommended storage temperature (7ºC), plus an ambient temperature (20ºC). In the second phase of our study, we assessed the drug delivery efficiency by specialized darts, using a precision CO2 projector and a blowgun. Efficiency assessment was done by comparing the original drug volume with the actual volume injected after firing the dart into a fresh pork hide mounted on a ballistic gel. Before testing, we configured the required minimum impact velocity for our parameters and intramuscular injection (determined as ˃ 40 m/sec). All executed dart-deployments performed satisfactorily, despite initial concerns of potential incomplete drug delivery, however, noteworthy drug loss was observed (˃10%) associated with drug residues in syringe/dart dead space and within the transfer needle. This could potentially result in inaccurate dosing depending on the drug used. Furthermore, the use of a blowgun for remote drug delivery (>3m) is discouraged, especially when using specialized darts, as the required minimum dart velocity for adequate penetration is difficult to reach, in addition to a loss of precision during targeting.

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S., Tikhonov. "Groups of Bone Arrowheads of the Elovka Settlement of the Late Bronze Period (Tomsk Region)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, no. 3 (September 2022): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(3).-05.

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The article is devoted to the identifi cation of groups of bone arrowheads found during the excavations of the Elovka settlement of the late Bronze Age, located on the left bank of the Siman (channel Ob river), 0.5 km north of the village of Elovka of the Kozhevnikovsky district in the Tomsk region. During the excavations of the settlement in 1982 by V. I. Matyushchenko stone, bone and bronze arrowheads were found, which, judging by the location in the cultural layer, can be attributed to the late phase of the functioning of the site. Th e bone arrowheads, which make up a series of 60 items, are quite like each other. Unfortunately, it is too early to talk about the typology of these items. However, they can be divided by size: short up to 12 cm, and long over 12 cm. Th is suggests two ways of their use. Short arrowheads were used for archery, which suggests active hunting of animals. Long arrowheads could have been used to mount crossbows, indicating the existence of passive hunting. There is information on active and passive hunting as in the archaeological materials of the Ist millennium BC in the sites of the Upper Ob region, and in ethnographic materials relating to the natives of Siberia in the 18th–20th centuries. Th e third group of arrowheads diff ers from the previous ones in the presence of spikes on the blades of the arrowheads, made so that they do not fall out of the wound. Judging by the fact that they were «standardized» in size, section, and proportions, it can be assumed that the ancient archers were intent on making their shooting as accurate as possible. Th is usually becomes necessary in combat conditions. This suggests that at the late stage of the functioning of the Elovka settlement, relations between its inhabitants and neighbors could become aggravated.

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