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1

Lentini, Roberta. "Integrating artificial with natural cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369102.

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Previous attempts to control cellular behavior were mainly based on genetic engineering. While useful, such an approach suffers from several complications. Living cells grow and evolve which could lead to modifications of the engineered circuits, causing not only the loss of their functions but also an altering of the environment. However, other methods are possible. All living cells can naturally sense and respond to their environment and to each other. Thus, artificial, non- living cells can be engineered to activate already existing natural cellular pathways. In this way, the genetic engineering component moves from the natural to completely artificial, laboratory-made cells. Moreover, synthetic systems operating in living organisms also depend on elements with unknown function, leaving many gaps in the understanding of how living cells work. Building life- like systems with non-living components could help reveal unrecognized but necessary cellular mechanisms. However, the design of functional, genetically encoded cell-free systems is difficult, because biological parts have been evolved to function optimally inside of living cells. In vitro conditions are different. First, some practical rules for the construction of functional synthetic circuits in vitro were defined. The Influences of the organization of genetic elements within a synthetic operon on protein expression levels were studied and optimal sequence compositions and lengths between genes to assemble genetic circuits were found. Then, artificial cells that can control the behavior of living systems were built. The artificial cells were able to sense a molecule that Escherichia coli cannot sense on its own and translate that molecule into a chemical message that E. coli can sense and respond to. The natural sensing of E. coli was expanded without genetically modifying the bacteria. Finally, to better integrate artificial with natural cells, a complete communication pathway was constructed. Bacteria speak to each other by quorum sensing. Such mechanisms mediate cell-cell communication among bacteria and regulate several cell density related processes, such as virulence. Various synthetic quorum sensing mechanisms were constructed in vitro within artificial cells. Artificial cells able to sense the presence of living cells were built. In addition, the artificial cells were capable to synthesize quorum sensing molecules for E. coli, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When integrated together, artificial cells successfully mediated interspecies communication with natural cells. Such artificial systems could be useful as therapeutic tools to defeat pathogenic infections. Moreover, the achievement of such functions represents a new way to better understand the potential of the artificial cells to mimic cellular life.
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2

Lentini, Roberta. "Integrating artificial with natural cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2015. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/1549/1/Lentini_Roberta_PhD_thesis.pdf.

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Previous attempts to control cellular behavior were mainly based on genetic engineering. While useful, such an approach suffers from several complications. Living cells grow and evolve which could lead to modifications of the engineered circuits, causing not only the loss of their functions but also an altering of the environment. However, other methods are possible. All living cells can naturally sense and respond to their environment and to each other. Thus, artificial, non- living cells can be engineered to activate already existing natural cellular pathways. In this way, the genetic engineering component moves from the natural to completely artificial, laboratory-made cells. Moreover, synthetic systems operating in living organisms also depend on elements with unknown function, leaving many gaps in the understanding of how living cells work. Building life- like systems with non-living components could help reveal unrecognized but necessary cellular mechanisms. However, the design of functional, genetically encoded cell-free systems is difficult, because biological parts have been evolved to function optimally inside of living cells. In vitro conditions are different. First, some practical rules for the construction of functional synthetic circuits in vitro were defined. The Influences of the organization of genetic elements within a synthetic operon on protein expression levels were studied and optimal sequence compositions and lengths between genes to assemble genetic circuits were found. Then, artificial cells that can control the behavior of living systems were built. The artificial cells were able to sense a molecule that Escherichia coli cannot sense on its own and translate that molecule into a chemical message that E. coli can sense and respond to. The natural sensing of E. coli was expanded without genetically modifying the bacteria. Finally, to better integrate artificial with natural cells, a complete communication pathway was constructed. Bacteria speak to each other by quorum sensing. Such mechanisms mediate cell-cell communication among bacteria and regulate several cell density related processes, such as virulence. Various synthetic quorum sensing mechanisms were constructed in vitro within artificial cells. Artificial cells able to sense the presence of living cells were built. In addition, the artificial cells were capable to synthesize quorum sensing molecules for E. coli, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When integrated together, artificial cells successfully mediated interspecies communication with natural cells. Such artificial systems could be useful as therapeutic tools to defeat pathogenic infections. Moreover, the achievement of such functions represents a new way to better understand the potential of the artificial cells to mimic cellular life.
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3

Bruno, Odemir Martinez. "Paralelismo em visão natural e artificial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-26052014-161557/.

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Nesta tese são abordados, de maneira integrada, aspectos de paralelismo em visão natural e artificial, com discussões críticas das diversas áreas relacionadas. O paralelismo é discutido no sistema visual dos primatas, assim como suas principais contribuições e motivações incentivando a incorporação de paralelismo em sistemas de visão artificial. Um dos objetivos principais é fornecer as bases de paralelismo para o desenvolvimento do projeto Cyvis-1, uma proposta do Grupo de Pesquisa em Visão Cibernética (IFSC-USP) para visão versátil, com forte motivação biológica e baseada no córtex visual dos primatas. Para tanto, foi introduzida e implementada a proposta CVMP (Cybernetic Vision Message Passage), um conjunto de ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de aplicações paralelas em visão, tanto para sistemas distribuídos como para máquinas multiprocessadores. Baseada em programação orientada a objetos, interação homem-máquina, engenharia de software e programação visual, a proposta prima pelo desenvolvimento de forma simples e amigável. O CVMP é testado, avaliado e validado quanto a aspectos de funcionalidade e utilização, através da implementação paralela de diversos algoritmos de visão computacional e de processamento de imagens (operadores locais, transformada de Hough e transformada de Fourier, entre outros) os quais, além de ilustrar a utilização da ferramenta, são discutidos em termos de arquitetura e balanceamento de carga. São apresentadas três aplicações reais de sistemas paralelos de visão computacional, implementadas através do CVMP, demonstrando a eficiência da ferramenta, na implementação paralela, na utilização e cooperação de trabalho. Duas destas aplicações (integração de atributos visuais no projeto Cyvis-1 e um modelo de complexidade com base na percepção humana), foram desenvolvidas em conjunto com outros pesquisadores do Grupo de Pesquisa em Visão Cibernética. A terceira aplicação apresenta uma proposta do autor para um sistema automático de reconhecimento de plantas arbóreas (Botânica)<br>This thesis addresses, in an integrated way, the concept and usage of parallelism in natural and artificial vision. It starts by revising the primate visual system, and discussing how its principles and solutions can be extended to computational systems. One of the main objectives is to supply the parallelism backbone for the development of the Cyvis-1 System, which is a proposal of the Cybernetic Vision Research Group (IFSC-USP) for versatile vision, presenting a strong biological motivation, especially regarding the primate visual cortex. In order to achieve these objectives, the CVMP - Cybernetic Vision Message Passage - had to be developed, representing a set of simple and friendly parallel tools for computer vision applications in distributed and parallel (multiprocessor) systems, which is based on object oriented programming, human-machine interaction, software engineering and visual programming. The CVMP is tested, evaluated and validated with respect to functionality and utilization through the parallel implementation of several algorithms in computer vision and image processing (local operators, Hough transform, Fourier transform, etc.) which, in addition to illustrating the tools, are also discussed as far as their architecture and load balancing is concerned. Three applications of parallel computer vision systems to real situations are presented and implemented by using CVMP, corroborating the effectiveness of the tools in the parallel implementation, usage, and researcher integration. Two such applications (visual attributes integration in Cyvis-1 and a human complexity model) have been developed in collaboration with other researchers at the Cybernetic Vision Research Group. The third application presents the author\'s proposal for an automated system for arboreal plants recognition (Botany)
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4

Mirzakulova, Ekaterina Viktorovna. "Natural and Artificial Flavin-Based Catalysis." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1371415783.

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5

Lindblom, Jessica. "Social Situatedness of Natural and Artificial Intelligence." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-626.

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<p>The situated approach in cognitive science and artificial intelligence (AI) has argued since the mid-1980s that intelligent behaviour emerges as a result of a close coupling between agent and environment. Lately, many researchers have emphasized that in addition to the physical environment, the social environment must not be neglected. In this thesis we will focus on the nature of social situatedness, and the aim of this dissertation is to investigate its role and relevance for natural and artificial intelligence.</p><p>This thesis brings together work from separate areas, presenting different perspectives on the role and mechanisms social situatedness. More specifically, we will analyse Vygotsky's cognitive development theory, studies of primate (and avian) intelligence, and last, but not least, work in contemporary socially situated AI. These, at a first glance, quite different fields have a lot in common since they particularly stress the importance of social embeddedness for the development of individual intelligence.</p><p>Combining these separate perspectives, we analyse the remaining differences between natural and artificial social situatedness. Our conclusion is that contemporary socially artificial intelligence research, although heavily inspired by empirical findings in human infants, tends to lack the developmental dimension of situatedness. Further we discuss some implications for research in cognitive science and AI.</p>
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6

Young, Rupert. "Visual control in natural and artificial systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843083/.

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The desire to produce artificial vision systems which behave in an intelligent, humanlike way or which can autonomously and automatically perform tasks currently only performed by humans has been a goal of Artificial Intelligence research for many decades. Until recently much of the research concentrated on extracting visual representations of objects from single, static scenes. The last decade has seen an increase in interest concerning mobile robotics for navigation, planning and autonomous control as well as for the interpretation of events in real, dynamic scenes. Presented in this thesis is research on artificial vision systems from two different, but both necessary, standpoints. One concerns low-level vision-based behaviour of object tracking based upon a naturalistic theory of perception and behaviour within living systems. The other takes a more application and engineering based approach and its goal is to address high-level scene interpretation and control of processing resources. Numerous experiments are presented to demonstrate the various issues. The two main experiments, corresponding to the two research streams, are a system which is able to fixate complex multi-coloured objects and a fully integrated vision system for predicting and following, with a mobile sensor, events in a dynamic scene.
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7

Voznytsia, Anastasiia. "Operational objectives of natural and artificial systems." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50990.

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1. Aziz, Abd El; Rasha Fady (2013). "Business Improvement using Organisational Goals, Riva Technique and e-Business Development Stages". Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 2. "Difference Between Strategic & Operational Objectives". Small Business. Retrieved November 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Hoang, Paul (2007). "Unit 1.3." Business & Management. IBID. pp. 40–51. 3. Harel, David. (2014). Algorithmics The Spirit of Computing. Springer Berlin. ISBN 978-3-642-44135-6. OCLC 876384882. 4. Schaeffer J. (2009) Didn't Samuel Solve That Game?. In: One Jump Ahead. Springer, Boston, MA<br>The work is devoted to the review and analysis of goals of natural and artificial systems functioning. The state of the system is usually referred to as several properties of the basic ones, which the system manages at a certain period of time. The fundamental property of systems is their stability, i.e. the ability of the system to withstand external influences. Life expectancy of the system depends on it.<br>Робота присвячена огляду та аналізу цілей функціонування природних та штучних систем. Стан системи зазвичай називають декількома властивостями основних, якими система управляє протягом певного періоду часу. Основною властивістю систем є їх стабільність, тобто здатність системи протистояти зовнішнім впливам. Від цього залежить тривалість життя системи.
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8

Pires, André Rama. "A evidência do natural." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12661.

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9

Woolfson, Adrian. "Natural and artificial forms of human CD1 genes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282946.

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10

Vasconcelos, Margarida Perloiro Morgadinho Pablo. "Densidade urbana entre o natural e o artificial." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14436.

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11

Koroidov, Sergey. "Water splitting in natural and artificial photosynthetic systems." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86363.

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Photosynthesis is the unique biological process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, for example sugars, using the energy of sunlight. Thereby solar energy is converted into chemical energy. Nearly all life depends on this reaction, either directly, or indirectly as the ultimate source of their food. Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. This process created the present level of oxygen in the atmosphere, which allowed the formation of higher life, since respiration allows extracting up to 15-times more energy from organic matter than anaerobic fermentation. Oxygenic photosynthesis uses as substrate for the ubiquitous water. The light-induced oxidation of water to molecular oxygen (O2), catalyzed by the Mn4CaO5 cluster associated with the photosystem II (PS II) complex, is thus one of the most important and wide spread chemical processes occurring in the biosphere. Understanding the mechanism of water-oxidation by the Mn4CaO5 cluster is one of today’s great challenges in science. It is believed that one can extract basic principles of catalyst design from the natural system that than can be applied to artificial systems. Such systems can be used in the future for the generation of fuel from sunlight. In this thesis the light-induced production of molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) by PSII was observed by membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. By analyzing this observation is shown that CO2 not only is the substrate in photosynthesis for the production of sugars, but that it also regulates the efficiency of the initial steps of the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis by acting, in form of HCO3-, as acceptor for protons produced during water-splitting. This finding concludes the 50-years old search for the function of CO2/HCO3− in photosynthetic water oxidation. For understanding the mechanism of water oxidation it is crucial to resolve the structures of all oxidation states, including transient once, of the Mn4CaO5 cluster. With this application in mind a new illumination setup was developed and characterized that allowed to bring the Mn4CaO5 cluster of PSII microcrystals into known oxidation states while they flow through a narrow capillary. The optimized illumination conditions were employed at the X-ray free electron laser at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) to obtain simultaneous x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at room temperature. This two methods probe the overall protein structure and the electronic structure of the Mn4CaO5 cluster, respectively. Data are presented from both the dark state (S1) and the first illuminated state (S2) of PS II. This approach opens new directions for studying structural changes during the catalytic cycle of the Mn4CaO5 cluster, and for resolving the mechanism of O-O bond formation. In two other projects the mechanism of molecular oxygen formation by artificial water oxidation catalysts containing inexpensive and abundant elements were studied. Oxygen evolution catalyzed by calcium manganese and manganese only oxides was studied in 18O-enriched water. It was concluded that molecular oxygen is formed by entirely different pathways depending on what chemical oxidant was used.  Only strong non-oxygen donating oxidants were found to support ‘true’ water-oxidation. For cobalt oxides a study was designed to understand the mechanistic details of how the O-O bond forms. The data demonstrate that O-O bond formation occurs by direct coupling between two terminal water-derived ligands. Moreover, by detailed theoretical modelling of the data the number of cobalt atoms per catalytic site was derived.
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Li, Shanghao. "Theoretical Insight into Mechanisms of Natural and Artificial Metalloproteases." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/265.

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In this study, theoretical and computational approaches have been utilized to investigate the mechanisms of natural and artificial metalloproteases. The active sites of most natural metalloproteases contain a tetrahedral zinc center, coordinated by three amino acid residues combinated from His(N), Cys(S), Glu(O), and Asp(O) with a water molecule as the fourth ligand. However, the roles played by the ligands environment in the catalytic functions of enzyme are not clear. In this study, the effects of different ligand combinations (NS2, N2S, N2O, N3, S3, NO2 and NSO) in the mechanism were investigated energy barriers were compared. The machanism and energetics of the substrate bound artificial metalloproteases Ni(II)cyclen (cyclen: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) and Cd(II)cyclen have been investigated. In addition, the mechanism of hydrolysis of Phe-Phe peptide bond catalyzed by another artificial metalloprotease [Pd(H2O)4]2+ has also been studied.
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Arican, Zafer. "Vision-based Robot Localization Using Artificial And Natural Landmarks." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605333/index.pdf.

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In mobile robot applications, it is an important issue for a robot to know where it is. Accurate localization becomes crucial for navigation and map building applications because both route to follow and positions of the objects to be inserted into the map highly depend on the position of the robot in the environment. For localization, the robot uses the measurements that it takes by various devices such as laser rangefinders, sonars, odometry devices and vision. Generally these devices give the distances of the objects in the environment to the robot and proceesing these distance information, the robot finds its location in the environment. In this thesis, two vision-based robot localization algorithms are implemented. The first algorithm uses artificial landmarks as the objects around the robot and by measuring the positions of these landmarks with respect to the camera system, the robot locates itself in the environment. Locations of these landmarks are known. The second algorithm instead of using artificial landmarks, estimates its location by measuring the positions of the objects that naturally exist in the environment. These objects are treated as natural landmarks and locations of these landmarks are not known initially. A three-wheeled robot base on which a stereo camera system is mounted is used as the mobile robot unit. Processing and control tasks of the system is performed by a stationary PC. Experiments are performed on this robot system. The stereo camera system is the measurement device for this robot.
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Cameron, Craig G. "Natural and artificial fluorescence on 3-dimensional bioorganic nanostructures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53451.

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A challenge exists for understanding the origin of color for structurally colored, 3-dimensional bioorganic nanostructures, such as the scales of butterflies, beetles, and moths. Complex, hierarchical structures found within such scales create the overall scale appearance. The controlled alteration of color through material deposition and the addition of new optical functionalities to such structures are other areas of scientific interest. This dissertation addresses these challenges with a first-of-its-kind, systematic isolation (deconstruction) of scale component nanostructures, followed by evaluation of optical property/structure correlations. The additive deposition (constructive alteration) of emissive materials to structurally-colored templates complements this deconstructive approach towards understanding the origin of color in butterfly scales. Discoveries made through this work may help advance the bioinspired design of synthetic optical structures and subsequent color control through the addition of multilayered, emissive optical components.
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Ramey, Holly Rene. "Mapping natural and artificial selection events in animal genomes." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10182613.

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Oliveira, Inês Mouco de. "Entre o natural e o artificial, uma topografia urbana." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13556.

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Sichula, Vincent A. "Flavins and Their Analogues as Natural and Artificial Catalysts." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1294288149.

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18

Smith, Terrance J. "Foot and Ankle Injuries: Artificial Turf vs. Natural grass." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1470240556.

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Rosolem, Rafael. "Land Surface Processes In Natural and Artificial Tropical Ecosystems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194510.

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Land Surface Parameterization (LSP) schemes have evolved from simple tipping-bucket models to fully interactive models, including parameterizations which account for exchanges of momentum, energy, mass, and biogeochemistry. As the demand for greater realism has increased, so has the complexity of LSPs which now includes some parameters that may not be universally relevant to all regions of the globe. The performance of LSP schemes depends on the magnitude of structural, data-related (input and output), and parameter uncertainties in the model. Parameter estimation uncertainty can be reduced by calibrating LSPs against measurements available at field sites. Given the multiple outputs of the models, multi-objective optimization approaches are performed. Some of the parameter values used in LSPs have originally obtained from laboratory studies which analyzed plant behavior under a range of conditions in enclosed chambers. The research described in this dissertation takes advantage of currently available data from several eddy covariance flux towers located mainly in the Brazilian Amazon basin to estimate parameter values of a widely-used LSP scheme, version 3 of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB3). Background climatological data was used to assess the representativeness of the data collection period that might have affected model calibration. Variance-based sensitivity analysis was then used to investigate potential structural deficiencies in SiB3 and to reduce the dimensionality of the subsequent optimization by identifying those model parameters that merit calibration. Finally, some structural and conceptual aspects of SiB3 were tested inside Biosphere 2 Tropical Rain Forest biome (B2-TRF) under meteorological conditions that resemble those predicted in future climate scenarios for the Amazon basin.
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Säberg, Mikael. "Sustainability of Artificial Turf Fields : Comparative life cycle assessment of artificial and natural turf fields." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177901.

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Soccer accounts for a third of the Swedish sports movement with 3 503 fields of both natural and artificial turf. The European Union will make a decision in 2021 on how to handle the issue of rubber performance infill. This infill can be found in artificial turf fields and are used for performance properties. The problem with this infill is the microplastics that spreads into the nature which is considered as toxic. Because of this the EU have decided to either ban or provide mandatory rules to reduce the spread of rubber performance infill. The north and the majority of Sweden’s climate is not adapted for play of soccer on natural turf according to FIFA, and EU want to ban or provide mandatory rules for artificial turfs. This action from the EU can perturb the entire Swedish sports movement since soccer accounts for a third of that movement. This study was therefore created to show if artificial turf fields are as bad for the environment as rumours has said compared with the natural turfs. To investigate this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed regarding the global warming potential (GWP) and embodied water consumption for three different field types: an artificial turf field with recycled SBR, an artificial turf field with cork and a natural turf field. The result visualised that a natural turf field had the highest embodied water consumption and the highest impact on the GWP of a ten-year life cycle while the artificial turf field with recycled SBR had the least embodied water consumption and the least impact on the GWP. The findings of this LCA were that Sweden for the moment is dependent on artificial turf and the rubber performance infill, since the material properties are the best adapted to their climate. Therefore, a ban would be a risk for the Swedish sports movement. It was also revealed that natural turf fields in Sweden consumes at least 50 % municipal drinking water when irrigate. The high GWP impact came from the production of fertilisers (NPK). This report has shown how artificial turf and natural turf can work together in an industrial symbiosis by making the artificial turf field constructed to collect rainwater and use that water to irrigate the natural turf with.
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Ealey, Douglas. "Natural language acquisition in large scale neural semantic networks." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310843.

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Zhu, Shuxiang. "Big Data System to Support Natural Disaster Analysis." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1592404690195316.

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23

Whalen, Joann. "Evaluation of soil Arylsulfatase enzymes using natural and artificial substrates." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22826.

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The response of soil arylsulfatase enzymes to natural and artificial substrates was evaluated. An immobilized arylsulfatase reactor was used to hydrolyse ester sulfate compounds in two soils with different morphological properties and management schemes. Hydrolysable ester sulfates cleaved by the immobilized arylsulfatase reactor constituted 35 to 55% of the HI-reducible S in these soils. Naturally occurring low molecular weight (LMW) ester sulfate compounds were found to accumulate in soil and persist during storage. These compounds were examined as the naturally occurring substrate for soil arylsulfatase enzymes.<br>Arylsulfatase activity was evaluated using artificial (p-nitrophenol sulfate) and natural (LMW ester sulfates) substrates. The response of arylsulfatase activity in soil and humic-arylsulfatase complexes to p-nitrophenol sulfate did not reflect the ability of these complexes to hydrolyse natural soil substrates.<br>A preliminary experiment was conducted to examine arylsulfatase activity and soil sulfur in relation to sulfur in plant tissue and grain from wheat. Tissue sulfur was more strongly associated with soil sulfur than wheat grain.
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Bentley, Katie Anne. "Adaptive behaviour through morphological plasticity in natural and artificial systems." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444539/.

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Our concept of intelligence is changing. Embodiment has led to the rise of morphologies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. This thesis focuses on two research questions: 1) How can system morphologies, well-adapted to changing environments, be designed? 2) How can adaptive behaviour be generated through morphology? It is the fundamental argument of this thesis that morphological plasticity (MP), the environmentally induced variation in growth or development, can provide a solution to both questions. Specifically, this thesis is based around a detailed study of diatom valve morphogenesis. Diatoms, a unicellular organism, construct intricate siliceous structures (valves) around themselves which exhibit high plasticity to the environment. Diatom valve morphogenesis is a good example of how morphologies can be well-adapted to changing environments, an open problem in AI, and how adaptive behaviour can be generated through morphological processes alone. Through a constructivist approach this thesis contributes to both understanding of MP in natural systems and the design of MP algorithms for artificial adaptive systems. Several original models and frameworks are defined within this thesis: the Nature's Batik Model of basic diatom valve morphogenesis the Cellanimat, a 'Dynamic Morphology' based on the unicell, capable of MP driven adaptive behaviour through its unique 'Artificial Cytoskeleton' model of cytoskeletal dynamics the Environment-Phenotype Map framework and the Cellanimat Colony Model, which combines all previous models for the investigation of MP mechanisms during diatom colony formation. Cellanimat dynamics and optimization are thoroughly investigated and the model is shown to be multi functional, evolvable, scalable and reasonably robust.
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Wulff, Brande Bruce Hertel. "Natural and artificial evolution of tomato Cf-9 resistance homologues." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249755.

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Demirtaş, Fatma Aslıhan 1970. "Artificial nature : water infrastructure and its experience as natural space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65716.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-163).<br>This work is about water infrastructure and its experience as urban and natural space. It deals with the concepts of nature/geography, technology, and the integral experiential space by analyzing water dams and reservoirs that are more than utilitarian structures. In the process of formulating the concept of ARTIFICIAL NATURE, an expanded definition of 'built activity' to embrace landscape/nature, infrastructure, and technology as well as imaginative and mental space is pursued. The specific sites of investigation range from Thrace to Central and Southeastern Anatolia in Turkey from 1920-2000.<br>by Fatma Aslıhan Demirtaş.<br>S.M.
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Li, Dan M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Fluid atmospheres : adaptive interplay between natural and artificial light projection." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103472.

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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-95).<br>Imagine. This is the same daily route you travel and the same space you pass through. And it is not. How do we create an adaptive and customized space with no materials at all? Can the generic be customized and specific at the same time? Given extra layers of "light" a compose-able architecture is yet to come. A building is a living, breathing space that is ever moving and rapidly morphing - its animus is time. Take a closer look at the surfaces that enclose our space: there are screens with news, lectures, movie clips; there are windows, shadows and shade created by lights of all different kinds; there are colors and ornamentations that inform us of the history of our architectural lineage. Sunlight naturally creates an evolving atmosphere with the change in time and the seasons; now, with new technologies, we can create even more dynamic atmospheres with light that engage and collaborate with the sun. Light exists in two forms: natural light and artificial light created from technology. Sunlight creates our everyday perception of the physical world, and thus, our ability to understand and live in the space around us. Nevertheless, "digital light" is becoming a larger and larger part of our lives, as we perceive and create information through the medium of a screen. However, "digital light" does not always need to be flat -- through projection mapping, we can create a three-dimensional light that leaves the 2D surface of the screen and is responsive to the environment of the physical world. Using this method, our perception of the physical space will not only change due to the passing of the sun, but also from our own agency in creating altered environments through designed projection systems. This project creates a methodology and a toolkit to design dynamic spaces with natural and projection lighting that allows for customization and alterations of space. Through this system, the static building itself becomes the instrument that is played. This project also demonstrates these tools through investigating projections with light in the atrium of MIT Brain and Cognitive Sciences Complex building.<br>by Dan Li.<br>M. Arch.
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Raj, Towfique. "Molecular signatures of natural and artificial selection in mammalian genomes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609021.

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Faísca, Pedro Miguel Portela. "Comparison of organic matter decomposition between natural and artificial ponds." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/24405.

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Litter decomposition is a key ecosystem service within aquatic ecosystems and is a complex process that is sensitive to environmental factors. The role of microbial and macrofaunal decomposers, and how it changes across environmental gradients is not yet fully understood. Decomposition was assessed across 6 biogeographical regions to determine the role of macroinvertebrates in this ecosystem service. Decomposition was estimated using standardized cotton strips, which were deployed in the mesocosms of each region. The role of macroinvertebrates was tested with an exclusion experiment which allowed or prevented the access of macroinvertebrates to cotton strips, a similar experiment was also conducted in natural ponds. After 64 days the cotton strips were collected, and mass loss and tensile strength were measured. There were significant differences in the rate of decomposition across different regions and no differences were found between systems. Macroinvertebrates played an important role, with gatherers being major players; Resumo: A decomposição é um serviço de ecossistema chave e um processo complexo sensível a factores ambientais. O papel de decompositores microbianos e da macrofauna, e como este papel muda num gradiente ambiental não é completamente entendido. A decomposição foi avaliada em 6 zonas biogeográficas para determinar o papel de macroinvertebrados neste serviço de ecossistema. A decomposição foi estimada utilizando tiras de algodão, colocadas em mesocosmos nas diferentes regiões. O papel dos macroinvertebrados foi testado através de uma experiência de exclusão que permitia ou impedia o acesso de macroinvertebrados às tiras, uma experiência semelhante foi realizada em charcos naturais. Ao fim de 64 dias, as tiras de algodão foram recolhidas e a perda de massa e tensão foram quantificadas. Encontraram-se diferenças significativas na decomposição entre as diferentes regiões, mas não se observaram diferenças entre sistemas. Os macroinvertebrados têm um papel importante neste serviço de ecossistema, sendo as espécies colectoras as mais importantes
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Li, Junyan. "Computational biomechanics/biotribological modelling of natural and artificial hip joints." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5500/.

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The excellent hip function and potential degeneration are closely linked with the unique structure of the joint cartilage that is principally composed of a solid phase and a fluid phase. Once damaged, the joint may need to be replaced by prosthesis in order to restore function in hip kinematics and kinetics. However, to what extent this can be achieved has yet to be quantified. On the other hand, the role of fluid pressurisation which plays in hip function has been poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was to address these issues. To evaluate the gait abnormality, particularly in terms of hip contact forces, a musculoskeletal model of lower extremity was constructed in a rigid-body dynamics frame, and the hip kinematics and kinetics were determined and cross-compared for a group of asymptomatic total hip replacement (THR) patients, THR patients with symptoms of symptomatic leg length inequality (LLI) and normal healthy people. Significant abnormal patterns in gait kinetics were observed for the asymptomatic THR patients, and this abnormality was greater for the LLI patients. To understand contact mechanics and the associated fluid pressurisation within the hip cartilage, a three dimensional finite element (FE) hip model with biphasic cartilage layers were developed. The protocol was compared to other solvers. A set of sensitivity studies were undertaken to evaluate the influence of model parameters, and then the model was evaluated under a range of loads with different activities. In all the cases, the fluid supported over 90% of the load for a prolonged period, potentially providing excellent hip function and lubrication. The musculoskeletal model and FE joint were combined to investigate the performance of the non-operated joint of the THR / LLI patients during gait which was found to function in a mechanically abnormal but not adverse environment. Lastly, the methodology of the biphasic hip modelling was validated using an experimental porcine hip of hemiarthroplasty. Good agreement was achieved between the FE predictions and the experimental measurement of the contact area.
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Leal, Ana Maria. "Conditioning of Manila clam broodstock on natural and artificial diets." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/conditioning-of-manila-clam-broodstock-on-natural-and-artificial-diets(0ec43f18-fa32-4d46-9dab-e8e7ea2979ee).html.

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Two trials in 1991 and another two in 1992 were carried out on the broodstock conditioning of Manila clams, Tapes philippinarum. The main objective was to manipulate the lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content of Manila clam eggs by maintaining broodstock in different dietary regimes. The second objective was to assess dried algae as alternative diets for conditioning broodstock. Clams were brought into the laboratory from the natural environment early in the year, before gametogenesis had started. Supplements of cultured live (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana) and dried algae (T. suecica) diets were fed to the broodstock, usually in a range of mixed diets, at rations equivalent to 3% or 6% of the initial dry meat weight of the broodstock in dry weight of algae per day. The microalgae differed in their long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content (PUFA). Unfed control clams received only the organic material which remained in the sea water after sand filtration. The nutritional value of these diets in relation to gametogenesis, fecundity, quality of eggs, and viability and growth of larvae were assessed. Dry T. suecica was the same food value as live T. suecica but Manila clams produced more eggs if supplements of live algae were added. The requirement for conditioning Manila clams (32 mm shell length) to spawn with live or dry T. suecica+S. costatum was 500 to 700 "day-degrees" (D°). With dry T. suecica on its own or mixed with I. galbana, S. costatum and D. tertiolecta it was 500 to 600 Do (44 mm shell length). In one trial clams spawned in the tanks (equivalent to 462 Do) before the first attempt to spawn them was made. Successful spawning was dependent on the quantity and quality of the algal diet during gametogenesis. With a 6% food ration, clams fed dry T. suecica+S. costatum or dry T. suecica+l. galbana produced the highest number of eggs (an average of 3.2 and 4.5 million eggs per female, respectively). The average fecundity was 83% lower when the diet was reduced to a 3% food ration. The dry meat weight, condition index and fecundity of fed broodstock were significantly higher than for unfed animals. The quantity of lipid in the eggs, usually between 4 and 9 ng egg-1, was similar whatever the broodstock diet. However, levels of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20: 5w3 and 22: 6w3 in the eggs were low if the broodstock diet was deficient in these PUFAs. Even though diet manipulation caused changes in the fatty acid composition of the eggs, growth and survival of Manila clam larvae was not reduced in a hatchery situation.
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Dittmar, George William. "Object Detection and Recognition in Natural Settings." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/926.

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Much research as of late has focused on biologically inspired vision models that are based on our understanding of how the visual cortex processes information. One prominent example of such a system is HMAX [17]. HMAX attempts to simulate the biological process for object recognition in cortex based on the model proposed by Hubel & Wiesel [10]. This thesis investigates the ability of an HMAX-like system (GLIMPSE [20]) to perform object-detection in cluttered natural scenes. I evaluate these results using the StreetScenes database from MIT [1, 8]. This thesis addresses three questions: (1) Can the GLIMPSE-based object detection system replicate the results on object-detection reported by Bileschi using HMAX? (2) Which features computed by GLIMPSE lead to the best object-detection performance? (3) What effect does elimination of clutter in the training sets have on the performance of our system? As part of this thesis, I built an object detection and recognition system using GLIMPSE [20] and demonstrate that it approximately replicates the results reported in Bileschi's thesis. In addition, I found that extracting and combining features from GLIMPSE using different layers of the HMAX model gives the best overall invariance to position, scale and translation for recognition tasks, but comes with a much higher computational overhead. Further contributions include the creation of modified training and test sets based on the StreetScenes database, with removed clutter in the training data and extending the annotations for the detection task to cover more objects of interest that were not in the original annotations of the database.
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Lacerda, Jose Neves de. "Generalização de fatos na compreensão de textos em linguagem natural." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1996. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/158062.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-08T21:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 104809.pdf: 2836599 bytes, checksum: 361e8157da674b3f2eeef6595b3db383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996<br>As comunicações humanas são, de forma geral, incompletas em relação ao seu conteúdo. Muito conhecimento é transmitido em poucas palavras. Isso é possível porque existe, em nossa memória, um conhecimento pré-existente sobre o mundo, suas coisas, e interrelações existentes entre estas coisas, que nós utilizamos para complementar as lacunas existentes nas comunicações recebidas. Sistemas quc compreendam a linguagem humana, estudados em Inteligência Artificial, precisam ser capazes de fazer esse tipo de atividade, para nós tão natural. O uso adequado desse recurso dá ao sistema uma capacidade de interpretação maior do que a oferecida pela pura análise sintático-semântica das sentenças. O objetivo dessa dissertação é descrever um processo automático de criação dessas estruturas de dados, de forma a poderem, posteriormente, ser utilizadas na interpretação de textos em linguagem natural. Tratadas aqui como ?fatos genéricos?, seu papel é o de representar aquilo que conhecemos como senso comum. Essa dissertação descreve um sistema que ?compreende? textos escritos em linguagem natural e, a partir dos fatos identificados nessa compreensão, constrói estruturas semânticas, manipuláveis, que representam genericamente estes fatos. Apresentamos a base teórica, as definições das estruturas semânticas e das bases de dados utilizadas, os algoritmos de análise, interpretação e generalização de fatos, e demonstramos o funcionameato do sistema implementado. Problemas relacionados às alternativas adotadas são discutidos.
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Lima, Sergio Muinhos Barroso. "Implementando um tradutor de linguagem natural para a linguagem LEGAL." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276000.

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Orientador: Adriane Maria Brito R. de Carvalho<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T21:19:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_SergioMuinhosBarroso_M.pdf: 2073959 bytes, checksum: 569cb45e9ea6c4ef831d95ad96d1eb14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997<br>Resumo: Nesta dissertação é apresentada a implementação de um tradutor de linguagem Natural (LN) para a linguagem LEGAL, que é uma extensão da linguagem SQL que inclui operadores espaciais e facilidades para a manipulação de campos e objetos geográficos. O objetivo deste trabalho é auxiliar os usuários de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, não especialistas em computação, na formulação de consultas através da utilização de LN. As vantagens e desvantagens da interação em LN são apresentadas, bem como a funcionalidade de cada módulo constituinte do tradutor: além disso, os problemas lingüísticos e as particularidades que as consultas espaciais possuem e que foram tratadas pelo tradutor são apresentadas.<br>Abstract: This dissertation presents the implementation of a Translator from Natural Language to LEGAL, which is an extension of the SQL language and which includes spatial operators to manipulate geo-fields and geo-objects. The goal of this dissertation is to help Geographical Information System users, who are not computer experts, on the query formulation, through the use of Natural Language. The advantages and disadvantages of a Natural Language interaction, the Translator's modules, the linguistic problems encountered and the spatial query's particularities are presented.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Ciência da Computação
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Thomas, Sanju. "Towards a cell-based chemo receiver for artificial insect olfaction." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/103098/.

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Infochemical communication is ubiquitous amongst all living organisms, and particularly important in insects. Because smell being the most common basic means of chemical communication, infochemical blends must be constantly decoded in order to proclaim their readiness to mate, to mark out territorial boundaries, to warn off intruders and predators or, in some cases, to locate food or predators with millisecond precision. The central challenge of the thesis was to mimic nature in both cellular and molecular levels on to a technological platform that aids in the development of a new class of technology employing chemicals alone to communicate over space and time. This thesis describes a body of work conducted in the development of a miniaturised, smart and label-free cell-based chemoreceiver for artificial insect olfaction, as part of the development of a novel biomimetic infochemical communication system. A surface acoustic wave based microsensor has been utilized to engineer and develop a chemoreceiver system that mimics the cellular and molecular mechanisms occurring during infochemical detection and decoding in insects. Successful recovery of ratiometric information with the aid of polymer-based gas-phase measurements, established the concept of chemical communication. Thus, small scale, high-throughput infochemical communication has been realized by a combination of precise spatiotemporal signal generation using fruit volatiles and insect sex pheromones with highly sensitive detection and signal processing. This was followed by the investigation of the feasibility of using the prototype cell-based biosensor system in a static mode for artificial insect olfaction applications, mimicking the cellular detection in the receptor/antenna apparatus of insects. Finally, as part of the development of a compact and low-power portable chemoreceiver system, the discrete sensor drive and interface circuitry was deployed in an analogue VLSI chip, thereby overcoming the associated measurement complexity and equipment cost, in addition to extending the reach and functionality of point of use technologies.
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Sadeghian, Keyarash. "Quantum chemical investigations on sensory photoreceptors in natural and artificial systems." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2009/1140/.

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37

Rahiman, Farzana. "The effects of artificial and natural sweeteners on various physiological systems." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5279_1319022790.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of commercially available natural (sugar cane molasses, white sugar and brown sugar) and artificial (Canderel™, Equal™, Natreen™, Sweetex™, Splenda™ and Swheet™) sweeteners on various physiological systems. The artificial sweeteners tested in this study may be categorised into their respective groups based on their primary ingredient. The brands Canderel™ and Equal™ contain aspartame, Natreen™ and Sweetex™ consist of saccharin and Splenda™ and Swheet™ are composed of sucralose. The inclusion of artificial or natural sweeteners in the human diet has been continually debated and their implication in the development of certain diseases has raised concern regarding their safe use. Therefore, it is necessary that these food products be subjected to a battery of tests to determine adverse effects on human health.
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Barreau, Guillaume. "The evolutionary consequences of redundancy in natural and artificial genetic codes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241687.

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Guinle, Maria Helena de Melo Flores. "Pensar "logo", falar "logo" : interações entre linguagem natural e linguagem artificial." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251619.

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Orientador: Afira Vianna Ripper<br>Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T09:11:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guinle_MariaHelenadeMeloFlores_D.pdf: 4873128 bytes, checksum: 4e9529de1c95ef3e99b43154fe33b6c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995<br>Resumo: No "diálogo" que se estabelece entre o aprendiz e sua leitura da linguagem computacional Logo, entre o aprendiz e a leitura que o facilitador faz da linguagem Logo, foram investigados os conceitos do Logo que suscitam zonas de imprecisão tais como ambiguidades, metáforas inadequadas, falhas conceituais. Nesse intercambio entre linguagem natural e linguagem artificial, o presente trabalho evidenciou: - que o discurso pontuado de imprecisões abriu caminho a um '"vir a conhecer" idéias poderosas pouco exploradas pelo paradigma "escolar" do conhecimento - que essa tendência a se criar uma via distinta do paradigma escolar, não se sustenta fora de uma prática regular de se depurar as imprecisões nas suas diferentes facetas<br>Doutorado<br>Psicologia Educacional<br>Doutor em Educação
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Souza, Dennis Flores de 1984. "Iluminação natural e artificial em bibliotecas da UNICAMP = diagnóstico e recomendações." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257969.

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Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Scarazzato<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_DennisFloresde_M.pdf: 324944843 bytes, checksum: aa6d27fc08ebcf863d20282fd006a816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: A luz é importante para o ser humano, pois seus atributos físicos não somente possibilitam a visão, como também encontra lugar por seu sentido metafórico na Filosofia e nas Ciências, em especial na Arquitetura. Cuidados com a apropriação da iluminação natural e com sistemas de iluminação artificial cumprem importante papel na eficiência energética dos edifícios, no bemestar e na saúde dos seus ocupantes. O Brasil possui atualmente, em fase inicial de implantação, um programa de etiquetagem voluntária de edifícios, que deverá se tornar obrigatório em futuro próximo, com vistas à regulamentação e classificação de edificações eficientes em suas características de envoltória, iluminação e condicionamento de ar. Esta pesquisa diagnosticou os sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial das bibliotecas da UNICAMP, instaladas na Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, para fazer recomendações em conformidade com as necessidades específicas do espaço e as orientações do programa de etiquetagem voluntária. Foram feitos levantamento cadastral, medições in loco com o auxílio da técnica das imagens HDR, aplicação de questionários e propostas de intervenção com o auxílio de simulações computacionais. A revisão bibliográfica situou o estado-da-arte relativo aos aspectos do objeto de estudo. Na Fase I, o levantamento cadastral permitiu levantar as condições atuais de todas as bibliotecas do campus. Na Fase II, as medições em nove bibliotecas permitiram conhecer aspectos quantitativos das iluminâncias e de distribuição de luminâncias no campo visual. A aplicação e a tabulação dos questionários permitiram colher as impressões dos usuários. Na Fase III, o exercício de projeto em uma das bibliotecas, com o auxílio das simulações computacionais, serviu para avaliar propostas de intervenção nos sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial. A escolha das amostras das Fases II e III levou em consideração a heterogeneidade dos espaços do Campus. Os resultados da pesquisa serão formalmente encaminhados aos gestores da universidade, para eventual inclusão de suas propostas nos planos de melhoria da infraestrutura de apoio.<br>Abstract: Light is important for humans, because their physical attributes not only allow the vision, but also evoke its metaphorical meaning in Philosophy and Sciences, especially in Architecture. Attention to both daylighting and artificial lighting systems plays a key role in the energy efficiency of buildings, the well-being and health of its users. Nowadays Brazil has a voluntary certification program for buildings, on initial deployment, which will become obligatory in the near future, aiming at the regulation and classification of building energetic efficiency, including lighting and air conditioning. So, this research made a diagnosis of daylighting and artificial lighting joint the libraries of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), at the University Campus Zeferino Vaz, to make recommendations in accordance with the specific needs of such spaces and following the guidelines of the referred voluntary certification program. The survey included cadastral registers, measurements in situ with the aid of the technique of HDR images, questionnaires and the development of a project with the help of computer simulations. The literature review showed the state of the art concerning the aspects of the subject studied. In Phase I, the cadastral survey allowed to find out the current conditions of all libraries on the campus. In phase II, measurements in nine libraries helped to understand the quantitative aspects of illuminance and luminance distribution in the visual field. The application and tabulation of the questionnaires allowed obtaining the users impressions about such spaces. In phase III, the development of a project in one of the libraries, with the aid of computational simulations, permitted the evaluation of some proposals for the refurbishment of the daylighting and artificial systems. The choice of samples for Phases II and III reckoned the heterogeneity of the spaces of the campus. The results of this survey will be formally conveyed to the managers of the university, for their deliberations about its implementations as part of the strategies concerning the improvement of supporting infrastructure.<br>Mestrado<br>Arquitetura e Construção<br>Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Bernal, Acosta Ramiro. "Artificial alimentation of bees using natural juices during the dry season." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1999. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5333.

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In the community of Tunshi San Nicols of the Licto parish in the Province of Chimborazo, an evaluation was done on the effect of an energetic supplementary feeding of bees (Italian-mestizas) during the dry season (September 23 to February 20). These supplements consisted of carrot juice (T1), orange juice (T2) and sugar cane juice (T3). These supplements were also compared to a control group (T0). The experimental units consisted of 16 standard beehives distributed randomly with the 4 treatments and 4 repetitions of each treatment. The results showed that sugar cane juice (T3) obtained the best results in the consumption of the supplementary feeding because it was the only treatment where its consumption increased as the nectar sources in the zone decreased. At the end of the evaluation, 17,312.50 ml. of sugar cane juice were consumed. On the other hand, only 1,486.25 ml. of carrot juice were consumed, which was the least amount out of all of the treatments. Similarly, sugar cane juice presented the least weight loss, with 1.050 kg. per beehive. In addition, sugar cane juice also presented the greatest number of breeding frames (6.950 frames per beehive), as well as the best benefit/cost index (1.15) at the end of the study.
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42

Denecour, Micah D. "Artificial Neural Networking as a Decision Tool for Natural Gas Investment." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/487.

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With the growing interest in the Marcellus Shale and its natural gas deposits, there are opportunities to purchase and hold land for investment purposes. A robust decision tool is needed to help guide investors towards the most profitable properties. Artificial neural networks have many unique benefits that make them an ideal candidate for this purpose. The artificial neural networks created in this study had nine independent variables. Combinations of these nine variables were created to describe 300 theoretical properties available for purchase. Each of these properties were then evaluated by an expert in the field and given a score from one to five to rate its investment potential, which was the dependent variable. Sixteen different network architectures were used to create over 200 neural networks. However, none of these networks met the criteria established to determine success. This is likely due to the unreliability in the data used to train the network, evidenced by the expert’s inability to reproduce previously assigned scores.
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43

Greco, Gabriele. "Experimental nanomechanics of natural or artificial spider silks and related systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257460.

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Spider silks are biological materials that have inspired the humankind since its beginning. From raising the interest of ancient philosophers to the practical outcomes in the societies, spider silks have always been part of our culture and, thus, of our scientific development. They are protein-based materials with exceptional mechanical and biological properties that from liquid solutions passes to the solid fibres once extruded from the body of the spiders. Spider silks have deeply been investigated in these decades for their possible outcomes in biomedical technology as a supporting material for drugs delivery or tissues regeneration. Furthermore, spiders build webs with the support of different types of silks to create mechanically efficient structures, which are currently under investigation as models for metamaterials and fabrics with superior mechanical properties. This diversity in materials and structures makes spider silks scientific outcomes potentially infinite. In this work, we present some of the outputs of these three years of PhD. We explored the properties of the native material across different aspects (different species and glands) and trying to find possible derived applications (tissue engineering). Then we explored the mechanical behaviour of the natural structures (such as orb webs or attachment discs) coupled with their biological functions. In order to develop to an industrial level this material, we tried to understand and improve the physical properties of artificial spider silk, which helps also in understanding the ones of the native materials.
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Greco, Gabriele. "Experimental nanomechanics of natural or artificial spider silks and related systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257460.

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Spider silks are biological materials that have inspired the humankind since its beginning. From raising the interest of ancient philosophers to the practical outcomes in the societies, spider silks have always been part of our culture and, thus, of our scientific development. They are protein-based materials with exceptional mechanical and biological properties that from liquid solutions passes to the solid fibres once extruded from the body of the spiders. Spider silks have deeply been investigated in these decades for their possible outcomes in biomedical technology as a supporting material for drugs delivery or tissues regeneration. Furthermore, spiders build webs with the support of different types of silks to create mechanically efficient structures, which are currently under investigation as models for metamaterials and fabrics with superior mechanical properties. This diversity in materials and structures makes spider silks scientific outcomes potentially infinite. In this work, we present some of the outputs of these three years of PhD. We explored the properties of the native material across different aspects (different species and glands) and trying to find possible derived applications (tissue engineering). Then we explored the mechanical behaviour of the natural structures (such as orb webs or attachment discs) coupled with their biological functions. In order to develop to an industrial level this material, we tried to understand and improve the physical properties of artificial spider silk, which helps also in understanding the ones of the native materials.
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45

Gurden, Ross Brian. "Bioinformatics approaches to studying mesenchymal stem cell behaviour on artificial extracellular matrices." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9039/.

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Stem cells have potential use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and as they underlie the development and maintenance of tissues throughout life, how they function is also of interest. The extracellular matrix presents a variety of physical and chemical signals to stem cells to regulate their behaviour in vivo. Recapitulation of these signals in vitro could enable the control of explanted stem cells to facilitate their study. Biomaterials that display extracellular-matrix inspired cues are one way to do this. By combining surface chemistry and fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein with cell binding and growth factor binding domains, the conformation of fibronectin was controlled to create artificial extracellular matrices. Adsorbed on a film of poly(ethyl acrylate), fibronectin adopted a network-like conformation which ostensibly increased the exposure of its functional domains, whereas on poly(methyl acrylate) it had an unconnected organisation with more concealed domains. The growth factors bone morphogenetic protein 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, known to bind to fibronectin, were adsorbed to the network conformation. Prior studies have reported that these artificial extracellular matrices differentially affected cell behaviour. In this work, the growth and differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cell surface marker-1 positive mesenchymal stem cells was characterised on these substrates. It was shown that all combinations of fibronectin conformation and growth factors supported cell adhesion and growth. A high-content image processing and analysis pipeline was developed to take advantage of automated fluorescence microscopy to show that cytoskeletal, nuclei, and differentiation-associated protein features distinguished cells cultured on the artificial extracellular matrices. Those on the isolated conformation and the network conformation with vascular endothelial growth factor were particularly distinct. Further, metabolomics revealed several metabolic pathways that differed in activity between the fibronectin conformations. To analyse the metabolomics data a Quick Results web application was built, which extended the existing Polyomics integrated Metabolomics Pipeline. The application improves the visualisation and interpretation of untargeted liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry metabolomics data. This work gives insights into how these artificial extracellular matrices can control stem cell behaviour, and developed and demonstrated several tools to improve the understanding of these biomaterials and the use of metabolomics data.
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46

Li, Wenhui. "Sentiment analysis: Quantitative evaluation of subjective opinions using natural language processing." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28000.

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Sentiment Analysis consists of recognizing sentiment orientation towards specific subjects within natural language texts. Most research in this area focuses on classifying documents as positive or negative. The purpose of this thesis is to quantitatively evaluate subjective opinions of customer reviews using a five star rating system, which is widely used on on-line review web sites, and to try to make the predicted score as accurate as possible. Firstly, this thesis presents two methods for rating reviews: classifying reviews by supervised learning methods as multi-class classification does, or rating reviews by using association scores of sentiment terms with a set of seed words extracted from the corpus, i.e. the unsupervised learning method. We extend the feature selection approach used in Turney's PMI-IR estimation by introducing semantic relatedness measures based up on the content of WordNet. This thesis reports on experiments using the two methods mentioned above for rating reviews using the combined feature set enriched with WordNet-selected sentiment terms. The results of these experiments suggest ways in which incorporating WordNet relatedness measures into feature selection may yield improvement over classification and unsupervised learning methods which do not use it. Furthermore, via ordinal meta-classifiers, we utilize the ordering information contained in the scores of bank reviews to improve the performance, we explore the effectiveness of re-sampling for reducing the problem of skewed data, and we check whether discretization benefits the ordinal meta-learning process. Finally, we combine the unsupervised and supervised meta-learning methods to optimize performance on our sentiment prediction task.
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47

Channon, Alastair. "Evolutionary emergence : the struggle for existence in artificial biota." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/256270/.

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48

Panesar, Kulvinder. "Conversational artificial intelligence - demystifying statistical vs linguistic NLP solutions." Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18121.

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yes<br>This paper aims to demystify the hype and attention on chatbots and its association with conversational artificial intelligence. Both are slowly emerging as a real presence in our lives from the impressive technological developments in machine learning, deep learning and natural language understanding solutions. However, what is under the hood, and how far and to what extent can chatbots/conversational artificial intelligence solutions work – is our question. Natural language is the most easily understood knowledge representation for people, but certainly not the best for computers because of its inherent ambiguous, complex and dynamic nature. We will critique the knowledge representation of heavy statistical chatbot solutions against linguistics alternatives. In order to react intelligently to the user, natural language solutions must critically consider other factors such as context, memory, intelligent understanding, previous experience, and personalized knowledge of the user. We will delve into the spectrum of conversational interfaces and focus on a strong artificial intelligence concept. This is explored via a text based conversational software agents with a deep strategic role to hold a conversation and enable the mechanisms need to plan, and to decide what to do next, and manage the dialogue to achieve a goal. To demonstrate this, a deep linguistically aware and knowledge aware text based conversational agent (LING-CSA) presents a proof-of-concept of a non-statistical conversational AI solution.
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49

Hally, Garcia Cormac Elías. "Artificial and natural photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy: Expanded porphycene conjugates and hypericin." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669899.

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Aquesta tesi presenta l’estudi d’aplicacions antimicrobianes i antineoplàstiques de conjugats 2-aminotiazoloporificè i d’hipericina en teràpia fotodinàmica (TFD), tot intentant entendre el mecanisme d’acció. La conjugació de 9-isotiocianat-2,7,12,17-metoxietilporficè a dues entitats hidrofíliques, l’antibiòtic gentamicina i el catió lipofílic trifenilfosfoni, formen compostos amfifílics amb gran activitat biològica contra microorganismes i cèl·lules HeLa. La conjugació presenta un sistema aromàtic dual, amb gran absorció al vermell i amb alts rendiments d’oxigen singlet. La seva fluorescència, tot i ser tènue, ha estat utilitzada en aplicacions com la microscòpia confocal i fins i tot en microscòpia de super-resolució d’emissió estimulada (STED). El conjugat amb Gentamicina és capaç d’inactivar S. aureus, E. coli i C. albicans en el rang submicromolar, però sense la selectivitat buscada doncs també inactiva cèl·lules canceroses. El conjugat amb el catió Trifenilfosfoni presenta una menor activitat en microorganismes que el conjugat anterior, però més elevat en càncer degut a una localització subcel·lular parcialment dirigida cap a mitocondris. La Hipericina, per altra banda, és un conegut i potent fotosensibilitzador natural que és costós d’obtenir tant purificant un extracte de planta com la seva síntesi química. En aquest sentit, s’ha comparat un extracte hidroalcòholic liofilitzat de H. perforatum sense purificar amb hipericina pura, observant com les seves propietats fotofísiques no es veuen mitigades per altres productes en l’extracte i com la seva activitat contra S. aureus és preservada. Seguint amb la Hipericina, àcid retinoic ha estat incorporat al complex β-lactoglobulina-hipericina prèviament descrit per avaluar el seu potencial en assajos antimicrobians in vitro. Tot i ser un mitigador d’oxigen singlet, aquesta adició no afecta al rendiment de la Hipericina contra S. aureus, demostrant així el potencial del complex per alliberar dos fàrmacs simultàniament en tractar acne vulgaris: la hipericina per tractar infeccions i l’àcid retinoic per calmar la inflamació.<br>Esta tesis presenta el estudio de aplicaciones antimicrobianas y antineoplásticas de conjugados 2-aminotiazoloporficenos e Hipericina en terapia fotodinámica, procurando entender su mecanismo de acción. La conjugación de 9-isotiocianato-2,7,12,17-metoxietilporficeno con dos entidades hidrofílicas, el antibiótico gentamicina y el catión lipofílico trifenilfosfonio, forma compuestos anfifílicos con gran actividad biológica contra microorganismos y células HeLa. Los conjugados presentan un sistema aromático dual, gran absorción en el rojo y altos rendimientos de oxígeno singlete. Su fluorescencia, pese a ser débil, ha sido usada en aplicaciones como la microscopía confocal e incluso en microscopía de super-resolución de emisión estimulada (STED). El conjugado de Gentamicina es capaz de inactivar S. aureus, E. coli y C. albicans en el rango submicromolar, pero sin la selectividad buscada ya que también inactiva células cancerígenas. El conjugado de trifenilfosfonio presenta menos actividad que el conjugado anterior en microorganismos, pero mayor en cáncer debido a una sublocalización celular parcialmente dirigida hacia mitocondrias. La Hipericina, por otro lado, es un conocido y potente fotosensibilizador natural que es costoso de obtener ya sea purificando extractos naturales de plantes o mediante síntesis. En este aspecto, se ha comparado un extracto hidroalcohólico liofilizado sin purificar de H. perforatum con Hipericina pura, observando como las propiedades fotofísicas no se ven mitigadas debido a la presencia de otros compuestos en el extracto y preservando su actividad contra S. aureus. Siguiendo con Hipericina, ácido retinoico ha sido añadido al complejo β-lactoglobulina-hipericina previamente descrito para probar su potencial actividad antimicrobiana in vitro. Pese a ser un mitigador de oxígeno singlete, la adición de ácido retinoico no afecta al rendimiento de la Hipericina contra S. aureus, demostrando el potencial del complejo para liberar dos fármacos simultáneamente para tractar acne vulgaris: la hipericina para tratar la infección y el ácido retinoico para calmar la inflamación.<br>This thesis reports the study of antimicrobial and antineoplastic applications of novel 2-aminothiazolo porphycene conjugates and Hypericin in Photodynamic therapy (PDT), while aiming to understand their mechanism of action. The conjugation of 9-isothiocyanate-2,7,12,17-methoxyethylporphycene to two hydrophilic entities, gentamicin as an antibiotic and triphenylphosphonium as a lipophilic cation, rendered amphiphilic compounds with high biological activity against microorganisms and HeLa cells. The conjugates presented dual aromatic systems, highly absorbing in the deep red with high singlet oxygen yields. Their fluorescence, despite being dim, was still exploited in applications such as confocal microscopy and even stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy (STED). The Gentamicin conjugate was able to inactivate S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans in the submicromolar range, but lacking the intended selectivity since it also inactivates cancer cells. The conjugate endowed with the Triphenylphosphonium cation presented less activity against microorganisms than the previous conjugate, but higher for cancer PDT due to the partial subcellular localization guidance towards mitochondria. Hypericin, on the other hand, is a powerful and well-known naturally occurring photosensitizer which is costly to both purify from a plant extract or chemically synthesized. In this regard, a non-purified lyophilized hydroalcoholic H. perforatum extract was compared with pure hypericin, observing how its photophysical properties are not quenched by other compounds in the extract and that its antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was preserved. Continuing with Hypericin, retinoic acid was incorporated into the previously reported β-lactoglobulin-Hypericin complex in order to test its antimicrobial in vitro potential. Despite being a singlet oxygen quencher, this addition did not affect the Hypericin’s performance against S. aureus, proving its potential as a double payload vehicle when treating acne vulgaris: Hypericin to treat infections and the retinoid to calm inflammation.<br>Questa tesi riguarda lo studio di applicazioni antimicrobiche e antineoplastiche di nuovi coniugati di 2-aminotiazoloporficeno e dell’Ipericina nella terapia fotodinamica (TFD), con l'obiettivo di comprendere il loro meccanismo d'azione. La coniugazione del 9-isotiocianato-2,7,12,17-metossietilporficeno in due entitá idrofiliche, con gentamicina come antibiotico e trifenilfosfonio come catione lipofilo, ha reso composti anfifilici con elevata attività biologica contro i microrganismi e le cellule HeLa. I coniugati presentavano sistemi aromatici doppi, altamente assorbenti nel rosso lontano con una alta resa di ossigeno singoletto. La loro fluorescenza, nonostante fosse debole, è stata tuttavia utilizzata in applicazioni come la Microscopia Confocale e persino nella Microscopia di svuotamento dell'emissione stimolata (STED). Il coniugato di gentamicina è stato in grado di inattivare S. aureus, E. coli e C. albicans nell’intervallo di concentrazioni del submicromolare, ma si è rivelato carente nella selettività voluta poiché inattiva anche le cellule tumorali. Il coniugato fornito del catione trifenilfosfonio presentava minor attività contro i microrganismi rispetto al coniugato precedente, ma un’attivitá maggiore contro il cancro a causa del parziale indirizzamento con localizzazione subcellulare nei i mitocondri. L'ipericina, d'altra parte, è un ben noto fotosensibilizzatore naturale e potente, costoso sia se ottenuto per purificazione da un estratto di piante, sia se sintetizzato chimicamente. A questo proposito, un estratto liofilizzato idroalcolico di H. perforatum non purificato è stato confrontato con l'ipericina pura, osservando come le sue proprietà fotofisiche non siano soppresse da altri composti nell'estratto e come sia preservata la sua attività antimicrobica contro S. aureus. Continuando con l'ipericina, l'acido retinoico è stato incorporato nel complesso β-lattoglobulina-ipericina precedentemente riportato per esaminare il suo potenziale antimicrobico in vitro. Nonostante sia un soppressore di ossigeno singoletto, questa aggiunta non ha avuto impatto sull’efficacia dell'ipericina contro S. aureus, dimostrando il suo potenziale come doppio agente nella cura dell'acne vulgaris: l'ipericina per le infezioni e l’acido retinoico per calmare l'infiammazione.
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50

Engdahl, Hilde Merete. "Natural and artificial antisense RNA : a study of inhibition of gene expression /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5784-X.pdf.

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