Academic literature on the topic 'Natural building materials'
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Journal articles on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Burlacu, Laura Andreea. "Natural Light and Building Materials." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1954.
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Architecture is the one that must satisfy the needs of human activities and therefore depends on the day/night cycle in the process of building designing, in the functional distribution and also in the way the image is perceived by people, in different moments of the day. This is where the concern for intensity and light type appears when designing a building. Light features, heat, air circulation represent key words in assessing the energy consumption of a building. When these features are correctly manipulated and controlled, they will diminish the consumptions made by used inside artificial lighting systems and will lead to the growth of energetic efficiency and thermal comfort. Thus, the architect should know all possibilities, usage and imaginary methods for materials, as well as the effects one can expect when applying and exploiting natural and artificial light. Sustainable development means minimizing environment costs and maximizing economic profit, so that satisfaction of the present needs can be possible without compromising the possibility for future generations to satisfy their own needs.
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Tamez, E., M. T. Olguín, N. Segovia, S. Bulbulian, and F. Abascal. "Natural radioactivity of building materials." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 103, no. 4 (February 1986): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02165604.
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Amrani, D., and M. Tahtat. "Natural radioactivity in Algerian building materials." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 54, no. 4 (February 2001): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00304-3.
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ITO, Kazuo, and Kenji ASANO. "NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS IN BUILDING MATERIALS." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 503 (1998): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.47_1.
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Medgyasszay, P. "Comparative analysis of an existing public building made from natural building materials and reference buildings designed from common building materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 323 (September 6, 2019): 012140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012140.
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Hussain, Anwar, and Mohammad Arif Kamal. "Energy Efficient Sustainable Building Materials: An Overview." Key Engineering Materials 650 (July 2015): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.650.38.
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With the rapid development and modernisation, cities are growing at a very fast pace and the buildings are the main component of cities. Building construction in the world annually consumes around 25% of the global wood harvest, 40% of stone, sand and gravel and 16% of water. It generates 50% of global output of GHG and agents of acid rains. The manufacturing process of building material contributes to Green House Gases such as CO2 to the atmosphere to a great extent. The natural disasters like global warming, ozone layer depletion, unexpected seasonal variations and decreasing land surface have now moved the centre of attraction from development to sustainable development. Since we have limited resources and energy, our development should focus on conserving the energy. Due to the continuous exploitation of natural resources, there is an urge to produce environmentally responsive building material for the construction of new buildings to meet the rapid urban growth. Sustainable buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, rehabilitated, and demolished with an emphasis throughout their life cycle on using natural resources efficiently while also protecting global ecosystems. Selection of appropriate building material helps to use the energy efficiently. In the rapidly changing scenario of building sector, planners, architects, engineers and builders are looking for new materials and technologies to adopt in future constructions that benefits like energy efficiency, resources and water conservation, improved indoor air quality, life cycle cost reduction and durability. This paper presents a brief study of sustainable aspects of building materials and a tool for Life Cycle Assessment criteria that helps in selecting proper building materials.
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Florea, Iacob, Elena Jumate, Daniela Lucia Manea, and Radu Fechete. "NMR Study on New Natural Building Materials." Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.206.
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Eissa, M. F., R. M. Mostafa, F. Shahin, K. F. Hassan, and Z. A. Saleh. "Natural radioactivity of some Egyptian building materials." International Journal of Low Radiation 5, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlr.2008.018812.
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Ilvitskaya, S. V., V. A. Lobkov, and T. V. Lobkova. "Natural materials in sustainable architecture building system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 687 (December 10, 2019): 055030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/687/5/055030.
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Venturini, L., and M. B. Nisti. "Natural Radioactivity of Some Brazilian Building Materials." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 71, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032058.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Ferreira, Pinto Da Silva Carla Florbela. "Interactions between volatile organic compounds and natural building materials." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760948.
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There is increasing concern regarding the indoor air quality of energy efficient buildings. Indoor air pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates, commonly found in buildings, can be harmful to human health. Interior materials are known to be one of the main contributors to poor indoor air quality. There is a need to develop natural materials and systems in order to minimise the level of indoor air pollutants, or even reduce them to near zero through the use of VOC-free emitters and exploitation of the sink effect for airborne pollutants. Natural building materials are considered to possess low embodied energy and are environmentally-friendly. The aim of this research was to investigate the physical and chemical interactions between natural building materials and VOCs in new or refurbished buildings (e.g. dwellings, offices, hospitals, schools and retail outlets). Key to this was the identification of low VOC emission materials with the added benefit of passively improving the indoor air quality. Comprehensive chemical and physical characterisation of materials was undertaken in order to understand the mechanisms involved in the capture of VOCs by three classes of natural building materials: insulation, coatings and wood panels. In order to understand the interactions between VOCs and building materials, adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out in laboratory-scale environmental chambers and in a real size room with a volume of 30 m3, all with controlled temperature, relative humidity and air flow-rate. Four organic pollutants commonly found in indoor environments were selected for this study according to their physico-chemical properties: formaldehyde, toluene, limonene and dodecane. In the first stage of this research, TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from 18 commercially available natural building materials were analysed (six insulation materials, six coatings and six wood-based panels). These materials included natural wool, hemp fibres, wood fibres, gypsum, lime mortars, clay-based plasters and wood-based plasters. Four of these materials were selected to investigate their adsorption and desorption behaviour towards the selected organic pollutants. It was observed that, in general, all natural building materials showed very low, or even zero, VOC emissions. In the case of formaldehyde, this organic pollutant was found to be emitted by the wood-based panels due to the formaldehyde-based resins used to glue the wood fibres. In the case of coated wood panels, the resin impregnated paper coating was shown to act as a barrier to formaldehyde emission and as a result this showed lower emission levels compared to an equivalent uncoated material. With regard to the adsorption and desorption behaviour it was observed that highly porous materials such as lime mortar and MDF panels have good capacity to remove VOCs and formaldehyde from the indoor air due to their high surface area. They allow the diffusion of the organic pollutants through their bigger pores. Natural wool, classed as an insulation material, showed good affinity to adsorb formaldehyde due to chemisorption by the proteins present in the fibres. The later stages of this research involved the investigation of the adsorption/desorption behaviour of newly developed natural building materials incorporating bio-based additives with optimised capacity to remove VOCs from the air. The incorporations were as follows: walnut shell within MDF panels; hemp sheaves, pumice and brick powder within clay-based plasters; and cellulose flakes, natural wool and photocatalytic TiO2 particles within lime mortar. The combination of two materials was also used because of the affinity of each material with different VOCs, for example the incorporation of natural wool in a lime mortar formulation. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that, if careful consideration is given to materials selection when constructing a new building or during a refurbishment process, the old judgment “building materials are the main contributors to a poor indoor air quality” is not true. This is achieved by selecting materials with low- or zero-VOC emissions and with the capacity to remove organic pollutants from the indoor air. Therefore, these materials contribute to a better indoor air quality by releasing low or negligible emissions and by facilitating the removal of airborne pollutants.
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O'Rourke, Eamonn Christopher. "Natural building in South Africa : assessing the niche-regime relationship through a 'latent niche' mediation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96704.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis I examine the natural building movement in South Africa in an attempt to determine the systemic influences that appear to confine it to a small market operating at the very edge of the mainstream building sector. I make use of the conceptual framework of the multi-level perspective to explore the interrelationships between natural building as a technological niche and the mainstream building sector as the dominant regime. I extend the concept of a technological niche by appending the term 'latent' to form the term 'latent technological niche', to describe a technology with sustainability credentials that fails to break into the mainstream market, despite achieving technological maturity and constant though minimal market share. The research objectives of this thesis are to: identify pathways for the natural building niche to move beyond its latent state; to determine how the translations of natural building practices to the building sector might occur; and how this might transform the building sector regime. I explore how action research involving knowledge sharing between multi-stakeholder, niche and regime actors might stimulate debate and subsequent action to overcome entry barriers; and serve as a catalyst to advance a latent technological niche beyond its confined market. I present an action research method, a 'latent technological mediation', of facilitated 1st and 2nd order social learning. This is used as a mechanism of tapping into the immediate knowledge of actors in the socio-technical regime. The purpose being to identify the external forces and internal processes of a latent technological niche. The status of a latent technological niche is assessed by comparing these processes in the context of external forces against seven processes, presented in this thesis. These seven processes are considered crucial for a technology to break into the mainstream market and are adapted from the internal processes of success, described in the literature on strategic niche management and the characteristics of a successful 'bounded socio-technical experiment' (BSTE) described in the conceptual work on BSTE's. The potential for natural building systems to enter the mainstream building sector, particularly in South Africa, is used as a case study to apply the latent technological mediation method. The findings of this research suggest that the mainstream building sector is undergoing a transition following the path of socio-techical transformation. The uncertainty introduced by the parallel system of informal settlement, which may drive transition along the more dramatic technological substitution or de-alignment and re-alignment transition pathways is briefly explored.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis ondersoek ek die natuurlike gebou beweging in Suid-Afrika in 'n poging om die sistemiese invloede te bepaal, wat neig om dit te beperk tot 'n klein mark teen die rand van die hoofstroom gebou sektor. Ek maak gebruik van die konseptuele raamwerk van die multi-vlak perspektief om die onderlinge verband tussen natuurlike geboue, as 'n tegnologiese nis, en die hoofstroom gebou sektor, as die dominante regime, te verken. Ek brei die konsep van 'n tegnologiese nis uit, deur die aanbring van die word 'latente' om die term 'latente tegnologiese nis' te vorm. 'n Latente tegnologie nis het volhoubaarheid potensiaal maar slaag nie daarin om in die hoofstroom mark in te breek nie, ten spyte van die bereiking van tegnologiese volwassenheid en 'n konstante maar minimale mark aandeel. Die navorsing doelwitte van hierdie tesis is om: roetes te identifiseer waarlangs die natuurlike gebou nis buite sy latente toestand kan beweeg; om te bepaal hoe die 'vertalings' van natuurlike gebou praktyke aan die gebou sektor kan voorkom; en hoe dit die gebou sektor regime kan verander. Ek bestudeer hoe aksie navorsing waarby kennis tussen verskeie belanghebbendes, nis en regime betrokkenes gedeel is, kan debatteer en die daaropvolgende aksie stimuleer inskrywing hindernisse te oorkom; en dien as 'n katalisator om 'n latente tegnologiese nis te bevorder buite sy beperkte mark. Ek bied 'n aksie-navorsing metode, 'n 'latente tegnologiese bemiddeling' van gefasiliteerde 1st en 2de order sosiale leerervaring aan. Dit dien as 'n meganisme van deling in die onmiddellike kennis van die spelers in die sosio-tegniese regime. Die doel is om die eksterne kragte en interne prosesse van 'n latente tegnologiese nis te identifiseer. Die status van 'n latente tegnologiese nis is beoordeel deur hierdie prosesse te vergelyk in die konteks van eksterne kragte teen sewe prosesse, wat in hierdie tesis aangebied is. Hierdie sewe prosesse word beskou as noodsaaklik vir 'n tegnologie om in die hoofstroom mark in te breek en is aangepas uit die interne prosesse van sukses, soos beskryf in die literatuur oor strategiese nis bestuur en die eienskappe van 'n suksesvolle 'begrensde sosio-tegniese eksperiment' (BSTE) beskryf in die konseptuele literatuur oor BSTE. Die potensiaal vir natuurlike gebou stelsels om die hoofstroom gebou sektor te betree, veral in Suid-Afrika, word gebruik as 'n gevallestudie om die latente tegnologiese bemiddeling metode toe te pas. Die bevindinge van die navorsing dui daarop dat die hoofstroom gebou sektor 'n verandering ondergaan op die pad van n sosio-tegniese transformasie. Die onsekerheid veroorsaak deur die parallelle informele nedersetting, wat 'n meer dramatiese tegnologiese substitusie, of ontsporing en herbelyning kan veroorsaak, word kortliks ondersoek.
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Dai, Dan, and Xiuying Tang. "Transitioning towards sustainable management of building materials in China." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2666.
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The purpose of this research is to examine how The Natural Step Framework, combined with Life Cycle Assessment and Ecological Footprint could help to manage the sustainability challenges of construction materials in China and to consider how these tools and concepts might inform each other in combination. Based on a literature review regarding the current reality of building materials in China and industry experience with use of existing sustainability concepts and tools, we build a conceptual model to integrate the three above concepts and attempt to analyse how they could work better together in the management of a sustainable transition. We then analyse the likely strengths and limitations of such an integrated model and finally use this to inform a vision of a sustainable future for building materials, discussing how the model may help China move towards sustainability.
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Węcławski, Bartosz Tomasz. "The potential of bast natural fibres as reinforcement for polymeric composite materials in building applications." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11670.
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Natural fibre composites (NFCs), which are polymers reinforced with cellulosic bast fibres, have the potential to be applied into a range of building products. They are seen as an alternative to glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) in some applications, because of natural fibres (NF) relatively high strength and low density. Moreover, natural fibres have a set of beneficial traits, such as thermal insulation, thermal stability, biodegradability, and are inherently renewable. Those characteristics are of importance when NF are used as reinforcements in polymer composites, but developments in mechanical performance, reliability and economic viability are still required in order to be adopted fully by industry. The goal of this thesis was the development of a processing methodology for NFC laminate and subsequent material characterisation to assess the developed material suitability for building applications. Research objectives included materials selection, processing route development for laminates and tubes, manufacture of NFC laminates and analysis of mechanical properties in order to find an optimal composition. Hemp and flax fibres were selected as the reinforcement, because both have high mechanical properties and are important bast fibre crops in the European region with established cultivation and processing methods. As a matrix, fossil-fuel based and partially bio-derived thermoset resin systems were used. Handling and processing methodologies were developed for laminates and composite tubes based on filament winding and compression moulding techniques. The effects of the selected factors, namely material composition, volume fraction, processing parameters, reinforcement linear density, yarn twist, lamination sequence, yarn waviness and hybrid hemp-wool reinforcement were subsequently described in mechanical properties analysis of laminates. The influence of weathering conditions on the mechanical performance of the NFCs was examined. Furthermore, a study of NFC tubes under compression was performed. Results showed that the developed laminates reinforced with NF yarns have sufficient mechanical properties to be utilised in sandwich panels and/or tubes. However, a low resistance to moisture-related weathering restricts the developed NFCs for indoor applications.
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de, las Heras Reverte Víctor. "Evaluation of natural materials in Sustainable Buildings : A potential solution to the European 2050 long-term strategy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300115.
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Today, buildings consume 40% of total energy demand in the EU and are responsible for 36% of GHG emissions. For this reason, and due to the delicate situation of climate change that planet Earth is experiencing, solutions are being sought to make the building sector more sustainable. In the current project, the use of natural materials has been chosen as a solution in line with the EU 2050 long-term strategy. This research broadens the knowledge on sustainable building with natural materials as an alternative to conventional construction. To this end, first, an extensive state of the art has been carried out to gather information and identify research gaps on natural building materials and energy efficiency, proving the suitability of natural construction materials. Special emphasis has been put on straw bale construction and rammed earth construction, which have been studied individually. In addition, geometrically identical building models of both building techniques have been developed and simulated in Stockholm and Valencia in order to see how they would perform in different climates. Total energy demand for the straw-bale building of 140.22 kWh/(m2·year) in the case of Stockholm and 37.05 kWh/(m2·year) in the case of Valencia has been obtained. For the rammed earth building, a total demand of 301.82 kWh/(m2·year) has been obtained in Stockholm and 78.66 kWh/(m2·year) in Valencia. Once passive measures are applied in the different models, a reduction in demand for the straw bale building of 77.8% and 36.3% has been achieved for Stockholm and Valencia, respectively. In the rammed earth building, in contrast, the demand has been reduced by 86.3% in Stockholm and 73.9% in Valencia. Heat recovery ventilation and high insulation level have been identified as imperative needs in Stockholm, in contrast to Valencia. Other improvement strategies such as windows substitution, air permeability improvement, or natural ventilation for cooling have been implemented. Apart from that, better performance of the straw-bale buildings has been identified for both climates. Additionally, focusing on thermal inertia, its influence has been identified as not completely significant in terms of annual demand in the simulated climates.
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Gudmundsson, Kjartan. "Alternative approaches to moisture transfer in building materials : the use of natural stable isotopes and tracer gas." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34502.
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Fonseca, Leandro Milhomens da. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em tintas de uso comercial no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-15062016-152051/.
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A radioatividade natural presente em solos, rochas e materiais de construção, devida ao 40K e às séries radioativas do 232Th e 238U é a principal contribuição à exposição externa aos seres humanos. Neste trabalho, determinou-se as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra (da série do 238U), 232Th e 40K presentes em 50 amostras de tintas látex de cor branca comercializadas no Brasil, especificamente, 15 do tipo econômico, 15 do tipo standard, 20 do tipo premium e em uma amostra de dióxido de titânio. As amostras foram seladas e armazenadas por um período mínimo de 30 dias para se alcançar o equilíbrio radioativo secular nas séries do 238U e do 232Th e medidas pela técnica analítica de espectrometria gama de alta resolução. As concentrações de atividade foram calculadas utilizando-se as médias ponderadas pelas incertezas do 214Pb e 214Bi para o 226Ra e médias ponderadas pelas incertezas do 228Ac, 212Pb e 212Bi para o 232Th. A concentração de atividade do 40K foi determinada pela sua transição única de 1460,8 keV. Fatores de autoatenuação gama foram calculados e utilizados para correção da concentração de atividade das amostras com densidade maior que 1,0 g.cm-3. Os índices radiológicos equivalente em rádio (Raeq), índice de concentração de atividade (Iγ), índice de risco à exposição gama interna (Hin), o índice de risco à exposição gama externa (Hex) e a taxa de dose (D) e dose efetiva anual (Def) foram calculados a partir das concentrações de atividade do 226Ra, 232Th e 40K. As concentrações de atividade de 226Ra das tintas variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 38,7 Bq.kg-1, as de 232Th variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 101,2 Bq.kg-1 e as de 40K variaram entre valores abaixo da atividade mínima detectável e 256 Bq.kg-1. O Raeq variou entre 1,41 Bq.kg-1 e 203 Bq.kg-1, o Iγ variou entre 0,0047 e 0,720, o Hin variou entre 0,0076 e 0,653 e o Hex variou entre 0,0038 e 0,549. A taxa de dose variou de 0,170 nGy.h-1 a 21,3 nGy.h-1 e a dose efetiva anual variou entre 0,83 μSv.a-1 e 104,2 μSv.a-1. Estes resultados mostram que as concentrações de atividades das tintas utilizadas neste estudo estão abaixo dos limites recomendados por Hassan et al. para Raeq (370 Bq.kg-1), pela Comissão Européia para o Iγ (limite de 2 para materiais superficiais) e pela Organização para Cooperação Econômica e Desenvolvimento para Hin e para Hex (ambos com limite de 1), para todas as 50 amostras estudadas, mostrando assim a segurança destas tintas com relação a proteção radiológica.Natural radioactivity in soils, rocks and construction materials, due to 40K and the natural series of 232Th and 238U, is the main contribution to external exposure in mankind. In this work, activity concentrations of 226Ra (238U serie), 232Th and 40K were determined for 50 white latex wall paints samples, commercialized in Brazil, namely 15 Economic quality samples, 15 Standard quality samples and 20 Premium quality samples and for a single titanium dioxide sample. The samples were tightly sealed and stored for a minimum period of 30 days, to reach the radioactive secular equilibrium from 238U and 232Th series, then measured by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry. The activity concentration was determined using the weighted average concentrations of 214Pb and 214Bi for 226Ra and 228Ac, 212Pb and 212Bi for 232Th. The 40K activity concentration was determined by its single transition of 1460.8 keV. Self attenuation correction factors of the samples whose densities are higher than 1.0 g.cm-3, were determined and used to make the necessary corrections. The radiological indices radium equivalent activity (Raeq), activity concentration index (Iγ), internal exposure risk index (Hin) and external exposure risk index (Hex) and also the absorbed dose rate (D) and annual effective dose (Def) were calculated from the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. The activity concentration values for 226Ra ranged from under the minimum detectable activity to 38.7 Bq.kg-1, for 232Th from under the minimum detectable activity to 101.2 Bq.kg-1 and for 40K from under the minimum detectable activity to 256 Bq.kg-1. Raeq ranged from 1.41 Bq.kg-1 to 203 Bq.kg-1, Iγ ranged from 0.0047 to 0.720, Hin from 0.0076 to 0.653 and Hex from 0.0038 to 0.549. The absorbed dose rate ranged from 0.170 nGy.h-1 and 21.3 nGy.h-1 and the annual effective dose ranged from 0.83 μSv and 104.2 μSv. The results show that the activity concentrations of the wall paints studied in this work are below the recommended limits by Hassan et al. for Raeq (370 Bq.kg-1), by European Commission for Iγ (limit of 2 for superficial materials) and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for Hin and Hex (both with limit of 1), for all the 50 samples, assuring the safety of these wall paints with respect to radiological protection.
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Persson, Staffan. "Indigenous Materials in Modern Buildings : for low energy houses in West Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-224892.
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Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world. This landlocked country in the west has an extremely warm climate. Temperatures over 45°C are not uncommon and there is an almost constant need to keep the buildings cool to maintain a temperate indoor climate. Air-conditioning is an option to maintain the temperature but it overloads the power grid and only a few people can afford it. This thesis examines, through laboratory experiments, the thermal and mechanical properties that can be obtained by vibrating clayey soil and mixing it with water, lime or cement and organic fiber (Bissap). The report also examines different building projects utilizing local materials, both of a traditional and more modern nature.Energy required to produce building elements of soil is negligible compared to that of concrete and steel. Soil can be used in constructing houses but it is sensitive to water.The insulation is inadequate for a passive house so an extra layer of insulating material is required.The experiments performed during this project were inconclusive so it is impossible, from the results in this paper, to say if vibration is a good method for forming a building material of soil. The high water content needed, is however a major problem, shrinkage was about 20% and cracks were hard to avoid. Further investigations into the subject is necessary.Burkina Faso är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen. Som ett kustlöst land beläget i Västafrika har det ett extremt varmt klimat. Temperaturer över 45°C är inte ovanligt och det är ett nästan konstant behov av att kyla byggnader för att behålla ett behagligt inneklimat. Idag byggs det två typer av byggnader i Burkina Faso; de traditionella lerhusen och de mer moderna husen med väggar av cementstenar och plåttak. Cementväggarna har ett U-värde på 3W/m2K och tillsammans med plåttaket så bildar det ett undermåligt klimatskal utan möjligheter att skydda mot hettan. Det leder idag till endera ett obehagligt varmt inneklimat eller en hög och kostsam energianvändning av luftkonditionering. Överbelastningen på elnätet på grund av luftkonditionering är påtaglig under den varmaste säsongen med frekventa strömavbrott till följd. Denna rapport undersöker via laboratorieexperiment vilka termiska och mekaniska egenskaper man kan erhålla genom att vibrera lerjord och blanda med vatten, organiska fibrer samt kalk och/eller cement. Litteraturstudier och fältbesök i Burkina Faso har gjorts för att undersöka och förstå vilka svårigheter som kan uppkomma genom att bygga med lera. Rapporten tar även upp konkreta exempel på byggnader i Burkina Faso gjorda av lokala material, historiska såväl som moderna projekt. Lerjord behöver extremt lite energitillförsel för att bilda ett byggmaterial och den negativa miljöpåverkan är försumbar jämfört med betong och stål. Det kan användas för att bygga energisnåla hus men det är känsligt mot vatten, vilket måste beaktas noga under projekteringen. Värmeledningsförmågan är för hög för att vara tillräcklig som isolering för att erhålla ett inneklimat enligt dagens standard, utan tillförsel av energi, så någon form av extra isolering krävs. Experimenten som gjordes gav inte tillräckligt exakta resultat för att visa om vibrering är en bra metod att göra byggmaterial eller inte. Den höga vattenhalten som krävs för vibrering är ett stort problem. Krympningen var ungefär 20 % och sprickor var svåra att undvika. Vidare studier på området rekommenderas.
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Novák, Petr. "Architektura pasivních domů na venkově." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233267.
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This thesis examines the possibility of passive house standard construction of public buildings in the countryside of the Czech Republic, the possibility of application of natural materials in their construction and in the end set of architectural principles for their design. Examines the situation of expansion of this type of buildings in the surrounding countries as well as in our country, differences in their architectural and technical characteristics and possibilities of natural materials use in their construction so that the newly proposed public buildings meet not only the technical and architectural design principles of passive houses, but at the same time reflect using of traditional local natural materials.
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Viero, Edison Humberto. "Aplicação de areia de britagem de rochas basálticas na fabricação de concreto de cimento Portland." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/571.
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Na produção de concreto estrutural, apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, ainda se utilizam de materiais in natura, o que vem ocasionando problemas ambientais e econômicos a cadeia produtiva. Um dos problemas está associado à extração de areia do leito de rios, motivo pelo quais os profissionais envolvidos com a tecnologia do concreto vêm buscando alternativas ao uso dessa areia na produção de concreto estrutural. Uma alternativa que vem sendo estudada, pela grande disponibilidade, é o uso de uma areia produzida a partir da cominuição de rochas, chamada de areia de britagem. Na região de Caxias do Sul existem grandes reservas de rochas de origem basáltica (Riodacitos), a partir das quais é possível se produzir esse tipo de areia. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade de se substituir à areia natural por areia de britagem de rochas basálticas produzidas em cinco empresas mineradoras localizadas na região de Caxias do Sul. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas: na primeira foram avaliadas as características das areias decorrentes da mineralogia e petrografia das rochas e do processo de fabricação nas mineradoras; na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as propriedades do concreto através do método de dosagem EPUSP/IPT; na terceira etapa, para comprovar a eficiência do método de dosagem, foram produzidos traços específicos para cada tipo de areia. Os resultados de caracterização demonstraram que as areias de britagem possuem características diferentes das da areia natural e que apenas duas das cinco areias avaliadas apresentam propriedades que permitem a sua utilização em concreto estrutural. As propriedades decorrentes do processo de fabricação, como a presença de material pulverulento, forma e textura dos grãos provocaram um aumento no teor de argamassa, o que influenciou diretamente no proporcionamento dos materiais constituintes. Os resultados para a avaliação das propriedades do concreto demonstraram que, para um mesmo traço, a resistência a compressão axial e o módulo de elasticidade são menores nos concretos produzidos com areias de britagem. Corrigindo-se os teores de argamassa e produzindo-se traços específicos para cada tipo de areia é possível produzir concretos com resistências desejadas. Apesar das diferenças encontradas nas propriedades das areias foi comprovado que as areias de britagem estudadas podem ser utilizadas na produção de concreto estrutural de cimento Portland, substituindo totalmente à areia natural.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-03T20:43:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Edison Humberto Viero.pdf: 1978943 bytes, checksum: fab5a6668b1624ae95d901331299a4d3 (MD5)
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Despite the technological advances on the structural concrete production, in natura materials are still used. This fact has been causing environmental and economic problems to the manufacturing chain. One of the problems is related to the sand extraction from riverbeds, this is the reason why professionals involved with concrete technology are searching for alternatives to the use of this type of sand in the structural concrete manufacturing. One alternative that is being studied in various parts of the country, because its large availability is a sand produced from the rocks´ comminution, called crushing sand. In the Caxias do Sul region there are large reservations of basaltic rocks origin (Riodacitos), from which it is possible to produce this type of sand. In this work, it was evaluated the feasibility of substitute natural sand for crushing sand from basaltic rocks produced in five mining companies located at Caxias do Sul region. The study was developed in three stages: on the first one, the features of the sand that arises from rocks´ mineralogy and petrography and from the mining manufacturing process were evaluated; on the second the concrete properties through the EPUSP/IPT dosage method were evaluated; on the third they were produced specific trace to each type of sand in order to verify the efficiency of the dosage method. The characterization results established that the crushing sand have different features IF compared with natural sand and that Just two out of Five evaluated sands presented properties that allow its use in structural concrete. The properties arising from the fabrication process, for example the presence of powder material, the grains´ shape and texture caused the raise of the plaster content, which influenced directly on the constituents materials proportioning. The results of the concrete properties evaluation showed that, for the same trace, the resistance to axial compression and the elasticity module are smaller in the concretes produced with crushing sand. If the plaster content is corrected and the specific traces are produced for each type of sand it is possible to produce concretes with desired resistance. In spite of the differences found on the sand properties it was proven that the crushing sand produced at the Caxias do Sul region can be used on the portland cement structural concrete production, replacing totally the natural sand used.
Books on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Žitko, Miro. Gradnja z naravnimi materiali: Building with natural materials. Cerkno: Zalozba Porezen, 2013.
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Langer, William H. Natural aggregate: Building America's future. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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Tepordei, Valentin V. Natural aggregates, foundation of America's future. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.
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Tepordei, Valentin V. Natural aggregates, foundation of America's future. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Tepordei, Valentin V. Natural aggregates, foundation of America's future. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.
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Tepordei, Valentin V. Natural aggregates, foundation of America's future. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.
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Tepordei, Valentin V. Natural aggregates, foundation of America's future. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Langer, William H. Geologic characterization of natural aggregate: A field geologist's guide to natural aggregate resource assessment. [Denver, CO]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
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Langer, William H. Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1988.
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Langer, William H. Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Dhillon, Carla M., and Mark Aschheim. "Natural Building Materials and Systems." In Sustainability Guidelines for the Structural Engineer, 225–42. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411193.ch18.
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Rapp, George R. "Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials." In Natural Science in Archaeology, 243–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05005-7_11.
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Rapp, George. "Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials." In Natural Science in Archaeology, 247–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_11.
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Singh, B., M. Gupta, Hina Tarannum, and Anamika Randhawa. "Natural Fiber-Based Composite Building Materials." In Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, 701–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7_24.
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Kourkoulis, S. K., E. Ganniari-Papageorgiou, and N. L. Ninis. "The Size-Effect for Natural Building Stones." In Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 957–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_476.
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Kourkoulis, S. K. "Transversely Isotropic Natural Building Stones Under Three-Point Bending." In Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 951–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_473.
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Binal, Adil. "An Investigation of Noise Effects on Natural Heritage and Historic Building Materials." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5, 1343–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_256.
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Siedel, Heiner. "The City of Dresden in the Mirror of its Building Stones: Utilization of Natural Stone at Façades in the Course of Time." In Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Heritage Structures, 137–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2684-2_8.
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Yrieix, Bernard. "Architectured Materials in Building Energy Efficiency." In Architectured Materials in Nature and Engineering, 393–421. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_13.
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Sua, Lutfu S., Figen Balo, and Ukbe Ucar. "Tomorrow’s Green Buildings: Optimum Natural Insulation Material Modeling." In Sustaining Resources for Tomorrow, 109–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27676-8_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Stevulova, Nadezda, and Viola Hospodarova. "Cellulose Fibres Used in Building Materials." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.031.
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Badurova, Silvia. "NATURAL MATERIALS USED FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL BUILDING." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b62/s26.026.
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Feng, Shengyang, Puxin Chen, Yu Cui, Yurong Wu, and Ce Li. "Natural-Convective Transport Model of Radon From Building From Building Materials Into Indoor Atmosphere." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16351.
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Abstract Building material is one of the main sources of indoor radon in China. Radon exhaled from building materials enters the indoor atmosphere and transports in the indoor air space driven by buoyancy-driven airflow. This paper established a numerical model to reveal natural-convective effects on radon transport from building materials into the indoor air space. The building wall is approximated by a rectangular porous medium with uniform porosity and isotropic permeability. The buoyancy-driven flow is assumed to be turbulent and incompressible, ignoring viscous dissipation. The model can predict the dynamic coupling of radon in building materials and indoor atmosphere at different temperature gradient. This paper focuses on the analysis of radon transport with average Nusselt number and Sherwood number of interface between the building wall and the indoor atmosphere, which reveal the mechanism of radon exhalation from building materials into indoor atmosphere.
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"Broad-Spectrum of Sustainable Living Management Using Green Building Materials- An Insights." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-1.
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Abstract. Owing to the recurrent modifications in the lifestyle and demands of humans the regular life of buildings is decreasing whereas the demolition or renovation of the buildings increases. Building materials and their components ingest just about 40 percent of world-wide vigour per annum in their life segments such as fabrication and procurement of building materials, construction and demolition. The development of the construction industry completely relies on the deployable resources. To abate the consumption of construction materials in current years, the construction industry has established an environmental track, which wishes to use naturally available materials. Reviving such technology, further developing this technology green building materials are paramount for constructing green buildings. Such a green-building constructional model does not require energy contributions frequently for production. The advantage of reducing the energy used in manufacturing, increases strength. Green Building material is one which utilizes less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste, produces less carbon dioxide emissions and provides improved space for inhabitants as compared to conventional buildings. It includes environmental, economic, and social benefits as well. This paper aims to provide knowledge about some of the green building materials that help for sustainable living. These elucidations can obligate a significant influence in contemporary construction owed to the escalation in the charges of traditional construction materials.
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Aguiar, Vitor A. P., Nilberto H. Medina, Ramon H. Moreira, Marcilei A. G. Silveira, A. Deppman, C. Krug, G. S. Zahn, J. L. Rios, N. Added, and V. S. Timoteo. "Absorbed Gamma-Ray Doses due to Natural Radionuclides in Building Materials." In XXXII BRAZILIAN WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3448020.
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Polyanskikh, Irina, Grigorij Yakovlev, Grigorij Pervushin, Alexandr Gumeniuk, Anastasija Gordina, and Anastasija Ignateva. "Structure formation of construction materials modified with natural and man-made nanoadditives." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.044.
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The article focuses on the study of influence of natural and man-made nanoformations (chrysotile fibers, carbon black, and graphite) on the formation of the structure of the material based on a hydraulic binder. The data on the positive effect of the optimal amount of modifying dispersions on the physical and technical properties of the samples were obtained. On average, the increase in compressive and bending strength, when using the considered additives, is from 10 to 40%. The results of the study of the microstructure and IR spectra of the check and modified compositions show that adding natural and man-made nanosystems provides optimal conditions for the formation of strong, dense new formations in the cement matrix. In general, the data obtained prove the effectiveness of their use in comparison with synthesized carbon nanosystems.
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Vyšvařil, M., and P. Bayer. "Salt and Ice Crystallization Resistance of Lime Mortars with Natural Lightweight Aggregate." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.121.
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Schmoeller, F., M. Lima, and S. Silva. "Analysis of Steel Bars in Corrosion Process after 70 Years of Natural Aging." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.007.
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Zucchetti, Massimo, and Hysen Mankolli. "The Natural Radioactivity of Waste Materials and their Use as Building Materials: An Italian Case Study." In Power and Energy Systems. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2011.714-174.
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Vyšvařil, Martin, and Patrik Bayer. "Cellulose ethers as water-retaining agents in natural hydraulic lime mortars." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.014.
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Cellulose ethers (CEs) are commonly used as viscosity enhancing, water retaining agents in cement-based mortars. Nevertheless, studies about the effect of CEs on the properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars (NHL) are absent, although the use of mortars with hydraulic lime is often preferred for renovation purposes. In this study, the behavior of NHL mortars modified by four different CEs is assessed. The fresh state of mortars was characterized by water retention, air content, density a consistency. Hardened mortars were submitted to strength determination, study of pore size distribution, and thermogravimetric analyses. Transport of liquid water in the studied materials was characterized by water absorption coefficient, sorptivity, and liquid water diffusivity. Durability of the prepared mortars was monitored by frost-resistance tests. The results revealed elevated air content and water retention in mortars with increasing dose of CEs resulting in decreased density of fresh mortars. The strengths of modified mortars surpassed the reference ones at age of 180 d despite the fact that the mortars showed higher open porosity and water absorption. Enhanced porosity of mortars resulted in improvement of their frost resistance and faster carbonation. From a practical and economical point of view, the CEs dosage of 0.5% by weight of the binder appears to be sufficient.
Reports on the topic "Natural building materials"
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. COMMUNICATIVE SYNERGY OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL VALUES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN HYBRID WAR. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11077.
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The author characterized the Ukrainian national values, national interests and national goals. It is emphasized that national values are conceptual, ideological bases, consolidating factors, important life guidelines on the way to effective protection of Ukraine from Russian aggression and building a democratic, united Ukrainian state. Author analyzes the functioning of the mass media in the context of educational propaganda of individual, social and state values, the dominant core of which are patriotism, human rights and freedoms, social justice, material and spiritual wealth of Ukrainians, natural resources, morality, peace, religiosity, benevolence, national security, constitutional order. These key national values are a strong moral and civic core, a life-giving element, a self-affirming synergy, which on the basis of homogeneity binds the current Ukrainian society with the ancestors and their centuries-old material and spiritual heritage. Attention is focused on the fact that the current problem of building the Ukrainian state and protecting it from the brutal Moscow invaders is directly dependent on the awareness of all citizens of the essence of national values, national interests, national goals and filling them with the meaning of life, charitable socio-political life. It is emphasized that the missionary vocation of journalists to orient readers and listeners to the meaningful choice of basic national values, on the basis of which Ukrainian citizens, regardless of nationality together they will overcome the external Moscow and internal aggression of the pro-Russian fifth column, achieve peace, return the Ukrainian territories seized by the Kremlin imperialists and, in agreement will build Ukrainian Ukraine.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Dalglish, Chris, and Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world. MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world. PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies. COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems. REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.