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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural circulation loop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Yang, Xingtuan, Yanfei Sun, Zhiyong Liu, and Shengyao Jiang. "Natural Circulation Characteristics of a Symmetric Loop under Inclined Conditions." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/925760.

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Natural circulation is an important process for primary loops of some marine integrated reactors. The reactor works under inclined conditions when severe accidents happen to the ship. In this paper, to investigate the characteristics of natural circulation, experiments were conducted in a symmetric loop under the inclined angle of 0~45°. A CFD model was also set up to predict the behaviors of the loop beyond the experimental scope. Total circulation flow rate decreases with the increase of inclined angle. Meanwhile one circulation is depressed while the other is enhanced, and accordingly the disparity between the branch circulations arises and increases with the increase of inclined angle. Circulation only takes place in one branch circuit at large inclined angle. Also based on the CFD model, the influences of flow resistance distribution and loop configuration on natural circulation are predicted. The numerical results show that to design the loop with the configuration of big altitude difference and small width, it is favorable to reduce the influence of inclination; however too small loop width will cause severe reduction of circulation ability at large angle inclination.

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2

Britsch, Karl, Mark Anderson, Paul Brooks, and Kumar Sridharan. "Natural circulation FLiBe loop overview." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 134 (May 2019): 970–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.12.180.

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3

Baek, Seungwhan, Youngsuk Jung, and Kiejoo Cho. "Cryogenic two-phase natural circulation loop." Cryogenics 111 (October 2020): 103188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103188.

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4

Hariyanto, Duwi, and Sidik Permana. "Experimental Investigation of Natural Circulation in a Single-Phase Loop with Different Widths." International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeee.8.2.24-30.

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The natural circulation loop is one of the design concepts of a cooling system in new advanced reactors that has attracted many researchers to develop it. This study aimed to perceive the effect of horizontal width variation on the thermal behavior of a single-phase Natural Circulation Loop (NCL). NCL apparatus with a vertical heater and a vertical cooler was designed for experimental study. The height of the loop was 100 cm while the width of the loop was varied at 50 cm and 100 cm. The heater was designed using Nichrome wire on the outside of the stainless pipe while the cooler was designed using pipe-in-pipe with water flowing through the annulus. Arduino microcontroller and K-type thermocouple sensors were used in temperature data acquisition. XAMPP software was used in data recording. The results of this study indicated that the loop of a 100 cm width has a difference in the temperature of the fluid coming out of the heater and entering the heater that reaches 156,0% higher than the loop of a 50 cm width at the same input voltage. This study is supposed to be one of the references for a single-phase natural circulation loop.

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5

Vijayan, P. K., A. K. Nayak, D. Saha, and M. R. Gartia. "Effect of Loop Diameter on the Steady State and Stability Behaviour of Single-Phase and Two-Phase Natural Circulation Loops." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2008 (2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/672704.

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In natural circulation loops, the driving force is usually low as it depends on the riser height which is generally of the order of a few meters. The heat transport capability of natural circulation loops (NCLs) is directly proportional to the flow rate it can generate. With low driving force, the straightforward way to enhance the flow is to reduce the frictional losses. A simple way to do this is to increase the loop diameter which can be easily adopted in pressure tube designs such as the AHWR and the natural circulation boilers employed in fossil-fuelled power plants. Further, the loop diameter also plays an important role on the stability behavior. An extensive experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of loop diameter on the steady state and stability behavior of single- and two-phase natural circulation loops have been carried out and the results of this study are presented in this paper.

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6

Kazachkovskii, O. D. "Thermal paradox of the natural circulation loop." Atomic Energy 85, no. 4 (October 1998): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02368693.

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7

Huang, Zhencheng, Mingming Zhang, Shizhe Wen, and Zhenhui He. "Scaling of natural circulation loop operation modes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 90 (November 2015): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.06.018.

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8

Cammarata, L., A. Fichera, and I. D. Guglielmino. "Dynamic control for a natural circulation loop." Heat and Mass Transfer 39, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-002-0326-7.

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9

Kabankov, O. N., V. V. Yagov, and N. O. Zubov. "Experimental and computational study of a low-pressure natural circulation loop." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2088, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2088/1/012020.

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Abstract The experimental and analytical study of single-phase flow and heat transfer in natural circulation loop has been carried out. Experiments were performed on water and ethanol that are the liquids with significantly different thermophysical properties. Experimental apparatus was a rectangular shaped loop with vertical flow up leg. The flow up and flow down legs of the loop are joined to the separator-condenser at the top of the loop. The upper limit of heat flux densities in the experiments was set with the consideration for flow regime to remain in single phase state along the whole heated length. Wall temperature time records being registered at different distances from the inlet to the heated zone indicate the occurrence of temperature fluctuations near the exit from heated zone even at relatively low heat flux densities. This fact displaces a complex changing of velocity profiles along the tube with vortex formation and occurrence of flow instability. Experimental data on longitudinal wall temperature distributions of heated section have been used to test a modified method of hydraulic calculation of the loop. It was pointed out that in spite of long year (since early 1950s) experimental, analytical and numerical investigations of natural circulation loops no suitable predicting recommendations for heat transfer and friction have been proposed till today for engineering hydraulic calculations of single-phase natural circulation loops.

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10

Bejjam, Ramesh, and Kiran Kumar. "Numerical study on heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid based natural circulation loop." Thermal Science 22, no. 2 (2018): 885–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160826087b.

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In this paper the steady-state analysis has been carried out on single phase natural circulation loop with water and water based Al2O3 (Al2O3-water) nanofluid at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 6% particle volume concentrations. For this study, a 3-D geometry of natural circulation loop is developed and simulated by using the software, ANSYS (FLUENT) 14.5. Based on the Stokes number, mixture model is adopted to simulate the nanofluid based natural circulation loop. For the simulations, the imposed thermal boundary conditions are: constant heat input over the range of 200-1000 W with step size of 200 W at the heat source and isothermal wall temperature of 293 K at the heat sink. Adiabatic boundary condition is imposed to the riser and down-comer. The heat transfer characteristics and fluid-flow behavior of the loop fluid in natural circulation loop for different heat inputs and particle concentrations are presented. The result shows that the mass-flow rate of loop fluid in natural circulation loop is enhanced by 26% and effectiveness of the natural circulation loop is improved by 15% with Al2O3-water nanofluid when compared with water. All the simulation results are validated with the open literature in terms of Reynolds number and modified Grashof number. These comparisons confidently say that the present 3-D numerical model could be useful to estimate the performance of natural circulation loop.

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11

Cherubini, M., W. Giannotti, D. Araneo, and F. D'Auria. "Use of the Natural Circulation Flow Map for Natural Circulation Systems Evaluation." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/479673.

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The aim of this paper is to collect and resume the work done to build and develop, at the University of Pisa, an engineering tool related to the natural circulation. After a brief description of the different loop flow regimes in single phase and two phase, the derivation of a suitable tool to judge the NC performance in a generic system is presented. Finally, an extensive comparison among the NC performance of various nuclear power plants having different design is done to show a practical application of the NC flow map.

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12

Dzianik, František, and Štefan Gužela. "Hydrodynamic Properties of High Temperature Natural Circulating Helium Cooling Loop." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2017-0003.

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Abstract The paper deals with the hydrodynamic properties, i.e. the consumption of mechanical energy expressed by pressure drops within a helium loop intended for the testing of decay heat removal (DHR) from the model of a gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR). The system is characterised by the natural circulation of helium, as a coolant, and assume steady operating conditions of circulation. The helium loop consists of four main components: model of gas-cooled fast reactor, model of the heat exchanger for decay heat removal, hot piping branch and cold piping branch. Using the process hydrodynamic calculations, the pressure drops of circulating helium within the main components of the helium loop were determined. The calculations have been done for several defined operating conditions which correspond to the different helium flow rates within the system.

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13

Elgandelwar, Atul M., Radhe S. Jha, and Mandar M. Lele. "Steady State Two-Phase Flow Analysis of Natural Circulation in Hybrid Boiler." International Journal of Heat and Technology 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.380421.

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In this present works, a generalized approach for the two-phase flow analysis of a natural circulation in hybrid boiler. The model uses the combination of node and loop equations and the Newton Raphson technique for the solution of the set of equations. Loop equations have been developed for each evaporator tube with the unique driving force and pressure drop of the concerned loop. Node equations are mainly developed for common risers and downcomers. A unique connectivity matrix has been used to correlate each branch flow with loop and node equations. The model is validated by a unique indirect method by comparing the actual water level and calculated water level. Experiments have been performed with uniform diameter of tubes in 53 channels circulating loop to find the volume of steam. The model shows good agreement with experimental investigations with a maximum of 3.57% absolute error. The model can be used for the design, analysis, and optimization of the natural circulation network.

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14

Song, Jin Ho. "Optimal Geometric Configuration for a Natural Circulation Loop." Nuclear Technology 170, no. 1 (April 2010): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt10-a9450.

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15

Knížat, Branislav, Peter Hlbočan, and Marek Mlkvik. "CFD Simulation of a Natural Circulation Helium Loop." Scientific Proceedings Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stu-2015-0006.

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Abstract The paper deals with a flow in a closed helium loop serving for cooling of a fast reactor. The flow in pipeline branches of the system is simulated by methods of CFD. The purpose is to find exact values of pressure losses, so that heat exchangers could be successfully designed and so that the power available for a loop drive could be optimally utilized. General approach to the simulation is presented, as well as the calculation procedure and achieved results.

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16

KUTSUNA, Hiroaki, Toshiki MORITA, and Katsuya FUKUDA. "Natural circulation including boiling in a rectangular loop." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 56, no. 530 (1990): 3034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.56.3034.

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17

Archana V., A. M. Vaidya, and P. K. Vijayan. "Flow Transients in Supercritical CO2 Natural Circulation Loop." Procedia Engineering 127 (2015): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.459.

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18

Cammarata, G., A. Fichera, and A. Pagano. "Nonlinear analysis of a rectangular natural circulation loop." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 27, no. 8 (November 2000): 1077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1933(00)00195-0.

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19

Ghorbanali, Z., and S. Talebi. "Investigation of a nanofluid-based natural circulation loop." Progress in Nuclear Energy 129 (November 2020): 103494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103494.

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20

Archana, V., A. M. Vaidya, and P. K. Vijayan. "Numerical modeling of supercritical CO2 natural circulation loop." Nuclear Engineering and Design 293 (November 2015): 330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.030.

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21

Muscato, G., and M. G. Xibilia. "Modeling and control of a natural circulation loop." Journal of Process Control 13, no. 3 (April 2003): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-1524(02)00029-x.

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22

Manero, E., M. Sen, and E. Ramos. "Two-phase natural circulation in a toroidal loop." Wärme- und Stoffübertragung 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01008216.

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23

Jiang, S. Y., X. X. Wu, Y. J. Zhang, and H. J. Jia. "Thermal hydraulic modeling of a natural circulation loop." Heat and Mass Transfer 37, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2001): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002310000136.

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24

Dass, Akhil, and Sateesh Gedupudi. "Numerical investigation on the heat transfer coefficient jump in tilted single-phase natural circulation loop and coupled natural circulation loop." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 120 (January 2021): 104920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104920.

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25

Krishnani, Mayur, and Dipankar N. Basu. "Computational stability appraisal of rectangular natural circulation loop: Effect of loop inclination." Annals of Nuclear Energy 107 (September 2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2017.04.012.

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26

Cammarata, L., A. Fichera, and A. Pagano. "Designing an optimal controller for rectangular natural circulation loops." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 217, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440803322328845.

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Controlling the dynamics of natural circulation loops represents a major task for the widespread use of this kind of system in safe industrial applications. This paper aims to design an innovative model-based optimal controller for the suppression of unstable oscillations and flow reversals, which affect the dynamical behaviour of a closed-loop thermosyphon at high heating rate. The key idea is to define a multivariable control law aiming to minimize an objective function taking into account both the stability of the system and the cost of control. The design of the proposed controller has been based on a model approximating to the first three modes of the dynamics of rectangular circulation loops with imposed heat fluxes at the boundaries. The capability of the proposed controller in suppressing undesired dynamics has been experimentally demonstrated.

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27

Desrayaud, Gilles, and Alberto Fichera. "Numerical Analysis of General Trends in Single-Phase Natural Circulation in a 2D-Annular Loop." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/895695.

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The aim of this paper is to address fluid flow behavior of natural circulation in a 2D-annular loop filled with water. A two-dimensional, numerical analysis of natural convection in a 2D-annular closed-loop thermosyphon has been performed for various radius ratios from 1.2 to 2.0, the loop being heated at a constant flux over the bottom half and cooled at a constant temperature over the top half. It has been numerically shown that natural convection in a 2D-annular closed-loop thermosyphon is capable of showing pseudoconductive regime at pitchfork bifurcation, stationary convective regimes without and with recirculating regions occurring at the entrance of the exchangers, oscillatory convection at Hopf bifurcation and Lorenz-like chaotic flow. The complexity of the dynamic properties experimentally encountered in toroidal or rectangular loops is thus also found here.

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28

HALLINAN, K. P., and R. VISKANTA. "Dynamics of a Natural Circulation Loop: Analysis and Experiments." Heat Transfer Engineering 7, no. 3-4 (January 1986): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457638608939652.

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29

Vach, Matej, Branislav Knížat, Marek Mlkvik, Róbert Olšiak, František Urban, František Ridzoň, and Peter Mlynár. "Analysis of Unsteady Behaviour of Natural Circulation Helium Loop." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032803009.

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This paper deals with the one-dimensional unsteady fluid flow model of the natural circulation loop. The presented model represents the experimental facility Helium Loop STU which is the physical model of an emergency coolant system of a nuclear reactor. The governing equations are solved according both Euler and Lagrange approaches on two parallel computational grids. Linearization of equations and semi-implicit discretization scheme are used to enhance the algorithm effectiveness. The simulation results were compared to experimental data. The model can be considered as high-accurate in comparison with experimental data (relative error 1.14÷1.15 % at specified time interval).

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30

Borgohain, A., B. K. Jaiswal, N. K. Maheshwari, P. K. Vijayan, D. Saha, and R. K. Sinha. "Natural circulation studies in a lead bismuth eutectic loop." Progress in Nuclear Energy 53, no. 4 (May 2011): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2010.10.004.

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31

Acosta, R., M. Sen, and E. Ramos. "Single-phase natural circulation in a tilted square loop." Wärme- und Stoffübertragung 21, no. 5 (September 1987): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01009287.

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32

Chen, W. L., S. B. Wang, S. S. Twu, C. R. Chung, and Chin Pan. "Hysteresis effect in a double channel natural circulation loop." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 27, no. 1 (January 2001): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(00)00018-5.

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33

Tarantino, M., S. De Grandis, G. Benamati, and F. Oriolo. "Natural circulation in a liquid metal one-dimensional loop." Journal of Nuclear Materials 376, no. 3 (June 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.080.

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34

Chen, K. S., and Y. R. Chang. "Steady-state analysis of two-phase natural circulation loop." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 5 (May 1988): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90082-8.

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35

Misale, M., P. Garibaldi, J. C. Passos, and G. Ghisi de Bitencourt. "Experiments in a single-phase natural circulation mini-loop." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 31, no. 8 (August 2007): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2006.11.004.

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36

MATSUMURA, Hirotaka, Sinichi FUKUHARA, and Shoji YAMAUCHI. "618 Analysis of Flow Oscillation in Natural Circulation Loop." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2001.39 (2001): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2001.39.237.

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37

Doganay, Serkan, and Alpaslan Turgut. "Enhanced effectiveness of nanofluid based natural circulation mini loop." Applied Thermal Engineering 75 (January 2015): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.083.

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38

Sudheer, S. Venkata Sai, K. Kiran Kumar, and Karthik Balasubramanian. "Two-phase natural circulation loop behaviour at atmospheric and subatmospheric conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 4 (July 10, 2018): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918787401.

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This paper aims to present the steady-state behaviour of two-phase natural circulation loop at atmospheric and sub-atmospheric conditions. One-dimensional numerical approach is adopted to evaluate various system parameters, with special emphasis on spatial variation of thermo-physical properties and flashing. Homogeneous equilibrium model is applied for two-phase flows. An in-house code is developed in MATLAB to solve numerical model iteratively. It is observed that consideration of spatial variation of thermo-physical properties can precisely predict the loop behaviour. The evaluated results are validated with the open literature and reasonably good agreement is observed. The heater inlet temperature, inlet pressure and heat flux are found to have significant influence on spatial variation of pressure, temperature and enthalpy. As system pressure decreases from atmospheric to sub-atmospheric (1–0.8 atm), it is observed that the sub-atmospheric loop gives a higher mass flow rate compared to atmospheric loop at lower heat fluxes. However, as the heat flux increases in the sub-atmospheric loop, the mass flow rate is reduced due to increased drag force in the loop.

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39

Shijo, Thomas, Kumar Kochunni Sarun, and Choondal Balakrishnapanicker Sobhan. "Flow Measurements in Metal Oxide-Nanoparticle Suspensions in a Rectangular Natural Circulation Loop." Advanced Materials Research 685 (April 2013): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.145.

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Natural circulation cooling systems, such as the thermosyphon loops are preferred as effective heat dissipation methods where a silent and vibration-free operation is desired in thermal control of devices and processes. Though anomalous enhancement in forced convection heat transfer coefficients have been reported for nanofluids, the effect of addition of nanoparticles to base fluids in natural convection circulation loops is not clearly understood. An experimental study is reported in this work, using aluminum oxide and copper oxide nanofluids with varying concentrations, in a thermosyphon loop. The flow velocity is arrived at from the measured pressure drop. At a nanoparticle concentration of 0.01% by volume Al2O3-water and CuO-water nanofluids shows 88.37% and 42.89% improvement in flow, respectively.

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40

Fichera, A., M. Froghieri, and A. Pagano. "Comparison of the dynamical behaviour of rectangular natural circulation loops." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 215, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440890121500402.

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This paper presents a comparison of the dynamical behaviours manifested by two singlephase experimental natural circulation loops. Both of the loops are rectangular and symmetric, with a heat source and a heat sink placed respectively at the bottom and at the top of the loop. The main differences between the two loops are their height and width, the inner diameter of their pipes and the length of the heating and cooling sections. In order to emphasize the differences in the dynamical evolution, the comparison was performed considering the same operating conditions. A phase space representation was chosen, so as to guarantee an adequate representation of the complex non-linear process dynamics. The proposed analysis, which is based on the morphological description of the attractors and on the evaluation of their correlation dimension, aims to give a preliminary characterization of the behaviours of the natural circulation loops under comparison. The proposed approach allowed it to be demonstrated that the differences of geometry lead to substantial changes in the dynamics that the two experimental loops may manifest for the same operating condition, defined by the heat power supplied to the fluid. In particular, reported results show that for some values of the heat power one of the experimental loops displays periodic oscillations whereas the other is governed by chaos.

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41

Chen, Xianbing, Huafeng Li, ChunGuo Wang, Chengyi Long, and Puzhen Gao. "Experimental study of natural circulation flow instability induced by flow boiling and loop circulation." Annals of Nuclear Energy 158 (August 2021): 108266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108266.

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42

ASAO, Yoshihisa, Mamoru OZAWA, and Nobuyuki TAKENAKA. "Circulation Characteristics and Density Wave Oscillation in a Natural Circulation Loop of Liquid Nitrogen." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 6, no. 2 (1992): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.6.159.

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43

Wahidi, Tabish, Rajat Arunachala Chandavar, and Ajay Kumar Yadav. "Supercritical CO2 flow instability in natural circulation loop: CFD analysis." Annals of Nuclear Energy 160 (September 2021): 108374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108374.

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44

Farawila, Yousef M., Donald R. Todd, Maurice J. Ades, and José N. Reyes. "Analytical Stability Analogue for a Single-Phase Natural-Circulation Loop." Nuclear Science and Engineering 184, no. 3 (November 2016): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse16-24.

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45

KUTSUNA, Hiroaki, Toshiki MORITA, and Katsuya FUKUDA. "Single-phase natural circulation flow in a short rectangular loop." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 54, no. 500 (1988): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.54.948.

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46

Gaheen, Mohamed A., and Mohamed Abdelaziz. "Analysis of natural circulation loop in MTRs using CONVEC code." Progress in Nuclear Energy 117 (November 2019): 103097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.103097.

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47

Goyal, Vishal, Varun Hassija, Vikas Pandey, and Suneet Singh. "Non-linear dynamics of single phase rectangular natural circulation loop." Progress in Nuclear Energy 130 (December 2020): 103530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103530.

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48

Coccoluto, G., P. Gaggini, V. Labanti, M. Tarantino, W. Ambrosini, N. Forgione, A. Napoli, and F. Oriolo. "Heavy liquid metal natural circulation in a one-dimensional loop." Nuclear Engineering and Design 241, no. 5 (May 2011): 1301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.06.048.

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49

Pandey, Vikas, and Suneet Singh. "Bifurcation analysis of density wave oscillations in natural circulation loop." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 120 (October 2017): 446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.06.029.

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50

Lifshitz, S., and Y. Zvirin. "Transient heat and mass transfer in a natural circulation loop." Wärme- und Stoffübertragung 28, no. 7 (July 1993): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01577878.

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