Academic literature on the topic 'Natural corrosion testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Natural corrosion testing"
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Wright, Ruishu F., Ping Lu, Jagannath Devkota, Fei Lu, Margaret Ziomek-Moroz, and Paul R. Ohodnicki. "Corrosion Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Oil and Natural Gas Infrastructure: A Review." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 3964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183964.
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Corrosion has been a great concern in the oil and natural gas industry costing billions of dollars annually in the U.S. The ability to monitor corrosion online before structural integrity is compromised can have a significant impact on preventing catastrophic events resulting from corrosion. This article critically reviews conventional corrosion sensors and emerging sensor technologies in terms of sensing principles, sensor designs, advantages, and limitations. Conventional corrosion sensors encompass corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic testing sensors, magnetic flux leakage sensors, electromagnetic sensors, and in-line inspection tools. Emerging sensor technologies highlight optical fiber sensors (point, quasi-distributed, distributed) and passive wireless sensors such as passive radio-frequency identification sensors and surface acoustic wave sensors. Emerging sensors show great potential in continuous real-time in-situ monitoring of oil and natural gas infrastructure. Distributed chemical sensing is emphasized based on recent studies as a promising method to detect early corrosion onset and monitor corrosive environments for corrosion mitigation management. Additionally, challenges are discussed including durability and stability in extreme and harsh conditions such as high temperature high pressure in subsurface wellbores.
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Machuca, Laura L., Stuart I. Bailey, and Rolf Gubner. "Crevice Corrosion Studies on Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Stagnant Natural Seawater." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.276.
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Crevice corrosion (CC) was investigated for a number of selected corrosion resistant alloys in natural seawater containing microorganisms for up to 18 months under stagnant conditions. Experimental controls consisted of tests in natural seawater filtered in accordance with hydrostatic testing procedures. The corrosion potential of alloys was monitored throughout exposure and corrosion was evaluated by weight loss and 3D optical microscopy. CC was initiated on several alloys and corrosion rates in time indicated a positive effect of seawater filtration on the long-term performance of the alloys. Microbial adhesion, as indicated by fluorescence microscopy, occurred mainly outside the crevice and differed according to the nature of the substratum surface.
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Hamadache, M., M. Mouli, F. Dif, N. Bouhamou, and A. S. Benosman. "Non-Destructive Testing for the Evaluation of Pozzolanic Mortar Reinforced to Corrosion." Advanced Materials Research 1064 (December 2014): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1064.42.
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Our work aims to studying the addition of the natural pozzolan located in Beni Saf (Algeria) at non-destructive testing for the evaluation of pozzolan mortar reinforced to corrosion. We chose to study this natural addition because of its low cost and its pozzolanic reactivity. To do this, we have carried out tests on mortars made to Portland cement CEM I 42,5 N and substituted by weight based percentages of different natural pozzolan (10%, 20% and 30%). We have measured the corrosion potential and the corrosion speed of different deadlines. The results indicated that is it possible to highlight the beneficial effect of this addition. The analysis of achievements shows that the addition of the pozzolan in optimal quantities has the following advantages: protection of reinforcement against corrosion and increase the resistance against the sulfate attack (5% Na2SO4).
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Hao, Bao Hong, Ding Zeng, Quan Yong Deng, Xi Yang Song, and Tin Tin Zhou. "Concrete Reinforcement Corrosion Characteristics and Grading Evaluation under Natural Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.744.
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Abstract: The paper, by using various electrochemical methods, conducts non-destructive quantitative testing towards currently-used bridges, analyzes reinforcement corrosion characteristics under natural environment, concludes the influencing rule of natural environment on reinforcement corrosion, and reveals differences accelerated simulation environment by contrasting with preliminary laboratory results. The real bridge measurement results show that: weight loss ratio of reinforcement under humid environment can reach a maximum of 33% and a minimum of 18%; while weight loss ratio of reinforcement under dry environment falls between 8%-15%. The actual measurement results also show that: box girder and guard bar coated with waterproof layer help to protect reinforcing bars inside the concrete and effectively reduce the corrosion rate inside reinforcing bars with weight loss ratio around 4-8%. It contrasts the precision of two testing methods and comes to a conclusion that testing precision of linear polarization method is higher than that of impulse current method.
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Lahodny-Šarc, O., B. Kulušić, Lj Krstulović, D. Sambrailo, and J. Ivić. "Stainless steel crevice corrosion testing in natural and synthetic seawater." Materials and Corrosion 56, no. 8 (August 2005): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200503865.
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Septiyani Arifin, Devi Eka, Destri Muliastri, Rudi Rudiana, and Fitri Nur Indah Sari. "Green Corrosion Inhibitors to Head Off the Corrosion Rate of ST 37 Steels." Current Journal: International Journal Applied Technology Research 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ijatr.v2i1.40.
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The corrosions process is a natural process and cannot be hindered, but it can be protected by adding a green inhibitor. Green corrosion inhibitors are a new alternative solution for corrosion protection because they are low-cost, biodegradable, and eco-friendly inhibitors. This research was used papaya leaves dan guava leaves extract as organic inhibitor solution by Maceration Method. The concentration of these green inhibitors is 0 mL, 1 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, and 3.5 mL. The type of testing method used in this research is FTIR, PDP, and weight loss. The results show that there is Tanin function groups in papaya leaves and guava leaves extract. The potentiodynamic polarization shows the value of corrosion rate without inhibitor is 0,418 mm/year. In contrast, the corrosion rate was decreased with improving the green inhibitor as many 3.5 mL. The corrosion rate was decreased until 0,00055 mm/year, and the value of efficiency is 99,868%.
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Qi, Gang, Xinhao Qin, Jun Xie, Pengju Han, and Bin He. "Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of four low-carbon steels in saline soil." RSC Advances 12, no. 32 (2022): 20929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra03200g.
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Zeng, Weiguo, Xiaofeng Dang, Shuhua Li, Hongmei Wang, Hao Wang, and Bo Wang. "Application of non-contact magnetic corresponding on the detection for natural gas pipeline." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501090.
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This study examined natural gas pipeline by the non-contact magnetic corresponding. To confirm the reliability for the examination of natural gas pipelines by non-contact magnetic corresponding, three abnormal nodes were detected by the appearance inspection and ultrasonic testing. The results suggested that the grade of abnormal nodes by non-contact magnetic corresponding were not absolutely agree with that of the corrosion by ultrasonic testing. However, there was an obvious relevance between the comprehensive index of F by non-contact magnetic corresponding and the maximum degree of corrosion by ultrasonic testing. To sum up, the magnetic corresponding was an effective non-contact detection technology for the natural gas pipeline, while it was necessary to rationally grade the abnormal node according to the comprehensive index of F.
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Xuan, L. P., M. A. Anwar, T. Kurniawan, H. M. Ayu, R. Daud, and Y. P. Asmara. "Caffeine as A Natural Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Nacl Solution." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND APPLIED ENGINEERING 2, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsae.v2i2.1186.
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Corrosion inhibitors are substances that added to the environment in small concentration and can effectively reduce the corrosion rate that of a metal surface. Natural inhibitors are one types of inhibitor being researched as it brings less environmental impact on the environment. This research was focused on the application of caffeine as inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in seawater condition. The objective of this project was to develop the relationship between caffeine concentration on the corrosion of mild carbon steel in both static and moving solution contained 3.5-wt% NaCl. Three types of solution were prepared, which are NaCl without addition of caffeine, NaCl with 1-wt% of caffeine and NaCl with 2-wt% of caffeine. Corrosion testing was carried out by weight loss measurement. The microstructures of corroded mild steel specimens were observed under optical microscope. The experimental results indicated that by adding caffeine into the environment medium, weight loss of mild steel specimen was reduced. The corrosion rate of specimens was decreased when more caffeine was added to the environment. From optical microscopic observation, caffeine performed its inhibition effect likely by forming a protective layer which acts as barrier to prevent further corrosion of mild steel in NaCl solution.
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Bui, Xuan Ba, Kharachenko U. V., and Beleneva I. A. "COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF CORROSION FOR CARBON STEEL IN NHATRANG BAY (VIETNAM) AND VLADIVOSTOK (RUSSIA) SEA WATER." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i1.1862.
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Comparative results of corrosion testing for carbon steel in natural conditions of Nhatrang Bay (East Sea, Vietnam) and Vladivostok (Russian Federation) sea water are presented. It is concluded, that corrosion of carbon mild steel in marine environment of Nhatrang Bay at normal seawater salinity is 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than that in Vladivostoc sea water conditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural corrosion testing"
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Morel, Jean-Michel. "Rôle de la structuration des patines formées sur acier autopatinable vis-àvis de la résistance à la corrosion atmosphérique : Influence de la diminution des teneurs en SO2 dans les atmosphères post-industrielles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS015.
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L’objectif du présent travail était de déterminer dans quelle mesure la réduction drastique des teneurs en SO2 des atmosphères post-industrielles a affecté la cinétique de corrosion des aciers autopatinables ainsi que leurs morphologie, composition chimique et structure cristalline. Les expérimentations ont couvert un large spectre de nuances d’acier, de durée d’exposition et de conditions de formation de ces patines. La structuration des patines a été étudiée avec notamment la mise en œuvre de fractographies cryogéniques ainsi que le suivi des cinétiques de corrosion. Les produits de corrosion des aciers autopatinables et des aciers conventionnels présentent une structuration similaire composée d’une couche de lépidocrocite stratifiée surmontant des produits de corrosion plus denses et plus protecteurs, généralement de la goethite. Ces produits formés localement s’étendent puis forment une couche protectrice relativement homogène. L’analyse des défauts présents dans les patines suggère un lien étroit entre leur densité et la vitesse de corrosion. Les éléments d’alliage joueraient alors un rôle dans la réduction de ces défauts mais les mécanismes exacts restent à établir. L’ensemble de ces résultats a conduit à remettre en question les paramètres du modèle prédictif de résistance à la corrosion de la norme ISO 9223 car ils ne sont pas adaptés à des environnements pauvres en SO2. Ils ont par ailleurs permis de proposer une méthode alternative et non destructive de suivi de la performance vis-à-vis de la corrosion des aciers faiblement alliés, cette famille englobant les aciers dits autopatinablesThe aim of this work was to determine the extent to which the drastic reduction in SO2 levels in postindustrial atmospheres affected the corrosion kinetics of weathering steels as well as their morphology, chemical composition and crystallographic structure. The experiments covered a wide spectrum of steel grades, exposure time and conditions of formation of these patinas. The structuring of the patinas has been studied with in particular the implementation of cryogenic fractography as well as the kinetics corrosion monitoring. Corrosion products formed on weathering steels or on conventional steels have a similar structuration consisting of a layer of laminated lepidocrocite over denser and more protective corrosion products, usually goethite. These products extend up to forming a relatively homogeneous protective layer. The analysis of the defects of the patinas suggests a very close relation between their density and the corrosion rate. Alloying elements would then play a role in reducing these defects but the exact mechanisms remain to be established. All these results have led to questioning the parameters of the predictive corrosion resistance model of the ISO 9223 standard because they are not adapted to environments with very low level of SO2. They also made it possible to propose an alternative and on destructive method of monitoring the corrosion’s performance of low-alloy steels, this family encompassing so-called weathering steels
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Datsiou, Kyriaki Corinna. "Design and performance of cold bent glass." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269408.
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The demand for flat glass is high and increasing significantly in the building industry as a direct result of architectural requirements for lightness, transparency and natural light. Current architectural trends require glass in curvilinear forms for smooth free-form façades. Two principal challenges arise from this: to cost-effectively produce the desired curvature and; to ensure its safe performance after exposure to ageing. The recent availability of high strength glass provides an opportunity to address the first challenge by developing cold bent glass. Cold bending involves the straining of relatively thin glass components, at ambient temperatures, and is a low energy and cost effective manner of creating curvilinear forms. However, cold bending is not yet widely established as a reliable method. The aim of this thesis is to develop the understanding of cold bent glass during the bending process and to evaluate its post-ageing performance. This thesis, firstly, investigates the mechanical response of monolithic glass plates during the cold bending process. The stability of cold bent glass is investigated experimentally by bending it in double curved anticlastic shapes. A parametric numerical analysis involves different boundary conditions, geometrical plate characteristics and bending parameters. The principal outcome is that a local instability, now termed cold bending distortion, occurs when certain displacement limits are exceeded and could degrade the optical quality of the glass. An evaluation procedure is also formulated to set limits and aid designers/manufacturers to predict the mechanical response and the optical quality of the glass. Cold bent glass is subjected to permanent bending stresses throughout its service life and therefore, its strength degradation after ageing needs to be quantified. Analytical, experimental and numerical investigations are undertaken in this thesis to identify the most effective method for estimating glass strength (evaluation of destructive tests, required number of specimens, statistical analysis methods and sub-critical crack growth). The limited availability of naturally aged toughened glass and the absence of a reliable ageing standard impede the evaluation of its aged performance. Therefore, a parametric experimental investigation of artificial ageing methods on glass is undertaken in this thesis. A procedure for the evaluation of the strength of aged glass is finally, formulated to allow the selection of artificial ageing parameters that correspond to a target level of erosion. The knowledge on artificial ageing and strength prediction acquired above is finally implemented on different types of glass to determine their strength after ageing and assess their safe use in cold bending / load bearing applications. The investigation showed that fully toughened glass has a superior performance to chemically toughened or annealed glass. Overall, the research presented in this thesis demonstrates that high quality cold bent toughened glass can be created when certain applied displacement limits are respected. These can be used as a safe, cost-effective and energy efficient replacement to the more conventional hot bent glass. However, cold bending / load bearing applications in which the stressed glass surface is exposed to ageing, require glass with a relatively high case depth such as fully toughened or bi-tempered glass.
Books on the topic "Natural corrosion testing"
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1941-, Kain Robert M., Young Walter T. 1945-, and Symposium on Corrosion Testing in Natural Waters (2nd : 1995 : Norfolk, Va.), eds. Corrosion testing in natural waters. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 1997.
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Young, WT, and RM Kain, eds. Corrosion Testing in Natural Waters: Second Volume. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1300-eb.
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You qi guan dao jian ce yu ping jia. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo shi hua chu ban she, 2010.
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Byers, C. D. A study of natural glass analogues as applied to alteration of nuclear waste glass. Argonne, Ill: Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Technology Division, 1987.
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Methodology of Crevice Corrosion Testing for Stainless Steels in Natural and Treated Seawaters. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.
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Espelid, Bard. Methodology of Crevice Corrosion Testing for Stainless Steels in Natural and Treated Seawaters. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.
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(Norfolk, Va ). Symposium on Corrosion Testing in Natural Waters 1995. Corrosion Testing in Natural Waters: Second Volume (Astm Special Technical Publication// Stp). ASTM International, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Natural corrosion testing"
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Nadim Melhem, George, Paul Richard Munroe, Charles Christopher Sorrell, and Alsten Clyde Livingstone. "Field Trials of Aerospace Fasteners in Mechanical and Structural Applications." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000309.
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The present work reports findings for the application of specialized aerospace aluminum rivets, manufactured from Al 7075 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) T6 alloy stem/mandrel, with an Al 5056 (Al-Mg) shank or sleeve, which were used for construction rectification of an outdoor louver façade on a high-rise building. These specialized rivets were used to replace failed conventional construction rivets, which consisted of sleeve and mandrel comprised of either all-steel, all-aluminum, or aluminum-steel. The building is in close vicinity to the ocean and exposed to extremely high wind loading, making the rivets susceptible to failure by corrosion and fatigue. The focus of the present work is to report the examination of the specialized replacement rivets following an in-service lifetime of 12 years. The examination revealed that the replacement rivets (mandrel and sleeve) remained intact and uncontaminated, essentially free of corrosion. It is likely that sunlight exposure and the composite nature of the rivets enhanced the performance through age hardening. Analysis of the rivets included visual inspection, optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness testing, and transmission electron microscopy. The aim of the analysis was to correlate microstructures with microhardnesses, using these data to evaluate the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and the potential for further age hardening. The Vickers microhardnesses were observed to have increased by ~8% over the service lifetime of 12 years, which equates to increases in YS (34.8–46.8 MPa) and UTS (23.8–45.6 MPa). Although the results show that there is a large increase in the strength values when comparing the unused rivets to the 12-year-old rivets, this increase in hardness may not necessarily be due purely to natural aging kinetics such as exposure from the sun and outdoor temperature. However, there appears to be some insignificant alteration of the microstructure and mechanical properties as a result of this exposure.
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"Corrosion and Protection of Superalloys." In Superalloys, 287–322. 2nd ed. ASM International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280287.
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Abstract Superalloys tend to operate in environments where they are subjected to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, and the erosive effects of hot gases. This chapter discusses the nature of these attacks and the effectiveness of various protection methods. It describes the primary forms of oxidation, the development of protective oxides, and the conditions associated with mixed gas corrosion and hot corrosion attack. It discusses oxidation and corrosion testing, the equipment used, and various ways to present the associated data. It describes the effect of gaseous oxidation on different alloys, discusses the formation of oxide scale in the presence of mixed gases, and explains how alloy composition contributes to oxide growth. The chapter discusses the underlying chemistry of hot corrosion, how to identify its effects, and how it progresses under various conditions. It also discusses protective coatings, including aluminide diffusion, overlay, and thermal barrier types, and how they perform in different environments based on their ability to tolerate strain.
Conference papers on the topic "Natural corrosion testing"
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Mills, Douglas J., Joshua Zatland, and Nicola M. Everitt. "Experience Using Electrochemical Noise for Testing Green Corrosion Inhibitors." In SPE International Oilfield Corrosion Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205475-ms.
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Abstract ‘Green’ corrosion inhibitors derived from plant materials provide environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors. They are also much cheaper if using a biomass waste stream or abundant plant material as the source material. There are many examples in literature of different trials, from henna leaves to celery seeds to banana peel. Although it is known that extracts contain electron-rich polar atoms such as N, O, S and P which make them potentially effective inhibitors, it is difficult to predict on a molecular basis what will work well and what will not, since many interacting factors may be at play in complementary interactions. To assist in predicting the inhibition efficiency of inhibitors under varying conditions and choosing the most effective, what is needed is a short-term test which will obviate the need for tedious weight loss experiments. The Electrochemical Noise Method (ENM) uses the natural fluctuations which arise during electrochemical activity to gain information about the corrosion process. Using ENM is quick and non-intrusive method which makes it ideal for screening. Hence a rig has been designed and manufactured which allows for measurement to be made in stirred as well as static conditions and minimises the occurrence of crevice corrosion at the electrodes. Crevice corrosion is a hazard for ENM electrodes when trying to make a comparison with corrosion inhibition calculated using the standard weight loss measurement after immersion (WLM) method. For these preliminary trials we are exploring corrosion of mild steel in HCl in both stirred and unstirred conditions at room temperature. Results are presented comparing ENM measurements with conventional WLM for both Propargyl Alcohol (a conventional industrial corrosion inhibitor) and broccoli extract. Our results suggest that stirring does not make any difference to the noise measured in ENM. The amount of material lost calculated by ENM and WLM (Rn and weight loss values) can be directly compared and show close comparison. It seems likely that as a way of assessing inhibitors quickly (which is particularly important in the testing of "green" inhibitors) that this ENM approach has a lot to offer.
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Singh, Kumar V., Carter Hamilton, and Steven Boehmer. "Characterization and Estimation of Mass Loss Due to Exfoliation Corrosion From Vibration Spectrum." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67486.
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Corrosion is a major concern to the aerospace community when evaluating the structural integrity and service-life potential of an airframe. The estimation of corrosion and characterization of material parameters due to such corrosion is of the paramount interest. In this study, corrosion characterization and estimation is considered by using vibration spectrum that can be obtained from non-destructive testing. To that end, aluminum 7075-T6 extrusions were exposed to the exfoliation corrosion environment specified in ASTM G 34 for various times, and the resultant mass loss was measured for each exposure. The corrosion attack was confined to a narrow band centered on the length of a beam specimen by masking the extrusion. Theoretical modeling and lab scale dynamic testing were conducted to establish the correlation between the mass loss and the associated spectral characteristics of the beam (natural frequencies). This research program demonstrates that changes in mass due to exfoliation corrosion may be identified by the measurable change in the spectrum. Estimation/characterization techniques based upon a low dimensional mathematical model as well as based only upon experimental data (natural frequencies) are developed. Successful non-destructive dynamic characterization of aluminum extrusions, therefore, can be the basis of corrosion evaluation and health monitoring of structures operating in corrosive environments.
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Alonso, C. "Corrosion rates of concretes made with different binders and exposed for 10 years in natural sea water." In Third International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling Chloride Ingress into Concrete. RILEM Publications SARL, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2912143578.006.
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Evenson, Robert S., and Scott K. Jacobs. "Mechanical Development of a NPS 36 Speed Controlled Pipeline Corrosion Measurement Tool." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2042.
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High pressure natural gas pipeline companies conducting in-line magnetic flux leakage (MFL) corrosion inspection operations had to significantly reduce gas throughput velocity to accommodate MFL corrosion tool inspection speeds. A large bypass, variable speed NPS 36 MFL corrosion inspection tool has been developed and run successfully in several high pressure natural gas pipelines without noticeable impact on operational throughput Active speed control enables the tool to run at speeds significantly lower than line velocity commonly experienced in high pressure natural gas pipelines. Unique mechanical innovations include large diameter flow bypass, an efficient speed control mechanism, variable drag backing bars and an independent bypass override system. A floating backing bar system ensures uniform sensor/wall contact for optimum data collection. Magnetic self-levitation of the backing bar results in reduced load on suspension and wheels providing more reliability and longer life to these components. Operating in higher line velocities infers higher possible tool speeds. This potential required development and construction of a more durable tool capable of higher speeds than typical MFL corrosion inspection tools. In this paper, development, testing and field operation of this tool is described.
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Tomosawa, Fuminori, Shigeo Tsujikawa, Tadashi Ono, Keisuke Yonemaru, Shozo Takizawa, Yasuo Kugai, and Hideo Miura. "Research on Applicability of New Materials to Marine Structures in Tropical Climates: Specimens Exposed for 3 Years." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51088.
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New structural materials that are light and durable are anticipated to reduce the running and maintenance costs of structures exposed to harsh marine environments, such as offshore oil production facilities, thereby reducing their lifecycle cost. This study aims to investigate the applicability of new materials to marine structures, focusing on their durability. To this end, a 5-year exposure test has been conducted from 1999 on 3 types of specimens (for corrosion observation, tension testing, and joint strength testing) made of 21 selected materials (6 nonferrous metals, 8 steels, 4 composite materials, and 3 rope materials). The specimens are exposed at 3 sites: Okinotori-shima and Miyako-jima, corrosive environments with high temperature and humidity, and a thermo-hygrostatic room in a laboratory. In 2004, the fifth and the last year of the ongoing exposure testing, the results of the observation and experiments of specimens recovered in 2003 after exposure for 4 years are subjected to analysis. The authors have already reported the detailed plan of the exposure test, initial performance of the specimens, and findings obtained each year from observation and testing. This paper primarily reports on the results of appearance observation of specimens at Okinotori-shima and Miyako-jima carried out in 2002, as well as the findings from observation and experiments on specimens exposed for 3 years at Miyako-jima. The state of corrosion at each site was grasped during the appearance observation. No appreciable difference was observed between the specimens exposed to natural environments at Okinotori-shima and Miyako-jima. Specimens recovered from Miyako-jima were subjected to appearance observation and experiments to grasp the state of corrosion. The strength of metal specimens that had shown strength losses a year earlier became even lower. Pitting corrosion increased on specimens on which surface corrosion had been found a year earlier. Also, surface corrosion was newly recognized on specimens of certain types on which no corrosion had been observed before. These phenomena indicate progress of corrosion due to exposure to natural environments. Comparison of these data with existing data of exposure to other natural environments revealed particular fierceness of the environments adopted for this study.
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Stalheim, Douglas G., and Bernhard Hoh. "Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31299.
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Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.
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Miao, Cunjian, Weican Guo, Zhangwei Ling, and Ping Tang. "Inner Detection of Corrosion by Ultrasonic Phased Array in Underground Compressed Natural Gas Storage Well." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63970.
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Compressed natural gas (CNG) storage well is a kind of pressure vessel buried underground. The detection of corrosion, which may be induced by the surrounding soil and different medium, is important for the safety security of the well, and protects it from CNG leakage or casing explosion. Among non-destructive examination techniques for corrosion detecting, the ultrasonic techniques are popularly utilized, in which the phased array approach can offer distinct advantages. To investigate both reliability and applicability of the phased array technique in the storage well, a complex design with a 512-element ultrasonic phased array that covered the entire cross-section was discussed, and phased array parameters were determined, including array elements, array element size, ultrasonic frequency and so on. An ultrasonic testing system was designed based on the above design, including a frame for holding phased array probes, a specific vessel for storing ultrasonic cards and other components, and an in-pipe robot designed for instruments’ moving in the storage well. The general corrosion condition described by thickness images were captured by the ultrasonic testing system with B, C and D-scan functions, in which circumferential electronic linear scanning was performed by the phased array probes and axial scanning was done by a mechanical scanning device. A method for minimizing the external pressure from water column necessary for coupling was put forward in the scanning and detection process. The sample for CNG storage well with artificial defects was built in laboratory environments and experiments were conducted to validate detection effects, and the phased array technique provided good sensitivity and efficiency, which may lead to a successful application in CNG storage well examination.
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Evin, Harold N., Jerome Peultier, Gilles Thevenet, Olivier Wagner, Henri Romazzotti, and Jean-Philippe Roques. "Hydrogen Induced Corrosion Cracking and Crevice Corrosion Behavior in Natural Sea Water of Super Duplex Seam Welded Tubes for Umbilicals Applications." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41755.
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Umbilicals are important tubes assembly essentially used for subsea equipment controlling functions and fluid injection. Super duplex stainless steel 2507 (UNS 32750 / EN 1.4410) has been the historical grade used for its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The Oil and Gas industry is gradually working on the exploration and exploitation of offshore and deep offshore resources. These operating conditions lead to new philosophy in the design of subsea umbilicals, which are evolving to answer the needs of new functionalities. Recent years development supported by O&G operators, have seen innovative super duplex stainless seam welded tube solution being used for their high mechanical characteristics (YS0.2≥ 750 MPa; UTS≥ 900 MPa), tight dimension tolerances, and their ability to generate cost saving during installation. The specific metallurgical manufacturing route for the 2507 strip together with an efficient roll forming process and NDT control allows to obtained tubes for umbilicals which push the usual boundaries of utilization of this super duplex grades. In this paper, Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) behavior, possible failure mode of the super duplex stainless steel tubes exposed to cathodic protection in the termination unit, was extensively studied. A stress load of 110% YS0.2 was applied using a dead weight bench and the tubes performance was characterized after 500h of exposure in synthetic sea water under cathodic protection. Crevice corrosion is also a reported failure mode for umbilical tubes. Corrosion resistance of the 2507 seam welded tubes was also assessed in natural sea water in crevice conditions at open circuit potential (OCP). No failure was observed during the HISC testing in synthetic sea water after 500hours of exposure and no micro-crack was detected on the tubes after characterization. The metallurgical microstructure of the laser weld is not preferential initiation zone for crevice corrosion.
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Chen, Huajun, Yitung Chen, Hsuan-Tsung Hsieh, and Jinsuo Zhang. "Numerical Analysis of Corrosion Behavior and Oxygen Transport in the Nature Convection Lead-Bismuth Flow." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81961.
Full textAbstract:
A two-dimensional numerical analysis of oxygen transport and corrosion behaviors in a coupled natural convection and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) flow in a two dimensional container was carried out in detailed. In present study, it is assumed the corrosion product (iron) concentration is at its equilibrium level at the wall. The wall boundary condition for the mass transfer of corrosion production and oxygen concentration was taken based on the active oxygen control model. And also the oxygen transport in the LBE loop flow was simulated for testing and calibrating flow concentration level oxygen sensors. Both of the corrosion/precipitation rates at the wall, distribution of corrosion product and oxygen, and oxygen diffusion time are analyzed. Some useful information was obtained to understand the mechanism of corrosion behavior and oxygen transport.
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Chen, Joe, Yanping Li, Trevor Place, Axel Aulin, and Logan Galbraith. "Assessing Internal Pitting Corrosion With Encoded Ultrasonic Scanning." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86884.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Internal corrosion is one of the main threats to pipeline integrity. For in-line inspection (ILI) based integrity programs, in-the-ditch non-destructive examination (NDE) data quality is imperative for ILI validation. NDE feature misclassification and/or depth inaccuracy can lead to unnecessary integrity actions such as unnecessary excavations, more frequent ILI, or increased risk to system integrity. Therefore, it is critical to ensure the accuracy of NDE data. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) technology is the primary method to detect, characterize, and measure internal corrosion during in-ditch NDE. While studies have been conducted to understand various NDE technologies and capabilities associated with detecting, sizing, and classifying crack and external corrosion indications, less work has been published regarding field evaluation of internal corrosion indications. In this study, real cases of liquid pipelines will be used to demonstrate the challenges in detecting, characterizing and sizing internal corrosion using current UT technologies. The cases show that improper NDE technique selection triggered additional excavations or caused internal corrosion to be non-conservatively under-reported. This work also includes various UT technologies, such as encoded zero-degree UT scanning, manual zero-degree UT testing, encoded Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), and Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) for characterizing and sizing both natural and machined defects in pipe and plate samples. High-resolution laser scans using Creaform HandyScan technology are used to verify actual feature depth. Depth sizing accuracy of each technology is established using statistical analysis. In order to determine detection limits of the above technologies, tests are performed on pitting and inclusion of various sizes, ranging from 8 mm to 0.5 mm in diameter. This study will assist in establishing the limitations of current UT NDE technologies and recommendations to develop best practices for obtaining quality field NDE data from pipeline excavations for internal corrosion.