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Klingbjer, Josefin Wiklund. "Water-related disasters : An overview of landslides and floods in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291117.
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Current research shows that water-related disasters are the most common natural disaster worldwide and these disasters are increasing in numbers. Water-related disasters cause negative consequences through damage to infrastructure and human health. This thesis aims to provide an overview of the water-related disasters, floods, and landslides in Sweden by displaying the spatial distribution. Furthermore, the purpose is to analyze the consequences of occurred water-related disasters. By answering the following research questions: How has landslides and floods been spatially distributed over time in Sweden? How severe has the consequences of floods and landslides been in Sweden? To answer these research questions a data study was conducted in ArcGIS and Excel to analyze the spatial distribution and the consequences of landslides and floods. The result shows that the three counties in Sweden with the highest number of affected areas by floods are: Västerbotten, Västernorrland and Örebro. These counties constitute 36% of the affected areas. These affected areas have occurred periodically with an increase since 1970. A detailed study over the years 2011–2017 showed that most floods in Sweden lead to consequences with a small extent and limited damages. Furthermore, the counties Västra Götaland, Västernorrland and Värmland had the highest number of occurred landslides. In total, 83.7% of all landslides have occurred within these three counties. This means that the distribution of floods is more evenly distributed between different counties compared to landslides. Within these counties, the areas that have had notable high numbers of landslides are Ångermanälven, Norsälven, Klarälven and the areas nearby Göta älv. Overall, it has been most common that landslides have an extent in the range between 1000–10000 m2 and that an extent over 100000 m2 are rare.Aktuell forskning visar att vattenrelaterade naturkatastrofer är de vanligaste naturkatastroferna över hela världen samt att dessa ökar i antal. Vattenrelaterade naturkatastrofer orsakar till negativa konsekvenser till följd av skador på infrastruktur och människors hälsa. Denna kandidatuppsats syftar till att ge en översikt av den geografiska utbredningen av inträffade vattenrelaterade naturkatastroferna skred och översvämningar i Sverige. Vidare, är syftet att analysera konsekvenserna av inträffade vattenrelaterade naturkatastrofer, genom att svara på följande frågeställningar: Hur har skred och översvämningar varit utspridda över tid i Sverige? Hur allvarliga har konsekvenserna av översvämningar och jordskred varit i Sverige? För att besvara dessa frågeställningar utfördes en analys i ArcGIS och Excel för att undersöka den geografiska utbredningen och konsekvenserna av skred och översvämningar. Resultatet visar att de tre län med flest områden som blivit påverkade av översvämningar är: Västerbotten, Västernorrland and Örebro. Dessa län utgör 36% av de drabbade områdena. Antalet påverkade områden av översvämningar har inträffat periodvis med en ökning sedan 1970. En detaljerad analys över åren 2011–2017 visade att de flesta översvämningar i Sverige resulterade i konsekvenser med liten utbredning och små skador. Vidare, hade Västra Götaland, Västernorrland och Värmlands län högst antal inträffade skred. Totalt har 83.7% av alla skred inträffat inom dessa tre län. Detta innebär att fördelningen av områden påverkade av översvämningar har varit jämnare fördelade mellan olika län jämfört med skred. Inom dessa län är de områden som har haft anmärkningsvärt högt antal skred: Ångermanälven, Norsälven, Klarälven och områdena i närheten av Göta älv. Överlag har det varit vanligast att jordskred har en utbredning mellan 1000–10000 m2 och att en utbredning över 100000 m2 är ovanlig.
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Norehall, Thomas. "Det ligger träd överallt! : Tre stormar, tre decennier och fyra dagstidningars rapportering." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för historia och samtidsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46409.
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The three largest storms in Sweden in modern time (1954, 1969 and 2005) are in focus in this thesis. By doing a narrative analysis of the countries four leading newspapers, the aim is to find out what stories are constructed during and after big crises such as storms. And more specifically what those narratives say about Sweden, being looked at in a historical rearview window. The result shows that the people of Sweden are portrayed as gender conservatives and that they are all ethnic swedes. There are no room for immigrants in the narratives. The narrative concerning every storm differs though, depending how the inhabitants act. In 1954 Sweden is portraited as a nation where everybody do things together and helps out. During the storm 1969 ordinary peoples efforts are no longer requested. The state promises to take care of everything. When it can´t keep its promises voices from the media and the government are requesting an even stronger state. But in 2005 there have been an era of liberalisation and deregulation. Private companies are now in charge of the electric power supply. After the storm the power is out in many places and people behave differently. Some are passive and demands that the electricity works, other are doing the best of the situation. People are more active on the countryside than in the cities. All are however blaming the electricity companies. But what we see is a more fragmented country than before, where the biggest victims are the small foresters who in many cases have lost everything, they own. They were victims even in the earlier storms, but in 1969, when Sweden, in many ways, was a world leading country the foresters’ stories were not to be heard. In 2005 the forest farmers story are once again told, they who loses everything and, in some cases, commit suicide. They stand as reminders of the old and very poor Sweden, an outskirt in the world. This narrative can have its explanation in the assumption that when the times are uncertain, or changing, a nation looks at its history.
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Bengts, Elina, and Christian Johansson. "Den "perfekta" stormen : En studie av nyhetstäckningen kring en naturkatastof i västerländska tidningar." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-28529.
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Uppsatsen söker visa på hur medierapporteringen av en nordamerikansk naturkatastrof ser ut och skiljer sig från varandra i tidningars internetupplagor från olika västerländska länder utifrån sex syftesfrågor; På vilket sätt har amerikanska och svenska nyhetsmedier rapporterat om katastrofen? Vilka huvudsakliga teman skriver tidningarna om? Vilka källor kommer till tals? Vilka händelser fokuserar tidningarna på? Hur har ländernas tidningar rapporterat om länder katastrofen drabbade innan den nådde USA? På vilka sätt skiljer sig ländernas tidningar från varandra? Länderna utvalda för att besvara frågan är USA och Sverige, och tidningarna från respektive land uppsatsen använder för att besvara frågan är Washington Post, Huffington Post, Svenska Dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter. Den nordamerikanska naturkatastrofen som uppsatsen ska undersöka är orkanen Sandy, som mellan dagarna 22 och 31 oktober 2012 färdades från Jamaica till USAs östkust där den skingrades efter att ha orsakat skador för miljarder efter hela sin resväg. För att analysera materialet så har kvantitativ innehållsanalys och kritisk diskursanalys tillämpas. Teorierna som uppsatsen tillämpar de två metoderna på är Entmans Framing-teori, nyhetsvärdering enligt bland andra, Henk Prakke. Teorier om agenda setting och journalistisk praktik tillämpas också för att påvisa hur tidningar kan påverka sitt innehåll på olika sätt. Det kvantitativa materialet består av sammanlagt 194 artiklar från de fyra olika tidningarna och det kvalitativa materialet av en artikel av speciellt intresse per tidning. Resultatet redovisas i två delar, en per metod. I undersökningen framkommer det att täckningen mellan länderna på en del punkter är mycket lika och på andra mycket olika. Täckningen av orkanen var mellan länderna lika i sitt stora fokus på USA i majoriteten av alla artiklar, likaså var tidningarnas täckning lika i frekvensen som artiklarnas innehåll var alarmerande eller neutrala förmedlare. Skillnader fanns dock mellan länderna i hur ländernas täckning av andra länder än USA sett ut, där de svenska tidningarna visade sig nästan uteslutande täcka Haitis situation, till stor del som en del i täckningen av landets många problem i stort, medan USA täckte Jamaica och Kuba, men endast i förbifarten och som en del av den allmänna rapporteringen om orkanens resväg. Uppsatsens slutsats är att skillnaderna som hittats, beror på det uppfattade kulturella avståndet mellan länderna som undersökts och länderna som drabbats.This essay seeks to show how coverage of a North-American natural disaster looks and differs between the internet-edition of newspapers from western countries by way of six research questions: In what way has Swedish and American news media reported on the disaster? What main themes do the papers write about? Who can be seen making statements in the articles? What are the events focused on in the papers? How did the newspaper’s report on countries affected by the disaster before it arrived in the USA? In what ways do the countries differ from each other? The countries chosen for answering the question with, are the USA and Sweden, and the papers chosen from the respective country is Washington Post, Huffington Post, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The North-American disaster that will be examined is Hurricane Sandy that between the days 22 to 31 October 2012 traveled from Jamaica to the American east coast, causing billions worth of damage on its way there. To analyze the material two methods, quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis were chosen. The theories used to work the methods are the Framing-theory by Entman, News-evaluation by way of among others Henk Prakke. Agenda Setting theories and theories on journalistic practices is also employed to make the point and explain how newspapers are able to affect the content they produce. The quantitative material used is made up of 194 articles from the four papers as well as one article, chosen for its specific content, from each newspaper. The results are presented separately for each method. The contents of the essay show that the countries papers in some ways have covered the event quite similarly and in some ways very differently. The coverage was similar in that both countries focused mainly on covering the USA, as well as in the frequency of articles where the contents were covered in a neutral or alarming fashion. Differences sprung up in the choice of coverage of other affected countries aside from the U.S where Swedish newspapers mainly focused on reporting on the situation in Haiti, mainly as a part in their general coverage of the country`s previous disaster exposure, while the American newspapers mainly wrote about Jamaica and Cuba, but only however as part of the coverage given to the path the hurricane was taking. The conclusion made by the essay is that differences are created and occur due to perceived cultural distance to the different actors affected by Sandy held by the countries whose media coverage was researched.
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Davidson, Clayton Simmons. ""Natural Disasters"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538761/.
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"Natural Disasters" is a cycle of five extractable movements for septet, conductor and computer. Each movement in the cycle is inspired by the ways that humans are affected by and respond to five different classes or categories of natural disasters: meteorological, such as hurricanes, tornados, and haboobs; geological, like earthquakes and landslides; hydrological, including flooding and sea level rise; wildfires; and extra-planetary disasters such as meteors and solar flares. The disaster types are used as overarching themes and also as sources for the organization of the movements and their surface details. This paper presents an overview of the conception and organization of cycle, the themes addressed in each movement and the compositional techniques used. The history of composers using weather or disaster-related themes in prior music is reviewed, and a survey of contemporary disaster-related compositions is presented.
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Cleenewerck, Adélie. "Natural disasters : What are the economic consequences of natural disasters for households?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105154.
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Climate change is an important subject nowadays and climate change leads to more natural disasters. This essay is a large literature study on Asian, American, European, Oceanian and African countries about the economic consequences for households as a result of natural disasters and the coping mechanisms used by households, as well as governments and institutions. It also provides information about natural disasters, such as natural disasters that have the worst consequences, people that are highly affected by disasters and places in the world where disasters happen the most. The aim of this study is to learn more about environmental disasters and prepare better for future disasters. The results show consequences on welfare (income, assets, poverty), the labour market, migration and inequality. And the coping strategies found are post-disaster sources (help from family and relatives, public and private transfers, borrowing, credits, savings, insurance), decrease in expenditures, changes in consumption, selling assets, changes in the labour market, help from communities and other ways to cope. Governments and institutions also help households in the aftermath of natural disasters. Overall, we conclude that natural disasters lead to important economic impacts for people, and households react by using different coping mechanisms to recover.
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Collier, Benjamin L. "Financial Inclusion and Natural Disasters." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/14.
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This dissertation explores the implications of natural disaster risk for access to financial services, especially credit. Its results show that disasters can dramatically undermine the ability of financial intermediaries (FIs) to lend after an event, increasing the cost of the disaster and delaying recovery. Moreover, the risk of natural disasters discourages investment in vulnerable regions and economic sectors and so slows economic development. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance can help maintain lending following an event. While many international development projects have targeted disaster insurance markets to households, managing disaster-related credit risk may be done more effectively through insurance products for FIs. Additionally, prudential supervision and the credit risk rating methods of investors in developing and emerging economies are dominated by developed country standards that overlook natural disaster risks. Public and private interests align in the need to tailor such standards and so enhance the effectiveness with which vulnerable FIs manage disaster risk.
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Olauson, Jon. "Wind Power and Natural Disasters." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225573.
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Wind power can be related to natural disasters in several ways. This licentiate thesis gives some background and introduces four papers devoted to two aspects of this relation. The first section looks into how small-scale wind energy converters (WECs) could be used to generate power after a natural disaster. For this application diesel generators are the most common solution today, but there would be several advantages of replacing these systems. A study of off-grid systems with battery storage at 32 sites showed that photovoltaics (PV) were more suitable than WECs. The results were confirmed by a study for the entire globe; PV outperformed WECs at most sites when it comes to small-scale application. This is especially true for areas with a high disaster risk. Hybrid systems comprising both PV and WECs are however interesting at higher latitudes. For the Swedish case, it is shown that gridded data from a freely available meteorological model, combined with a statistical model, give good estimates of the mean wind speed at 10 meters above ground. This methodology of estimating the mean wind speed can be used when there is no time for a proper wind measurement campaign. The second section is directed towards wind power variability and integration. The results presented in the thesis are intended as a basis for future studies on how a substantially increased wind power capacity affects the electric grid in terms of stability, grid reinforcement requirements, increased balancing needs etc. A review of variability and forecastability for non-dispatchable renewable energy sources was performed together with researchers from the solar, wave and tidal power fields. Although a lot of research is conducted in these areas, it was concluded that more studies on combinations of the sources would be desirable. The disciplines could also learn from each other and benefit from the use of more unified methods and metrics. A model of aggregated hourly wind power production has finally been developed. The model is based on reanalysis data from a meteorological model and detailed information on Swedish WECs. The model proved very successful, both in terms of low prediction errors and in the match of probability density function for power and step changes of power.Vindkraft kan relateras till naturkatastrofer på flera olika sätt. Den här licentiat\-avhandlingen ger bakgrund till och introducerar fyra artiklar som beskriver två aspekter av detta samband. I den första avdelningen undersöks hur småskalig vindkraft skulle kunna användas för att generera el efter en naturkatastrof. I dagsläget är det dieselaggregat som används för detta ändamål, men det skulle finnas stora fördelar med att övergå till förnybara system. En studie av 32 platser (myndigheten MSB:s utlandsstationeringar augusti 2012) visade att solceller var mer lämpade än vindkraftverk. Resultaten bekräftades av en studie för hela världen; solceller ger billigare system än småskaliga vindkraftverk för de flesta platser, inte minst om man tittar på områden som är utsatta för naturkatastrofer. Hybridsystem med både solceller och vindkraftverk var dock intressanta på högre breddgrader. För Sverige så visas det att data från en fritt tillgängliga meteorologisk modell tillsammans med en statistisk korrigering beroende på terrängtyp ger bra uppskattningar av medelvinden på 10 meters höjd. Den föreslagna metodiken kan vara användbar som ett komplement till vindmätningar eller om det inte finns tid eller möjlighet till en riktig mätkampanj. Den andra avdelningen är inriktad mot vindens variabilitet och integrering av vindkraft i kraftsystemet. De resultat som presenteras i denna avhandling är tänkta som en bas för framtida studier av hur en kraftigt ökad andel vindkraft påverkar elsystemet med avseende på stabilitet, nödvändiga nätförstärkningar, ökade krav på balanskraft etc. En översiktsstudie av variabilitet och prognosbarhet för intermittenta förnybara energikällor gjordes tillsammans med forskare inom sol-, våg och tidvattenkraft. Även om mycket forskning pågår inom dessa områden så var en slutsats att mer studier för kombinationer av olika källor skulle vara önskvärt. Forskare inom de olika disciplinerna skulle också kunna lära från varandra och dra fördel av gemensamma metoder och mått. Slutligen har en modell av aggregerad timvis vindkraftproduktion tagits fram. Modellen baseras på data från en meteorologisk modell samt detaljerad information om vindkraftverk i Sverige. Modellen visade sig vara mycket träffsäker, både vad gäller låga prediktionsfel och i överensstämmelse av sannolikhetsfördelning av effekt och stegförändring av timvis effekt.
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Keerthiratne, Wendala Gamaralalage Subhani Sulochana. "Economic impact of natural disasters." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70405/.
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Goussebaile, Arnaud. "Prevention and insurance of natural disasters." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX014/document.
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Les pertes économiques liées aux catastrophes naturelles ont augmenté dans le monde plus rapidement que le PIB les trente dernières années en raison d’un accroissement de population et d’un faible niveau de prévention dans les régions exposées. De plus, seulement un tiers de ces pertes sont assurées et la faible pénétration de l’assurance génère des chocs de richesse pour les populations affectées. Dans ce contexte et dans la perspective du changement climatique, réduire les pertes liées aux catastrophes naturelles et accroître la couverture d’assurance sont devenus des enjeux majeurs pour nos sociétés, qui sont abordés dans la présente thèse. Les faibles niveaux de prévention et d’assurance peuvent s’expliquer par les nombreuses imperfections de marché et les politiques publiques déficientes, comme l’explique le chapitre introductif de la thèse. Il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre ces problèmes de marché et le rôle des politiques publiques afin de les améliorer. Le chapitre 2 s’intéresse aux choix de prévention dans le contexte du développement des villes. A l’aide d’un modèle d’économie urbaine, il montre que des zones plus risquées sont développées près du centre-ville que loin du centre-ville, l’investissement dans la résilience des bâtiments permet de développer des villes plus concentrées et les zones plus risquées sont moins densément peuplées et génèrent plus de prévention. De plus, les subventions à l’assurance mènent à une exposition excessive aux risques à travers une augmentation de la densité dans les zones les plus risquées et une baisse générale de la résilience. Cette analyse illustre les effets négatifs des subventions et le rôle que peuvent jouer les politiques publiques urbaines telles que les restrictions de densité ou les codes de construction. Les chapitres suivants abordent la problématique du partage des risques dans le contexte de corrélation des risques, caractéristique majeure des risques de catastrophes naturelles. A l’aide d’un modèle d’économie avec risques individuels potentiellement corrélés, le chapitre 3 démontre qu’une allocation Pareto-optimale des risques peut être atteinte avec des compagnies d’assurance en compétition et un nombre restreint d’actifs financiers. Ce résultat, qui est valide sans imperfections de marché, nécessite en particulier que les agents soient entièrement responsables pour les contrats signés dans chaque état de la nature. En pratique, pour limiter les défauts de paiement dans les états catastrophiques, les politiques publiques requièrent que les agents aient des réserves financières. Les chapitres 4 et 5 s’intéressent à la problématique de la corrélation des risques quand ces réserves sont coûteuses. Le chapitre 4 étudie comment la probabilité d’un risque affecte le choix de couverture d’individus exposés. Il montre que les individus sont plus enclins à s’assurer pour les faibles probabilités que pour les grandes avec des coûts standard d’assurance, mais que le résultat est inversé quand des coûts dus aux réserves financières sont ajoutés. Le chapitre 5 analyse la forme optimale des contrats d’assurance quand les risques individuels sont corrélés dans une communauté. Il démontre que le contrat optimal consiste en une assurance partielle contre le risque individuel, avec une couverture plus faible dans les états catastrophiques que dans les états normaux, plus potentiellement des dividendes dans les états normaux. Le dernier chapitre conclut en ouvrant sur de nouvelles questions de recherche liées à la prévention et à l’assurance des catastrophes naturellesWorld economic losses due to natural disasters have increased faster than GDP in the last three decades because risky regions have sustained growing population and low prevention measures. Moreover, only a third of these losses are insured and the low penetration of insurance generates undesirable wealth fluctuation for affected population. In this context and in the perspective of climate change, reducing natural disaster losses and increasing insurance coverage have become main challenges for our societies, which are addressed in the present thesis. Low current levels of prevention measures and insurance coverage can be explained by the numerous market imperfections and poorly designed public policies, as detailed in the introductive chapter of the dissertation. It is thus crucial to better understand these market failures and the role of public policies to improve both of them. Chapter 2 investigates preventive behaviors in the context of city development. By featuring an urban model, it shows that riskier areas are developed nearer to the city center than further away, investment in building resilience leads to more concentrated cities and riskier areas get lower household density and higher building resilience. Moreover, insurance subsidy leads to risk over-exposure through increase of density in the riskiest areas and general decrease of resilience. This analysis highlights the negative effects of subsidization and the role that can be played by urban policies such as density restrictions and building codes. The following chapters deal with risk sharing in the context of risk correlation, a main feature of natural disaster risks. In a model of a risky economy with potential risk dependence between individuals, chapter 3 shows that Pareto optimal allocation of risks can be reached thanks to stock insurance companies in competition and a reduced number of financial assets. This result, which is valid without market imperfections, requires in particular that agents be fully liable for their contracts in each state of nature. In practice, to limit the default on liabilities in catastrophic states, public policies require agents to secure financial reserves. Chapters 4 and 5 investigate the issue of risk correlation when securing financial reserves is costly. Chapter 4 analyzes how the probability of a risk affects the purchase of insurance by risk-exposed individuals. It demonstrates that individuals are more inclined to insure for low-probability risks than for high-probability risks with standard insurance costs, but result is reversed when reserve related costs are added. Chapter 5 examines the optimal design of insurance contracts when individual risks are correlated in a community. It shows that the optimal contract consists in partial insurance against individual risk, with a lower indemnity in catastrophic states than in normal states, and potentially some dividend in normal states. The last chapter concludes by opening on further possible research related to prevention and insurance of natural disasters
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Heidelk, Tillmann. "Education, labor markets, and natural disasters." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/304527.
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This thesis explores the entire cycle of education, from initial access to schooling, over degree completion, to returns to education. Despite recent gains in increasing access, an tens of millions of children worldwide are still out of school. Abolishing school fees has increased enrollment rates in several countries where enrollments were low and fees were high. However, such policies may be less effective, or even have negative consequences, when supply-side responses are weak. The first part of the thesis evaluates the impacts of a tuition waiver program in Haiti, which provided public financing to nonpublic schools conditional on not charging tuition. The chapter concludes that school's participation in the program results in more students enrolled, more staff, and slightly higher student-teacher ratios. The program also reduces grade repetition and the share of overage students. While the increase in students does not directly equate to a reduction in the number of children out of school, it does demonstrate strong demand from families for the program and a correspondingly strong supply response from the nonpublic sector.Pertaining degree completion, it is well established that natural disasters can have a negative effect on human capital accumulation. However, a comparison of the differential impacts of distinct disaster classes is missing. Using census data and information from DesInventar and EMDAT, two large disaster databases, the second part of the thesis assesses how geological disasters and climatic shocks affect the upper secondary degree attainment of adolescents. The chapter focuses on Mexico, given its diverse disaster landscape and lack of obligatory upper secondary education over the observed time period. While all disaster types are found to impede attainment, climatic disasters that are not infrastructure-destructive (e.g. droughts) have the strongest negative effect, decreasing educational expansion by over 40%. The effects seem largely driven by demand-side changes such as increases in school dropouts and fertility, especially for young women. The results may also be influenced by deteriorated parental labor market outcomes. Supply-side effects appear to be solely driven by infrastructure-destructive climatic shocks (e.g. floods). These findings thus call for differential public measures according to specific disaster types and an enhanced attention to climatic events given their potentially stronger impact on younger generations.It is also widely appreciated that natural disasters can have negative impacts on local labor market outcomes. However, the study of differential types of negative capital shocks, the underlying labor market mechanisms, and the context of the poorest countries have been neglected. Following testable predictions of economic theory, the third part of the thesis exploits the exogenous variation of destruction of human and physical capital caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake to disentangle the differential impact on local individual monetary returns to education. Employing individual-level survey data from before and after the earthquake the chapter finds that the returns decreased on average by 37%, especially in equipment-capital intensive industry. Higher educated individuals adjust into low-paying self-employment or agriculture. The returns are particularly shock-sensitive for urban residents, migrants, males, and people over age 25.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus. "Natural Disasters and Human Capital Accumulation." Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhq008.
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The empirical literature on the relationship between natural disaster risk and investment
in education is inconclusive. Model averaging methods in a framework of crosscountry
and panel regressions show an extremely robust negative partial correlation
between secondary school enrollment and natural disaster risk. This result is driven
exclusively by geologic disasters. Exposure to natural disaster risk is a robust determinant
of differences in secondary school enrollment between countries but not necessarily
within countries Natural disasters, human capital, education, school enrollment,
Bayesian model averaging.
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Prevatte, Darren R. "Catastrophic risks and mitigation measures around the world." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/prevatted/darrenprevatte.pdf.
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Watson, Beth Eleanor. "Reconceptualising Disasters: Lessons from the Samoan Experience." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1424.
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In the early nineties Samoa was hit by two major cyclones, Cyclone Ofa (1990) and Cyclone Val (1991), which caused significant damage and devastation. Although it is more than 15 years since these cyclones, they still factor in people's lives and have impacted on the way individuals and organisations conceptualise disasters in Samoa. The incidence of disasters is increasing globally and Pacific Island nations face ongoing and increasing vulnerability to the impacts of such disasters at both community and national levels. Disasters can result in short and long-term social, economic and environmental consequences and, as Ofa and Val illustrate, entire community survival and livelihood systems can be severely disrupted by a single disaster. As a consequence, disasters continue to pose significant threats to sustainable development in the Pacific region. Villagers from the eastern coast of Savai'i, and Government and NGO agencies in Apia were interviewed during six weeks of fieldwork in Samoa. These interviews and insights gained from participant observation, as well as secondary materials such as maps and official reports are used to explore the ways in which people make sense of disaster and hazard risk in their daily lives and the ways in which their belief-systems (cultural, religious etc.) result in very different understandings of disasters and disaster risk. Building on a growing body of critical disaster literature, this thesis explores the ways in which disasters are more than 'natural' events. It examines the ways in which they are socially constructed, resulting from human actions, rather than 'freak natural events'. This approach challenges dominant understandings of disasters which often underpin disaster planning at both national and regional level, and are often characterised by technical 'fixes'. In contrast, this thesis argues for more locally appropriate understandings of 'disasters' and for the importance of placing disaster events within the context of people's everyday lives and broader development priorities.
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Kalish, Alexander P. "The Effect of Natural Disasters on Volunteerism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/916.
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The power of natural disasters to significantly and drastically alter the lives of the people they touch is vast, and the response rate of the provided aid can be the difference between a successful recovery and not. This study examines the relationship between natural disasters and volunteerism. The analysis makes use of panel data measurements on volunteer rate and volunteer hours per resident as well as FEMA measurements of major natural disasters from 2005 – 2012. I find that states that experience a natural disaster in the current year experience a significant and positive increase in volunteer rate in the year following the disaster. The findings highlight the importance of policy focused on harnessing volunteer labor in the wake of natural disasters.
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Tveit, Thomas. "Essays on the Economics of Natural Disasters." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0950/document.
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Natural disasters have always been and probably always will be a problem for humans and their settlements. With global warming seemingly increasing the frequency and strength of the climate related disasters, and more and more people being settled in urban centers, the ability to model and predict damage is more important than ever.The aim of this thesis has been to model and analyze a broad range of disaster types and the kind of impact that they have. By modeling damage indices for disaster types as different as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions, the thesis helps with understanding both similarities and differences between how disasters work and what impact they have on societies experiencing them. The thesis comprises four different chapters in addition to this introduction, where all of them include modeling of one or more types of natural disasters and their impact on real world scenarios such as local budgets, birth rates and economic growth.Chapter 2 is titled “Natural Disaster Damage Indices Based on Remotely Sensed Data: An Application to Indonesia". The objective was to construct damage indices through remotely sensed and freely available data. In short, the methodology exploits that one can use nightlight data as a proxy for economic activity. Then the nightlights data is matched with remote sensing data typically used for natural hazard modeling. The data is then used to construct damage indices at the district level for Indonesia, for different disaster events such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the 2004 Christmas Tsunami. The chapter is forthcoming as a World Bank Policy Research Paper under Skoufias et al. (2017a).Chapter 3 utilizes the indices from Chapter 2 to showcase a potential area of use for them. The title is “The Reallocation of District-Level Spending and Natural Disasters: Evidence from Indonesia" and the focus is on Indonesian district-level budgets. The aim was to use the modeled intensity from Chapter 2 to a real world scenario that could affect policy makers. The results show that there is evidence that some disaster types cause districts to move costs away from more general line items to areas such as health and infrastructure, which are likely to experience added pressure due to disasters. Furthermore, volcanic eruptions and the tsunami led to less investment into more durable assets both for the year of the disaster and the following year. This chapter is also forthcoming as a World Bank Policy Research Paper under Skoufias et al. (2017b).The fourth chapter, titled “Urban Global Impact of Earthquakes from 2004 through 2013", is a short chapter focusing on earthquake damage and economic growth. This chapter is an expansion of the index used in the previous two chapters, where we use global data instead of focusing on a single country. Using a comprehensive remotely sensed dataset of contour mapsof global earthquakes from 2004 through 2013 and utilizing global nightlights as an economic proxy we model economic impact in the year of the quakes and the year after. Overall, it is shown that earthquakes negatively impact local urban light emissions by 0.7 percent.Chapter 5 is named “A Whirlwind Romance: The Effect of Hurricanes on Fertility in Early 20th Century Jamaica" and deviates from the prior chapters in that it is a historical chapter that looks at birth rates in the early 1900s. The goal was to use the complete and long-term birth database for Jamaica and match this with hurricane data to check fertility rates. We create a hurricane destruction index derived from a wind speed model that we combine with data on more than 1 million births across different parishes in Jamaica. Analyzing the birth rate following damaging hurricanes, we find that there is a strong and significant negative effect of hurricane destruction on the number of birthsNatural disasters have always been and probably always will be a problem for humans and their settlements. With global warming seemingly increasing the frequency and strength of the climate related disasters, and more and more people being settled in urban centers, the ability to model and predict damage is more important than ever.The aim of this thesis has been to model and analyze a broad range of disaster types and the kind of impact that they have. By modeling damage indices for disaster types as different as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions, the thesis helps with understanding both similarities and differences between how disasters work and what impact they have on societies experiencing them. The thesis comprises four different chapters in addition to this introduction, where all of them include modeling of one or more types of natural disasters and their impact on real world scenarios such as local budgets, birth rates and economic growth.Chapter 2 is titled “Natural Disaster Damage Indices Based on Remotely Sensed Data: An Application to Indonesia". The objective was to construct damage indices through remotely sensed and freely available data. In short, the methodology exploits that one can use nightlight data as a proxy for economic activity. Then the nightlights data is matched with remote sensing data typically used for natural hazard modeling. The data is then used to construct damage indices at the district level for Indonesia, for different disaster events such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the 2004 Christmas Tsunami. The chapter is forthcoming as a World Bank Policy Research Paper under Skoufias et al. (2017a).Chapter 3 utilizes the indices from Chapter 2 to showcase a potential area of use for them. The title is “The Reallocation of District-Level Spending and Natural Disasters: Evidence from Indonesia" and the focus is on Indonesian district-level budgets. The aim was to use the modeled intensity from Chapter 2 to a real world scenario that could affect policy makers. The results show that there is evidence that some disaster types cause districts to move costs away from more general line items to areas such as health and infrastructure, which are likely to experience added pressure due to disasters. Furthermore, volcanic eruptions and the tsunami led to less investment into more durable assets both for the year of the disaster and the following year. This chapter is also forthcoming as a World Bank Policy Research Paper under Skoufias et al. (2017b).The fourth chapter, titled “Urban Global Impact of Earthquakes from 2004 through 2013", is a short chapter focusing on earthquake damage and economic growth. This chapter is an expansion of the index used in the previous two chapters, where we use global data instead of focusing on a single country. Using a comprehensive remotely sensed dataset of contour mapsof global earthquakes from 2004 through 2013 and utilizing global nightlights as an economic proxy we model economic impact in the year of the quakes and the year after. Overall, it is shown that earthquakes negatively impact local urban light emissions by 0.7 percent.Chapter 5 is named “A Whirlwind Romance: The Effect of Hurricanes on Fertility in Early 20th Century Jamaica" and deviates from the prior chapters in that it is a historical chapter that looks at birth rates in the early 1900s. The goal was to use the complete and long-term birth database for Jamaica and match this with hurricane data to check fertility rates. We create a hurricane destruction index derived from a wind speed model that we combine with data on more than 1 million births across different parishes in Jamaica. Analyzing the birth rate following damaging hurricanes, we find that there is a strong and significant negative effect of hurricane destruction on the number of births
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Jara, Valencia Benjamin Andres. "Social and Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468519136.
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Garcia, Sharon Louise. "THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A STUDY OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2002t00032/00Garcia.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 150 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-149).
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Bergholt, Drago. "Natural Disasters, Economic Growth and Armed Civil Conflict." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10170.
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Catastrophes such as floods, droughts and earthquakes have caused significant human and infrastructural losses throughout history. Nevertheless, researchers struggle to quantify macroeconomic impacts, and the existing literature is ambiguous in its findings. In this study I use econometric methods on panel data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), and find that hydrometeorological, climatological and geophysical events all affect economic growth negatively in the short run. Second, while events typically linked to climate change tend to cause negative growth shocks the same year they occur, geophysical disasters do not alter overall economic performance before the next year. With respect to future global warming, these dynamic differences give important insights for the understanding of how economies might be affected by climate change. However, by means of two stage least square methods, I do not find that negative economic shocks caused by weather related disasters increase the likelihood of armed civil conflicts. This latter result is in contrast to conclusions in much of the seminal conflict literature, but similar to findings in other recent cross-country studies that use the instrument variable approach.
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Kindred, Tiffany. "How Do Insurance Markets Respond to Natural Disasters?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/264.
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This thesis analyzes the interplay between natural disasters, human behavior, and insurance markets. Prospect theory can help us understand how fundamental behavioral biases in human nature affect insurance purchases and can begin to explain previously exhibited irrational behavior in regards to earthquake insurance. The Great East Japan Earthquake presents a useful case study to examine the performance of Japanese residential earthquake insurance in light of a devastating major catastrophe. Analysis suggests that prospect theory can explain low earthquake insurance penetration rates, and that insurance policies can be improved by taking into account behavioral biases. Examination of the disaster insurance market highlights the debate of government intervention, and brings into question long-term sustainability of the private insurance market.
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Ramos, Homero, and Michael Pereira. "Natural disasters: a military option for increased responsiveness." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10133.
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MBA Professional ReportThe purpose of this MBA project is to study the feasibility of a military fast reaction team that would provide emergency services in a "declared" domestic national disaster. We believe that initial responses might be coordinated and implemented more effectively by a specially trained military team. The response time period being considered would be immediately preceding a forthcoming "declared" disaster, during the actual disaster, and immediately following the disaster for a short period of time until longer term assistance can be established. After a disaster has been declared either at the federal, state or local level, a military fast reaction team consisting of specialized military personnel could descend upon the affected area to undertake life critical issues.
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Boria, Maria Gabriella. "Human Trafficking and Natural Disasters: An Empirical Analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106784.
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Thesis advisor: S AnukritiThesis advisor: Robert Murphy
It is widely believed that natural disasters increase human trafficking from the affected region or country; however, credible analyses of the causal relationship are lacking. This paper estimates the causal effect of natural disaster occurrence on economic factors and the probability of human trafficking. I find that there is a significant, positive effect of disasters—as measured by an indicator for occurrence as well as disaster intensity—on human trafficking. Moreover, disasters negatively impact economic outcomes, suggesting a potential mechanism through which disasters indirectly affect trafficking. These findings are policy-relevant for anti-human trafficking and disaster relief organizations as they provide empirical evidence for a previously hypothesized relationship and may help prioritize the underemphasized rise in trafficking during times of inevitable chaos
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Arabaci, Okan. "Blockchain consensus mechanisms : the case of natural disasters." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355715.
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Blockchain is described as a trustworthy distributed service for parties that do not fully trust each other. It enables business transactions to be handled without a third party or central governance. For this distributed and concurrent communication to work, a consensus mechanism needs to be implemented into the blockchain protocol. This mechanism will dictate how and when new blocks can be added and in some cases, by whom. The medical industry suffers from many informational inefficiencies. Data is scattered across many different databases and the lack of coordination often results in mishandling of the data. This is especially clear when a natural disaster hits and time is of the essence. The purpose of this thesis is to assess how much a blockchain solution and its consensus mechanism can resist unusual behavior before they behave erratically. This involves analyzing design parameters and translating parameters from a disaster into a simulation to run tests. Overall, this thesis will explore if blockchain is a compatible solution to the difficulties in natural disaster response. This was obtained by conducting a qualitative study and developing a prototype and simulating disaster parameters in the prototype blockchain network. A set of test cases was created. The results show that the resilience differs significantly depending on consensus mechanism. Key parameters include consensus finality, scalability, byzantine tolerance, performance and blockchain type. Blockchain is well suited to handle typical challenges in natural disaster response: it results in faster allocation of medical care and more accurate information collection, as well as in a system which allows seamlessly for the integration of external organizations in the blockchain network.
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Curtis, Thom. "Child Abuse in the Wake of Natural Disasters." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2497.
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Natural and technological disasters impact thousands of families in the United States each year. Catastrophic events leave homelessness, unemployment, injury, and death in their wake. The cost to society is usually measured in homes destroyed, jobs lost, casualties, and expected dollar expense of recovery. There are the social, psychological, and family consequences of catastrophic stressors. Anecdotal reports suggest that among these consequences is an increase in family violence, including child abuse. This dissertation tests the hypotheses that reported and confirmed child abuse increases in the wake of natural disasters.
Child Protective Services (CPS) records of several jurisdictions that have experienced natural disasters during the past decade were examined. Data were collected from counties in South Carolina impacted by Hurricane Hugo in 1989, counties in California affected by the Loma Prieta Earthquake in 1989, and parishes in Louisiana impacted by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The numbers of reports and confirmations for a one-year period following each of these events were compared with those for the year prior to the disaster.
Analyses of these data indicated statistically significant increases in child abuse reports during the first 6 months following Hurricane Hugo and the Lama Prieta Earthquake, but showed no statistically significant change following Hurricane Andrew.
The study concluded that reactions to natural disasters vary for a number of different reasons. The findings from California and South Carolina indicated that there are changes in patterns of reporting and/or confirmation of child abuse following catastrophes. CPS workers in each of the impacted areas were interviewed to obtain their impressions regarding the extent and causes of these changes in reporting and substantiation.
Recommendations that governmental and social service agencies dedicate resources and develop programs to address this specific problem following catastrophes were included. Future research that replicates this study and the development of methodologies that do not depend on official reports and investigations were recommended.
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Wang, Qi. "Human Mobility Perturbation and Resilience in Natural Disasters." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51955.
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Natural disasters exert a profound impact on the world population. In 2012, natural disasters affected 106 million people, forcing over 31.7 million people to leave their homes. Climate change has intensified natural disasters, resulting in more catastrophic events and making extreme weather more difficult to predict. Understanding and predicting human movements plays a critical role in disaster evacuation, response and relief. Researchers have developed different methodologies and applied several models to study human mobility patterns, including random walks, Lévy flight, and Brownian walks. However, the extent to which these models may apply to perturbed human mobility patterns during disasters and the associated implications for improving disaster evacuation, response and relief efforts is lacking. My PhD research aims to address the limitation in human mobility research and gain a ground truth understanding of human mobility patterns under the influence of natural disasters. The research contains three interdependent projects. In the first project, I developed a novel data collecting system. The system can be used to collect large scale data of human mobility from large online social networking platforms. By analyzing both the general characteristics of the collected data and conducting a case study in NYC, I confirmed that the data collecting system is a viable venue to collect empirical data for human mobility research. My second project examined human mobility patterns in NYC under the influence of Hurricane Sandy. Using the data collecting system developed in the first project, I collected 12 days of human mobility data from NYC. The data set contains movements during and several days after the strike of Hurricane Sandy. The results showed that human mobility was strongly perturbed by Hurricane Sandy, but meanwhile inherent resilience was observed in human movements. In the third project, I extended my research to fifteen additional natural disasters from five categories. Using over 3.5 million data entries of human movement, I found that while human mobility still followed the Lévy flight model during these disaster events, extremely powerful natural disasters could break the correlation between human mobility in steady states and perturbation states and thus destroy the inherent resilience in human mobility. The overall findings have significant implications in improving understanding and predicting human mobility under the influence of natural disasters and extreme events.Ph. D.
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Rapo, Hanna. "The Portrayal of Natural Disasters in News Reporting." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22598.
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As climate change becomes more destructive to our planet, some governments have taken action towards a more sustainable future. One being the UK, where a Climate Emergency was declared in 2019, which affects public corporations and news outlets. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how do news reports portray natural disasters from an eco-linguistic perspective. This qualitative study focuses on analysing data regarding the 2019-2020 wildfires in Australia through the linguistic choices made in the texts by incorporating a combination of corpus linguistics, eco-linguistics and media discourse. The corpus under investigation consists of 41,055 words collected from 4 different UK-based news outlets. In order to analyse the data, I chose three search words (fire, climate and animal) to further investigate by using both corpus- and eco-linguistics. The results showcase a consistent pattern within the selected search words: fire and climate are portrayed as threats whereas animals are portrayed as victims. Yet, the most remarkable finding is regarding climate, as it is viewed as a cause rather than an effect caused by human actions. This study is a step towards a better understanding of climate change in news reporting; providing an insight on what the discourse is lacking but should be included.
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Christensen, Rachel Julia, and Rachel Julia Christensen. "The Socioeconomic Consequences of Natural Disasters in Chile." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624942.
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The aim of this project is to analyze the economic effects over time that Chile has encountered
due to natural disasters. I will provide information about Chile as country, breaking down several
crucial regions to highlight the key threats to each. Several natural disasters used in my research
will be defined and a brief account of their occurrences throughout the country's history will be
given. My paper will demonstrate how Chilean society has shaped their way of life around these
economic consequences, with a unique look at the short-term effects on small businesses. The
primary focus will be on how the economic impact of an exogenous variable, such as a natural
disaster, varies based on certain endogenous variables such as location and prosperity.
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Komen, Anita Louise. "A reconnaissance natural hazard assessment of Lakes Lyndon, Coleridge and Tekapo." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1781.
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The Canterbury Region is susceptible to a variety of natural hazards, including earthquakes, landslides and climate hazards. Increasing population and tourism within the region is driving development pressures and as more and more development occurs, the risk from natural hazards increases. In order to avoid development occurring in unacceptably vulnerable locations, natural hazard assessments are required. This study is a reconnaissance natural hazard assessment of Lakes Lyndon, Coleridge and Tekapo. There is restricted potential for development at Lake Lyndon, because the land surrounding the lake is owned by the Crown and has a number of development restrictions. However, there is the potential for conservation or recreation-linked development to occur. There is more potential for development at Lake Coleridge. Most of the land surrounding the lake is privately owned and has less development restrictions. The majority of land surrounding Lake Tekapo is divided into Crown-owned pastoral leases, which are protected from development, such as subdivision. However, there are substantial areas around the lake, which are privately owned and, therefore, have potential for development. Earthquake, landslide and climate hazards are the main natural hazards threatening Lakes Lyndon, Coleridge and Tekapo. The lakes are situated in a zone of active earth deformation in which large and relatively frequent earthquakes are produced. A large number of active faults lie within 15 km of each lake, which are capable of producing M7 or larger earthquakes. Ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, tsunami and seiches are among the consequences of earthquakes, all of which have the potential to cause severe damage to lives, lifelines and infrastructure. Landslides are also common in the landscape surrounding the lakes. The majority of slopes surrounding the lakes are at significant risk from earthquake-induced failure under moderate to strong earthquake shaking. This level of shaking is expected to occur in any 50 year period around Lakes Lyndon and Coleridge, and in any 150 year period around Lake Tekapo. Injuries, fatalities and property damage can occur directly from landslide impact or from indirect effects such as flooding from landslide-generated tsunami or from landslide dam outbreaks. Lakes Lyndon, Coleridge and Tekapo are also susceptible to climate hazards, such as high winds, drought, heavy snowfall and heavy rainfall, which can lead to landslides and flooding. Future climate change due to global warming is most likely going to affect patterns of frequency and magnitudes of extreme weather events, leading to an increase in climate hazards. Before development is permitted around the lakes, it is essential that each of these hazards is considered so that unacceptably vulnerable areas can be avoided.
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Flores, González Claudia G. "Risk management of natural disasters the example of Mexico /." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979662885.
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Flores, González Claudia G. "Risk management of natural disasters the example of Mexico." Karlsruhe Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979662885.
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Asimakopoulou, Eleana. "A grid-aware emergency response model for natural disasters." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10870.
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Natural phenomena are essential and unavoidable planetary actions. When they occur in extreme forms they may have a disastrous impact on human life, property and the environment. Emergency management bodies mitigate, prepare for, respond to and recover from such events. Emergency response is a sum of decisions and actions taken through the collaboration and cooperation of many specialists from different disciplines. However, primary and secondary research findings suggest that there are limitations in the current information and communication technologies (leT), which affect the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency response tasks. Therefore, the focus of this research was to investigate whether the appropriate use of cutting-edge leT (such as the Grid) can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency response operations for natural disasters. The approach adopted in the research involved literature reviews, case studies, face-toface structured interviews with emergency management stakeholders and leT experts, model development using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) linked to Information Systems Development Methodologies (lSDMs), and finally, one-to-one evaluation exercises. ease studies and interviews involving two member states of the European Union were carried out to investigate current practices and to highlight the limitations that emergency management stakeholders face during response operations. SSM was used to investigate the problem area and to produce a conceptual Emergency Response Model (ERM). Further literature review and interviews suggested the Grid as the most appropriate technology to support the ERM. The linking together of the SSM findings with ISDMs - resulted in the production of a Grid-Aware Emergency Response Model (G-AERM) for natural disasters. The evaluation of the G-AERM demonstrated the applicability of Grid technology to emergency response by supporting stakeholders in monitoring, planning, controlling and managing actions within emergency situations caused by natural disasters in a far more informed way in terms of effectiveness and efficiency....
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Bui, Uy Ngoc. "After the storm : natural disasters and development in Vietnam /." Bergen : Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, 2008. https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/3014/1/47689501.pdf.
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Stephane, Victor. "Three essays on the economic impact of natural disasters." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD004.
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Les désastres naturels ont des conséquences particulièrement dévastatrices dans les pays en développement où les individus sont hautement vulnérables et les institutions inefficaces. Néanmoins, leurs impacts sur le bien être des ménages et le rôle des autorités publiques restent encore mal compris. En outre, alors que la plupart des études se focalisent sur le risque climatique, les désastres géologiques, et les éruptions volcaniques en particulier, restent peu étudiés. Pourtant, même si elles représentent une fraction marginale des désastres naturels au niveau mondial, les éruptions volcaniques sont une menace majeure dans certains pays tels que l’Indonésie ou l’Equateur. La présente thèse tente donc de contribuer à la littérature à travers trois essais empiriques traitant de l’effet à long terme du risque volcanique sur l’accumulation de capital des ménages, de l’impact d’une éruption sur le capital social ainsi que du rôle des autorités publiques dans les décisions de migrationNatural disasters have particularly devastating consequences in developing countries where people are highly vulnerable and institutions remain inefficient. Nevertheless, their impacts on households’ well-being and the role of public authorities are, yet, not fully understood. In addition, while most studies focus on climatic risk, geological disasters, and volcanic eruptions in particular, are clearly understudied. However, despite representing a marginal share of natural disasters at the global level, volcanic eruptions are a major threat in some countries, such as Indonesia or Ecuador. The present dissertation tries to contribute to the literature by investigating the long-term effect of volcanic hazard on farmers’ capital accumulation, the impact of an eruption on social capital, as well as the potential mitigating role of public authorities on migration decisions
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Southard, Nicole. "The Socio-Political and Economic Causes of Natural Disasters." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1720.
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To effectively prevent and mitigate the outbreak of natural disasters is a more pressing issue in the twenty-first century than ever before. The frequency and cost of natural disasters is rising globally, most especially in developing countries where the most severe effects of climate change are felt. However, while climate change is indeed a strong force impacting the severity of contemporary catastrophes, it is not directly responsible for the exorbitant cost of the damage and suffering incurred from natural disasters -- both financially and in terms of human life. Rather, the true root causes of natural disasters lie within the power systems at play in any given society when these regions come into contact with a hazard event. Historic processes of isolation, oppression, and exploitation, combined with contemporary international power systems, interact in complex ways to affect different socioeconomic classes distinctly. The result is to create vulnerability and scarcity among the most defenseless communities. These processes affect a society’s ideological orientation and their cultural norms, empowering some while isolating others. When the resulting dynamic socio-political pressures and root causes come into contact with a natural hazard, a disaster is likely to follow due to the high vulnerability of certain groups and their inability to adapt as conditions change. In this light, the following discussion exposes the anthropogenic roots of natural disasters by conducting a detailed case analysis of natural disasters in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Nepal.
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Dymkowski, Thad J. "A geographic analysis of the effects of natural disasters on the human landscape : five case studies /." Abstract, 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000485/01/1940ABSTR.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.Thesis advisor: Cynthia Pope. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-202). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Fara, Katiuscia. "How natural are 'natural disasters'? : vulnerability to drought in Southern Namibia communal areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4850.
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Threatt, Patrick Lee. "Natural hazards in Mississippi regional perceptions and reality /." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11092007-145929.
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Stover, Timothy V. "Myth, ritual and symbol in natural disasters and disaster management." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com.
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Arsenault, Denis. "Environment, security and natural disasters, contesting discourses of environmental security." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0018/MQ36809.pdf.
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Sickmiller, Adam Byron. "Social vulnerability to natural disasters a study of Skopje, Macedonia /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1179513447.
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Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 16, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Earthquakes; International Development; Disaster Planning; Disaster Preparedness; Community Preparedness; Albanians in Macedonia; 1963 Skopje Earthquake Includes bibliographical references.
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Lee, Dalbyul. "The impact of natural disasters on neighborhood change:longitudinal data analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50113.
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This dissertation seeks to explore the association between natural disasters and neighborhood change and further to examine the differential impact of natural disasters on neighborhood change according to the disaster itself, the rehabilitation efforts of local jurisdictions, and the characteristics of the affected neighborhoods. Using the longitudinal model, it examines the shifts in neighborhood change trajectory before and after natural disaster for three indicators (home values, poverty rate and racial diversity). The results find that natural disasters have a significant impact on the trend of neighborhood change, reducing variation in the indicators within neighborhood. Home values and racial diversity of neighborhoods are likely to immediately decrease after natural disasters but not to shift in subsequent rate of change,while poverty rates are likely to instantly increase in the aftermath of the disasters and to annually decline over time. This dissertation also explores the differential effects on neighborhood change according to intensity of natural disaster, neighborhoods? average income and the location. The results of the analyses are like the following: 1) the neighborhoods which the more intense disasters hit are more likely to experience the rapid decline in home values and an instant increase in their poverty rates than those which the less intense disaster hit. On the other hand, the more intense natural disasters are more likely to increase neighborhoods? racial diversity than the less intense natural disasters, while natural disasters themselves are likely to decrease it. 2) natural disasters might have the more adverse impacts on low- and high-income neighborhoods than moderate-income neighborhoods and that the impacts on low-income neighborhoods are most severe. More importantly, the adverse impacts in low-income neighborhoods might be long lasting. 3)neighborhoods in suburban areas, compared to neighborhoods in the central cities, are likely to decrease in their home values after natural disasters and to increase in their poverty rates. Finally, the findings of this dissertation confirms its main arguments that a natural disaster affects the trend of neighborhood change and intervenes in the path of change over time and that natural disasters differentially shift neighborhoods according to their characteristics. Further it suggests that these neighborhood changes, once accelerated by a natural disaster, further polarize residential populations on a metropolitan neighborhood scale.
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Garber, Nikola Marie. "Natural disasters in international affairs formulating reconstruction planning in NOAA /." [Hattiesburg, MS : The University of Southern Mississippi], 2004. http://www.usm.edu/international/files/Garber-FullDissertation.pdf.
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LEITAO, GABRIEL ESTEVES DE OLIVEIRA. "DESIGN WITHOUT BORDERS: SEARCHING WAYS TO ACT AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24320@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Este estudo investiga o papel do design frente a desastres naturais e parte do princípio que o design deve se ocupar de problemas complexos. Seus principais interlocutores foram Jorge Frascara - autor do livro Diseño Grafico para la gente, que defende que o fruto da atuação do design deve ser a transformação de realidades existentes em outras mais desejáveis –, Ulrich Beck – que, em seu livro Risk Society, apresenta a globalização dos riscos na sociedade contemporânea – e Adam Smith, que discorre sobre a importância da empatia nas relações humanas em obra intitulada A teoria dos sentimentos morais. Esta dissertação traz um panorama sobre desastres naturais e seus impactos sobre populações vulneráveis. Relata, também, estudo de caso realizado em lugares atingidos por catástrofes, como Nova Friburgo, região serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e em Santiago de Cuba. Ao final, identifica as principais ações que precisam ser desenvolvidas antes, durante e depois fenômenos naturais de grandes proporções, apresenta meios pelos quais o design pode agir afim de minimizar os efeitos dos desastres e conclui que a sua atuação frente a esses eventos pode ser literalmente vital. Este trabalho teve como inspiração os Médicos sem Fronteiras – organização humanitária internacional comprometida com a prestação de socorro a populações em perigo e vítimas de catástrofes e conflitos, estando entre seus desdobramentos, a realização de workshops internacionais de design com foco em problemas complexos para voluntários em parceria com organizações como a Yunus Social Business e a própria MSF.
This study investigates the role of design against natural disasters and assumes that design must deal with complex problems. It s main interlocutors are Jorge Frascara – author of Diseño Grafico para la gente, which argues that the objective of the design practice must be the transformation of existing realities into other ones more desirable – Ulrich Beck – who, in his book Risk society, presents the globalization of risks in contemporary society – and Adam Smith, who defends the importance of empathy in human relations in his work entitled The theory of moral sentiments. This dissertation provides an overview of natural disasters and their impact on vulnerable populations. Also reports case studies conducted in places affected by disasters such as Nova Friburgo, mountainous region in the State of Rio de Janeiro and Santiago de Cuba. At the end, identifies key actions that need to be undertaken before, during and after natural disasters, presents ways in which design can act in order to minimize the effects of disasters and concludes that it s action against these events can literally be vital. This work was inspired by the Doctors without Borders – international humanitarian organization which provides assistance to populations in distress and victims of disasters and conflicts, and among its consequences are the development of international design workshops for complex problems, in partnership with organizations such as Yunus Social Business and the DWB itself.
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OLIVEIRA, NATALIA DE BRITO. "BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE LOGISTICS IN RESPONSE OPERATIONS TO NATURAL DISASTERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25678@1.
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A crescente participação das Forças Armadas (FA) em cooperação com a Defesa Civil em situações de desastres naturais tem demonstrado a importância do aprofundamento e aprimoramento dos estudos da logística humanitária no campo militar. Sabendo que a excelência nos processos pode gerar economia dos recursos a serem mobilizados para alcançar as necessidades da população afetada, bem como a minimização do tempo de resposta, este estudo objetiva apresentar e analisar as atividades de resposta a desastres naturais desempenhadas pela Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB), sob a ótica da modelagem de processos. Para isso, realiza-se um estudo de caso pautado no mapeamento das atividades realizadas pela Aeronáutica com base nas legislações em vigor e com base na operação real de apoio às vítimas do desastre da região serrana fluminense em 2011, considerada uma das maiores tragédias climáticas ocorridas no Brasil. Simultaneamente, é conduzida uma comparação de adequação ao padrão em relação à literatura acadêmica. Os resultados deste trabalho apontam para processos realizados pela FAB que podem ser considerados na elaboração de uma doutrina específica relativa ao tema e ainda os processos não previstos nas legislações vigentes, os quais podem ser objeto de futuras pesquisas na FAB, além de sugerir a inclusão de processos não representados nos modelos de processos de resposta a desastre da literatura acadêmica. Com isso, almeja-se subsidiar futuras pesquisa no meio acadêmico sobre o tema, bem como contribuir para a elaboração de uma doutrina específica relativa a essas atividades, a fim de se obter uma maior eficácia e eficiência no apoio da FAB em missões humanitárias.The growing participation of the Armed Forces (AF) in natural disasters situations has ratified the importance of deepening and improvement of studies in humanitarian logistics in the military field. Knowing that excellence in processes can generate savings of resources to be mobilized to meet the needs of the affected population as well as minimizing the response time, this study aims to present and analyze the response activities to natural disasters performed by the Brazilian Air Force (BRAF), from the perspective of process modeling. For this, a case study is carried out according to the mapping of activities performed by the BRAF based on the legislation in place and on a real operation of support to victims of a disaster in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011, considered one of the biggest climate tragedy in Brazil. Simultaneously, a pattern matching comparability in relation to the academic literature is conducted. The results of this study point to processes performed by the BRAF that can be considered in the preparation of a specific doctrine on the subject and to processes not considered in current legislation, which may be the subject of future research in the BRAF. It also suggests the inclusion of processes not represented in process models of disaster response in the academic literature. Thus, it aims to support future studies in academic research on the subject, as well as contribute to the development of a specific doctrine on these activities in order to achieve greater effectiveness and efficiency in the BRAF support for humanitarian missions.
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Benson, Charlotte. "The economy-wide impact of natural disasters in developing countries." Thesis, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409221.
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Dodrill, Charles A. "Protecting Digital Evidence during Natural Disasters| Why It Is Important." Thesis, Utica College, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10788395.
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The safeguarding of digital evidence, valuable corporate proprietary intellectual property and related original objects on which it resides, such as cell phones, tablets, external drives and laptops, becomes a more complex challenge when a natural disaster is imminent. Natural devastation disrupts the investigative and legal process, often destroying the evidentiary elements required to serve justice. Traditional methods such as backups to external drives, and copies as well as cloud storage options, are inadequate to serve the requirements of evidence-gathering and chain of custody documentation required by the courts to prove original evidence. Courts point to the original data-containing object as proof of digital evidence validity and admissibility. Current research provides general guidelines for safeguarding digital evidence, but lacks specific detail for its successful safeguarding or evacuation during a natural disaster. Recent natural disasters have completely destroyed law enforcement or court facilities leaving them open to the elements and water damage. In some cases, digital evidence has been destroyed and cases dismissed due to lack of evidence, post-natural disaster. For these reasons, geographical relocation of digital evidence makes sense and is the best way to truly protect digital evidence and continue analysis of data that will successfully serve justice and put criminals away. Borrowing from the U.S. Military, the mobile digital evidence room can be implemented into the law enforcement private digital forensic laboratory and commercial or business sectors, to ensure that digital evidence remains intact.
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Fuentes, Véliz Juan Andrés, and Velásquez David Sánchez. "Some Notes on Consumers' Rights in Times of Natural Disasters." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118371.
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These comments have the objective of opening discussion regarding intervention of the State in the economy, regulating prices in times of natural disasters due to the sudden increase of the demand by consumers and consequent economic exploitation by some providers. Taking the chilean case as example, the authors raise certain legislative amendments to avoid that certain providers take improper advantage of consumers in such dramatic times.Los presentes comentarios pretenden abrir la discusión sobre si el Estado peruano debería intervenir, en tiempos de desastres naturales, en la regulación de los precios de los productos, en tanto estos suelen encarecerse ante el aumento repentino de la demanda por parte de los consumidores y el consiguiente aprovechamiento económico de algunos proveedores. Tomando como ejemplo el caso chileno, planteamos algunas modificatorias legislativas para evitar así que ciertos proveedores se aprovechen de la desesperación de los consumidores en circunstancias tan dramáticas.
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SICKMILLER, ADAM BYRON. "SOCIAL VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS: A STUDY OF SKOPJE, MACEDONIA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179513447.
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Albrecht, Frederike. "The Social and Political Impact of Natural Disasters : Investigating Attitudes and Media Coverage in the Wake of Disasters." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320680.
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Natural disasters are social and political phenomena. Social structures create vulnerability to natural hazards and governments are often seen as responsible for the effects of disasters. Do social trust, political trust, and government satisfaction therefore generally change following natural disasters? How can media coverage explain change in political attitudes? Prior research suggests that these variables are prone to change, but previous studies often focus on single cases, whereas this dissertation adopts a broader approach, examining multiple disasters. It investigates the social and political impact of natural disasters by examining their effect on social and political attitudes and by exploring media coverage as a mechanism underlying political consequences. The results reveal that natural disasters may have a comparatively frequent, although small and temporary, effect on social trust. Substantial effects are less likely. Social trust was found to decrease significantly when disasters cause nine or more fatalities (Paper I). Political attitudes were expected to be prone to change after natural disasters, but Paper II illustrates that political trust and government satisfaction among citizens are generally hardly affected by these events. Finally, media framing and the political claims of actors explained the variation in political consequences after disasters of similar severity. Paper III also illustrates the importance of the political context of natural disasters, as their occurrence can be strategically exploited by actors to further criticism towards the government in politically tense situations. This dissertation contributes to existing disaster research by investigating more cases than disaster studies typically do. It also uses a systematic case selection process, and a quantitative approach with a, for disaster research, unique research design. Hence, it offers methodological nuance to existing studies. A broader analysis, factoring in the variation of disaster severity and the increased number of cases offers new answers and tests assumptions about underlying patterns. The main contribution of this thesis is that it examines how common political and social effects of disasters are. Furthermore, this dissertation contributes to existing disasters research by emphasizing contextual and explanatory factors, e.g., properties of disasters and the political context that affects the media coverage of natural disasters.
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Kelman, Ilan. "Role of technology in managing vulnerability to natural disasters, with case studies of volcanic disasters on non-industrialized islands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq40921.pdf.
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Al-Sharjabi, Ahmed G. F. "Reconstruction after natural disasters : lessons from the 1982 earthquake in Yemen." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286573.
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