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Seely, Natalee. "Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom." Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 75, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077695819859966.
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Covering traumatic story assignments is often central to a journalist’s job. Violent crimes, natural disasters, and tragic personal struggles—these are newsworthy events. Studies have associated trauma coverage with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, and other traumatic stress symptoms in reporters. This study uses a survey of print journalists ( N = 254) and qualitative interview data to examine the extent that higher education journalism programs helped prepare reporters for covering trauma. Respondents who reported receiving some type of education about trauma journalism reported higher levels of trauma literacy, defined as an awareness of the potential effects of trauma and adaptive coping mechanisms. Results indicate the power of education to produce more prepared journalists. More than half (53%) of respondents reported never having received any type of education related to crisis reporting or covering trauma. A subset of respondents ( n = 24) from the sample were interviewed about the extent of their journalism education, their experiences covering traumatic assignments, and their feelings of preparedness on the job.
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Maslog, Crispin. "Asian journalism education and key challenges of climate change: A preliminary study." Pacific Journalism Review 23, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i1.312.
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Commentary: The mass media in the Asia Pacific region are reporting the environmental disasters that are regularly hitting the planet religiously, and journalists learn as they go along. However, the reporting has focused mainly on the toll in human lives and property. This is disaster reporting and it stops short of contextualising. It does not adequately explain why the environmental disasters are happening more violently and more frequently. Not too many reporters have taken formal courses in environmental journalism. Only a very few schools are offering regular courses, or programmes in science and environmental reporting, as indicated by a mini-survey in July 2016. The vacuum in formal science and environmental education is being filled by non-government organisations offering non-formal training.
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Bhan, Anant. "Should Health Professionals Allow Reporters Inside Hospitals and Clinics at Times of Natural Disasters?" PLoS Medicine 2, no. 6 (June 28, 2005): e177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020177.
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Prizzia, PhD, Ross. "Emergency management and disaster response in Hawaii: The role of medical centers and the media." Journal of Emergency Management 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2004.0044.
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The research is an administrative case study based on an extensive review of Hawaii government documents and interviews with key personnel of the Hawaii Emergency Preparedness Committee (EPC), civil defense, and other relevant government officials. Interviews with key personnel at the major medical centers were also conducted as well as a survey of 80 percent of the local Hawaii-based TV news reporters. The study describes the interagency coordination at the federal, state, county, and community level to improve capability. Recommendations from the study included increased funding for family emergency preparedness and local community response teams and continuous training by emergency response coordinators to improve state and county disaster preparedness. The study also recommends collaboration with disaster-trained media reporters. The study concluded that, overall, Hawaii is adequately prepared in emergency response capability, particularly in the areas of medical services and interagency coordination, but coordination with the media reporting on disasters could be improved.
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Yan, Yan, and Kim Bissell. "The Sky Is Falling: Predictors of News Coverage of Natural Disasters Worldwide." Communication Research 45, no. 6 (February 26, 2015): 862–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650215573861.
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General journalistic principles guide the ways that gatekeepers evaluate the newsworthiness of events. These principles are adapted in the field of international communication and indicate some unique features, in particular, of international disasters reporting. The current research examined the presence, amount, and length of news coverage from 3 major U.S. newspapers on 292 global natural disasters from 2004 to 2014. Results showed that U.S. newspapers had a reasonable neglect of international disasters compared with domestic ones and a disproportional favor toward huge versus smaller size disasters. A systematic predicting model was evident: Severity was the most significant and the only consistent determinant of disasters reports, followed by the intensity of deviance. Geographic distance and degree of relevance between countries failed to predict any variance of news coverage. This finding might demonstrate a return to the news value that the newsworthiness of an event should be based on the attributes of the event per se.
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Paganini, Matteo, Luca Ragazzoni, Fabio Rossitto, Aurora Vecchiato, Rita Bonfini, Maria Vittoria Mucciante, Alessandra Nisii, Francesco Della Corte, and Pier Luigi Ingrassia. "August 24th, 2016 Central Italy Earthquake - Validation of “Modified Utstein Template for Hospital Disaster Response Reporting,” A New Tool for Reporting Hospital’s Reaction to Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s4—s5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000281.
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Introduction:After Action Reports analyze events and recommend actions to facilitate preparedness and response to future similar disasters. However, there is no consensus among the templates developed to collect data during disasters and little is known about how to report hospital responses.Aim:The hypothesis was that the use of a new assessment tool for hospital response to natural disasters facilitates the systematic collection of data and the delivery of a scientific report after the event.Methods:A data collection tool, focused on hospital response to natural disasters, was created modifying the “Utstein-Style Template for Uniform Data Reporting of Acute Medical Response in Disasters”,1 and tested the reaction of the hospitals involved in the response to the Central Italy earthquake on August 24th, 2016.Results:Four hospitals were included. The completion rate of the tool was of 97.10%. A total of 613 patients accessed the four emergency departments, most of them in Rieti hospital (178; 29.04%). Three hundred and thirty – six patients were classified as earthquake-related (54.81%), most of which with trauma injuries (260; 77.38%).Discussion:The new reporting tool proved to be easy to use and allowed to retrospectively reconstruct most (97.10%) of the actions implemented by hospital responders. Details about activation, patient fluxes, times, and actions undertaken were easily reconstructed throughout in-field interviews of hospital managers and patients’ charts. Patients were uniformly distributed across the four hospitals, and the hospital capabilities were able to cope with this mass influx of casualties. The Modified Utstein Template for Hospital Disaster Response Reporting is a valid tool for hospital disaster management reporting. This template could be used for a better comprehension of hospital disaster reaction, debriefing activities, and revisions.
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Hamilton, John Maxwell, and Heidi J. S. Tworek. "The natural history of the news: An epigenetic study." Journalism 18, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884915625630.
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Scholars, editors, and reporters have tended to treat news and journalism as synonymous. This conception has privileged a particular kind of journalism often called the Anglo-American model. This study argues journalism has been a type of news reporting for a relatively brief period. Using the concept of epigenetics, the authors argue that journalism is usefully seen as a coating on the DNA of news, which has existed for centuries. Journalism emerged as a result of special factors. As powerful as the Anglo-American model was, it was never fully realized, nor could it become the regnant model throughout the world. Journalism will carry on, but along with many other types of news, all of which carry coatings from the past.
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Safitri, Baiq Vira, Shinta Desiyana Fajarica, Yulanda Trisula, Novita Maulida, and Gemuh Surya Wahyudi. "Komunikasi Kebencanaan: Suatu Strategi Dalam Membangun Masyarakat Sadar Bencana Pada BPBD Kota Mataram." JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN HUMANIORA 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jseh.v6i2.91.
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A disaster is an event that threatens and disrupts people's lives and livelihoods which are caused, both by natural and / or non-natural factors as well as human factors, resulting in human casualties, environmental damage, property loss and psychological impacts. According to Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management, disasters are classified into three parts; natural disasters, non-natural disasters and social disasters. The impact of disasters, especially natural disasters, varies from the moment of occurrence to post-disaster. Referring to the series of earthquake events in Lombok on 29 July 2018 (M6.4), 5 August 2018 (M7.0) and 19 August 2018 (M6.9), until 1 September 2018 has claimed 564 victims and suffered losses with the total rough count reached IDR 12.15 trillion. The impact of the earthquake is a lesson for the government and related agencies, in this case the Mataram City BPBD to better prepare disaster management strategies in a mature and planned manner. This study aims to determine the disaster communication strategy of the Mataram City BPBD in building a disaster-aware Mataram community using qualitative methods. The results of the research also show, among others: (1) Determination of communicators / community leaders as a credible source; (2) Selection of messages that are easy to understand; (3) Selection of disaster reporting media; (4) Mapping communication barriers in building disaster-aware communities
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Paganini, Matteo, Luca Ragazzoni, Fabio Rossitto, Aurora Vecchiato, Rita Bonfini, Maria Vittoria Mucciante, Alessandra Nisii, Francesco Della Corte, and Pier Luigi Ingrassia. "The August 24, 2016, Central Italy Earthquake: Validation of the “Modified Utstein Template for Hospital Disaster Response Reporting” As a New Tool for Reporting Hospitals’ Response to Disasters." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.54.
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ABSTRACTBackground:After-action reports analyze events and improve knowledge about how to prevent and react to unexpected situations. Anyway, there is no consensus among the templates developed for disaster events reporting, and there is not a specific model for reporting hospital disaster response.Objective:The study was aimed to pilot the use of a new assessment tool for hospital response to natural disasters.Methods:A data collection tool, focused on hospital disaster response to natural disasters, was created modifying the “Utstein-Style Template for Uniform Data Reporting of Acute Medical Response in Disasters” and tested the reaction of the nearest hospitals to the epicenter after the August 24, 2016, Central Italy earthquake.Results:Four hospitals were included. The completion rate of the tool was 97.10%. A total of 613 patients accessed the 4 emergency departments, most of them in Rieti Hospital (178; 29.04%). Three hundred thirty-six (54.81%) patients were classified as earthquake-related, most with trauma injuries (260; 77.38%).Conclusions:This template seemed to be a valid instrument for hospital disaster management reporting and could be used for better comprehension of hospital disaster reaction, debriefing activities, and hospital disaster plan revisions.
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Seddighi, Hamed, Ibrahim Salmani, Mohhamad Hossein Javadi, and Saeideh Seddighi. "Child Abuse in Natural Disasters and Conflicts: A Systematic Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 22, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838019835973.
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Violence against children affects a significant portion of youth around the world. Emergencies and natural disasters escalate the risk due to weakened child protection systems and disruption of preventative mechanisms. In this systematic review, 692 related papers were searched in various databases in the initial search. After review, 11 papers were finally selected for full review. These papers were selected based on publication date, relevance to emergencies, their geographical area type of violence, age of subjects, and their gender. Most families affected by natural disasters, especially those in lower socioeconomic status, face greater social and economic pressures. The families that are more vulnerable to loss of food and shelter commit violence against children more frequently. On the other hand, while the rate of violence increases in emergencies, the reported rate of violence is less than the actual rate due to lack of required infrastructure and reporting mechanisms. The emergency housing increased risk of some types of child abuse. The history of exposure to violence, parental substance abuse, poverty, and child labor were predictors of increased violence against children in emergency situations. Sexual violence against girls after conflicts and physical violence against boys after emergencies are common forms of violence. Poverty as another predictor exposes children to more violence due to limited family economic resources and support. Given the identified predictors of violence, humanitarian organizations can come closer to providing appropriate plans to reduce the risk during and postdisaster.
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Singh, Shailendra, and Vijay Naidu. "Coverage of extreme weather events and natural hazards in Pacific Island Countries: The need for media capacity-building." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 24, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i1.422.
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There would be little disagreement over the media’s crucial role in reporting extreme weather events and natural hazards, which have become more commonplace in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). However, for various reasons explored in this article, the media have generally failed to satisfactorily cover the unfolding of natural hazards and disasters. Using Fiji as an example, this article discusses media coverage of various cyclones, and the gaps in the reporting. The article argues that more training and capacity building for media personnel should be undertaken to ensure that people are well informed and prepared as they face the brunt of more frequent and intense extreme weather events.
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Burkle, Frederick M., Jason W. Nickerson, Johan von Schreeb, Anthony D. Redmond, Kelly A. McQueen, Ian Norton, and Nobhojit Roy. "Emergency Surgery Data and Documentation Reporting Forms for Sudden-Onset Humanitarian Crises, Natural Disasters and the Existing Burden of Surgical Disease." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 6 (September 24, 2012): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001306.
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AbstractFollowing large-scale disasters and major complex emergencies, especially in resource-poor settings, emergency surgery is practiced by Foreign Medical Teams (FMTs) sent by governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These surgical experiences have not yielded an appropriate standardized collection of data and reporting to meet standards required by national authorities, the World Health Organization, and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee's Global Health Cluster. Utilizing the 2011 International Data Collection guidelines for surgery initiated by Médecins Sans Frontières, the authors of this paper developed an individual patient-centric form and an International Standard Reporting Template for Surgical Care to record data for victims of a disaster as well as the co-existing burden of surgical disease within the affected community. The data includes surgical patient outcomes and perioperative mortality, along with referrals for rehabilitation, mental health and psychosocial care. The purpose of the standard data format is fourfold: (1) to ensure that all surgical providers, especially from indigenous first responder teams and others performing emergency surgery, from national and international (Foreign) medical teams, contribute relevant and purposeful reporting; (2) to provide universally acceptable forms that meet the minimal needs of both national authorities and the Health Cluster; (3) to increase transparency and accountability, contributing to improved humanitarian coordination; and (4) to facilitate a comprehensive review of services provided to those affected by the crisis.BurkleFMJr, NickersonJW, von SchreebJ, RedmondAD, McQueenKA, NortonI, RoyN. Emergency surgery data and documentation reporting forms for sudden-onset humanitarian crises, natural disasters and the existing burden of surgical disease. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(6):1-6.
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Suroko, Arif Pujo, Widodo Muktiyo, and Andre Novie Rahmanto. "Construction of Reality in Post-Disaster News on Television Programs : Analysis of Framing in "Sulteng Bangkit" News Program on TVRI." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (July 24, 2019): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.876.
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Television is a mass media which has always been a top priority for the community in getting accurate and reliable information. The presence of television will always be awaited by the public to convey all information, especially when natural disasters occur in an area. This article tries to provide an analysis of the news program produced by the TVRI Public Broadcasting Institutions. This study uses the framing analysis method, with a four-dimensional structural approach to the news text as a framing device from Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. This analysis aims to understand and then describe how reality is constructed by TVRI broadcasting institutions in the frame of television news programs on natural disasters, earthquakes and sunbaths in Central Sulawesi. The results of the analysis with framing showed that TVRI's reporting through the special program of natural disaster recovery "Sulteng Bangkit" showed prominence on the government's role in the process of handling and restoring conditions after the earthquake and tsunami natural disaster in Central Sulawesi.
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Frommberger, Lutz, and Nuwan Waidyanatha. "Pictographs in Disaster Communication for Linguistically Challenged and Illiterate Populations." International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 9, no. 2 (April 2017): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiscram.2017040103.
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This article describes how pictographs (or pictograms) can be an important means to communicate information about natural disasters to people that are lacking the capability to understand written text. This does not only include illiterates, but also foreigners not speaking the local language. While it is widely accepted that pictograph-based communication can play a major role, there is no established workflow to include this kind of symbols in early warning or disaster reporting practice. This article investigates the topic of pictograph-based communication systems, especially in the field of natural disasters, with a focus on the use of linguistically challenged populations. The authors analyze existing literature, take a look at existing pictograph resources, analyze a first field study with marginalized populations and derive conclusions for a design process for pictograph-based disaster communication systems.
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McCullough, Hayley, and Michael J. Kalsher. "The Integrative Complexity of Media Reports of Natural Disasters: A Preliminary Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631456.
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Integrative complexity is a measure of the intellectual style used by individuals or groups in processing information, problem-solving, and decision making. Research generally shows that integratively complex thinkers are better able to reach mutually advantageous solutions to complex problems, although they may also be less likely to act when necessary. A substantial portion of the published research on integrative complexity comes from political scientists who have focused on examining linguistic distinctions across the liberal-conservative political spectrum. In this research, we assessed integrative complexity in a sample of news stories concerning natural disasters (hurricanes, wildfires and floods) from three television news networks that span the liberal-conservative spectrum. The results showed that the news coverage of the network considered to be more liberal in its reporting scored significantly higher in integrative complexity than the news coverage of the more conservative network. These findings align with previous research that has used integrative complexity as a dependent measure. We discuss the practical implications of these findings as they relate to the quality of decisions made by relevant officials that typically precedes and follows large-scale natural disasters.
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Istiqomah, Istiqomah. "Pengaruh Pemberitaan Bencana Alam di Harian Serambi Indonesia Terhadap Kesadaran Masyarakat." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v3i1.1423.
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As an area prone to natural disasters Aceh people should be aware of the disaster, Serambi Indonesia newspaper is expected to increase public awareness through the news, lack of awareness is feared will create panic in society. This study aims to determine whether there is influence of natural disaster reporting to public awareness in Banda Aceh city. This research uses agenda setting theory and quantitative approach with survey method and purposive sampling technique.The result of the simple linear regression analysis that there was positive influence between the news of natural disaster in daily Serambi Indonesia on public awareness of Banda Aceh and a regression coefficient of 0.590. the result of hypothesis test got t hitung was 9.670, while the value of t tabel was 1,984 at the significance level of 5%. The conclusion was that if t hitung > t tabel then Ha accepted and Ho rejected. Therefore, 9,670>1,984 then Ha is accepted. This meant that, the news of natural disasters in Daily Serambi Indonesia positively influenced and was significant to public awareness of the city of Banda Aceh.
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Caeti, Tory J., John Liederbach, and Steven S. Bellew. "Police-Media Relations at Critical Incidents: Interviews from Oklahoma City." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 2 (May 2005): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.7.2.86.65776.
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The policing of critical incident scenes, including natural disasters, hazardous materials spills, hostage situations, and terrorist attacks, has become an especially salient topic in the post-September 11 environment. Given the attention-grabbing nature of these events, police administrators are often faced with the task of building and maintaining relationships with members of the media at these scenes, primarily reporters and their crews who often pursue goals that are in direct conflict with those of law enforcement. This article examines the issues related to police—media relations at critical incident scenes using interview data from subjects involved in policing the scene of the Oklahoma City bombing and the related trials of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols. These interviews provide a context for the presentation of guidelines important to police administrators who must be able to forge successful relationships with the media at critical incidents.
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Godfrey, Jodi, Gennaro Saliceto, and Roberta Yegidis. "Role of Public Transportation in a Natural Disaster State of Emergency Declaration." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (March 21, 2019): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119835814.
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Destructive natural disasters such as hurricanes or other extreme weather events challenge many industries, especially the public transit industry. The 2017 hurricane season proved to be tumultuous, with three major hurricanes devastating the United States in less than 2 months. The challenges faced in Florida, in response to Hurricane Irma, precipitated best practices and lessons learned related to monitoring and reporting the status of transportation infrastructure, identifying temporary alternative solutions, and coordinating and communicating with emergency operations centers, state departments of transportation, and individual transit agencies. Sharing the lessons learned from recent firsthand experiences will undoubtedly improve the public transit industry’s emergency preparedness, response, and recovery activities.
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Miller, DeMond Shondell. "Public trust in the aftermath of natural and na-technological disasters." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 5/6 (June 13, 2016): 410–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze public trust during the aftermath of technological and hybrid natural-technological/natech disasters – Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown in Japan (2011). The work identifies common themes, actions and inactivity that can lead to citizens distrusting the government after disasters. Design/methodology/approach – News reports from the two areas leading newspapers formed the body of the Hurricane Katrina and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown case studies. Of key interest were emerging themes of trust and/or distrust during the immediate impact phase of the disaster in addition to government failures and social breakdowns resulting in a loss of trust in government institutions and individual leaders. Findings – The series of examples illustrate how specific action or in-action by local and federal governments served as a catalyst for a loss of trust in government institutions and individual leaders in government while proposing potential strategies to help public leaders reduce distrust during times of crisis. Research limitations/implications – The two limitations were the use of only newspapers and the passage of a new law in 2013, the “Specially Designated Secrets Protection Law,” designed to limit news reporting of the press in Japan on the issue of nuclear radiation exposure of the general public in Japan, some of the new data are not available. Practical implications – The research concludes by offering specific ways to regain trust after a perception of failure during pre- and post-disaster management in the age of mega disasters. The paper lists several recommendations that can be practically implemented to develop a culture of transparent communication, civic engagement in planning processes and inspire trust among stakeholders. Originality/value – While the paper identifies barriers to establishing trust among government agencies, the citizenry and private industry, it seeks to help inform policy frameworks regarding the importance of the government’s ability to sustain a strong sense of trust that engenders civic participation in preserving or regaining trust in the aftermath of disasters.
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Parker, Georgina, David Lie, Dan J. Siskind, Melinda Martin-Khan, Beverly Raphael, David Crompton, and Steve Kisely. "Mental health implications for older adults after natural disasters – a systematic review and meta-analysis - CORRIGENDUM." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 1 (September 9, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001465.
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In the above mentioned article by Parker et al., on the seventh page, in the final paragraph of column two, the following three sentences should have been removed:“DSM-IV criteria specify a minimum six-month delay between the traumatic event and a diagnosis of PTSD (APA, 2000). Any diagnosis prior to this time would be an acute stress reaction. Based on these diagnostic criteria, it is possible that at least two studies were reporting acute stress reaction rather than PTSD.”This error does not change the results or conclusions of the study.
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Alruwaili, Abdullah, Shahidul Islam, and Kim Usher. "Disaster Preparedness in Hospitals in the Middle East: An Integrative Literature Review." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2019): 806–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.138.
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ABSTRACTDisasters occur rarely but have significant adverse consequences when they do. Recent statistics suggest that millions of lives and billions of US dollars have been lost in the last decade due to disaster events globally. It is crucial that hospitals are well prepared for disasters to minimize their effects. This integrative review study evaluates the preparedness level of hospitals in the Middle East for disasters using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The key terms include disaster preparedness OR disaster management OR emergency response AND Middle East AND hospitals. The study reviews articles published between January 2005 and December 2015, which focused on the hospitals’ preparedness for disasters in the Middle East nations. Based on their meeting 5 eligibility criteria, 19 articles were included in the review. Twelve of the articles focused on both natural and man-made disasters, whereas 6 of them were based on mass casualty events and 1 on earthquake. Thirteen of the reviewed articles ranked the level of preparedness of hospitals for disasters to be generally “very poor,” “poor,” or “moderate,” whereas 6 reported that hospitals were “well” or “very well prepared” for disasters. Factors affecting preparedness level were identified as a lack of contingency plans and insufficient availability of resources, among others. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:806–816).
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Schnall, Amy H., Amy F. Wolkin, Rebecca Noe, Leslie B. Hausman, Petra Wiersma, Karl Soetebier, and Susan T. Cookson. "Evaluation of a Standardized Morbidity Surveillance Form for Use during Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 2 (April 2011): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000112.
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AbstractIntroduction: Surveillance for health outcomes is critical for rapid responses and timely prevention of disaster-related illnesses and injuries after a disaster-causing event. The Disaster Surveillance Workgroup (DSWG) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a standardized, single-page, morbidity surveillance form, called the Natural Disaster Morbidity Surveillance Individual Form (Morbidity Surveillance Form), to describe the distribution of injuries and illnesses, detect outbreaks, and guide timely interventions during a disaster.Problem: Traditional data sources can be used during a disaster; however, supplemental active surveillance may be required because traditional systems often are disrupted, and many persons will seek care outside of typical acute care settings. Generally, these alternative settings lack health surveillance and reporting protocols. The need for standardized data collection was demonstrated during Hurricane Katrina, as the multiple surveillance instruments that were developed and deployed led to varied and uncoordinated data collection methods, analyses, and morbidity data reporting. Active, post-event surveillance of affected populations is critical for rapid responses to minimize and prevent morbidity and mortality, allocate resources, and target public health messaging.Methods: The CDC and the Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH) conducted a study to evaluate a Morbidity Surveillance Form to determine its ability to capture clinical presentations. The form was completed for each patient evaluated in an emergency department (ED) during triage from 01 August, 2007 through 07 August, 2007. Data from the form were compared with the ED discharge diagnoses from electronic medical records, and kappa statistics were calculated to assess agreement.Results: Nine hundred forty-nine patients were evaluated, 41% were male and 57% were Caucasian. According to the forms, the most common reasons for seeking treatment were acute illness, other (29%); pain (12%); and gastrointestinal illness (8%). The frequency of agreement between discharge diagnoses and the form ranged from 3 to 100%. Kappa values ranged from 0.23–1.0, with nine of the 12 categories having very good or good agreement.Conclusion: With modifications to increase sensitivity for capturing certain clinical presentations, the Morbidity Surveillance Form can be a useful tool for capturing data needed to guide public health interventions during a disaster. A validated collection instrument for a post-disaster event facilitates rapid and standardized comparison and aggregation of data across multiple jurisdictions, thus, improving the coordination, timeliness, and accuracy of public health responses. The DSWG revised the Morbidity Surveillance Form based on information from this study.
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Abdullah, Mohammad Fikry, Sajid Siraj, and Richard E. Hodgett. "An Overview of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Application in Managing Water-Related Disaster Events: Analyzing 20 Years of Literature for Flood and Drought Events." Water 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101358.
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This paper provides an overview of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) applications in managing water-related disasters (WRD). Although MCDA has been widely used in managing natural disasters, it appears that no literature review has been conducted on the applications of MCDA in the disaster management phases of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Therefore, this paper fills this gap by providing a bibliometric analysis of MCDA applications in managing flood and drought events. Out of 818 articles retrieved from scientific databases, 149 articles were shortlisted and analyzed using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) approach. The results show a significant growth in MCDA applications in the last five years, especially in managing flood events. Most articles focused on the mitigation phase of DMP, while other phases of preparedness, response, and recovery remained understudied. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was the most common MCDA technique used, followed by mixed-method techniques and TOPSIS. The article concludes the discussion by identifying a number of opportunities for future research in the use of MCDA for managing water-related disasters.
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Kar, MD, DPM, DNB, MRCPsych, Nilamadhab. "Suicidality following a natural disaster." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2010.0042.
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Objectives: It was intended to study the suicidal cognitions and behaviors following a super-cyclone.Design: Cross-sectional evaluation study.Setting: Community.Participants: Using simple random procedure, 12 months after a super-cyclone, 540 victims were selected.Main outcome measures: Suicidal cognitions and behaviors through the Suicidality Screening Questionnaire. This included items on whether life was worth living, death wishes, suicidal idea, plan, and attempt, and history of a suicide attempt. Self- Reporting Questionnaire was used to screen for possible psychiatric morbidity. The influence of various sociodemographic factors, degree of exposure, and clinical variables on suicidal cognitions and attempt was studied.Results: A considerable number of victims had suicidal cognitions: death wishes (66.4 percent), suicidal ideas (38.0 percent), and suicidal plans (18.3 percent). Sixty-eight persons (12.6 percent) of the sample had made suicide attempts after the cyclone.The risk of a suicide attempt was high in persons with current psychiatric morbidity, past history of psychiatric illness, postcyclone thoughts of life not worth living, suicidal ideation and plans, and living with inadequate support.Conclusions: There was a reported increase of suicidal cognitions and attempts within 12 months following a natural disaster. Awareness of increased suicidality, attention to associated risk factors, and support regarding these may help in the prevention of suicide following disasters.
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Stevens, Garry, Nidhi Wali, Nichole Georgeou, and Zulfan Tadjoeddin. "Understanding the Relationship BetweenHumanitarian and Development Interventions: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review Protocol." Social Science Protocols 1 (December 23, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7565/ssp.2018.2649.
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The rising number of natural disasters and emergent conflicts that require coordinated international response has re-focused attention on linking relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD). This systematic review protocol aims to inform a systematic review to identify primary operational strategies employed to link humanitarian and development interventions. This protocol is guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines and details the review scope and parameters. Findings from this review can contribute to articulation of an integrated LRRD practice framework and its potential application to resilience and related policy instruments.
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Hinsley, Amber, and Hyunmin Lee. "Tweeting in the midst of disaster: A comparative case study of journalists’ practices following four crises." Newspaper Research Journal 41, no. 3 (September 2020): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532920950035.
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This comparative case study examines how local journalists used Twitter as a crisis communication tool during four emergency situations in the United States. The public’s retweeting and liking patterns also identified messages that resonated with them. A content analysis found that although local journalists used objective reporting most frequently across all crises, there were variances in Twitter practices of journalists covering the two human-made crises. The two natural disasters showed more similarities. These findings can help develop best-practices strategies for journalists as they cover different types of crises.
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Salazar, Miguel, Ronald Law, and Volker Winkler. "Health Consequences of an Armed Conflict in Zamboanga, Philippines Using a Syndromic Surveillance Database." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122690.
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The Zamboanga armed conflict was a 19-day long encounter in the Philippines in 2013 that displaced 119,000 people from their homes. This study describes the health consequences of this complex emergency in different age groups, time periods, and health facilities using data from Surveillance in Post Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (SPEED). This is a descriptive study of the SPEED database spanning 196 days of observation post-disaster and 1065 SPEED reports from 49 health facilities. Evacuation centers and village health centers, both primary care facilities, had the highest number of consults. Common infections and noncommunicable diseases were the most common reasons for consultations, namely, acute respiratory infections, fever, watery diarrhea, skin disease, and hypertension. Infections can be associated with environmental conditions in displaced populations, while hypertension has a high prevalence in the country and implies long-term care. Conflict-related injuries and deaths were not frequently observed due to the volatile situation that influenced health-seeking behavior as well as possible reporting gaps. In conclusion, in complex emergencies, as in natural disasters, wherein early alert and warning for potential outbreaks is crucial, SPEED can assist decision makers on response and recovery interventions. Linkages between SPEED and other surveillance and reporting systems need to be explored.
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Finnigan, Gerard A. "Measuring the Health Impact of Natural Disasters – The Attribution Challenge Facing the Medical Community." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900195x.
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Introduction:Published reports on health impacts from natural disasters causing injuries, poisonings, infectious disease, chronic illness, and NCDs continue to grow exponentially. Simultaneously, calls for the improvement in scientific rigor to improve causal links, strength of association, and efficacy of interventions are increasing. At the heart of this challenge is demonstrating mortality and morbidity risk across a time continuum, where the health effect is not detected for weeks, months, or years after the disaster event. In some circumstances, the presence and acuity of illness are not apparent until after an insidious or cumulative point has been reached. Notwithstanding medical observations or disaster-attributed morality classification matrices being available for 20 years, natural disaster mortality continues to be measured narrowly, on those confirmed dead (acute physical trauma, drowning, poisoning, or missing). There has been little effort to expand mortality assessment beyond this historical lens. For example, it fails to consider suicide in drought and was not redefined when the Indonesian fires caused the highest mortality in 2015. Tens of thousands of lives were lost from smoke exposure.Aim:This study sought to test the progress of two decades of published medical and scientific literature on natural disaster mortality reporting.Methods:A retrospective analysis of natural disaster impact reports for the past ten years was performed on three of the world’s largest disaster databases, including CRED, Sigma, and ADRC.Discussion:WADEM members must commence a strategic process to expand the recognition of health impacts from natural disasters. Global and domestic advocacy is required for building evidence through improved systematic collection of data and especially reporting patient continuum of care as a minimum standard. Without this leadership, disaster health impacts will continue to be underestimated and emergency health program responses and financial resources will fall short in protecting those most at risk.
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Dilling, Petra F. A., and Sinan Caykoylu. "Determinants of Companies that Disclose High-Quality Integrated Reports." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133744.
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Integrated reporting is becoming increasingly popular. The focus of this study was to assess the overall integrated reporting quality of global companies and find determinants of high-level integrated reporting. Qualitative text analysis was performed on the 2017 integrated reports of 110 global organizations to determine in what way companies report on specific topics related to the six capitals: social and relationship, human, intellectual, manufacturing, natural, and financial. Using a novel assessment technique, scores were then assigned according to the details provided in the integrated reports on the various topics. This was done for each form of capital, and the total integrated score was subsequently calculated as the average between all the capital scores. Finally, a regression analysis was performed to determine the characteristics of high-quality integrated reporters. The results of univariate analysis and two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS) regression indicate that companies of a larger size with a higher female board ratio and listing in the International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC) examples database are more likely to publish a higher quality integrated report. The results imply that these variables are the main disclosure drivers. However, a significant negative correlation was found between integrated report quality and the variables related to female executive ratio, external board member ratio, profitability, leverage, and previous report experience, as well as report length. No significant association was found between the location and industry group and report quality. The empirical evidence of this study shows that even though integrated reporting has become more common overall, the comparability and quality of the reports still remain low.
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Plummer, V. M., T. Telepo, and S. Suryanto. "(A51) Facilitating Disaster Nursing Research in Oceania Region." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s15—s16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1100063x.
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“Facilitating disaster nursing research in Oceania Region” Natural disasters in the Oceania region and surrounds include for example earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (Rabaul, PNG, 1994, Merapi, Indonesia 2006), tsunamis, floods,(Indian Ocean 2004) fires, drought (Australia, 2009) and also pest plaques and pandemics which affected the broader international community. Between 1980 and 2008, there were 380 disaster events reported in the Oceania region in which 4,450 people died. That is approximately 154 deaths and 668,786 people affected at a cost of approximately $US 889 million per year. However despite this significant number of deaths and injuries, there is limited reporting on the nursing experience during such disasters or the impact of nursing on communities during response and recovery. This is due to the prioritised clinical focus of nursing resources of most countries during these events. A network of authors and researchers is being established in the area to support the reporting of nursing research in developing countries such as Papua New Guinea, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Indonesia where nurses receive little post basic education, have limited opportunities to review the evidence for practice in disaster and emergency nursing, yet are regularly required to support the multidisciplinary disaster health team without essential support from the nursing research community. The network is essentially web-based and consists of a translational research approach via a network grid of researchers in response to a disaster event. Researchers from neighboring countries not clinically involved in the event respond by discovering and accessing data, analysing and reporting through a portal that enables timely reporting for discussion, publication, e-learning and dissemination of contemporary disaster nursing practices. This paper will report on the development of the network and its nexus with the WADEM Nursing Research Committee.
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Hayman, Kaitlin G., Davina Sharma, Robert D. Wardlow, and Sonal Singh. "Burden of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Following Humanitarian Emergencies: A Systematic Literature Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14001356.
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AbstractBackgroundThe global burden of cardiovascular mortality is increasing, as is the number of large-scale humanitarian emergencies. The interaction between these phenomena is not well understood. This review aims to clarify the relationship between humanitarian emergencies and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.MethodsWith assistance from a research librarian, electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Global Health) were searched in January 2014. Findings were supplemented by reviewing citations of included trials. Observational studies reporting the effect of natural disasters and conflict events on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults since 1997 were included. Studies without a comparison group were not included. Double-data extraction was utilized to abstract information on acute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Review Manager 5.0 (Version 5.2, The Nordic Cochrane Centre; Copenhagen Denmark,) was used to create figures for qualitative synthesis.ResultsThe search retrieved 1,697 unique records; 24 studies were included (17 studies of natural disasters and seven studies of conflict). These studies involved 14,583 cardiac events. All studies utilized retrospective designs: four were population-based, 15 were single-center, and five were multicenter studies. Twenty-three studies utilized historical controls in the primary analysis, and one utilized primarily geographical controls.DiscussionConflicts are associated with an increase in long-term morbidity from ACS; the short-term effects of conflict vary by study. Natural disasters exhibit heterogeneous effects, including increased occurrence of ACS, ADHF, and SCD.ConclusionsIn certain settings, humanitarian emergencies are associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality that may persist for years following the event. Humanitarian aid organizations should consider morbidity from noncommunicable disease when planning relief and recuperation projects.HaymanKG, SharmaD, WardlowRDII, SinghS. Burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality following humanitarian emergencies: a systematic literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(1):1-9.
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De Rubeis, Vanessa, Jinhee Lee, Muhammad Saqib Anwer, Yulika Yoshida-Montezuma, Alessandra T. Andreacchi, Erica Stone, Saman Iftikhar, et al. "Impact of disasters, including pandemics, on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life-course: a systematic review." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e047152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047152.
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BackgroundDisasters are events that disrupt the daily functioning of a community or society, and may increase long-term risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the impact of disasters, including pandemics, on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life-course.DesignA systematic search was conducted in May 2020 using two electronic databases, EMBASE and Medline. All studies were screened in duplicate at title and abstract, and full-text level. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the association between a population-level or community disaster and cardiometabolic outcomes ≥1 month following the disaster. There were no restrictions on age, year of publication, country or population. Data were extracted on study characteristics, exposure (eg, type of disaster, region, year), cardiometabolic outcomes and measures of effect. Study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools.ResultsA total of 58 studies were included, with 24 studies reporting the effects of exposure to disaster during pregnancy/childhood and 34 studies reporting the effects of exposure during adulthood. Studies included exposure to natural (n=35; 60%) and human-made (n=23; 40%) disasters, with only three (5%) of these studies evaluating previous pandemics. Most studies reported increased cardiometabolic risk, including increased cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality, diabetes and obesity, but not all. Few studies evaluated the biological mechanisms or high-risk subgroups that may be at a greater risk of negative health outcomes following disasters.ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that the burden of disasters extend beyond the known direct harm, and attention is needed on the detrimental indirect long-term effects on cardiometabolic health. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, these findings may inform public health prevention strategies to mitigate the impact of future cardiometabolic risk.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020186074.
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Casey III, USA, MSSI, MHS, Major John J. "The Hospital Emergency Incident Command System—is the Army Medical Department on board?" Journal of Emergency Management 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2006.0034.
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Catastrophic scenarios that once seemed merely theoretical have become a stark reality. Horrific natural disasters, the emergence of state-sponsored terrorism, pro liferation of chemical and biological agents, availability of materials and scientific weapons expertise, and recent increases in less discriminate attacks all point toward a growing threat of mass casualty (MASCAL) events. Hospitals across America are upgrading their ability to respond to disasters and emergencies of all kinds as the nation wages its war on terror. To respond to these challenges, many civilian hospitals are relying on the Hospital Emergency Incident Command System (HEICS), an emergency management model that employs a logical management structure, detailed responsibilities, clear reporting channels, and a common nomenclature to help unify responders. Modeled after the FIRESCOPE (FIrefighting RESources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies) management system, HEICS is fast becoming a key resource in healthcare emergency management. Over the past couple of years, military hospitals have begun embracing the HEICS model as well. This article discusses the prevalence of HEICS and provides an analysis of its effectiveness within the Army Medical Department (AMEDD).
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Azimi, S., M. R. Delavar, and A. Rajabifard. "MULTI-AGENT SIMULATION OF ALLOCATING AND ROUTING AMBULANCES UNDER CONDITION OF STREET BLOCKAGE AFTER NATURAL DISASTER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 27, 2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-325-2017.
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In response to natural disasters, efficient planning for optimum allocation of the medical assistance to wounded as fast as possible and wayfinding of first responders immediately to minimize the risk of natural disasters are of prime importance. This paper aims to propose a multi-agent based modeling for optimum allocation of space to emergency centers according to the population, street network and number of ambulances in emergency centers by constraint network Voronoi diagrams, wayfinding of ambulances from emergency centers to the wounded locations and return based on the minimum ambulances travel time and path length implemented by NSGA𝜫 and the use of smart city facilities to accelerate the rescue operation. Simulated annealing algorithm has been used for minimizing the difference between demands and supplies of the constrained network Voronoi diagrams. In the proposed multi-agent system, after delivering the location of the wounded and their symptoms, the constraint network Voronoi diagram for each emergency center is determined. This process was performed simultaneously for the multi-injuries in different Voronoi diagrams. In the proposed multi-agent system, the priority of the injuries for receiving medical assistance and facilities of the smart city for reporting the blocked streets was considered. Tehran Municipality District 5 was considered as the study area and during 3 minutes intervals, the volunteers reported the blocked street. The difference between the supply and the demand divided to the supply in each Voronoi diagram decreased to 0.1601. In the proposed multi-agent system, the response time of the ambulances is decreased about 36.7%.
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Businger, Steven, M. Puakea Nogelmeier, Pauline W. U. Chinn, and Thomas Schroeder. "Hurricane with a History: Hawaiian Newspapers Illuminate an 1871 Storm." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0333.1.
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Abstract High literacy rates among Native Hawaiians in the nineteenth century and publication of more than 100 Hawaiian-language newspapers from 1834 to 1948 produced the largest archive of indigenous writing in the Western Hemisphere. These newspapers extend our knowledge of historical environmental events and natural disasters back into the early nineteenth century and deeper into precontact times. Articles reporting observations of meteorological events allowed the authors to reconstruct the track and intensity of an 1871 hurricane that brought devastation to the islands of Hawaii and Maui and to discern historical patterns of droughts and floods in Hawaii. These findings illustrate the value of Hawaiian-language newspapers as resources for science research and science education.
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Mace, Sharon, Daniel Caicedo, and Aishwarya Sharma. "Mortality in Nursing Home Evacuations in the United States from 1995-2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000244.
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Introduction:There are an estimated 15,600 nursing homes with a total of 1.4 million residents in the United States. The number of residents will continue to increase due to the aging population, and the associated morbidities will make it difficult to evacuate them safely.Aim:This study is the first of its kind to provide an analysis of the number of nursing home deaths caused by external and internal events following evacuations.Methods:Information from the databases Lexis Nexis and PubMed were compiled and limited to news articles from 1995-2017. The gathered information included the reason for evacuation, injuries, deaths, and locations within the United States.Results:From 1995 to 2017, there was a total of 51 evacuations and 141 deaths in nursing homes. 27 (53%) evacuations were due to external events which resulted in a combined 121 (86%) deaths, and 24 (47%) evacuations were due to internal events which resulted in a combined 20 (14%) deaths. Hurricanes were responsible for the majority of deaths during evacuations, followed by fires and floods. The number of evacuations and deaths increased the greatest between 2005 to 2008.Discussion:External events have the greatest impact on loss of life. Internal disasters are about equal in the number of incidents, however, external events have a much greater mortality rate. Exact numbers on injuries, morbidity, and mortality are difficult to ascertain, but it appears to be related to natural disasters. In view of the increasing likelihood of natural disasters related to global warming, a drastic improvement of standard evacuation procedures of long-term nursing homes is critical to decreasing mortality of nursing home residents. There also needs to be a nationally standardized method of reporting evacuations in order to better analyze data on nursing homes.
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Pollack, Amie Alley, Bahr Weiss, and Lam Tu Trung. "Mental health, life functioning and risk factors among people exposed to frequent natural disasters and chronic poverty in Vietnam." BJPsych Open 2, no. 3 (May 2016): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002170.
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BackgroundPeople living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are at increased risk for exposure to major natural disasters, which places them at increased risk for mental health problems. Evidence is less clear, however, regarding the effects of less severe but more frequent natural disasters, which are likely to increase due to global climate change.AimsTo examine the mental health and life functioning, and their predictors, of people living in central coastal Vietnam – an area characterised by high risk for natural disasters and poverty.MethodOne thousand individuals were randomly selected from five provinces in central coastal Vietnam. Individuals were assessed cross-sectionally for exposure to major storms and other traumatic events (Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale, or PDS), financial stress (Chronic Financial Stress Scale), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PDS), somatic syndrome (SCL-90-R), alcohol dependence (ICD-10), self-perceived general physical health (SF-36), and functional impairment (PDS life functioning section); caseness was determined using the various measures' algorithms.Results22.7% of the sample (n=227) met caseness criteria in one or more mental health domains, and 22.1% (n=221) reported moderate to severe functional impairment. Lifetime exposure to typhoons and other major storms was 99% (n=978), with 77% (n=742) reporting traumatic major storm exposure. Moderate to high levels of financial stress were reported by 30% (n=297). Frequency of exposure to major storms was not associated with increased risk for mental health problems but traumatic exposure to a major storm was. Overall, the strongest predictor of mental health problems was financial stress. Number of traumatic typhoons and other major storms in turn were significant predictors (r2=0.03) of financial stress. The primary predictor of alcohol dependence was male gender, highlighting the importance of gender roles in development of alcohol abuse in countries like Vietnam.ConclusionsIndividuals living in central coastal Vietnam have elevated rates of PTSD, somatic syndrome, and functional impairment but not depression or anxiety. Financial stress was the strongest predictor of mental health problems. Results suggest the importance of conducting broad assessments when providing mental health support for disaster-impacted communities. Study results suggest that one indirect consequence of predicted global climate change may be increased prevalence of mental health problems in communities such as that assessed in the present study, due to increased risk for traumatic storm-related exposure and through indirect effects on financial stress, but not through a general increased risk for major storms. Such results also indicate that when supporting LMIC communities that have experienced natural disasters, it will be important to consider the broader community context including poverty, in addition to the direct effects of the disaster.
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Schumacher, Julie A., Scott F. Coffey, Fran H. Norris, Melissa Tracy, Kahni Clements, and Sandro Galea. "Intimate Partner Violence and Hurricane Katrina: Predictors and Associated Mental Health Outcomes." Violence and Victims 25, no. 5 (October 2010): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.5.588.
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This study sought to establish the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in the 6 months before and after Hurricane Katrina. Participants were 445 married or cohabiting persons who were living in the 23 southernmost counties of Mississippi at the time of Hurricane Katrina. Data for this study were collected as part of a larger, population-based, representative study. The percentage of women reporting psychological victimization increased from 33.6% prior to Hurricane Katrina to 45.2% following Hurricane Katrina (p < .001). The percentage of men reporting psychological victimization increased from 36.7% to 43.1% (p = .01). Reports of physical victimization increased from 4.2% to 8.3% for women (p = .01) but were unchanged for men. Significant predictors of post-Katrina victimization included pre-Katrina victimization, age, educational attainment, marital status, and hurricane-related stressors. Reports of IPV were associated with greater risk of post-Katrina depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Data from the first population-based study to document IPV following a large-scale natural disaster suggest that IPV may be an important but often overlooked public health concern following disasters.
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Sato, Shosuke, and Fumihiko Imamura. "An Analysis of Web Coverage on the 2018 West Japan Heavy Rain Disaster." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0531.
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This study analyzed quantitative big data from web news on the West Japan Heavy Rain disaster for a two-month period. The retrieved information was compared with previous natural disaster coverage. The results indicated the following. 1) For natural disasters that had occurred over the past 15 years, the “half-life period for media exposure” (i.e., the period in which the amount of news reporting halves) was approximately one week, while the half-life period of web media exposure on the West Japan Heavy Rain disaster was 24 days. Thus, the West Japan Heavy Rain disaster appeared to be the most significant social concern since the Great East Japan Earthquake. 2) The West Japan Heavy Rain disaster was large enough to affect both the Chugoku and Shikoku Districts, but the available human support was comparable to the extent of the human and material damages as well as the related amount of media coverage. No significant regional differences in the amount of media coverage or support were found.
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Partridge, MD, MPH, Robert, David Bouslough, MD, MPH, and Lawrence Proano, MD. "Disaster-related fatalities among US citizens traveling abroad." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2013.0118.
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Objective: To describe the locations and risk of death associated with natural disaster fatalities for US citizens traveling abroad.Design, setting, and participants: A retrospective database review of US citizen disaster deaths occurring worldwide.Interventions: None.Main outcome measures: Information on fatalities due to disasters was abstracted from the US Department of State Web site reporting deaths of US citizens abroad by non-natural causes from October 2002 through June 2012. The main outcome measures were the frequency of disaster deaths and countries where disasters occurred. Descriptive statistics and rates were used to evaluate the study data.Results: There were 7,963 total non-natural deaths of US citizens traveling abroad during the study period. Of these, 163 (2.0 percent) were disasterrelated deaths, involving 19 disaster events in 15 countries. Only two disaster-related events resulted in more than two deaths of US travelers—the 2010 earthquake in Haiti causing 121 fatalities (74.2 percent of disaster deaths), and the 2004 tsunami in Thailand causing 22 fatalities (13.5 percent of disaster deaths).The approximate annual mean death rate for US citizen travelers as a result of disaster events is 0.27 deaths/1 million travelers, compared with 1.4 deaths/1 million residents due to disaster annually within the United States.Conclusions: The risk of disaster-related fatality is low for US citizens traveling abroad. Although disaster- related death among travelers is unpredictable, during a period of almost 10 years, there was only one reported death due to disaster in the five countries most frequently visited by US travelers. Further investigation may identify population-, seasonal-, country-, or location-specific risks from which prevention strategies can be developed.
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Kron, W., M. Steuer, P. Löw, and A. Wirtz. "How to deal properly with a natural catastrophe database – analysis of flood losses." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2012): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-535-2012.
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Abstract. Global reinsurer Munich Re has been collecting data on losses from natural disasters for almost four decades. Together with EM-Dat and sigma, Munich Re's NatCatSERVICE database is currently one of three global databases of its kind, with its more than 30 000 datasets. Although the database was originally designed for reinsurance business purposes, it contains a host of additional information on catastrophic events. Data collection poses difficulties such as not knowing the exact extent of human and material losses, biased reporting by interest groups, including governments, changes over time due to new findings, etc. Loss quantities are often not separable into different causes, e.g., windstorm and flood losses during a hurricane, or windstorm, hail and flooding during a severe storm event. These difficulties should be kept in mind when database figures are analysed statistically, and the results have to be treated with due regard for the characteristics of the underlying data. Comparing events at different locations and on different dates can only be done using normalised data. For most analyses, and in particular trend analyses, socio-economic changes such as inflation or growth in population and values must be considered. Problems encountered when analysing trends are discussed using the example of floods and flood losses.
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Casacchia, M., R. Pollice, and R. Roncone. "The narrative epidemiology of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000801.
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The authors describe their experience working and living in L'Aquila, where at 3.32 a.m., early in the morning of 6 April 2009, a 6.3 Richter magnitude earthquake caused serious damages to this 13th century town (with a population of 72 000 and a health district of 103 788), in the mountainous Abruzzo region and to several medieval hill villages in the surrounding areas: 309 residents were killed, over 1600 were injured, 66 000 residents were displaced, and, the centre of L'Aquila, the main historical and artistic centre of Abruzzo, was totally destroyed.Here is described the work done at the Psychiatric Unit of the General Hospital of L'Aquila and in the University. The Authors report the incidence rate of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) in help-seekers (full ASD 4.9%, and partial ASD 39.3%), and of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found in different samples of population (range 12–37.5). The authors express their consideration about which real-world variables can reflect the population distress and the naturalistic process of recovery in such natural disasters. After the earthquake they hypothesize that a lot of residents had found their way to recover through ‘writing, telling the story’, by analogy with what narrative medicine asserts, thus estimating the positive effect of ‘emotional disclosure’ on health. A large number of materials (books, web-blogs, videos) were produced by residents and a database of memories was implemented. The suffering and struggle to recover in the aftermaths of a traumatic experience often yields remarkable transformations and positive growth. From this point of view, the authors underline the increased virtual relationships of residents through Facebook, to cope with the loss of previous social relationships, to get information about recreational opportunities, or to get organized for public events, despite their displacement. Many collective demonstrations were organized and showed the will to actively participate to the processes of reconstruction of the civil and scientific life of the town. The authors stress the need to prevent natural disasters, instead of preventing mental disorders following natural disasters, reporting that seven Italian seismologists and scientists are on trial for manslaughter, accused to have failed to evaluate the true risks of L'Aquila earthquake.
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Beltran, Susanny, Paola Luigi, and Nancy Kusmaul. "Rising Above the Flood: Emergency Management and Gerontological Social Work." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.214.
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Abstract Older adults, particularly those from low-income communities, are disproportionately negatively affected by natural disasters. As the older adult population grows and natural disasters increase in frequency and intensity, social workers must consider their role in supporting the needs and safety of this population. Social workers practice in varied roles including policy advocate, service broker, and educator, all of which are crucial in disaster management. This systematic review summarizes the literature on the social work profession’s involvement with emergency management with older adults, and identifies gaps. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, authors searched AgeLine, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Social Work Abstracts for peer-reviewed publications between January 1, 2009 and March 1, 2020. Examples of the terms searched include social work*, respon*, prepar*, disaster, crisis, emergency, geriatrics and older adults. The initial searches yielded 298 publications. After removing duplicates and screening articles for relevance based on titles and abstracts, 21 publications were retained for full review. A total of 11 articles met inclusion criteria. The body of literature identified was small. The majority of the publications constituted conceptual papers, textbook reviews, and letters to editors requesting greater emphasis on emergency management. Only three empirical studies were identified. Broadly, the publications discussed: (1) policies and resources; (2) needs; (3) capacity across practice settings; and (4) interventions. Findings reveal an underdeveloped area of social work practice, and highlight opportunities for researchers and practitioners to define gerontological social workers’ role in emergency management and detail best practice guidelines.
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Harrop, Emily, Mala Mann, Lenira Semedo, Davina Chao, Lucy E. Selman, and Anthony Byrne. "What elements of a systems’ approach to bereavement are most effective in times of mass bereavement? A narrative systematic review with lessons for COVID-19." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 9 (July 31, 2020): 1165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216320946273.
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Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has left health and social care systems facing the challenge of supporting large numbers of bereaved people in difficult and unprecedented social conditions. Previous reviews have not comprehensively synthesised the evidence on the response of health and social care systems to mass bereavement events. Aim: To synthesise the evidence regarding system-level responses to mass bereavement events, including natural and human-made disasters as well as pandemics, to inform service provision and policy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Design: A rapid systematic review was conducted, with narrative synthesis. The review protocol was registered prospectively ( www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero , CRD 42020180723). Data sources: MEDLINE, Global Health, PsycINFO and Scopus databases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2020. Reference lists were screened for further relevant publications, and citation tracking was performed. Results: Six studies were included reporting on system responses to mass bereavement following human-made and natural disasters, involving a range of individual and group-based support initiatives. Positive impacts were reported, but study quality was generally low and reliant on data from retrospective evaluation designs. Key features of service delivery were identified: a proactive outreach approach, centrally organised but locally delivered interventions, event-specific professional competencies and an emphasis on psycho-educational content. Conclusion: Despite the limitations in the quantity and quality of the evidence base, consistent messages are identified for bereavement support provision during the pandemic. High quality primary studies are needed to ensure service improvement in the current crisis and to guide future disaster response efforts.
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Crawford, Ewan. "Them and us: Why they are nationalists and we are not. An analysis of journalists’ language in relation to others." Journalism 13, no. 5 (December 6, 2011): 620–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911431369.
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Liberal opinion often views nationalism as a distasteful and reactionary concept. But what does it mean to be a nationalist? This article seeks to investigate what selected newspapers in the UK mean when they label a political party or an individual as nationalist. An initial content analysis demonstrates that journalists use the label to cover a variety of movements and individuals with disparate political and cultural goals. Making use of the banal nationalism concept and the idea of strategy in discourse analysis, it is suggested here that these disparate groups are brought together under the banner of nationalist to convey a sense of otherness, in contrast to the natural, timeless world of nation states which the journalists and readers inhabit. Time and space considerations require reporters to use forms of journalism shorthand when reporting on complex situations but it is argued here that the use of the label nationalist does little to enhance understanding of these complex stories. Furthermore, it is argued that, in a UK context, the exclusion by newspapers of those who support the continuation of the current British state from being categorized as nationalist is useful for those who are campaigning against local independence movements.
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Sharma, Aishwarya, and Sharon Mace. "Reviewing Disasters: Hospital Evacuations in the United States from 2000 to 2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000633.
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Introduction:Between 2000 to 2017, there were over 150 hospital evacuations in the United States. Data received from approximately 35 states were primarily concentrated in California, Florida, and Texas. This analysis will provide disaster planners and administrators statistics on hazards that cause disruptions to hospital facilities.Aim:The aim of this study is to investigate US hospital evacuations by compiling the data into external, internal, and man-made disasters thus creating a risk assessment for disaster planning.Methods:Hospital reports were retrieved from LexisNexis, Google, and PubMed databases and categorized according to evacuees, duration, location, and type. These incidents were grouped into three classifications: external, internal, and man-made. Both partial and full evacuations were included in the study design.Results:There were a total of 154 reported evacuations in the United States. 110 (71%) were due to external threats, followed by 24 (16%) man-made threats, and 20 (13%) internal threats. Assessing the external causes, 60 (55%) were attributed to hurricanes, 21 (19%) to wildfires, and 8 (7%) to storms. From the internal threats, 8 (40%) were attributed to hospital fires and 4 (20%) chemical fumes. From the man-made threats, 6 (40%) were attributed to bomb threats and 4 (27%) gunmen. From the 20 total reported durations of evacuations, 9 (45%) lasted between 2 to 11:59 hours, 6 (30%) lasted over 24 hours, and 5 (25%) lasted up to 1:59 hours.Discussion:Over 70% of hospital evacuations in the US were due to natural disasters. Compared to 1971-1999, there was an increase in internal and man-made threats. Exact statistics on evacuees, durations, injuries, and mortality rates were unascertainable due to a lack of reporting. It is critical to implement a national registry to report specifics on incidences of evacuations to further assist with disaster and infrastructure planning.
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Giri, Dhanashree, and Aman Vats. "Natural Disasters in India: A Comparative Study of Print Media’s Approach of Top Four English Dailies’ Coverage of Uttarakhand Floods, 2013." Indian Journal of Public Administration 64, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117735453.
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Print media plays a significant role during disasters as it is one of the most widely used modes of communicating important information to the masses. Every media has different agenda to highlight in such a scenario. While some media may portray the devastation, others may expose the failures of the system. The article pursues four of the most read English newspapers in India out of which three are also local favourites of Uttarakhand, which are selected on the basis of their readership, to examine how print media disseminated the news of Uttarakhand floods 2013—whether it was playing an important role in awareness generation and mitigation or it was concerned with only reporting situational information. The authors use qualitative content analysis to map print media’s interventions during Uttarakhand disaster in 2013. Media framed most of the Uttarakhand flood stories by stressing widely on the response and less often focusing on the level of preparedness of the community. Most of the stories covered information related to rescue operation, while very few stories concentrated upon awareness generation, mitigation and redevelopment. Often the messages conveyed by the media pertain to ‘during-disaster’ and ‘post-disaster’ phases. It is evident from this study that efforts of media are least in educating people and disseminating information on disaster before it strikes. In the concluding note, authors specify the road to better disaster management and provide an input for policymakers and media agencies for a coordinated approach.
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Żyła, Kamil. "Simplified Graphical Domain-Specific Languages as Communication Tools in the Process of Developing Mobile Systems for Reporting Life-Threatening Situations – the Perspective of Technical Persons." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 51, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0032.
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Abstract Reporting systems based on mobile technologies and feedback from regular citizens are becoming increasingly popular, especially as far as protection of environmental and cultural heritage is concerned. Reporting life-threatening situations, such as sudden natural disasters or traffic accidents, belongs to the same class of problems and could be aided by IT systems of a similar architecture. Designing and developing systems for reporting life-threatening situations is not a trivial task, requiring close cooperation between software developers and experts in different domains, who could possibly find industrially recognized languages and notations difficult. Thus, the question is whether using simplified graphical domain-specific languages (SGDSLs) could help in creating a common communication platform. It has been revealed that domain experts have a preference for such languages as they offer good learnability, readability and ability to focus on the idea of application. The perspective of developers (technical persons) is introduced on the basis of feedback obtained from 84 students of Computer Science at the Lublin University of Technology, who attended comprehensive workshops followed by an anonymous survey. All participants received theoretical and practical training in modeling mobile software using the same set of languages as domain experts. An analysis of the results revealed that opinions expressed by technical and nontechnical persons concerning SGDSLs oriented on defining a flow of actions is consistent. Most respondents claimed that such languages might be valuable as tools for creating a common communication platform.
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Peek-Asa, Corinne, Marizen Ramirez, Tracy Young, and YanYan Cao. "Flood-Related Work Disruption and Poor Health Outcomes Among University Students." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 6 (October 3, 2012): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1200129x.
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AbstractIntroductionGlobally, floods are the most common and among the most devastating of natural disasters. Natural disasters such as floods impact local businesses, increasing local unemployment by up to 8.2%. Previous research has linked individual losses from disasters with symptoms such as posttraumatic stress disorder. However, little is known about the impact of work disruption and job loss on post-disaster psychological symptoms. University students, who are often living far away from family support structures and have limited resources, may be particularly vulnerable. This study examines student psychological health following a large flood at a university.HypothesisStudents who experienced flood-related job loss or disruption had a higher proportion of psychological symptoms than those who did not experience job loss or disruption, controlling for individual loss such as injury, home loss or evacuation.MethodsOn June 8, 2008, a major flood affected seven US Midwestern states. A total of two dozen people were killed and 148 injured, although no deaths or serious injuries were reported in the population used for this study. At the study university, operations were closed for one week, and 20 buildings were severely damaged. A cross-sectional survey of all students enrolled during the semester of the flood was conducted. Students were sent an online survey six weeks after the flood. In addition to questions about damage to their homes, the survey asked students if their work was disrupted because of the floods. Symptoms of PTSD were measured through the modified Child PTSD Symptom Scale.ResultsOf the 1,231 responding students with complete surveys, 667 (54.2%) reported that their work was disrupted due to the floods. Controlling for gender, ethnicity, grade, and damage to the student's home, students reporting work disruption were more than four times more likely to report PTSD symptoms (95% CI, 2.5-8.2). Work disruption was independently associated with decreases in general mental and physical health following the floods, as well as with increases in alcohol use.ConclusionDisaster research has focused on damage to individuals and homes, but there has been little focus on work losses. Individuals who lose their jobs may be a vulnerable population post-disaster.Peek-AsaC, RamirezM, YoungT, CaoY. Flood-related work disruption and poor health outcomes among university students. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-6.
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Janda, J. Michael, and Sharon L. Abbott. "The Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23, no. 1 (January 2010): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00039-09.
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SUMMARY Over the past decade, the genus Aeromonas has undergone a number of significant changes of practical importance to clinical microbiologists and scientists alike. In parallel with the molecular revolution in microbiology, several new species have been identified on a phylogenetic basis, and the genome of the type species, A. hydrophila ATCC 7966, has been sequenced. In addition to established disease associations, Aeromonas has been shown to be a significant cause of infections associated with natural disasters (hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes) and has been linked to emerging or new illnesses, including near-drowning events, prostatitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Despite these achievements, issues still remain regarding the role that Aeromonas plays in bacterial gastroenteritis, the extent to which species identification should be attempted in the clinical laboratory, and laboratory reporting of test results from contaminated body sites containing aeromonads. This article provides an extensive review of these topics, in addition to others, such as taxonomic issues, microbial pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance markers.