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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural ester insulating oil'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Nadolny, Zbigniew. "Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Various Insulating Liquids Used in Power Transformers." Energies 17, no. 12 (2024): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17123037.

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This article is a summary of many years of work by the author, in which the thermal properties of various types of insulating liquids, used in power transformers, were evaluated. Recently, esters have been displacing mineral oil. There is a common view that mineral oil has better thermal properties than esters. This claim is supported by comparative results of tests of both materials as a liquid only filling the remaining volume of the transformer. The effect of the type of liquid on the thermal properties of the paper–oil insulation has not been analyzed so far. On this basis, the conclusions

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2

ZOU, PING, JIAN LI, CAI-XIN SUN, ZHAO-TAO ZHANG, and RUI-JIN LIAO. "DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES AND ELECTRODYNAMIC PROCESS OF NATURAL ESTER-BASED INSULATING NANOFLUID." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 25 (2011): 2021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911027285.

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Natural ester is currently used as an insulating oil and coolant for medium-power transformers. The biodegradability of insulating natural ester makes it a preferable insulation liquid to mineral oils. In this work, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were used along with oleic acid to improve the performance of insulating natural ester. The micro-morphology of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles before and after surface modification was observed through transmission electron microscopy. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis

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3

Lyutikova, M. N., S. M. Korobeynikov, and A. A. Konovalov. "Electrophysical properties of mixtures of mineral oil and synthetic ester dielectric liquid." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 2 (2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-2-132-141.

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Power transformers are key equipment in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The reliability of power transformers is based on the performance of the insulation system, which includes solid cellulose insulation and a liquid dielectric. Modern power engineering requires liquid insulation to have excellent insulating properties, high fire resistance, and biodegradability. Mineral oil that has been in use for over 100 years does not meet certain requirements. Therefore, various methods of enhancing the insulating properties of the oil are currently being considered, including

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4

Münster, Tobias, Peter Werle, Kai Hämel, and Jörg Preusel. "Thermally Accelerated Aging of Insulation Paper for Transformers with Different Insulating Liquids." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113036.

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The article presents issues related to the aging behavior of oil-paper insulations in transformers using different oil- and ester-based insulating fluids. Despite numerous conducted studies on the subject of oil-paper aging, the use of new insulating fluids is creating open questions. In addition, new liquids such as synthetic and natural esters, as well as oil of the newest generation, are being used. Furthermore, there is still little research on the formation of aging markers with this form of the dielectric. For this reason, in this contribution, oil-paper insulations with mineral oil-base

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5

Maneerot, Sakda, Norasage Pattanadech, Yannaphol Kittikhuntharadol, Phethai Nimsanong, and Chanin Bunlaksananusorn. "Polarization and Conduction Characteristics of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester Mixed with Nanoparticles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9225170.

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Mineral oil (MO) has been widely used in transformers because of its reasonable price and acceptable properties. Currently, alternative liquid insulations have been proposed with some excellent properties. Therefore, the mineral oil characteristics need to be enhanced for high performance to compete with such alternative liquid insulations. This paper aims to study the power frequency dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ) along with polarization and depolarization current (PDC) characteristics of the mineral oil-based nanofluid and natural ester (NE)-based nanofluid. Besides, Fourier-transform

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6

Zdanowski, Maciej. "Electrostatic Charging Tendency Analysis Concerning Retrofilling Power Transformers with Envirotemp FR3 Natural Ester." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174420.

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Natural and synthetic esters are liquids characterized by insulating properties, high flash point, and biodegradability. For this reason, they are more and more often used as an alternative to conventional mineral oils. Esters are used to fill new or operating transformers previously filled with mineral oil (retrofilling). It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues create with esters a mixture with features significantly different from those of the base liquids. This article presents electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) tests for mixtu

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7

Lingvay, Iosif, Ion Patru, Livia Carmen Ungureanu, Valerica Stanoi, and Adriana Mariana Bors. "Electro-insulating Paper Degradation in Various Electro-insulating Fluids." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 1 (2018): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.1.6050.

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The durability and safe operation of electrical equipment and devices with mixed insulation systems (solid/fluid - electro-insulating paper/oil) is determined by the insulation aging under simultaneous and synergic actions of electrical, thermal and chemical stress factors etc. In this context, degradations of insulating paper exposed to thermal aging in 5 different types of electro-insulating fluid have been studied experimentally. Liquid chromatography determinations have shown that the total content in furan products (resulting from cellulose degradation) in mineral oils is substantially hi

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8

Sharin, Ab Ghani, Shahril Ahmad Khiar Mohd, Sutan Chairul Imran, and Imran Zamir Muhammad. "Effect of repeated electrical breakdowns on mineral and natural ester insulating oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 6 (2021): 2989–96. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i6.3258.

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Transformer insulating oils are exposed to repeated electrical discharge or breakdowns inside power transformers. Durability tests are conducted to analyze the ability of oil to resist decomposition due to such high electrical stresses. With the increasing demand for alternative insulating oils for oilimmersed transformers, it is worthy to compare the performance of different types of insulating oils (conventional mineral-based insulating oil and natural ester-based insulating oil) under repeated electrical breakdown. In this paper, the AC breakdown voltage of different mineral-based and natur

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9

Zhang, Tao, Min Chen, Haohan Zhou, Guangrui Shi, Xiping Fan, and Qian Wu. "Study on the Anti-Aging Performance of Different Nano-Modified Natural Ester Insulating Oils Based on Molecular Dynamics." Nanomaterials 13, no. 4 (2023): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13040653.

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In order to investigate the anti-aging performance of nano-modified natural ester insulating oils, in this paper, two different types of nanoparticles are selected to modify insulating oils. We studied the microscopic mechanism of nano-modified models using molecular simulation techniques. Three models were established: an oil–water model without the addition of nanoparticles and two which contained nano-Fe3O4 and nano-Al2O3 particles, where the concentration of water was 1 wt.%. The research found that the diffusion of water molecules in the nano-modified model was slow, and the water molecul

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10

Chairul, Imran Sutan, Sharin Ab Ghani2, Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohd Aizzat Azmi. "Effect of electrical discharge on the properties of natural esters insulating fluids." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1281–88. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1281-1288.

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Vegetable oils have been an alternative to mineral oil for oil-immersed transformers due to concern on less flammable, environmental-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable resources of petroleum-based insulating oil. This paper presents the effect of electrical discharges (200 up to 1000 discharges) under 50 Hz inhomogeneous electric field on the properties (acidity, water content, and breakdown voltage) of two varieties of vegetablebased insulating oils; i) natural ester (NE) and ii) low viscosity insulating fluids derived from a natural ester (NELV). Results show the water content, acidity

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11

Prasad, D., and S. Chandrasekar. "EFFECT OF NANO-SiO2 PARTICLES ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FR3 TRANSFORMER OIL." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13 (February 7, 2017): 6208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i0.5687.

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Liquid insulation for high voltage transformer applications based on natural esters derived from abundantly available vegetable oils are becoming popular in recent times. Since these natural ester based oils have environmental advantages and superior thermal performance, electrical utilities are slowly replacing the conventional mineral oils with natural ester based vegetable oils. FR3 oil, which is a soya based natural ester oil with superior dielectric and thermal characteristics, is becoming popular as an alternate insulating medium for high voltage transformers. With recent developments in

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12

Oyelaran, Olatunde Ajani, Sunday Gbenga Borisade, James Oyelowo Abioye, and Bukola Olalekan Bolaji. "Development of Eco-Friendly Transformer Oil from Neem Seed Oil using Periwinkle Waste Shell as Catalyst." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (2022): 1299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0098.

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Abstract The urge for a sustainable and non-polluting industry has raised the need for a search for an alternative insulating fluid that could be used in transformers, because of the negative environmental effect of mineral-based insulating fluids. Natural esters from non-edible oil seeds showed to be feasible alternative, unfortunately they possess poor thermooxidative properties. Neem trees grow nearly on all types of soils and can be as old as 45 years before they start to produce less fruits. Neem tree can produce up to 50 kg of its fruits yearly from the tenth year and the seed oil conten

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13

A, Cianna, Sumathi S, and Ponmathy M. "Enhancement of the Characteristics of Natural Ester in Transformer Oil Insulation using Nanofluids." June 2023 5, no. 2 (2023): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2023.2.002.

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Oil is utilized in large transformers for its insulation properties and cooling. Mineral oil (MO) is not recyclable and it poses environment risks as it serves as insulation in transformer. It can be avoided by using a liquid coolant that has all the key qualities of transformer oil and seems to be biodegradable. Natural ester, made from plants as a substitute for mineral oil, has several profits. More investigations were conducted to improve the insulating liquid properties after the advent of nanofluids. In this study, a new hybrid method is employed to explore the properties by mixing diffe

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14

Ghani, Sharin Ab, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Imran Sutan Chairul, and Muhammad Imran Zamir. "Effect of repeated electrical breakdowns on mineral and natural ester insulating oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 6 (2021): 2989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i6.3258.

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Abstract:

Transformer insulating oils are exposed to repeated electrical discharge or breakdowns inside power transformers. Durability tests are conducted to analyze the ability of oil to resist decomposition due to such high electrical stresses. With the increasing demand for alternative insulating oils for oil-immersed transformers, it is worthy to compare the performance of different types of insulating oils (conventional mineral-based insulating oil and natural ester-based insulating oil) under repeated electrical breakdown. In this paper, the AC breakdown voltage of different mineral-based and natu

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15

Chairul, Imran Sutan, Sharin Ab Ghani, Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohd Aizzat Azmi. "Effect of electrical discharge on the properties of natural esters insulating fluids." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1281-1288.

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<p>Vegetable oils have been an alternative to mineral oil for oil-immersed transformers due to concern on less flammable, environmental-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable resources of petroleum-based insulating oil. This paper presents the effect of electrical discharges (200 up to 1000 discharges) under 50 Hz inhomogeneous electric field on the properties (acidity, water content, and breakdown voltage) of two varieties of vegetable based insulating oils; i) natural ester (NE) and ii) low viscosity insulating fluids derived from a natural ester (NE<sub>LV</sub>). Result

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16

Couto, Sandra, Elisabete M. Ferreira, Diogo Sá, et al. "Comparison of the Thermal Performance of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester for Safer Eco-Friendly Power Transformers A Numerical and Experimental Approach." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.241.

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At present, most of the worldwide transformer fleet uses mineral oil as insulation fluid. However, the use of natural ester is playing an increasing role as safer and eco-friendly alternative to mineral oil. From the utilities’ perspective, the change in the mineral oil paradigm can be approached by replacing their assets by new eco-friendly transformers or refurbishing their assets, substituting only the insulating fluid. To make an informed decision, guidelines indicating how a transformer designed for mineral oil would behave when operating with natural ester, are of paramount importance. I

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17

Cybulski, Mateusz, and Piotr Przybylek. "Application of Molecular Sieves for Drying Transformers Insulated with Mineral Oil, Natural Ester, or Synthetic Ester." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061719.

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A high level of moisture in the insulation system of power transformers is often the cause of their failure. This can be prevented by drying a transformer in its place of installation. In the article the application of molecular sieves (MS) in the drying process of the transformer insulation system was analyzed. The water sorption isotherms of 3A MS in mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester at 35 °C were determined, which was not described in the literature before. An evaluation of the influence of temperature on the drying dynamics of electro-insulating liquids using MS was also carr

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18

Chen, Min, Tao Zhang, Jinyuan Zhang, Chunyi Liu, Dong Chen, and Jin Zhang. "Unveiling the Micro-Mechanism of Functional Group Regulation for Enhanced Dielectric Properties in Novel Natural Ester Insulating Oil TME-C10." Molecules 30, no. 7 (2025): 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071431.

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The functional groups in the molecular structure of natural ester insulating oil have a significant impact on its physicochemical and electrical properties. This article takes the novel synthetic ester TME-C10 and traditional natural ester GT molecules as research objects, and based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, systematically explores the micro-mechanism of the effects of C=C double bonds, ester groups (-COOC), and β-H groups on the performance of insulating oils. The results show that the chemical stability and anti-aging ability of the TME-C10 molecule are significantly i

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19

Wolny, Stefan. "Analysis of High-Frequency Dispersion Characteristics of Capacitance and Loss Factor of Aramid Paper Impregnated with Various Dielectric Liquids." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061063.

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This paper presents research results of the loss factor of high voltage insulation samples made of aramid paper impregnated with various types of insulating oil. The analysis was carried out in the high frequency domain in the range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The experiments were carried out for three impregnation types: mineral oil, synthetic ester and natural ester. The influence of temperature in the range of 20 °C to 100 °C, which is typical when using this type of insulation in power transformers, was taken into account. In addition, the process of influence of initial aging of aramid paper was s

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20

Trnka, Pavel, Jaroslav Hornak, Magdalena Trnkova, et al. "Compatibility Testing of New Insulating Fluids and Materials in Distribution Transformer." Energies 18, no. 7 (2025): 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071831.

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The introduction of a new insulating oil or, for instance, a new type of insulation or sealing into a transformer necessitates tests for material compatibility. Compatibility tests of liquids with the structural internal materials of transformers are conducted to prevent undesired interactions between insulating fluids and the formation of products that could lead to the generation of undesirable ions, sediments, or chemical compounds that result in a reduction in the dielectric property performance of the fluid. This includes chemical reactions (hydrolysis, hydrogenation, oxidation, formation

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21

Sutan Chairul, Imran, Nor Hidayah Rahim, Sharin Ab Ghani, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohamad Nazri Mohamad Din. "Compatibility of transformer construction materials with mineral, natural ester, and synthetic ester insulating oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 3 (2025): 1639–46. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i3.8391.

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This paper presents the experimental findings on the compatibility of kraft paper strips and gasket materials (fluoroelastomer (FE) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)) with mineral (MO), natural ester (NE), and synthetic ester (SE) insulating oils. First, three insulating oil samples were prepared, and kraft paper strips, pressboards, and FE and NBR gasket materials were immersed in the oils. Metal catalysts were added into the insulating oil samples to simulate the actual conditions of oil-immersed transformers. The samples were thermally aged at 130 °C for 400 h. The results show that the te

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22

Montero, Andrés, Belén García, and Carlos López. "Life Expectancy of Transformer Paper Insulation Retrofilled with Natural Ester in the Laboratory." Polymers 15, no. 22 (2023): 4345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15224345.

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The use of alternative insulating liquids instead of mineral oil in transformers is spreading around the world due to their superior fire resistance. Furthermore, researchers have demonstrated that these oils increase the lifespan of the solid insulation of the transformers and, thus, the life expectancy of the equipment. Retrofilling of transformers with natural and synthetic esters allows companies to benefit from the properties of using these liquids without making an investment into new machinery. This paper investigated the ageing process of Kraft paper that was retrofilled with a natural

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23

Wang, Qing, Yihua Qian, Yifeng Zhao, Lei Peng, and Siwei Pan. "Study on the compatibility between natural ester and solid materials in liquid-filled transformer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3008, no. 1 (2025): 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3008/1/012014.

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Abstract With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection and fire safety, the use of natural ester in transformers as a potential alternative insulating liquid to mineral oil is receiving increasing attention. The aim of this study is to investigate the compatibility of natural ester insulating liquid with thermally modified insulating papers and wire enamels, which are the construction materials of transformers. In this paper, the test temperature was set at 155°C according to IEC 60076-14. The mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and infrared spectroscopy analysis of the in

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24

Haegele, Stephanie, Farzaneh Vahidi, Stefan Tenbohlen, Kevin Rapp, and Alan Sbravati. "Lightning Impulse Withstand of Natural Ester Liquid." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081964.

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Due to the low biodegradability of mineral oil, intense research is conducted to define alternative liquids with comparable dielectric properties. Natural ester liquids are an alternative in focus; they are used increasingly as insulating liquid in distribution and power transformers. The main advantages of natural ester liquids compared to mineral oil are their good biodegradability and mainly high flash and fire points providing better fire safety. The dielectric strength of natural ester liquids is comparable to conventional mineral oil for homogeneous field arrangements. However, many stud

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25

N., L. M. Ridzuan, A. Bakar N., A. Ghani S., S. Chairul I., and H. A. Aziz N. "Comparative study on the accelerated thermal aging behavior between palm and rapeseed natural ester oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (2019): 735–43. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1590.

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The suitability of natural ester oils as an insulating medium in power transformers is discussed in this paper. Owing to environmental concerns, natural ester oils have great potential as mineral oil substitutes in power transformers. In this paper, the aging behaviors of palm and rapeseed natural ester oils were compared with that for mineral oil. The performance of these natural ester oils was assessed based on their properties (moisture content, acidity, and relative content of dissolved decay products) after accelerated thermal aging. The results showed that the palm oil has better perform

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26

Amalanathan, Arputhasamy Joseph, Ramanujam Sarathi, Maciej Zdanowski, Ravikrishnan Vinu, and Zbigniew Nadolny. "Review on Gassing Tendency of Different Insulating Fluids towards Transformer Applications." Energies 16, no. 1 (2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010488.

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This paper reports the critical reviews on the gassing tendency of different insulating fluids along with the precautionary measures to be considered during their fault diagnosis in transformer insulation. The experimental techniques and procedures for identifying the gassing due to electrical and thermal stress along with the stray gassing phenomenon has been elucidated. The different interpretation schemes used for determining the faults in transformers results in unexpected errors when the historical data relating to mineral oil is used for the other alternative fluids. Mineral oil and natu

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27

Ye, Wenyu, Jian Hao, Yufeng Chen, Mengzhao Zhu, Zhen Pan, and Fei Hou. "Difference Analysis of Gas Molecules Diffusion Behavior in Natural Ester and Mineral Oil Based on Molecular Dynamic Simulation." Molecules 24, no. 24 (2019): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244463.

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Natural ester, as a new environmentally green insulating oil, has been widely used in transformer. In an oil-immersed transformer, the normal aging, thermal failure, and discharge failure could easily lead to the decomposition of the oil-paper insulation system and produce different kinds of gases. Studying gas dissolution in natural ester and mineral oil could provide assistance in applying criteria to make a diagnosis of different kinds of faults in the transformer. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method was used to investigate the diffusion behavior of seven fault characteristic gases

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28

Ridzuan, N. L. M., N. A. Bakar, S. A. Ghani, I. S. Chairul, and N. H. A. Aziz. "Comparative study on the accelerated thermal aging behavior between palm and rapeseed natural ester oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (2019): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1590.

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The suitability of natural ester oils as an insulating medium in power transformers is discussed in this paper. Owing to environmental concerns, natural ester oils have great potential as mineral oil substitutes in power transformers. In this paper, the aging behaviors of palm and rapeseed natural ester oils were compared with that for mineral oil. The performance of these natural ester oils was assessed based on their properties (moisture content, acidity, and relative content of dissolved decay products) after accelerated thermal aging. The results showed that the palm oil has better perform

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29

Li, Huaqiang, Linfeng Xia, Shengwei Cai, Zhiqiang Huang, Jiaqi Li, and Lisheng Zhong. "Influence of Molecule Structure on Lightning Impulse Breakdown of Ester Liquids." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041061.

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Ester liquids are environmentally friendly insulating oils, and they can be used as an alternative to mineral oil in transformers, even though in most countries spills of ester oils must be treated like spills of mineral oil. Furthermore, the breakdown characteristics of ester liquids are worse than those of mineral oils in heterogeneous electric fields. In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental research on both positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown properties in point-plane geometries with gaps varying from 1 mm to 50 mm. The breakdown voltages and streamer velocities

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30

Oparanti, Samson Okikiola, Issouf Fofana, and Reza Jafari. "Improving Oxidation Stability and Insulation Performance of Plant-Based Oils for Sustainable Power Transformers." Physchem 5, no. 2 (2025): 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/physchem5020023.

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In power transformers, insulating liquids are essential for cooling, insulation, and condition monitoring. However, the environmental impact and biodegradability issues of traditional hydrocarbon-based liquids have spurred interest in green alternatives like natural esters. Despite their benefits, natural esters are highly prone to oxidation, limiting their broader use. This study explores a novel blend of two plant-based oils, canola oil and methyl ester derived from palm kernel oil, enhanced with two antioxidants, Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol (BHT), to

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31

Lingvay, Iosif, Adriana Mariana Bors, Livia Carmen Ungureanu, Valerica Stanoi, and Traian Rus. "Studies on the Behavior Some Paints in Electro-insulating Fluid Based on Vegetable Esters." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 5 (2018): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.5.6276.

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For the purpose of using three different types of painting materials for the inner protection of the transformer vats, their behavior was studied under actual conditions of operation in the transformer (thermal stress in electro-insulating fluid based on the natural ester in contact with copper for electro-technical use and electro-insulating paper). By comparing determination of the content in furans products (HPLC technique) and gases formed (by gas-chromatography) in the electro-insulating fluid (natural ester with high oleic content) thermally aged at 130 �C to 1000 hours in closed glass v

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32

CH, Hussaian Basha, T. Mariprasath, Shaik Rafi Kiran, and M. Murali. "An Experimental Analysis of Degradation of Cellulosic Insulating Material Immersed in Natural Ester Oil for Transformer." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 18957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18957ecst.

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The physical, chemical and electrical prosperities of MO is matched as an insulating material for transformer. Therefore, it can be used in transformers. Whereas, the MO is extracted from the fossil fuels. Due to vast consumption of fossil fuels, the accessibility of vestige fuel is going to run out near future. In addition, the MO (MO) is doesn’t meet the new environmental regulation due to it has less biodegradable. Therefore, this research proposed a new ecological friendly insulating oil for transformer which is renewable that of petroleum based insulating oil such as MO. Initially, a crit

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33

Ab Ghani, Sharin, Imran Sutan Chairul, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Nor Hidayah Rahim, and Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad@Hashim. "Effect of mixing ratio on the breakdown voltage of mineral and natural ester insulating oil blends." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 5 (2022): 2418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i5.3723.

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To date, the most common insulating oil used in oil-immersed transformers is mineral insulating (MI) oil, which is derived from petroleum. Owing to the depletion of petroleum over the years, it can be anticipated that petroleum-derived products such as MI oils will also deplete in the future. MI oils are not only non-renewable, but they are also non-biodegradable, where these oils are harmful to the environment in cases of oil spillage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the potential of mixing MI oil with natural ester insulating (NEI) oil in order to reduce the high dependenc

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34

Naidu, Gottapu Tirupati, Ungarala Mohan Rao, and Sudabattula Suresh. "Influence of Ester Liquids on Dielectric Strength of Cellulose Kraft Paper." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030762.

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Generally, impregnation of solid insulation is performed to increase the dielectric strength and reduce the dielectric losses of solid insulants. This increase in dielectric strength depends on the oil’s diffusion and dielectric properties. This paper investigates the diffusion behavior of mineral oil and ester fluids (synthetic, natural, and mixed) to understand the influence of oil diffusion on paper breakdown voltage. To better understand this phenomenal influence, cellulose insulation paper of different thicknesses has been considered. Wetting characteristics of various oil-paper insulatio

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35

Karaman, Hesham S., Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour, Matti Lehtonen, and Mohamed M. F. Darwish. "Condition Assessment of Natural Ester–Mineral Oil Mixture Due to Transformer Retrofilling via Sensing Dielectric Properties." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146440.

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Mineral oil (MO) is the most popular insulating liquid that is used as an insulating and cooling medium in electrical power transformers. Indeed, for green energy and environmental protection requirements, many researchers introduced other oil types to study the various characteristics of alternative insulating oils using advanced diagnostic tools. In this regard, natural ester oil (NEO) can be considered an attractive substitute for MO. Although NEO has a high viscosity and high dielectric loss, it presents fire safety and environmental advantages over mineral oil. Therefore, the retrofilling

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Goscinski, Przemyslaw, Zbigniew Nadolny, Andrzej Tomczewski, Ryszard Nawrowski та Tomasz Boczar. "The Influence of Heat Transfer Coefficient α of Insulating Liquids on Power Transformer Cooling Systems". Energies 16, № 6 (2023): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062627.

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The power transformer plays an important role in electric power systems. One of the conditions for the proper operation of the transformer is to ensure a sufficiently low temperature. This condition can be met if the heat exchange is effective. Heat transfer depends, among other things, on the electrically insulating liquid. The thermal property describing the ability of a liquid to transfer heat is the heat transfer coefficient α. At the design stage of the transformers, it is most often assumed that the value of the α coefficient is constant and equal to 100 W·m−2·K−1. Such simplifications c

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Szcześniak, Dominika, and Piotr Przybylek. "Oxidation Stability of Natural Ester Modified by Means of Fullerene Nanoparticles." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020490.

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Increasing environmental demands influence the requirements for devices and materials used in the power industry. One example is a power transformer and an electro-insulating liquid used in it. In order to meet these requirements, electro-insulating liquids should be characterized by, inter alia, high biodegradability and good fire properties. One of such liquids is natural ester. However, its oxidation stability is low in comparison to mineral oil and demands improvement, which can be achieved by the addition of an antioxidant. The authors of this work used fullerene nanoparticles for that pu

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Abdul, Rajab, Tsuchie Motoo, Kozako Masahiro, Hikita Masayuki, and Suzuki Takashi. "PD Behaviors of Monoester Insulating Oil under Different Moisture Contents." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 2 (2018): 481–87. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i2.7356.

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One of the problems encounters in implementing vegetable oils (natural esters) as a transformer insulating oil is their viscosity which is high. To address this problem, monoester derived from vegetable oil was introduced. This paper deals with partial discharge (PD) behaviors of dry and moist samples of a monoester type insulating oil, palm fatty acid ester (PFAE), under AC high voltage utilizing a needle plane electrode configuration. Variations of average PD charge and PD number against the variation of voltage application, as well as their polarity discrimination under both dry and moist s

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Zhang, Xiaojing, Lu Ren, Haichuan Yu, et al. "Dual-Temperature Evaluation of a High-Temperature Insulation System for Liquid-Immersed Transformer." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081957.

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A high-temperature oil–paper insulation system offers an opportunity to improve the overloading capability of distribution transformers facing seasonal load variation. A high-temperature electrical insulation system (EIS) was chosen due to thermal calculation based on a typical loading curve on the China Southern Power Grid. In order to evaluate candidate high-temperature insulation systems, Nomex® T910 (aramid-enhanced cellulose) immersed in FR3 (natural ester) was investigated by a dual-temperature thermal aging test compared with a conventional insulation system, Kraft paper impregnated wit

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Ahmad Khiar, Mohd Shahril, Nur Izyan Husnina Zulkefli, Sharin Ab Ghani, Imran Sutan Chairul, and Mohd Affendi Che Musni. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Natural Ester Fluid Retrofilling in Mitigating the Deposition of Copper Sulfide on Kraft Paper Insulation." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 37, no. 3 (2025): 1207–14. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(3)-10.

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Numerous methods have been implemented to overcome the issues related to sulfur corrosion in power transformers. The common method involves the use of metal passivators. However, metal passivators are nitrogen-based and sulfurbased, and they are non-biodegradable and toxic. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of natural ester fluid retrofilling in mitigating the deposition of copper sulfide on kraft paper insulation was investigated. Comparison was made with regards to accelerated thermal aging of two retrofilling fluids (mineral oil and natural ester fluid derived from soybean (FR3)).

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Zdanowski, Maciej. "Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method." Energies 13, no. 23 (2020): 6159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236159.

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Power transformers are the main element of an electric power system. The service life of these devices depends to a large extent on the technical condition of their insulation system. Replacing mineral oils with natural or synthetic ester (retrofilling process) may increase the efficiency and operational safety of transformers, and also limit their adverse environmental impact. It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues form a mixture with fluid ester, with different physicochemical and electric properties. Streaming electrification is

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Khonchaiyaphum, Nichakorn, Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian, and Amnart Suksri. "Nano-Titanium Dioxide Filler Particles in Soybean Methyl Ester for an Improvement of Electrical Breakdown Strength of Soybean Vegetable Oil as a Transformer Oil Substitute." Materials Science Forum 1115 (February 29, 2024): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-d5rvuj.

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Power transformers use mineral oil as an insulating liquid due to its excellent dielectric properties. However, mineral oil is a non-renewable resource and is toxic to the environment when leaked. The purpose of this research is to examine vegetable oil containing nanotitanium dioxide as a substitute for mineral transformer oil. Vegetable insulating oils are environmentally benign and have good breakdown voltage (BV) and high ignition points that can decompose naturally in the event of a leak. Nevertheless, the high viscosity of vegetable oil slows down the flow rate in the transformer cooling

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Doddasiddavanahalli, Mukundappa Srinivasa, and Surendra Usha. "Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation." Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation 29, no. 2 (2023): 609–17. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i2.pp609-617.

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The performance of every electrical system depends on the different electrical devices especially transformers. Petroleum-based mineral oil is widely used for insulation and cooling purpose. The disadvantage of mineral oil is its low biodegradability and is a major threat to the ecosystem due to its poor oxidative stability. To remedy the drawbacks, focus on alternative fluids that can replace traditional mineral oil. Alternative liquids such as natural esters are used which do not panic the ecosystem. With the support of additives in natural esters liquids, the productivity of the oil can be

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Lungulescu, Eduard Marius, Iosif Lingvay, Livia Carmen Ungureanu, Traian Rus, and Adriana Mariana Bors. "Thermooxidative Behavior of Some Paint Materials in Natural Ester Based Electro-insulating Fluid." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 2 (2018): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.2.4995.

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ATR / FTIR and DSC techniques have been used to evaluate the thermal stability of some ageing paint materials by heat treatment while immersion in natural ester-based electro-insulating oil. Experimental determinations have highlighted the fact that the investigated paint materials (epoxy resins) have a high oxygen affinity and thus, in closed systems (such as power transformers), they oxidize before coming into contact with the transformer oil. This behavior indicates that the paint layer (suitably chosen) applied on the inside of the transformer vat functions as an antioxidant and results in

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Mukundappa Srinivasa, Doddasiddavanahalli, and Usha Surendra. "Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, no. 2 (2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i2.pp609-617.

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<p>The <span>performance of every electrical system depends on the different electrical devices especially transformers. Petroleum-based mineral oil is widely used for insulation and cooling purpose. The disadvantage of mineral oil is its low biodegradability and is a major threat to the ecosystem due to its poor oxidative stability. To remedy the drawbacks, focus on alternative fluids that can replace traditional mineral oil. Alternative liquids such as natural esters are used which do not panic the ecosystem. With the support of additives in natural esters liquids, the productivi

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A., Rajab, E. Putra F., S. Ramadhani J., et al. "Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purpose." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 6 (2019): 3183–90. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13133.

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An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity, and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation s

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Obebe, Esther Ogwa, Yazid Hadjadj, Samson Okikiola Oparanti, and Issouf Fofana. "Enhancing the Performance of Natural Ester Insulating Liquids in Power Transformers: A Comprehensive Review on Antioxidant Additives for Improved Oxidation Stability." Energies 18, no. 7 (2025): 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071690.

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The reliability of the electrical grid is vital to economic prosperity and quality of life. Power transformers, key components of transmission and distribution systems, represent major capital investments. Traditionally, these machines have relied on petroleum-based mineral oil as an insulating liquid. However, with a global shift toward sustainability, renewable insulating materials like natural esters are gaining attention due to their environmental and fire safety benefits. These biodegradable liquids are poised to replace hydrocarbon-based oils in transformers, aligning with Sustainable De

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Mihajlovic, Draginja, Valentina Vasovic, and Jelena Lukic. "Development of New Accelerated Aging Test for Comparison of the Quality of Different Insulating Papers Based on Cellulose." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112556.

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The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil a

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Liang, Wang, Qi Zhipeng, Li Ze, and Guo Li. "THz optical parameters of FR3 natural ester insulating oil after thermal aging." Optik 239 (August 2021): 166873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166873.

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Siddique, Zaid B., Soumen Basu, and Prasenjit Basak. "Development of Graphene Oxide Dispersed Natural Ester Based Insulating Oil for Transformers." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 28, no. 4 (2021): 1326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2021.009445.

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