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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural ester insulation oil'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Prasad, D., and S. Chandrasekar. "EFFECT OF NANO-SiO2 PARTICLES ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FR3 TRANSFORMER OIL." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13 (February 7, 2017): 6208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i0.5687.

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Liquid insulation for high voltage transformer applications based on natural esters derived from abundantly available vegetable oils are becoming popular in recent times. Since these natural ester based oils have environmental advantages and superior thermal performance, electrical utilities are slowly replacing the conventional mineral oils with natural ester based vegetable oils. FR3 oil, which is a soya based natural ester oil with superior dielectric and thermal characteristics, is becoming popular as an alternate insulating medium for high voltage transformers. With recent developments in

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2

Nadolny, Zbigniew. "Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Various Insulating Liquids Used in Power Transformers." Energies 17, no. 12 (2024): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17123037.

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This article is a summary of many years of work by the author, in which the thermal properties of various types of insulating liquids, used in power transformers, were evaluated. Recently, esters have been displacing mineral oil. There is a common view that mineral oil has better thermal properties than esters. This claim is supported by comparative results of tests of both materials as a liquid only filling the remaining volume of the transformer. The effect of the type of liquid on the thermal properties of the paper–oil insulation has not been analyzed so far. On this basis, the conclusions

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3

A, Cianna, Sumathi S, and Ponmathy M. "Enhancement of the Characteristics of Natural Ester in Transformer Oil Insulation using Nanofluids." June 2023 5, no. 2 (2023): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2023.2.002.

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Oil is utilized in large transformers for its insulation properties and cooling. Mineral oil (MO) is not recyclable and it poses environment risks as it serves as insulation in transformer. It can be avoided by using a liquid coolant that has all the key qualities of transformer oil and seems to be biodegradable. Natural ester, made from plants as a substitute for mineral oil, has several profits. More investigations were conducted to improve the insulating liquid properties after the advent of nanofluids. In this study, a new hybrid method is employed to explore the properties by mixing diffe

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4

Wolny, Stefan. "Analysis of High-Frequency Dispersion Characteristics of Capacitance and Loss Factor of Aramid Paper Impregnated with Various Dielectric Liquids." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061063.

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This paper presents research results of the loss factor of high voltage insulation samples made of aramid paper impregnated with various types of insulating oil. The analysis was carried out in the high frequency domain in the range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The experiments were carried out for three impregnation types: mineral oil, synthetic ester and natural ester. The influence of temperature in the range of 20 °C to 100 °C, which is typical when using this type of insulation in power transformers, was taken into account. In addition, the process of influence of initial aging of aramid paper was s

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5

Lyutikova, M. N., S. M. Korobeynikov, and A. A. Konovalov. "Electrophysical properties of mixtures of mineral oil and synthetic ester dielectric liquid." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 2 (2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-2-132-141.

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Power transformers are key equipment in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The reliability of power transformers is based on the performance of the insulation system, which includes solid cellulose insulation and a liquid dielectric. Modern power engineering requires liquid insulation to have excellent insulating properties, high fire resistance, and biodegradability. Mineral oil that has been in use for over 100 years does not meet certain requirements. Therefore, various methods of enhancing the insulating properties of the oil are currently being considered, including

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6

Maneerot, Sakda, Norasage Pattanadech, Yannaphol Kittikhuntharadol, Phethai Nimsanong, and Chanin Bunlaksananusorn. "Polarization and Conduction Characteristics of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester Mixed with Nanoparticles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9225170.

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Mineral oil (MO) has been widely used in transformers because of its reasonable price and acceptable properties. Currently, alternative liquid insulations have been proposed with some excellent properties. Therefore, the mineral oil characteristics need to be enhanced for high performance to compete with such alternative liquid insulations. This paper aims to study the power frequency dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ) along with polarization and depolarization current (PDC) characteristics of the mineral oil-based nanofluid and natural ester (NE)-based nanofluid. Besides, Fourier-transform

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7

Cybulski, Mateusz, and Piotr Przybylek. "Application of Molecular Sieves for Drying Transformers Insulated with Mineral Oil, Natural Ester, or Synthetic Ester." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061719.

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A high level of moisture in the insulation system of power transformers is often the cause of their failure. This can be prevented by drying a transformer in its place of installation. In the article the application of molecular sieves (MS) in the drying process of the transformer insulation system was analyzed. The water sorption isotherms of 3A MS in mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester at 35 °C were determined, which was not described in the literature before. An evaluation of the influence of temperature on the drying dynamics of electro-insulating liquids using MS was also carr

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8

Altay, Ramazan, İrem Hazar, Mahmut Aksoy, Hakan Aktay, Jean-Claude Duart, and Radoslaw Szewczyk. "Development of transformers with natural ester and cellulose or aramid insulation." Journal of Energy - Energija 72, no. 3 (2024): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2023723506.

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This study describes selected research studies performed for developing design rules for power transformers usingnatural esters. The presented simulation results verified adequacy of design rules and allowed for adjustments needed forimplementing the new insulation system vs. the one based on mineral oil and cellulose-based solid insulation. They were alsoused as a base for the next transformer design combining natural ester with aramid insulation.

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9

Münster, Tobias, Peter Werle, Kai Hämel, and Jörg Preusel. "Thermally Accelerated Aging of Insulation Paper for Transformers with Different Insulating Liquids." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113036.

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The article presents issues related to the aging behavior of oil-paper insulations in transformers using different oil- and ester-based insulating fluids. Despite numerous conducted studies on the subject of oil-paper aging, the use of new insulating fluids is creating open questions. In addition, new liquids such as synthetic and natural esters, as well as oil of the newest generation, are being used. Furthermore, there is still little research on the formation of aging markers with this form of the dielectric. For this reason, in this contribution, oil-paper insulations with mineral oil-base

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10

Montero, Andrés, Belén García, and Carlos López. "Life Expectancy of Transformer Paper Insulation Retrofilled with Natural Ester in the Laboratory." Polymers 15, no. 22 (2023): 4345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15224345.

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The use of alternative insulating liquids instead of mineral oil in transformers is spreading around the world due to their superior fire resistance. Furthermore, researchers have demonstrated that these oils increase the lifespan of the solid insulation of the transformers and, thus, the life expectancy of the equipment. Retrofilling of transformers with natural and synthetic esters allows companies to benefit from the properties of using these liquids without making an investment into new machinery. This paper investigated the ageing process of Kraft paper that was retrofilled with a natural

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11

ZOU, PING, JIAN LI, CAI-XIN SUN, ZHAO-TAO ZHANG, and RUI-JIN LIAO. "DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES AND ELECTRODYNAMIC PROCESS OF NATURAL ESTER-BASED INSULATING NANOFLUID." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 25 (2011): 2021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911027285.

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Natural ester is currently used as an insulating oil and coolant for medium-power transformers. The biodegradability of insulating natural ester makes it a preferable insulation liquid to mineral oils. In this work, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were used along with oleic acid to improve the performance of insulating natural ester. The micro-morphology of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles before and after surface modification was observed through transmission electron microscopy. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis

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12

Zdanowski, Maciej. "Electrostatic Charging Tendency Analysis Concerning Retrofilling Power Transformers with Envirotemp FR3 Natural Ester." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174420.

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Natural and synthetic esters are liquids characterized by insulating properties, high flash point, and biodegradability. For this reason, they are more and more often used as an alternative to conventional mineral oils. Esters are used to fill new or operating transformers previously filled with mineral oil (retrofilling). It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues create with esters a mixture with features significantly different from those of the base liquids. This article presents electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) tests for mixtu

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13

Lingvay, Iosif, Ion Patru, Livia Carmen Ungureanu, Valerica Stanoi, and Adriana Mariana Bors. "Electro-insulating Paper Degradation in Various Electro-insulating Fluids." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 1 (2018): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.1.6050.

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The durability and safe operation of electrical equipment and devices with mixed insulation systems (solid/fluid - electro-insulating paper/oil) is determined by the insulation aging under simultaneous and synergic actions of electrical, thermal and chemical stress factors etc. In this context, degradations of insulating paper exposed to thermal aging in 5 different types of electro-insulating fluid have been studied experimentally. Liquid chromatography determinations have shown that the total content in furan products (resulting from cellulose degradation) in mineral oils is substantially hi

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14

Oparanti, Samson Okikiola, Issouf Fofana, and Reza Jafari. "Improving Oxidation Stability and Insulation Performance of Plant-Based Oils for Sustainable Power Transformers." Physchem 5, no. 2 (2025): 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/physchem5020023.

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In power transformers, insulating liquids are essential for cooling, insulation, and condition monitoring. However, the environmental impact and biodegradability issues of traditional hydrocarbon-based liquids have spurred interest in green alternatives like natural esters. Despite their benefits, natural esters are highly prone to oxidation, limiting their broader use. This study explores a novel blend of two plant-based oils, canola oil and methyl ester derived from palm kernel oil, enhanced with two antioxidants, Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol (BHT), to

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15

Ahmad Khiar, Mohd Shahril, Nur Izyan Husnina Zulkefli, Sharin Ab Ghani, Imran Sutan Chairul, and Mohd Affendi Che Musni. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Natural Ester Fluid Retrofilling in Mitigating the Deposition of Copper Sulfide on Kraft Paper Insulation." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 37, no. 3 (2025): 1207–14. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(3)-10.

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Numerous methods have been implemented to overcome the issues related to sulfur corrosion in power transformers. The common method involves the use of metal passivators. However, metal passivators are nitrogen-based and sulfurbased, and they are non-biodegradable and toxic. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of natural ester fluid retrofilling in mitigating the deposition of copper sulfide on kraft paper insulation was investigated. Comparison was made with regards to accelerated thermal aging of two retrofilling fluids (mineral oil and natural ester fluid derived from soybean (FR3)).

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16

Naidu, Gottapu Tirupati, Ungarala Mohan Rao, and Sudabattula Suresh. "Influence of Ester Liquids on Dielectric Strength of Cellulose Kraft Paper." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030762.

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Generally, impregnation of solid insulation is performed to increase the dielectric strength and reduce the dielectric losses of solid insulants. This increase in dielectric strength depends on the oil’s diffusion and dielectric properties. This paper investigates the diffusion behavior of mineral oil and ester fluids (synthetic, natural, and mixed) to understand the influence of oil diffusion on paper breakdown voltage. To better understand this phenomenal influence, cellulose insulation paper of different thicknesses has been considered. Wetting characteristics of various oil-paper insulatio

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17

Zhang, Tao, Min Chen, Haohan Zhou, Guangrui Shi, Xiping Fan, and Qian Wu. "Study on the Anti-Aging Performance of Different Nano-Modified Natural Ester Insulating Oils Based on Molecular Dynamics." Nanomaterials 13, no. 4 (2023): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13040653.

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In order to investigate the anti-aging performance of nano-modified natural ester insulating oils, in this paper, two different types of nanoparticles are selected to modify insulating oils. We studied the microscopic mechanism of nano-modified models using molecular simulation techniques. Three models were established: an oil–water model without the addition of nanoparticles and two which contained nano-Fe3O4 and nano-Al2O3 particles, where the concentration of water was 1 wt.%. The research found that the diffusion of water molecules in the nano-modified model was slow, and the water molecul

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18

Fernández-Diego, Cristina, Alfredo Ortiz, Isidro A. Carrascal, Inmaculada Fernández, and Carlos J. Renedo. "Kinetic Assessment of Mechanical Properties of a Cellulose Board Aged in Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester." Polymers 13, no. 23 (2021): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234150.

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In oil-immersed power transformers, the insulation system is constituted of a dielectric oil–solid combination. The insulation oil generally used is mineral oil; however, this fluid has started to be substituted by natural and synthetic esters due to their higher biodegradability and flash point. The introduction of a new fluid in the insulation system of power transformers requires kinetic models that can estimate the degradation rate of insulation solids. The aim of this work was to go further in quantifying through different kinetic models the deterioration suffered by a commercial cellulos

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19

Tlhabologo, Bokang Agripa, Ravi Samikannu, and Modisa Mosalaosi. "Alternative liquid dielectrics in power transformer insulation: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1761-1777.

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Transformer liquid dielectrics evolved where mineral oil has been the dominant choice until emergence of synthetic esters and natural esters. Natural ester-based oils have been under extensive investigations to enhance their properties for replacing petroleum-based mineral oil, which is non-biodegradable and has poor dielectric properties. This paper focuses on exposition of natural ester oil application in mixed transformer liquid dielectrics. Physical, chemical, electrical, and ageing characteristics of these dielectrics and the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) were reviewed. Physical properties

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20

Tlhabologo, Bokang Agripa, Ravi Samikannu, and Modisa Mosalaosi. "Alternative liquid dielectrics in power transformer insulation: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1761–77. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1761-1777.

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Transformer liquid dielectrics evolved where mineral oil has been the dominant choice until emergence of synthetic esters and natural esters. Natural ester-based oils have been under extensive investigations to enhance their properties for replacing petroleum-based mineral oil, which is nonbiodegradable and has poor dielectric properties. This paper focuses on exposition of natural ester oil application in mixed transformer liquid dielectrics. Physical, chemical, electrical, and ageing characteristics of these dielectrics and the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) were reviewed. Physical properties

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21

Couto, Sandra, Elisabete M. Ferreira, Diogo Sá, et al. "Comparison of the Thermal Performance of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester for Safer Eco-Friendly Power Transformers A Numerical and Experimental Approach." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.241.

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At present, most of the worldwide transformer fleet uses mineral oil as insulation fluid. However, the use of natural ester is playing an increasing role as safer and eco-friendly alternative to mineral oil. From the utilities’ perspective, the change in the mineral oil paradigm can be approached by replacing their assets by new eco-friendly transformers or refurbishing their assets, substituting only the insulating fluid. To make an informed decision, guidelines indicating how a transformer designed for mineral oil would behave when operating with natural ester, are of paramount importance. I

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22

Zhang, Xiaojing, Lu Ren, Haichuan Yu, et al. "Dual-Temperature Evaluation of a High-Temperature Insulation System for Liquid-Immersed Transformer." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081957.

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A high-temperature oil–paper insulation system offers an opportunity to improve the overloading capability of distribution transformers facing seasonal load variation. A high-temperature electrical insulation system (EIS) was chosen due to thermal calculation based on a typical loading curve on the China Southern Power Grid. In order to evaluate candidate high-temperature insulation systems, Nomex® T910 (aramid-enhanced cellulose) immersed in FR3 (natural ester) was investigated by a dual-temperature thermal aging test compared with a conventional insulation system, Kraft paper impregnated wit

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23

Hanifiyah Darna Fidya Amaral, Heri Sungkowo, Galuh Prawestri Citra Handani, et al. "Karakteristik Breakdown Voltage Pada Dielektrik Minyak Mineral dan Minyak Ester Natural." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 11, no. 3 (2024): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v11i3.6105.

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The increasing demand for electrical energy, driven by population growth and industrial development, necessitates efficient and sustainable power distribution systems. Transformers, essential components of these systems, typically use mineral oil for insulation and cooling, despite its environmental drawbacks, such as high carbon emissions and non-biodegradability. In response, natural ester oils have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives. This study aimed to compare the dielectric breakdown voltage characteristics of mineral oil (Diala B) and natural ester oil (FR3) in transformer applications

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24

Brahami, Youssouf, Samson Okikiola Oparanti, Issouf Fofana, and Meghnefi Fethi. "Thermal and Electrical Fault Diagnosis in Oil–Paper Insulation System: A Comparative Study of Natural Esters and Mineral Oil." Applied Sciences 15, no. 14 (2025): 7676. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147676.

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Power transformer insulation systems, composed of liquid and solid insulators, are continuously exposed to thermal and electrical stresses that degrade their performance over time and may lead to premature failure. Since these stresses are unavoidable during operation, selecting effective insulating materials is critical for long-term reliability. In this study, Kraft insulation paper was used as the solid insulator and impregnated with three different liquids: mineral oil and two natural esters (NE1204 and NE1215), to evaluate their stability under simultaneous thermal and electrical stress.

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25

Ye, Wenyu, Jian Hao, Yufeng Chen, Mengzhao Zhu, Zhen Pan, and Fei Hou. "Difference Analysis of Gas Molecules Diffusion Behavior in Natural Ester and Mineral Oil Based on Molecular Dynamic Simulation." Molecules 24, no. 24 (2019): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244463.

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Natural ester, as a new environmentally green insulating oil, has been widely used in transformer. In an oil-immersed transformer, the normal aging, thermal failure, and discharge failure could easily lead to the decomposition of the oil-paper insulation system and produce different kinds of gases. Studying gas dissolution in natural ester and mineral oil could provide assistance in applying criteria to make a diagnosis of different kinds of faults in the transformer. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method was used to investigate the diffusion behavior of seven fault characteristic gases

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26

Trnka, Pavel, Jaroslav Hornak, Magdalena Trnkova, et al. "Compatibility Testing of New Insulating Fluids and Materials in Distribution Transformer." Energies 18, no. 7 (2025): 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071831.

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The introduction of a new insulating oil or, for instance, a new type of insulation or sealing into a transformer necessitates tests for material compatibility. Compatibility tests of liquids with the structural internal materials of transformers are conducted to prevent undesired interactions between insulating fluids and the formation of products that could lead to the generation of undesirable ions, sediments, or chemical compounds that result in a reduction in the dielectric property performance of the fluid. This includes chemical reactions (hydrolysis, hydrogenation, oxidation, formation

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27

Chen, Min, Tao Zhang, Jinyuan Zhang, Chunyi Liu, Dong Chen, and Jin Zhang. "Unveiling the Micro-Mechanism of Functional Group Regulation for Enhanced Dielectric Properties in Novel Natural Ester Insulating Oil TME-C10." Molecules 30, no. 7 (2025): 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071431.

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The functional groups in the molecular structure of natural ester insulating oil have a significant impact on its physicochemical and electrical properties. This article takes the novel synthetic ester TME-C10 and traditional natural ester GT molecules as research objects, and based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, systematically explores the micro-mechanism of the effects of C=C double bonds, ester groups (-COOC), and β-H groups on the performance of insulating oils. The results show that the chemical stability and anti-aging ability of the TME-C10 molecule are significantly i

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28

Biçen, Yunus, Yusuf Çilliyüz, Faruk Aras, and Guzide Aydugan. "Aging of Paper Insulation in Natural Ester & Mineral Oil." Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 3 (2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.eee.20120203.06.

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29

A., Rajab, E. Putra F., S. Ramadhani J., et al. "Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purpose." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 6 (2019): 3183–90. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13133.

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An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity, and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation s

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30

Saenkhumwong, Wittawat, and Amnart Suksri. "Investigation on Voltage Breakdown of Natural Ester Oils Based-On Zno Nanofluids." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.175.

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Transformer is one of the major component, which is the most important device in power system. Their lifetime depends upon liquid insulation that help transfer the heat out of its winding inside of transformer. Transformer oil uses mineral oil that is the most commonly used has very slow process on decomposition and non-biodegrade. This paper presents the investigation on breakdown voltage of two types of natural ester oils, including palm oil and soy bean based-on ZnO nanofluids. Nanofluids that use nanoparticles modified by use of surfactant that are suspended by process of sonication. Diffe

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31

Doddasiddavanahalli, Mukundappa Srinivasa, and Surendra Usha. "Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation." Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation 29, no. 2 (2023): 609–17. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i2.pp609-617.

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The performance of every electrical system depends on the different electrical devices especially transformers. Petroleum-based mineral oil is widely used for insulation and cooling purpose. The disadvantage of mineral oil is its low biodegradability and is a major threat to the ecosystem due to its poor oxidative stability. To remedy the drawbacks, focus on alternative fluids that can replace traditional mineral oil. Alternative liquids such as natural esters are used which do not panic the ecosystem. With the support of additives in natural esters liquids, the productivity of the oil can be

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32

Yusof, Siti Mariam, Nuriziani Hussin, Muzamir Isa, Mohamad Kamarol Mohd Jamil, and Kiasatina Azmi. "Study on Palm Oil and Treated Waste Vegetable Oil Impregnated Paper." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.511.

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Oil impregnated insulation paper plays an important role in a transformer as it insulates the windings from high voltage and current. Other than the type of paper used, the properties of oil such as viscosity, relative permittivity and dielectric loss play a major factor that contributes to the quality of the insulation paper. This paper discussed the sonication and esterification process on palm oil and treated waste vegetable oil and its’ effects on the performance of oil impregnated paper. Basically through these processes, viscosity of oils will reduce. However, the resultant permittivity

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33

Mukundappa Srinivasa, Doddasiddavanahalli, and Usha Surendra. "Investigation of electrical properties of developed indigenous natural ester liquid used as alternate to transformer insulation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, no. 2 (2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i2.pp609-617.

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<p>The <span>performance of every electrical system depends on the different electrical devices especially transformers. Petroleum-based mineral oil is widely used for insulation and cooling purpose. The disadvantage of mineral oil is its low biodegradability and is a major threat to the ecosystem due to its poor oxidative stability. To remedy the drawbacks, focus on alternative fluids that can replace traditional mineral oil. Alternative liquids such as natural esters are used which do not panic the ecosystem. With the support of additives in natural esters liquids, the productivi

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34

Mihajlovic, Draginja, Valentina Vasovic, and Jelena Lukic. "Development of New Accelerated Aging Test for Comparison of the Quality of Different Insulating Papers Based on Cellulose." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112556.

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The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil a

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35

Zdanowski, Maciej. "Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method." Energies 13, no. 23 (2020): 6159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236159.

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Power transformers are the main element of an electric power system. The service life of these devices depends to a large extent on the technical condition of their insulation system. Replacing mineral oils with natural or synthetic ester (retrofilling process) may increase the efficiency and operational safety of transformers, and also limit their adverse environmental impact. It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues form a mixture with fluid ester, with different physicochemical and electric properties. Streaming electrification is

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Amalanathan, Arputhasamy Joseph, Ramanujam Sarathi, Maciej Zdanowski, Ravikrishnan Vinu, and Zbigniew Nadolny. "Review on Gassing Tendency of Different Insulating Fluids towards Transformer Applications." Energies 16, no. 1 (2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010488.

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This paper reports the critical reviews on the gassing tendency of different insulating fluids along with the precautionary measures to be considered during their fault diagnosis in transformer insulation. The experimental techniques and procedures for identifying the gassing due to electrical and thermal stress along with the stray gassing phenomenon has been elucidated. The different interpretation schemes used for determining the faults in transformers results in unexpected errors when the historical data relating to mineral oil is used for the other alternative fluids. Mineral oil and natu

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Dombek, Grzegorz, Zbigniew Nadolny, Piotr Przybylek, et al. "Effect of Moisture on the Thermal Conductivity of Cellulose and Aramid Paper Impregnated with Various Dielectric Liquids." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174433.

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This paper presents the effect of the impact of moisture in paper insulation used as insulation of transformer windings on its thermal conductivity. Various types of paper (cellulose and aramid) and impregnated (mineral oil, synthetic ester, and natural ester) were tested. The impact of paper and impregnated types on the changes in thermal conductivity of paper insulation caused by an increase in moisture were analyzed. A linear equation, describing the changes in thermal conductivity due to moisture, for various types of paper and impregnated, was developed. The results of measuring the therm

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Sharin, Ab Ghani, Ahmad Noorden Zulkarnain, Asiah Muhamad Nor, Zainuddin Hidayat, Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah Muhammad, and Sutan Chairul Imran. "Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Antioxidants: Taguchi Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (2017): 650–58. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp650-658.

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Recently, natural ester insulation (NEI) oils are found to be the best candidates to replace mineral-based insulation oils for oil-immersed transformer applications. However, NEI oilsare prone to oxidation due to their poor oxidative stability which can be improved by adding antioxidants into the oils. Latest studies have also shown that the use of selected antioxidants improves the AC breakdown voltage (BdV) of NEI oils. However, the experiments in previous studies were designed using the conventional one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method, which requires a large number of samples to be tested in

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Ab Ghani, Sharin, Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden, Nor Asiah Muhamad, Hidayat Zainuddin, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah, and Imran Sutan Chairul. "Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Antioxidants: Taguchi Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (2017): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp650-658.

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<span lang="EN-US">Recently, natural ester insulation (NEI) oils are found to be the best candidates to replace mineral-based insulation oils for oil-immersed transformer applications. However, NEI oils are prone to oxidation due to their poor oxidative stability which can be improved by adding antioxidants into the oils. Latest studies have also shown that the use of selected antioxidants improves the AC breakdown voltage (BdV) of NEI oils. However, the experiments in previous studies were designed using the conventional one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method, which requires a large number

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Oyelaran, Olatunde Ajani, Sunday Gbenga Borisade, James Oyelowo Abioye, and Bukola Olalekan Bolaji. "Development of Eco-Friendly Transformer Oil from Neem Seed Oil using Periwinkle Waste Shell as Catalyst." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (2022): 1299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0098.

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Abstract The urge for a sustainable and non-polluting industry has raised the need for a search for an alternative insulating fluid that could be used in transformers, because of the negative environmental effect of mineral-based insulating fluids. Natural esters from non-edible oil seeds showed to be feasible alternative, unfortunately they possess poor thermooxidative properties. Neem trees grow nearly on all types of soils and can be as old as 45 years before they start to produce less fruits. Neem tree can produce up to 50 kg of its fruits yearly from the tenth year and the seed oil conten

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Cheng, Lin, Yi Jiang, Min Dan, et al. "Effects of Fiber and Copper Particles on Conductivity and Breakdown Characteristics of Natural Ester and Mineral Oil under DC Voltage." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071818.

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The converter transformer is a key equipment in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. Its oil-paper insulation system in the valve winding and outlet bushing experiences AC, DC, AC/DC, and transient impulse voltages simultaneously. The oil contamination problem is more serious under DC electric field. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the characteristic of particles motion and accumulation under DC electric field. In this paper, first, the movement and accumulation behavior of fiber particles and copper particles in mineral oil and natural ester were recorded and si

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Charalampakos, Peppas, Pyrgioti, Bakandritsos, Polykrati, and Gonos. "Dielectric Insulation Characteristics of Natural Ester Fluid Modified by Colloidal Iron Oxide Ions and Silica Nanoparticles." Energies 12, no. 17 (2019): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173259.

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In this study, the dielectric characteristics of two types of natural esters modified into nanofluids are studied. The AC breakdown voltage was investigated for colloidal Fe2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles effectively scattered in natural ester oil. The experimental results identify an increase in the breakdown voltage of the nanofluid with colloidal Fe2O3 conductive nanoparticles. In contrast, the breakdown voltage was reduced by adding SiO2 nanoparticles in the same matrix. The potential well distribution of the two different types of nanoparticles was also calculated in order for the results of t

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Thakur, Soumya, and Ramanujam Sarathi. "Investigation on Insulation Performance of Thermally Aged Natural Ester Oil Impregnated Pressboard." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 13, no. 8 (2019): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2019.0117.

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Sharin, Ab Ghani, Shahril Ahmad Khiar Mohd, Sutan Chairul Imran, and Imran Zamir Muhammad. "Effect of repeated electrical breakdowns on mineral and natural ester insulating oils." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 6 (2021): 2989–96. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i6.3258.

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Transformer insulating oils are exposed to repeated electrical discharge or breakdowns inside power transformers. Durability tests are conducted to analyze the ability of oil to resist decomposition due to such high electrical stresses. With the increasing demand for alternative insulating oils for oilimmersed transformers, it is worthy to compare the performance of different types of insulating oils (conventional mineral-based insulating oil and natural ester-based insulating oil) under repeated electrical breakdown. In this paper, the AC breakdown voltage of different mineral-based and natur

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Chairul, Imran Sutan, Sharin Ab Ghani2, Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohd Aizzat Azmi. "Effect of electrical discharge on the properties of natural esters insulating fluids." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1281–88. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1281-1288.

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Vegetable oils have been an alternative to mineral oil for oil-immersed transformers due to concern on less flammable, environmental-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable resources of petroleum-based insulating oil. This paper presents the effect of electrical discharges (200 up to 1000 discharges) under 50 Hz inhomogeneous electric field on the properties (acidity, water content, and breakdown voltage) of two varieties of vegetablebased insulating oils; i) natural ester (NE) and ii) low viscosity insulating fluids derived from a natural ester (NELV). Results show the water content, acidity

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Goscinski, Przemyslaw, Zbigniew Nadolny, Andrzej Tomczewski, Ryszard Nawrowski та Tomasz Boczar. "The Influence of Heat Transfer Coefficient α of Insulating Liquids on Power Transformer Cooling Systems". Energies 16, № 6 (2023): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062627.

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The power transformer plays an important role in electric power systems. One of the conditions for the proper operation of the transformer is to ensure a sufficiently low temperature. This condition can be met if the heat exchange is effective. Heat transfer depends, among other things, on the electrically insulating liquid. The thermal property describing the ability of a liquid to transfer heat is the heat transfer coefficient α. At the design stage of the transformers, it is most often assumed that the value of the α coefficient is constant and equal to 100 W·m−2·K−1. Such simplifications c

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Li, Huaqiang, Linfeng Xia, Shengwei Cai, Zhiqiang Huang, Jiaqi Li, and Lisheng Zhong. "Influence of Molecule Structure on Lightning Impulse Breakdown of Ester Liquids." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041061.

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Ester liquids are environmentally friendly insulating oils, and they can be used as an alternative to mineral oil in transformers, even though in most countries spills of ester oils must be treated like spills of mineral oil. Furthermore, the breakdown characteristics of ester liquids are worse than those of mineral oils in heterogeneous electric fields. In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental research on both positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown properties in point-plane geometries with gaps varying from 1 mm to 50 mm. The breakdown voltages and streamer velocities

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Chairul, Imran Sutan, Sharin Ab Ghani, Nur Hakimah Ab Aziz, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar, Muhammad Syahrani Johal, and Mohd Aizzat Azmi. "Effect of electrical discharge on the properties of natural esters insulating fluids." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1281-1288.

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<p>Vegetable oils have been an alternative to mineral oil for oil-immersed transformers due to concern on less flammable, environmental-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable resources of petroleum-based insulating oil. This paper presents the effect of electrical discharges (200 up to 1000 discharges) under 50 Hz inhomogeneous electric field on the properties (acidity, water content, and breakdown voltage) of two varieties of vegetable based insulating oils; i) natural ester (NE) and ii) low viscosity insulating fluids derived from a natural ester (NE<sub>LV</sub>). Result

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Gengadevi, K., and R. Madavan. "Aging analysis of non-edible natural ester oil–paper insulation under various conditions." Industrial Crops and Products 205 (December 2023): 117528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117528.

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K., Sindhuja, Nagarajan A., and Paramasivan@Vignesh C. "INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECO-FRIENDLY FLUIDS FOR PROMISING REPLACEMENT OF PETROLEUM OIL IN POWER TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education 2, no. 1 (2017): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.374385.

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Transformer is generally considered to be the heart of the power system. For the continuous flow of power, the key element in the transmission and distribution network to be monitored is transformer. The insulating fluid plays a vital role in the proper functioning of transformer which serves as an effective coolant and insulation and it determines the lifetime of transformers. Thus, the reliability of a transformer is largely determined by its insulation condition.The globally used insulating fluid is mineral oil which is the derivative of petroleum. However, the exploitation of petroleum oil

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