Academic literature on the topic 'Natural gas pipeline compressor stations'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Natural gas pipeline compressor stations.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations"
1
Johnson, Keith D., Craig D. Martin, and Travis G. Davis. "Treatment of Wastewater Effluent from a Natural Gas Compressor Station." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0135.
Full textAbstract:
Florida Gas Transmission Company (FGTC), an Enron/Sonat affiliate, owns and operates a major interstate natural gas pipeline system that extends from South Texas to South Florida. At various locations along the pipeline are located compressor stations that boost the pressure of the natural gas flowing through the pipelines. As part of their normal operation, these stations generate small amounts of oily effluent as a result of cooling water blow-down, engine/parts wash-down, lube-oil-contaminated wastewater and rainwater from containment areas. In early 1997, economic considerations led FGTC to pursue alternative technologies to replace portions of the traditional treatment system. This paper reviews a trial effort undertaken by Wetland Sciences, Inc. to evaluate the technical feasibility of utilizing constructed wetlands to treat wastewater generated by the natural gas compressor station. The ultimate goal being the application of this technology to FGTC's other compressor stations.
2
Rauf Huseynli, Rauf Huseynli. "PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPRESSOR STATION." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 06, no. 02 (April 9, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei0602202153.
Full textAbstract:
All work on the construction of pumping and compressor stations is usually divided into two groups of zero cycle work and ground cycle work. The work of the zero cycle includes the preparation of the construction site, earthworks, work on the construction of foundations for buildings, pumping units and technological equipment, work on the construction of underground pipelines and utilities. The work of the ground cycle includes work on the construction of buildings for pumping and compressor shops and auxiliary buildings, installation work on installation and fixing on the foundations in the design position of pumping units. Compressor stations (CS) have been installed along the pipeline route to maintain a certain flow rate of the transported gas and to ensure optimal pressure in the pipeline. A modern compressor station is a complex engineering structure that provides the basic technological processes for the preparation and transportation of natural gas. Keywords: compressor stations, gas pipeline, building structure, Booster compressor stations.
3
Arya, Adarsh Kumar. "Optimal operation of a multi-distribution natural gas pipeline grid: an ant colony approach." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 10 (August 25, 2021): 3859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01266-3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe enormous cost of transporting oil and gas through pipelines and the operational benefits that the industry receives through optimization has incited analysts for decades to find optimization strategies that help pipeline managers operate pipeline grids with the least expense. The paper aims to minimize the pipeline grids' operating costs using an ant colony optimization strategy. The article constructs a multi-objective modeling framework for a natural gas pipeline grid based on data from the French gas pipeline network corporation 'Gaz De France,' using pipeline and compressor hydraulics. The gas pipeline grid comprises seven gas supply nodes and nineteen gas distribution centers. Seven compressor stations provided at various locations on the pipeline route raise the gas pressure. Two competing objectives of reducing fuel usage in compressors and increasing throughput at distribution centers are acknowledged to reduce the pipeline's operating cost. The 'multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO)' approach is implemented to the pipeline transportation model to reduce the natural gas pipeline grid's operating cost. The process variables include the amount of gas flowing through the pipe and the pressure at pipe nodes. This method provides the optimum solution for each fuel consumption level on each compressor, and it does so by producing a Pareto front for each of the nineteen gas distribution points. The blueprints of the methodology used and the findings collected intend to guide pipeline managers and select the best of the most preferred solutions.
4
BIELIKOV, V., and Z. MATSUK. "REGULATORY PROVISION OF SAFETY OF GAS TRANSPORT. CONSTRUKTIONAL DESIGN OF MOBILE COMPRESSOR STATIONS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.270421.13.746.
Full textAbstract:
Problem statement. The basis for the safety and efficiency of the main gas transportation in the world is the tightness of the gas transportation system. A component of the level of industrial safety and efficiency of gas transmission enterprises is the emissions of natural gas into the working area, the environment and the associated costs. Numerous methods of repairing pipeline gas transportation facilities, such as enhancing the bearing capacity of pipelines, repairing defects under gas pressure without interrupting the transportation process, etc., are either not devoid of risks from the point of view of industrial safety, or are energy and resource inefficient. The main type of repair that restores the operable state of the gas transmission system is the replacement of defective equipment, but it is still associated with the release of large volumes of natural gas into the environment. In the second decade of the 2000s, thanks to the rapid development of compressor technology and the invention of a sufficient number of ways to connect compressor units (stations) to main gas pipelines, without stopping the gas transportation process, gas transmission enterprises of the world had a real opportunity to evacuate gas from pipeline sections subject to repair (maintenance ) or accumulate it (control gas pressure in local areas), but the analysis of world experience in the development of gas pressure control technology in localized sections of gas pipelines allows us to assert that there are certain disparities between them in terms of operational safety and the complete absence of regulatory support for the transportation process in Ukraine gas using mobile compressor stations. With this approach to the production process, it is difficult to improve the safety and efficiency of the gas transportation process. The potential for reducing natural gas emissions from the world's gas industry reaches billions of cubic meters of natural gas per year. Purpose of the article. Development of technical requirements for mobile compressor units (stations), which will make it possible to design domestic gas compressor units (stations) capable of safely performing work on pumping natural gas from a localized section of the main gas pipeline to an existing main gas pipeline, within no more than 96 hours, without restrictions on gas supply to consumers. Conclusion. The technical requirements developed by us for mobile compressor units (stations) allow us to design domestic compressor units (stations) capable of safely performing work on pumping natural gas from a localized section of the main gas pipeline to the existing main gas pipeline, within no more than 96 hours, without restrictions on gas supply to consumers.
5
Song, Ying, Liang Feng, and Wenchen Cao. "Discussion on operation flexibility of Zhonggui natural gas pipeline." E3S Web of Conferences 300 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130001015.
Full textAbstract:
Zhongwei station of West to east natural gas pipeline is connected to the north of Zhonggui line, and Guiyang station of China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline is connected to the south, which has important strategic significance in Southwest China. At present, the tie line mainly carries out gas transmission from Zhongwei to Guiyang. Only some pipeline sections and offload stations have reverse transmission function, while all compressor stations have no reverse transmission and pressurization function. In order to evaluate the flexibility of the operation of the Zhonggui line and give some suggestions for the preliminary reconstruction, this paper uses the SPS software to establish the pipeline model and simulate the specific working conditions, focusing on the two working conditions of the intermediate station injection forward transmission and the whole line reverse transmission. Through the simulation, we can get the following conclusions: 1. When the intermediate station injects forward gas transmission, which compressor station, gas transmission range and joint operation condition with China-Myanmar line need to be started for Zhonggui line; 2. When the whole tie line is reversed, it is necessary to change the location of the compressor station with the function of reverse transmission and pressurization. Through this study, we can give some reference and evaluation opinions on the lack of flexibility of the current tie line, and also give some reference opinions on the specific implementation of the improvement of the tie line operation flexibility in the future.
6
Matsuk, Z. N., T. V. Bunko, A. S. Belikov, and V. A. Shalomov. "Regularities of safe control of piston compressor units of mobile compressor stations." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/076.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. Ensuring the optimal mode of gas transportation from local sections of the main gas trunkline (GT), subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown, to existing main gas trunkline based on the calculation, determination, and establishment of rational values of the operating modes of mobile compressor stations during the entire time of gas pumping. Methodology. The studies are based on existing physical principles and laws that describe the effect of the properties of natural gas and the geometric parameters of pipelines through which gas is pumped on the dynamics of changes in the mass and pressure of the transported gas. The calculation of the change in the mass and pressure of the gas in the gas pipeline from which the gas is pumped is based on a number of existing theoretical and empirical dependencies included in the generally accepted methods for their calculation. Known physical relationships and mathematical models are used to carry out the calculations. Findings. The mass approach to the issue of calculating the gas transportation time is more mathematically accurate than the volumetric one. The ratio of the relative mass to the relative gas pressure in a localized section of the main gas pipeline, during the entire pumping time, is a constant value. The use of the values of the quantities obtained at the point of intersection of the graphs of changes in the relative mass and relative pressure of the gas, in the preliminary calculation of the time for pumping gas, or pressure, or mass, or the volume of gas in each time interval, makes it possible to select the optimal rate of building up/reducing gas pressure by compressor units and optimal modes of gas transportation by operating gas pipelines during the operation of mobile compressor stations. Originality. The proposed approach to calculating and determining the time of gas pumping by mobile compressor stations from local sections of the main gas pipelines subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown to sections of existing main gas pipelines proves that it is advisable to establish stable patterns in the transportation of natural gas using reciprocating compressor units only after modeling in time the change in the mass and pressure of gas in the local section of the main gas pipeline from which the gas is pumped. Practical value. The proposed approach to optimizing the time of gas pumping by mobile compressor stations makes it possible to increase the level of energy and resource efficiency of gas transmission enterprises, as well as to improve the technical and economic indicators of technologies for repairing the main gas pipelines, compressor stations of main gas pipelines associated with the need to bleed gas from sections of the main (technological) pipelines subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown. Optimization of gas pumping time significantly reduces the time spent by employees of gas transmission enterprises under the influence of hazardous and harmful production factors, thereby reducing the level of relevant risks. Gas emissions and associated risks are reduced by 90%.
7
Liu, Enbin, Changjun Li, and Yi Yang. "Optimal Energy Consumption Analysis of Natural Gas Pipeline." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/506138.
Full textAbstract:
There are many compressor stations along long-distance natural gas pipelines. Natural gas can be transported using different boot programs and import pressures, combined with temperature control parameters. Moreover, different transport methods have correspondingly different energy consumptions. At present, the operating parameters of many pipelines are determined empirically by dispatchers, resulting in high energy consumption. This practice does not abide by energy reduction policies. Therefore, based on a full understanding of the actual needs of pipeline companies, we introduce production unit consumption indicators to establish an objective function for achieving the goal of lowering energy consumption. By using a dynamic programming method for solving the model and preparing calculation software, we can ensure that the solution process is quick and efficient. Using established optimization methods, we analyzed the energy savings for the XQ gas pipeline. By optimizing the boot program, the import station pressure, and the temperature parameters, we achieved the optimal energy consumption. By comparison with the measured energy consumption, the pipeline now has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 11 to 16 percent.
8
Abbaspour, M., P. Krishnaswami, and K. S. Chapman. "Transient Optimization in Natural Gas Compressor Stations for Linepack Operation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 4 (August 3, 2007): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2790983.
Full textAbstract:
One of the key factors in the operation of a natural gas pipeline network is the linepack in the network. The desired operation of the network as derived from estimated receipts and deliveries is expressed in terms of the desired linepack profile that must be maintained. The compressor stations in the pipeline network are then operated in a manner that generates this linepack profile. Generally, the operating points selected for the units in the compressor stations are based on experience and experimentation and are therefore not optimal. In this paper, we present a systematic approach for operating the units of a compressor station to meet a specified linepack profile. The first step in developing this approach is the derivation of a numerical method for analyzing the flow through the pipeline under transient nonisothermal conditions. We have developed and verified a fully implicit finite difference formulation that provides this analysis capability. Next, the optimization of the compressor stations is formulated as a standard nonlinear programing problem in the following form: Find the values in the design variable vector denoted by b=[b1,b2,…,bn]T, to minimize a given objective function F(b), subject to the constraints gj(b)⩽0, j=1,…,m. Here, n is the number of operational parameters whose optimal value is to be determined, while m is the number of operational constraints that must be enforced. In our formulation, the design variables are chosen to be the operating speeds of the units in the compressor stations, while the objective function is taken to be the average fuel consumption rate over the interval of interest, summed over all units. The constraint functions gj(b) are formulated suitably to ensure that operational limits are met at the final solution that is obtained. The optimization problem is then solved using a sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT), in conjunction with a directed grid search method for solving the unconstrained subproblems that are encountered in the SUMT formulation. The evaluation of the objective function and constraint functions at each step of the optimization is done by using the fully implicit analysis method mentioned above. A representative numerical example has been solved by the proposed approach. The results obtained indicate that the method is very effective in finding operating points that are optimal with respect to fuel consumption. The optimization can be done at the level of a single unit, a single compressor station, a set of compressor stations, or an entire network. It should also be noted that the proposed solution approach is fully automated and requires no user involvement in the solution process.
9
Vasyliv, О. B., О. S. Titlov, and Т. А. Sagala. "Modeling of the modes of natural gas transportation by main gas pipelines in the conditions of underloading." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-35-42.
Full textAbstract:
The current state of transit of natural gas through the Ukrainian gas transmission system (GTS) is estimated in the paper. The prerequisites for further reduction of the GTS load in the coming years are considered, in particular in the direction of Europe through the gas measuring station "Orlivka" (south direction), taking into account the construction of alternative bypass gas pipelines. On the basis of the review of literature sources on the problem of efficient operation of gas pipelines under conditions of underloading, a method for determining the capacity and energy consumption of the gas pipeline for a given combination of working gas pumping units (GPU) was developed. The Ananyev-Tiraspol-Izmail gas pipeline at Tarutino-Orlivka section was selected as the object of research. The methodology includes the calculation of the physical properties of gas by its composition, the calculation of gas compression, the calculation of the linear part, the gas flow to the compressor station's own needs, and the calculation of the total power of the gas-pumping units under the specified technological limitations. With the help of the original software developed in the MATLAB programming language, cyclical multivariate calculations of the capacity and energy consumption of the gas pipeline were carried out and the operating modes of the compressor shop were optimized in the load range from 23 ... 60 million m3/day. Optimization criterion is the minimum total capacity of the GPU. Variable parameters at the same time are the speeds of the superchargers, different combination of working GPU, load factor. According to the results of the optimization graphical dependences were constructed: the optimum frequency of the rotor of the supercharger on the performance of the pipeline; changes in power and pressure depending on the performance of the pipeline when operating a different combination of superchargers. Recommendations have been developed to minimize fuel gas costs at the compressor station.
10
Zhang, Shixuan, Sheng Liu, Tianhu Deng, and Zuo-Jun Max Shen. "Transient-State Natural Gas Transmission in Gunbarrel Pipeline Networks." INFORMS Journal on Computing 32, no. 3 (July 2020): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2019.0904.
Full textAbstract:
We study the energy consumption minimization problems of natural gas transmission in gunbarrel structured networks. In particular, we consider the transient-state dynamics of natural gas and the compressor’s nonlinear working domain and min-up-and-down constraints. We formulate the problem as a two-level dynamic program (DP), where the upper-level DP problem models each compressor station as a decision stage and each station’s optimization problem is further formulated as a lower-level DP by setting each time period as a stage. The upper-level DP faces the curse of high dimensionality. We propose an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) approach for the upper-level DP using appropriate basis functions and an exact approach for the lower-level DP by exploiting the structure of the problem. We validate the superior performance of the proposed ADP approach on both synthetic and real networks compared with the benchmark simulated annealing (SA) heuristic and the commonly used myopic policy and steady-state policy. On the synthetic networks (SNs), the ADP reduces the energy consumption by 5.8%–6.7% from the SA and 12% from the myopic policy. On the test gunbarrel network with 21 compressor stations and 28 pipes calibrated from China National Petroleum Corporation, the ADP saves 4.8%–5.1% (with an average of 5.0%) energy consumption compared with the SA and the currently deployed steady-state policy, which translates to cost savings of millions of dollars a year. Moreover, the proposed ADP algorithm requires 18.4%–61.0% less computation time than the SA. The advantages in both solution quality and computation time strongly support the proposed ADP algorithm in practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations"
1
Angalev, Mikhail. "Energy saving at gas compressor stations through the use of parametric diagnostics." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101061.
Full textAbstract:
Increasingly growing consumption of natural gas all around the world requires development of new transporting equipment and optimization of existing pipelines and gas pumping facilities. As a special case, Russian gas pumping system has the longest pipes with large diameter, which carry great amounts of natural gas. So, as reconstruction and modernization needs large investments, a need of more effective and low cost tool appeared. As a result diagnostics became the most wide-spread method for lifecycle assessment, and lifecycle extension for gas pumping units and pipelines.One of the most effective method for diagnostics of gas pumping units is parametric diagnostics. It is based on evaluation of measurement of several termo-gas dynamic parameters of gas pumping units, such as pressures, temperatures and rotational speed of turbines and compressors.In my work I developed and examined a special case of parametric diagnostics – methodic for evaluation of technical state and output parameters for gas pumping unit “Ural-16”. My work contains detailed analysis of various defects, classified by different GPU’s systems. The results of this analysis are later used in development of the methodic for calculation of output parameters for gas pumping unit.GPU is an extremely complex object for diagnostics. Around 200 combinations of Gas Turbine engines with centrifugal superchargers, different operational conditions and other aspects require development of separate methodic almost for each gas pumping unit type.Development of each methodic is a complex work which requires gathering of all possible parametric and statistical data for the examined gas pumping unit. Also parameters of compressed gas are measured. Thus as a result a number of equations are formed which finally allow to calculate such parameters as efficiency, fuel gas consumption and technical state coefficient which couldn’t be measured directly by existing measuring equipment installed on the gas compressor station.
2
Belyaev, Alexey. "Application of PV panels into electricity generation system of compression stations in gas transporting systems." Thesis, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127868.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with problems of electricity generation and saving at compression stations of magistral gas transporting pipelines in Russia. Russia is a biggest country in the world which faces set of challenges like transporting gas in European part from far North. Average gas travel distance in Russia is over 4000 km which means huge energy demand for transportation. Permanent availability of energy at compression stations is the key for stabile operation of gas transporting system. For satisfying those needs external sources of electricity used, or part of the transported gas used on special “self needs electricity stations” for electricity production. In 2012 in Russia about 655 bln m3 of gas were produced. About 10% of that number doesn’t come to consumer, because this amount spent for gas transport needs (biggest share is electricity production). It is obvious, that in order to increase income, company should work on transport cost decreasing and on cheap electricity production. Even 10% decrease in transport costs can give economy in about 6-7 bln m3, which is bigger that production of many countries. In this thesis pipeline systems efficiency and reliability, gas turbines in Russian pipeline systems considered. Analysis of renewable energy included and propositions for reconstruction of CS “Russkaya” with help of PV panels for electricity generation and gas usage decreasing included. Also, economical calculations and sensitivity analysis and technological calculation of PV panels installed included. Finally, proposition in area of principal construction of PV panels in hard relief situations on the Black Sea Russian shore included.
Books on the topic "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations"
1
Revzin, B. S. Gazoturbinnye ustanovki s nagnetateli͡a︡mi dli͡a︡ transporta gaza: Spravochnoe posobie. Moskva: "Nedra", 1991.
Find full text
2
A, Ivanov V. Ėkspluatat͡s︡ii͡a︡ ėnergeticheskogo oborudovanii͡a︡ gazoprovodov Zapadnoĭ Sibiri. Moskva: "Nedra", 1987.
Find full text
3
Zarit͡skiĭ, S. P. Diagnostika gazoperekachivai͡ushchikh agregatov s gazoturbinnym privodom. Moskva: "Nedra", 1987.
Find full text
4
Revzin, B. S. Gazoturbinnye gazoperekachivai͡u︡shchie agregaty. Moskva: "Nedra", 1986.
Find full text
5
Terekhov, A. L. Borʹba s shumom na kompressornykh stant͡s︡ii͡a︡kh. Leningrad: "Nedra," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1985.
Find full text
7
Menʹshov, B. G. Ėlektrosnabzhenie gazoturbinnykh kompressornykh stant͡s︡iĭ magistralʹnykh gazoprovodov. Moskva: "Nedra", 1985.
Find full text
8
Terekhov, A. L. Proizvodstvennai͡a︡ sanitarii͡a︡ na kompressornykh stant͡s︡ii͡a︡kh. Leningrad: "Nedra," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1986.
Find full text
9
Code of practice for compressor and pumping stations and sweet gas processing plants. Edmonton: Queen's Printer, 1997.
Find full text
10
Terentʹev, A. N. Remont gazoperekachivai͡u︡shchikh agregatov s gazoturbinnym privodom. Moskva: "Nedra", 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations"
1
"Compressor Stations." In Gas Pipeline Hydraulics, 153–90. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420038224-7.
Full text
2
"Compressor Stations." In Gas Pipeline Hydraulics, 139–75. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420038224.ch4.
Full text
3
LITTO, R., R. HAYES, and B. LIU. "Catalytic combustion for reduction of fugitive methane emissions from natural gas compressor stations." In Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 7, 329–36. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044704-9/50034-3.
Full text
4
"Energy production and distribution Decision-making support for maintenance optimisation of natural gas compressor stations." In Safety and Reliability: Methodology and Applications, 1169–76. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17399-162.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations"
1
Botros, K. K., A. Hawryluk, J. Geerligs, B. Huynh, and R. Phernambucq. "Innovation in Noise Mapping in Natural Gas Compressor Stations." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31048.
Full textAbstract:
Noise is generated at gas turbine-based compressor stations from a number of sources, including turbomachinery (gas turbines and compressors), airflow through inlet ducts and scrubbers, exhaust stacks, aerial coolers, and auxiliary systems. Understanding these noise sources is necessary to ensure that the working conditions on site are safe and that the audible noise at neighbouring properties is acceptable. Each noise source has different frequency content, and the overall sound pressure level (OSPL) at any location in the station yard or inside the compressor building is the result of a superposition of these noise sources. This paper presents results of multiple-point spectral noise measurements at three of TransCanada’s compressor stations on the Alberta System. A method is described to determine the overall noise map of the station yard using Delaunay Triangulation and Natural-Neighbour Interpolation techniques. The results are presented in OSPL maps, as well as animated pictures of the sound pressure level (SPL) in frequency domain which will be shown on a video at the conference. The latter will be useful in future work to determine the culprit sources and the respective dominant frequency range that contributes the most to the OSPL.
2
Pereira dos Santos, Sidney. "Gas Compressor Service With Turbo Compressors." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0183.
Full textAbstract:
Gas pipeline projects are capital intensive and normally are developed under scenarios of uncertainty. Such uncertainties vary from closing take-or-pay, ship-or-pay or delivery-or-pay agreements to those uncertainties related to the acquisition of equipments, material and construction and assembling contracts. Natural gas compression service contracts with compressor station using gas motors and reciprocating compressors have been widely adopted at PETROBRAS as economically feasible against holding the stations as part of the pipeline asset as well as providing an effective approach to mitigate risks inherent to the gas business and associated to the compressor stations. Although compression service contracts with turbo compressors (gas turbine drivers and centrifugal compressors) have not yet been accomplished at PETROBRAS for gas pipeline projects, studies and preliminaries discussions shows that, taken into consideration certain relevant aspects, they will also present great opportunity to be adopted and will generate the same advantages already perceived for the compression service contracts with stations that uses gas motor drivers and reciprocation compressors. This paper has the objective of presenting an economic approach and a business model addressing the main points that must be considered while doing feasibility analysis between the alternatives of holding property of the compression station asset against the opportunity of having a compression service contract as operating cost for the project. Questions such as how to address depreciation, overhaul costs and tailor made equipment, such as centrifugal compressors, are raised and answered.
3
Suleiman, S. M., and Y. G. Li. "Steady State Performance Simulation of Natural Gas Pipeline Driven by Compressor Stations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56301.
Full textAbstract:
Natural gas pipeline plays an important role in transporting natural gas over a long distance. Its performance and operating behavior are affected by many factors, such as ambient conditions, natural gas flow rate, operation and control of compressor pumping stations, etc. Better understanding of the performance and behavior of an integrated pipeline-compressor system used for gas transmission will be beneficial to both design and operation of natural gas pipelines. This paper introduces a novel steady-state thermodynamic performance simulation approach for natural gas pipelines based on fundamental thermodynamics with the inclusion of the coupling between a pipeline and compressor pumping stations. A pipeline resistance model, a compressor performance model characterized by an empirical compressor map and a pipeline control schedule for the operation of an integrated pipeline-compressor system are included in the simulation approach. The novel approach presented in this paper allows the analysis of the thermodynamic coupling between compressors and pipes and the off-design performance analysis of the integrated pipeline-compressor system. The introduced simulation approach has been applied to the performance simulation of a typical model pipeline driven by multiple centrifugal compressor pumping stations. It is assumed in the pipeline control schedule that the total pressure at the inlet of compressor stations is kept constant when pipeline operating condition changes. Such pipeline operating conditions include varying ambient temperature and varying natural gas volumetric flow rate. The performance behavior of the pipeline corresponding to the change of operating conditions has been successfully simulated. The introduced pipeline performance simulation approach is generic and can be applied to different pipeline-compressor systems.
4
Zhang, Donghui, Rainer Kurz, Matt Lubomirsky, David Garcia, Avneet Singh, and Alex Troya. "Gas Compression Optimization for Changing Pipeline Landscape." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56112.
Full textAbstract:
The natural gas midstream gathering and pipeline landscape has become much more dynamic in recent years. Some of the attributes contributing to these continuous changes in operations are due to increased supply from shale gas explorations in North America and increasing natural gas demand in Asia. These changes require new pipelines and compressor stations to be built or existing pipelines and compressor stations to be modified to match new required operating conditions. Economic factors such as initial capital investment and life cycle costs are very important considerations in the decision process to evaluate the benefits of building new stations or modifying existing stations. This paper presents a discussion of some of the more fundamental factors to be considered in evaluating the economics of station optimization projects, and also introduces a variety of options to manage the lifecycle of the centrifugal gas compressors units and stations.
5
Botros, K. K., H. Golshan, B. Sloof, Z. Samoylove, and D. Rogers. "Natural Gas Compressor Operation Optimization to Minimize Gas Turbine Outboard Bleed Air." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90047.
Full textAbstract:
Gas turbine (GT) engines employed in natural gas compressor stations operate in different modes depending on the power, turbine inlet temperature and shaft speeds. These modes apply different sequencing of bleed valve opening on the air compressor side of the engine. Improper selection of the GT and the driven booster compressor operating conditions can lead to larger bleed losses due to wider bleed valve openings. The bleed loss inevitably manifests itself in the form of higher overall heat rate of the GT and greater engine emission. It is therefore imperative to determine and understand the engine and process conditions that drive the GT to operate in these different modes. The ultimate objective is to operate the engine away from the inefficient modes by adjusting the driven booster compressor parameter as well as the overall station operating conditions (i.e. load sharing, control set points, etc.). This paper describes a methodology to couple the operating conditions of the booster compressor to the modes of GT bleed valve opening (and the subsequent air bleed rates) leading to identification of the operating parameters for optimal performance (i.e., best overall efficiency and minimum CO2e emission). A predictive tool is developed to quantify the overall efficiency loss as a result of the different bleed opening modes, and map out the condition on the gas compressor characteristics. One year’s worth of operating data taken from an existing compressor station on TransCanada Pipelines’ Alberta system was used to demonstrate the methodology. This station employs GE-LM1600 gas turbine driving a Cooper Rolls-RFBB-30 centrifugal compressor. The results from the analysis conclusively indicate that there are operating regions on the gas compressor map where losses due to bleed valves are reduced and hence lower CO2 emissions, which presents an opportunity for operation optimization.
6
Meyer, Colton W. "Fire Detection and Suppression in Natural Gas Pipeline Compressor Stations." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-103.
Full textAbstract:
The occurrence of fires in natural gas compressor stations is fortunately infrequent. The consequences, however, can be severe. This paper will discuss the design concepts and experience of Pacific Gas Transmission Company (PGT) with fire detection and suppression systems in its natural gas pipeline compressor stations.
7
Chatterjee, R., K. K. Botros, H. Golshan, D. Rogers, and Z. Samoylove. "Prediction of Gas Turbine Performance Degradation Between Soakwashes in Natural Gas Compressor Stations." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90048.
Full textAbstract:
Gas Turbine (GT), like other prime movers, undergoes wear and tear over time which results in performance drop as far as available power and efficiency is concerned. In addition to routine wear and tear, the engine also undergoes corrosion, fouling etc. due to the impurities it breathes in. It is standard procedure to ‘wash’ the engine from time to time to revive it. However, it is important to establish a correct schedule for the wash to ensure optimal maintenance procedure. This calls for accurate prediction of the performance degradation of the engine over time. In this paper, a methodology is presented to predict the performance degradation in a GE LM2500 Gas Turbine engine used at one of TransCanada’s pipeline system, Canada. Emphasis is laid on analyzing the degradation of the air compressor side of the engine since it is most prone to fouling and degradation. Although the results presented are for a specific engine type, the general framework of the model could be used for other engines as well to quantify degradation over time of other components within the GT engine. The present model combines Gas Path Analysis (GPA) to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters over the engine cycle followed by parameter estimation to filter the data of possible noise due to instrumentation errors. The model helps quantify the degradation in the engine performance over time and also indicates the effectiveness of each engine wash. The analysis will lead to better scheduling of the engine wash thereby optimizing operational costs as well as engine overhaul time.
8
Cleaver, R. P., K. Maycock, A. R. Halford, S. J. Potts, D. J. McCollum, A. W. T. Sadd, and M. R. Acton. "Risk Evaluation at Natural Gas Compressor Stations and Above Ground Installations." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90607.
Full textAbstract:
As part of a commitment to understanding and minimising the risks of its operations, National Grid has carried out a programme of theoretical and experimental work, supplemented by site surveys, to develop a methodology to assess the risks from compressor sites and other Above Ground Installations (AGIs) associated with the natural gas transmission pipelines. A computer package has been produced to encode this methodology to make it easer to use. The package contains a number of models that assess the consequences of releases at fixed installations. These are linked with frequency data to enable a risk assessment to be performed. This paper gives an overview of the package. By means of worked examples, typical input information required by the model is explained and the output information available is presented. The paper includes a discussion on how the output from the model can be used in various practical applications; from ranking the risks at a number of sites, assessing the fire fighting provision at a site or examining the impact of changes on the layout at a site. A worked example is provided to show how the results can be used to extend the guidance for the separation distances required from processing plant to the site boundary at a wider range of sites.
9
Hartloper, C., K. K. Botros, H. Golshan, D. Rogers, and Z. Samoylove. "Comparison of Degradation of Two Different Gas Turbine Engines in Natural Gas Compressor Stations." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33015.
Full textAbstract:
Gas Turbine (GT), like other prime movers, undergoes wear and tear over time which results in performance drop as far as available power and efficiency are concerned. In addition to routine wear and tear, the engine also undergoes corrosion, fouling etc. due to the impurities it breathes in. It is standard procedure to ‘wash’ the engine from time to time to revive it. However, it is important to establish a correct schedule for the wash to ensure optimal maintenance procedure. This calls for accurate prediction of the performance degradation of the engine over time. In this paper, an error-in-variables based methodology is applied to evaluate the performance degradation of two GT engines between soak washes. These engines are LM2500+ (single spool) and RB211-24G (twin spool). The engine-air-compressor isentropic efficiency and air inlet flow rate as well as the engine heat rate and specific work are analyzed for both engines. For both engines, the compressor isentropic efficiency is found to degrade over time, while the engine heat rate correspondingly increases. The compressor air inlet flow rate and engine specific work remain mostly constant. Through a comparison between the time-history of the engine health parameters, it is found that the LM2500+ degrades at a much faster rate than the RB211-24G. However, the degradation of the LM2500+ is found to be fully recoverable by offline washes, while the degradation of the RB211-24G is only slightly recovered by offline washes. The RB211-24G engine is found to be running near its maximum efficiency at all times, which is likely the cause for the observed non-recoverable degradation that the engine experiences. The engine’s site location is also found to contribute to the degradation that the engine experiences.
10
Garcia-Hernandez, Augusto, and Klaus Brun. "Energy Usage in Natural Gas Pipeline Applications." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46582.
Full textAbstract:
Energy required to transport the fluid is an important parameter to be analyzed and minimized in pipeline applications. However, the pipeline system requirements and equipment could impose different constraints for operating pipelines in the best manner possible. One of the critical parameters that is looked at closely, is the machines’ efficiency to avoid unfavorable operating conditions and to save energy costs. However, a compression-transport system includes more than one machine and more than one station working together at different conditions. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the entire compression system should be conducted to obtain a real power usage optimization. This paper presents a case study that is focused on analyzing natural gas transport system flow maximization while optimizing the usage of the available compression power. Various operating scenarios and machine spare philosophies are considered to identify the most suitable conditions for an optimum operation of the entire system. Modeling of pipeline networks has increased in the past decade due to the use of powerful computational tools that provide good quality representation of the real pipeline conditions. Therefore, a computational pipeline model was developed and used to simulate the gas transmission system. All the compressors’ performance maps and their driver data such as heat rate curves for the fuel consumption, site data, and running speed correction curves for the power were loaded in the model for each machine. The pipeline system covers 218 miles of hilly terrain with two looped pipelines of 38″ and 36″ in diameter. The entire system includes three compressor stations along its path with different configurations and equipment. For the optimization, various factors such as good efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions, maximum flexibility of configuration, fuel consumption and high power available were analyzed. The flow rate was maximized by using instantaneous maximum compression capacity at each station while maintaining fixed boundary conditions. This paper presents typical parameters that affect the energy usage in natural gas pipeline applications and discusses a case study that covers an entire pipeline. A modeling approach and basic considerations are presented as well as the results obtained for the optimization.