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1
Johnson, Keith D., Craig D. Martin, and Travis G. Davis. "Treatment of Wastewater Effluent from a Natural Gas Compressor Station." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0135.
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Florida Gas Transmission Company (FGTC), an Enron/Sonat affiliate, owns and operates a major interstate natural gas pipeline system that extends from South Texas to South Florida. At various locations along the pipeline are located compressor stations that boost the pressure of the natural gas flowing through the pipelines. As part of their normal operation, these stations generate small amounts of oily effluent as a result of cooling water blow-down, engine/parts wash-down, lube-oil-contaminated wastewater and rainwater from containment areas. In early 1997, economic considerations led FGTC to pursue alternative technologies to replace portions of the traditional treatment system. This paper reviews a trial effort undertaken by Wetland Sciences, Inc. to evaluate the technical feasibility of utilizing constructed wetlands to treat wastewater generated by the natural gas compressor station. The ultimate goal being the application of this technology to FGTC's other compressor stations.
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Rauf Huseynli, Rauf Huseynli. "PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPRESSOR STATION." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 06, no. 02 (April 9, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei0602202153.
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All work on the construction of pumping and compressor stations is usually divided into two groups of zero cycle work and ground cycle work. The work of the zero cycle includes the preparation of the construction site, earthworks, work on the construction of foundations for buildings, pumping units and technological equipment, work on the construction of underground pipelines and utilities. The work of the ground cycle includes work on the construction of buildings for pumping and compressor shops and auxiliary buildings, installation work on installation and fixing on the foundations in the design position of pumping units. Compressor stations (CS) have been installed along the pipeline route to maintain a certain flow rate of the transported gas and to ensure optimal pressure in the pipeline. A modern compressor station is a complex engineering structure that provides the basic technological processes for the preparation and transportation of natural gas. Keywords: compressor stations, gas pipeline, building structure, Booster compressor stations.
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Arya, Adarsh Kumar. "Optimal operation of a multi-distribution natural gas pipeline grid: an ant colony approach." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 10 (August 25, 2021): 3859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01266-3.
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AbstractThe enormous cost of transporting oil and gas through pipelines and the operational benefits that the industry receives through optimization has incited analysts for decades to find optimization strategies that help pipeline managers operate pipeline grids with the least expense. The paper aims to minimize the pipeline grids' operating costs using an ant colony optimization strategy. The article constructs a multi-objective modeling framework for a natural gas pipeline grid based on data from the French gas pipeline network corporation 'Gaz De France,' using pipeline and compressor hydraulics. The gas pipeline grid comprises seven gas supply nodes and nineteen gas distribution centers. Seven compressor stations provided at various locations on the pipeline route raise the gas pressure. Two competing objectives of reducing fuel usage in compressors and increasing throughput at distribution centers are acknowledged to reduce the pipeline's operating cost. The 'multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO)' approach is implemented to the pipeline transportation model to reduce the natural gas pipeline grid's operating cost. The process variables include the amount of gas flowing through the pipe and the pressure at pipe nodes. This method provides the optimum solution for each fuel consumption level on each compressor, and it does so by producing a Pareto front for each of the nineteen gas distribution points. The blueprints of the methodology used and the findings collected intend to guide pipeline managers and select the best of the most preferred solutions.
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BIELIKOV, V., and Z. MATSUK. "REGULATORY PROVISION OF SAFETY OF GAS TRANSPORT. CONSTRUKTIONAL DESIGN OF MOBILE COMPRESSOR STATIONS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.270421.13.746.
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Problem statement. The basis for the safety and efficiency of the main gas transportation in the world is the tightness of the gas transportation system. A component of the level of industrial safety and efficiency of gas transmission enterprises is the emissions of natural gas into the working area, the environment and the associated costs. Numerous methods of repairing pipeline gas transportation facilities, such as enhancing the bearing capacity of pipelines, repairing defects under gas pressure without interrupting the transportation process, etc., are either not devoid of risks from the point of view of industrial safety, or are energy and resource inefficient. The main type of repair that restores the operable state of the gas transmission system is the replacement of defective equipment, but it is still associated with the release of large volumes of natural gas into the environment. In the second decade of the 2000s, thanks to the rapid development of compressor technology and the invention of a sufficient number of ways to connect compressor units (stations) to main gas pipelines, without stopping the gas transportation process, gas transmission enterprises of the world had a real opportunity to evacuate gas from pipeline sections subject to repair (maintenance ) or accumulate it (control gas pressure in local areas), but the analysis of world experience in the development of gas pressure control technology in localized sections of gas pipelines allows us to assert that there are certain disparities between them in terms of operational safety and the complete absence of regulatory support for the transportation process in Ukraine gas using mobile compressor stations. With this approach to the production process, it is difficult to improve the safety and efficiency of the gas transportation process. The potential for reducing natural gas emissions from the world's gas industry reaches billions of cubic meters of natural gas per year. Purpose of the article. Development of technical requirements for mobile compressor units (stations), which will make it possible to design domestic gas compressor units (stations) capable of safely performing work on pumping natural gas from a localized section of the main gas pipeline to an existing main gas pipeline, within no more than 96 hours, without restrictions on gas supply to consumers. Conclusion. The technical requirements developed by us for mobile compressor units (stations) allow us to design domestic compressor units (stations) capable of safely performing work on pumping natural gas from a localized section of the main gas pipeline to the existing main gas pipeline, within no more than 96 hours, without restrictions on gas supply to consumers.
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Song, Ying, Liang Feng, and Wenchen Cao. "Discussion on operation flexibility of Zhonggui natural gas pipeline." E3S Web of Conferences 300 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130001015.
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Zhongwei station of West to east natural gas pipeline is connected to the north of Zhonggui line, and Guiyang station of China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline is connected to the south, which has important strategic significance in Southwest China. At present, the tie line mainly carries out gas transmission from Zhongwei to Guiyang. Only some pipeline sections and offload stations have reverse transmission function, while all compressor stations have no reverse transmission and pressurization function. In order to evaluate the flexibility of the operation of the Zhonggui line and give some suggestions for the preliminary reconstruction, this paper uses the SPS software to establish the pipeline model and simulate the specific working conditions, focusing on the two working conditions of the intermediate station injection forward transmission and the whole line reverse transmission. Through the simulation, we can get the following conclusions: 1. When the intermediate station injects forward gas transmission, which compressor station, gas transmission range and joint operation condition with China-Myanmar line need to be started for Zhonggui line; 2. When the whole tie line is reversed, it is necessary to change the location of the compressor station with the function of reverse transmission and pressurization. Through this study, we can give some reference and evaluation opinions on the lack of flexibility of the current tie line, and also give some reference opinions on the specific implementation of the improvement of the tie line operation flexibility in the future.
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Matsuk, Z. N., T. V. Bunko, A. S. Belikov, and V. A. Shalomov. "Regularities of safe control of piston compressor units of mobile compressor stations." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/076.
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Purpose. Ensuring the optimal mode of gas transportation from local sections of the main gas trunkline (GT), subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown, to existing main gas trunkline based on the calculation, determination, and establishment of rational values of the operating modes of mobile compressor stations during the entire time of gas pumping. Methodology. The studies are based on existing physical principles and laws that describe the effect of the properties of natural gas and the geometric parameters of pipelines through which gas is pumped on the dynamics of changes in the mass and pressure of the transported gas. The calculation of the change in the mass and pressure of the gas in the gas pipeline from which the gas is pumped is based on a number of existing theoretical and empirical dependencies included in the generally accepted methods for their calculation. Known physical relationships and mathematical models are used to carry out the calculations. Findings. The mass approach to the issue of calculating the gas transportation time is more mathematically accurate than the volumetric one. The ratio of the relative mass to the relative gas pressure in a localized section of the main gas pipeline, during the entire pumping time, is a constant value. The use of the values of the quantities obtained at the point of intersection of the graphs of changes in the relative mass and relative pressure of the gas, in the preliminary calculation of the time for pumping gas, or pressure, or mass, or the volume of gas in each time interval, makes it possible to select the optimal rate of building up/reducing gas pressure by compressor units and optimal modes of gas transportation by operating gas pipelines during the operation of mobile compressor stations. Originality. The proposed approach to calculating and determining the time of gas pumping by mobile compressor stations from local sections of the main gas pipelines subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown to sections of existing main gas pipelines proves that it is advisable to establish stable patterns in the transportation of natural gas using reciprocating compressor units only after modeling in time the change in the mass and pressure of gas in the local section of the main gas pipeline from which the gas is pumped. Practical value. The proposed approach to optimizing the time of gas pumping by mobile compressor stations makes it possible to increase the level of energy and resource efficiency of gas transmission enterprises, as well as to improve the technical and economic indicators of technologies for repairing the main gas pipelines, compressor stations of main gas pipelines associated with the need to bleed gas from sections of the main (technological) pipelines subject to repair (maintenance) and/or shutdown. Optimization of gas pumping time significantly reduces the time spent by employees of gas transmission enterprises under the influence of hazardous and harmful production factors, thereby reducing the level of relevant risks. Gas emissions and associated risks are reduced by 90%.
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Liu, Enbin, Changjun Li, and Yi Yang. "Optimal Energy Consumption Analysis of Natural Gas Pipeline." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/506138.
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There are many compressor stations along long-distance natural gas pipelines. Natural gas can be transported using different boot programs and import pressures, combined with temperature control parameters. Moreover, different transport methods have correspondingly different energy consumptions. At present, the operating parameters of many pipelines are determined empirically by dispatchers, resulting in high energy consumption. This practice does not abide by energy reduction policies. Therefore, based on a full understanding of the actual needs of pipeline companies, we introduce production unit consumption indicators to establish an objective function for achieving the goal of lowering energy consumption. By using a dynamic programming method for solving the model and preparing calculation software, we can ensure that the solution process is quick and efficient. Using established optimization methods, we analyzed the energy savings for the XQ gas pipeline. By optimizing the boot program, the import station pressure, and the temperature parameters, we achieved the optimal energy consumption. By comparison with the measured energy consumption, the pipeline now has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 11 to 16 percent.
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Abbaspour, M., P. Krishnaswami, and K. S. Chapman. "Transient Optimization in Natural Gas Compressor Stations for Linepack Operation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 4 (August 3, 2007): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2790983.
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One of the key factors in the operation of a natural gas pipeline network is the linepack in the network. The desired operation of the network as derived from estimated receipts and deliveries is expressed in terms of the desired linepack profile that must be maintained. The compressor stations in the pipeline network are then operated in a manner that generates this linepack profile. Generally, the operating points selected for the units in the compressor stations are based on experience and experimentation and are therefore not optimal. In this paper, we present a systematic approach for operating the units of a compressor station to meet a specified linepack profile. The first step in developing this approach is the derivation of a numerical method for analyzing the flow through the pipeline under transient nonisothermal conditions. We have developed and verified a fully implicit finite difference formulation that provides this analysis capability. Next, the optimization of the compressor stations is formulated as a standard nonlinear programing problem in the following form: Find the values in the design variable vector denoted by b=[b1,b2,…,bn]T, to minimize a given objective function F(b), subject to the constraints gj(b)⩽0, j=1,…,m. Here, n is the number of operational parameters whose optimal value is to be determined, while m is the number of operational constraints that must be enforced. In our formulation, the design variables are chosen to be the operating speeds of the units in the compressor stations, while the objective function is taken to be the average fuel consumption rate over the interval of interest, summed over all units. The constraint functions gj(b) are formulated suitably to ensure that operational limits are met at the final solution that is obtained. The optimization problem is then solved using a sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT), in conjunction with a directed grid search method for solving the unconstrained subproblems that are encountered in the SUMT formulation. The evaluation of the objective function and constraint functions at each step of the optimization is done by using the fully implicit analysis method mentioned above. A representative numerical example has been solved by the proposed approach. The results obtained indicate that the method is very effective in finding operating points that are optimal with respect to fuel consumption. The optimization can be done at the level of a single unit, a single compressor station, a set of compressor stations, or an entire network. It should also be noted that the proposed solution approach is fully automated and requires no user involvement in the solution process.
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Vasyliv, О. B., О. S. Titlov, and Т. А. Sagala. "Modeling of the modes of natural gas transportation by main gas pipelines in the conditions of underloading." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-35-42.
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The current state of transit of natural gas through the Ukrainian gas transmission system (GTS) is estimated in the paper. The prerequisites for further reduction of the GTS load in the coming years are considered, in particular in the direction of Europe through the gas measuring station "Orlivka" (south direction), taking into account the construction of alternative bypass gas pipelines. On the basis of the review of literature sources on the problem of efficient operation of gas pipelines under conditions of underloading, a method for determining the capacity and energy consumption of the gas pipeline for a given combination of working gas pumping units (GPU) was developed. The Ananyev-Tiraspol-Izmail gas pipeline at Tarutino-Orlivka section was selected as the object of research. The methodology includes the calculation of the physical properties of gas by its composition, the calculation of gas compression, the calculation of the linear part, the gas flow to the compressor station's own needs, and the calculation of the total power of the gas-pumping units under the specified technological limitations. With the help of the original software developed in the MATLAB programming language, cyclical multivariate calculations of the capacity and energy consumption of the gas pipeline were carried out and the operating modes of the compressor shop were optimized in the load range from 23 ... 60 million m3/day. Optimization criterion is the minimum total capacity of the GPU. Variable parameters at the same time are the speeds of the superchargers, different combination of working GPU, load factor. According to the results of the optimization graphical dependences were constructed: the optimum frequency of the rotor of the supercharger on the performance of the pipeline; changes in power and pressure depending on the performance of the pipeline when operating a different combination of superchargers. Recommendations have been developed to minimize fuel gas costs at the compressor station.
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Zhang, Shixuan, Sheng Liu, Tianhu Deng, and Zuo-Jun Max Shen. "Transient-State Natural Gas Transmission in Gunbarrel Pipeline Networks." INFORMS Journal on Computing 32, no. 3 (July 2020): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2019.0904.
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We study the energy consumption minimization problems of natural gas transmission in gunbarrel structured networks. In particular, we consider the transient-state dynamics of natural gas and the compressor’s nonlinear working domain and min-up-and-down constraints. We formulate the problem as a two-level dynamic program (DP), where the upper-level DP problem models each compressor station as a decision stage and each station’s optimization problem is further formulated as a lower-level DP by setting each time period as a stage. The upper-level DP faces the curse of high dimensionality. We propose an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) approach for the upper-level DP using appropriate basis functions and an exact approach for the lower-level DP by exploiting the structure of the problem. We validate the superior performance of the proposed ADP approach on both synthetic and real networks compared with the benchmark simulated annealing (SA) heuristic and the commonly used myopic policy and steady-state policy. On the synthetic networks (SNs), the ADP reduces the energy consumption by 5.8%–6.7% from the SA and 12% from the myopic policy. On the test gunbarrel network with 21 compressor stations and 28 pipes calibrated from China National Petroleum Corporation, the ADP saves 4.8%–5.1% (with an average of 5.0%) energy consumption compared with the SA and the currently deployed steady-state policy, which translates to cost savings of millions of dollars a year. Moreover, the proposed ADP algorithm requires 18.4%–61.0% less computation time than the SA. The advantages in both solution quality and computation time strongly support the proposed ADP algorithm in practice.
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Hendryx, Michael, and Juhua Luo. "Natural gas pipeline compressor stations: VOC emissions and mortality rates." Extractive Industries and Society 7, no. 3 (July 2020): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.011.
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Aliev, F. S., A. G. Guliev, and B. A. Ibadov. "Investigation on using prospects of surplus pressure energy from natural gas transported through pipelines in Azerbaijan (in the order of discussion)." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-5-40-43.
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For transportation of natural gas through the pipelines of compressor stations, its pressure increases. Up to 10 percent of this energy is used for the slipping by the pipeline walls and the most to the gas pressure reduction. The paper reviews the issues of efficiency increase of gas provision network of our Republic due to the decrease of energy losses in transportation, distribution and regulation systems of natural gas. For this purpose, the energy losses associated with the decrease of natural gas pressure in gas distribution plants and gas control units have been studied, as well as using efficiency of this energy justified. It was defined that the pressure of natural gas being transported to the customers through the delivery main, reduces down to the set value via throttle valves in gas distribution plants at first and in gas control units subsequently, which leads to the loss of significant portion of initial energy delivered through compressor stations during gas compression. The studies showed that using special traditional throttling valves instead of expansion units, so-called detanders, enables obtaining electrical energy via environmentally-friendly method with minimum investments due to the surplus gas pressure.
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Ezhov, V. S., G. G. Shchedrina, and N. E. Semicheva. "SOME ASPECTS OF PREVENTION OF CRYSTALLINE HYDRATES FORMATION AT GAS DISTRIBUTION STATIONS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-3-68-74.
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The existing methods for natural gas dehydration both in fields and at compressor stations cannot always provide standatdized values of natural gas dehydration. The analysis of operation of gas distribution systems shows that dehydration units are improperly placed and are often installed out of condensation and freezing zones. This is due to the lack of consideration of phase transitions impact in gas throttling on its temperature condition. Due to insufficient natural gas dehydration, crystalline hydrates can be formed on wellbores, distribution lines and main gas pipelines and at its reduction, disturbing the operation of the equipment of compressor stations, gas distribution stations, deranging instrumentation and automation. The issues of reliability of gas pipeline systems considering the formation of crystalline hydrate plugs in pipelines have been studied. The analysis of the methods and devices preventing hydrates formation and eliminating existing crystalline hydrate plugs has shown that to provide normalized parameters of the transported gas it is necessary to perform additional water vapor, condensate drops and crystalline hydrate particles removal from natural gas at gas distribution stations during winter months. Currently applied methods used to deal with crystalline hydrate plugs in main gas pipelines require significant expenses and do not effectively ensure the reliability of pipelines operation. An energy-efficient design of an integrated treatment unit which provides an additional natural gas treatment at GDS, increases the reliability of gas pipelines protection against hydrate blockage and improves the efficiency of gas supply systems as a whole have been proposed at the Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation of the SWSU.
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Abraham, Debebe Woldeyohannes, and Mohd Amin bin Abd Majid. "Analogical Approach for Optimizing Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Network System." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.966.
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The increase in demand for natural gas in different sectors attracted different scholars in optimizing the operation and configurations of natural gas pipeline network (NGPN) systems. Even though there have been reports regarding the attempts of solutions for optimizing NGPN problems, the issues of NGPN regarding energy minimizations are not fully address yet. This paper proposed robust solution for NGPN system energy consumption minimization at compressor stations based on analogical approach. The analogies between NGPN system and inventory model were observed and applied in the analysis of steady state NGPN system. The proposed technique is based on the inventory model to find optimal operations for natural gas pipeline network system. The method for the determination of the optimal pressures was efficient and handled the non-linearity that occurs on both objective and the constraint equations. Results on a gunbarrel NGPN showed the proposed method assisted in determining the discharge and suction pressures to minimized energy consumption at compressor stations.
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Zapukhliak, V. B., R. B. Stasiuk, Yu H. Melnychenko, Т. Yu Pyrig, and D. P. Bereza. "Enhancement of identification method of natural gas pipeline transportation hazardous object." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-43-52.
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The prevention of natural and man-made emergencies, which can be accompanied by numerous numan and material losses and disruption of living conditions, is one of the important nowadays problems and needs to be studied. The pipeline transport of hydrocarbons constitutes a significant man-made hazard. One way to reduce the
risk of emergencies at pipeline facilities is to identify potential sources of danger in a manner of potentially hazardous objects certification. It is also known that any renovation, refurbishment of gas and oil pipeline facilities as well as theirs intended end-use alteration require proper identification and declaration of theirs safety. There has been recently being a very high need in compressor stations switching lines reconstruction that often is accompanied by construction of the appropriate connection branches of the pipeline in order to implement reversed transportation of natural gas and these objects should be consequently identified. Thus, the analysis regarding existing methods of higher danger objects identification for pipeline transport and the total mass evaluation of hazardous substances for such objects is provided. It is established that the existing models do not take into account the gas compressibility factor, the pressure drop in the gas pipeline after section cut-off, the size of the equivalent diameter of leaks and some others. A model is proposed to determine the total mass of gas contained in a section of a pipeline between linear shutdown valves and the mass of gas that can be lost over a time required to detect a leakage and close linear shutdown valves. As a result of proposed model implementation a newly built connection branch between the main line and the inlet of the compressor station, being constructed for reversed gas transportation implementation, was identified as a potentially dangerous object.
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Gborgenu, Anthony Kudjo, Frank B. K. Twenefour, and Mathias Gyamfi. "Achieving Efficiency in Gas Pipeline Connection: Evidence from Ghana." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 5 (June 22, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i5.962.
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<p>The demand for the use of natural gas is on the increase as an energy source. Natural gas transportation requires a continuous pipeline network from the source of gas across long distance to the various destinations. The main objective involves extending gas pipelines from Takoradi to all the regional capital towns in Ghana to meet the growing demands of its citizenry in order to provide economy and efficiency with regards to cost and environmental sustainability by developing a straight forward method of locating pipeline facilities and designing pipeline networks. The problem is formulated as a network of distances and the solution is presented based on Prim’s Algorithm for minimum connections. Data on distances are obtained from the Ghana Highways Authority. The total distance covered by the pipe line network if the existing road networks were used from Takoradi to all the regional capitals towns in Ghana is 5,094km. After Prim’s Algorithm was used, the total distance covered decreased to 1,590km which is about 68.8% reduction in the distance covered with regards to cost and the environmental damage caused by construction of pipelines (soil, forest, rivers, wetlands, noise from compressor stations during pipeline discharge and risk of pipeline leakage).</p>
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Russo, Pasquale N., and David O. Carpenter. "Air Emissions from Natural Gas Facilities in New York State." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091591.
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While New York has banned fracking, new and expanded natural gas pipelines are being constructed across the state. Our previous studies have reported that compressor stations are a major source of air pollution at fracking sites. We have used two federal datasets, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Emissions Inventory and Greenhouse Gas Inventory, to determine what is known concerning emissions from the compressor stations along natural gas pipelines in the state. From a total of 74 compressor stations only 18 report to EPA on emissions. In the seven year period between 2008 and 2014 they released a total of 36.99 million pounds of air pollutants, not including CO2 and methane. This included emissions of 39 chemicals known to be human carcinogens. There was in addition 6.1 billion pounds of greenhouse gases release from ten stations in a single year. These data clearly underestimate the total releases from the state’s natural gas transportation and distribution system. However, they demonstrate significant releases of air pollutants, some of which are known to cause human disease. In addition, they release large amounts of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
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Peng, Shan Bi, En Bin Liu, Xiao Chun Du, and Rong Lin Hong. "The Dynamic Simulation of a Long Distance Natural Gas Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1244.
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With the growth of the natural gas market, the long distance natural gas pipeline system is getting more and more important in nowadays. As a united and enclosed hydraulic system, the operation conditions of the whole line will be changed by the influence of the condition change in one station. On the one hand, the condition change made people analyze operation scheme more difficult, on the other hand, pipeline system operating conditions directly affect the relationship between the production and the sales of natural gas. Therefore, the operation of the gas pipeline must be optimized, which brings huge economic and social benefits. This paper constructed a simulation model of a long distance natural gas pipeline by TG.net, and then analyzed the change of the operating condition of the pipeline after a compressor station shut down, found out the regularity.
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Titlov, Oleksandr, Oleg Vasyliv, Tetiana Sahala, and Nataliia Bilenko. "EVALUATION OF THE PROSPECTS FOR PRELIMINARY COOLING OF NATURAL GAS ON MAIN PIPELINES BEFORE COMPRESSION THROUGH THE DISCHARGE OF EXHAUST HEAT OF GAS-TURBINE UNITS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 5 (September 17, 2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00978.
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For the transportation of natural gas through pipelines, gas pumping units (GPU) are installed at numerous compressor stations (CS), the energy carrier for which, in most cases, is transported natural gas. 0.5 ... 1.5 % of the volume of transported gas is consumed (burned) by the pumping unit drive. The situation with the replacement of existing equipment with modern equipment is associated with significant investments, on the one hand, and the uncertainty with the transit of Russian natural gas through gas transmission systems of Ukraine in the near future. More promising is the way to increase the efficiency of the GPU cycle through the use of circuits with preliminary cooling of the compressed gas. The aim of this research is studying the prospects for the application of technology for pre-cooling technological natural gas before compression in a gas pumping unit based on heat-using absorption refrigeration machines. To analyze the effect of pre-cooling of technological natural gas on the compressor stations of main gas pipelines, gas pumping units – GTK-10I were selected. The calculation of GPU power consumption and fuel gas consumption at various temperatures of the process gas at the inlet to the supercharger was performed. The calculation of the operating parameters of the gas pumping unit is performed and the energy and financial prospects of the technology for cooling the process gas before compression in the GPU CS are shown. For the current economic situation (July 2019) in the Ukrainian gas market, the daily decrease in operating costs in standard gas pipelines with a decrease in gas temperature before compression in the gas pumping unit by 20 K ranges from 1800 USD to 3360 USD. A scheme of a recycling plant based on absorption water-ammonia refrigeration machine (AWRM) is proposed, which in the range of initial data allows to reduce the temperature of technological natural gas before compression by 11 ... 13 ° C.
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Uilhoorn, Frits E. "A Comparison Between PSRK and GERG-2004 Equation of State for Simulation of Non-Isothermal Compressible Natural Gases Mixed with Hydrogen in Pipelines / Porównanie równań stanu opracowanych według metody PSRK oraz GERG-2004 wykorzystanych do symulacji zachowania ściśliwych mieszanin gazu ziemnego i wodoru w rurociągach, w warunkach przepływów nie-izotermicznych." Archives of Mining Sciences 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0040.
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In this work, the GERG-2004 equation of state based on a multi-fluid approximation explicit in the reduced Helmholtz energy is compared with the predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong group contribution method. In the analysis, both equations of state are compared by simulating a non-isothermal transient flow of natural gas and mixed hydrogen-natural gas in pipelines. Besides the flow conditions also linepack-energy and energy consumption of the compressor station are computed. The gas flow is described by a set of partial differential equations resulting from the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. A pipeline section of the Yamal-Europe gas pipeline on Polish territory has been selected for the case study.
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Tan, Xin, Penglin Zhang, Junqiang Wang, and Jiewen Hong. "Research on Urban Bearing Capacity of Gas Supply Stations." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 6971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246971.
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Given the continuous optimisation of the energy structure, the proportion of natural gas consumption in China increases annually, the urban gas pipeline network continues to extend outward, and the supply range continues to expand. Although an increasing number of users can use natural gas, the coverage of the natural gas pipeline network remains low in some areas in China. A “point supply” pattern, which provides gas through liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply stations, has been developed to solve the problem of gas unavailability in areas not covered by the pipeline network. This pattern flexibly supplies gas, whose cost is low and market determined. Thus, the substantial development of these gas supply stations has been promoted. This pattern will continue to play an important role in the future. However, no unified standards for the construction of these gas supply stations have been provided, resulting in various problems, such as unreasonable location, inadequate management, potential risk and imbalance between supply and demand. On the basis of these concerns, this research attempts to study the urban bearing capacity of gas supply stations, provide some new ideas for the construction and planning of urban gas supply stations, and help promote sustainable urban development. The pressure–state–response model is adjusted to the pressure–state–capability model, which is used as a basis for proposing an evaluation index system and calculation models for the comprehensive evaluation of the urban bearing capacity of gas supply stations on city and country scales. The proposed methodology is used in a case study of urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta.
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Pototskaya, Tatyana. "“Gas pipeline wars” in the post-Soviet space: geographical aspect." E3S Web of Conferences 159 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015902008.
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The article discusses the transformation of the territorial organization of gas pipeline transport in the post-Soviet period under the influence of the system of international relations that developed between the countries of the post-Soviet space. Notably, the author establishes the following major geographical factors affecting this process: the level of provision with natural gas and the peculiarities of the transport and geographical position of the countries. The author specifically emphasizes an active, consistent and purposeful policy on this issue in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, which reinforces and strengthens the geopolitical interests of these states in the examined region. Their competitive advantages are clearly indicated. Particular attention is focused on the possibility of multipurpose use of gas pipelines thanks to the connecting pipes created between them. The interest intersection of three categories of states was revealed: those of the countries in the post-Soviet space (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan); those of Russia and countries located in the neighboring regions (EU, China, Turkey, Iran); those of the states actively involved in investing in geological exploration, creation of mining enterprises, gas storages, construction of compressor stations on them (USA, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, Japan, etc.).
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Li, Li Gang, Yong Shou Dai, and Ji Guang Wang. "Research on Co-Evolutionary Genetic Algorithm of Long-Distance Gas Pipelines Optimal Model Economy." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7246.
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Based on the analysis of the current long-distance pipeline network running conditions, an economic optimal mathematical model of the gas transmission network including compressor station is used. The natural gas pipeline network is divided into different parts, and adopting the cooperation co-evolutionary genetic algorithm, the subpopulations are created. The fitness function is established by taking advantage of the punish function. The results of the simulation show that this approach has better convergence. It is an effective method to solve the optimization problem.
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Chaczykowski, Maciej. "Organic Rankine Cycle for Residual Heat to Power Conversion in Natural Gas Compressor Station. Part I: Modelling and Optimisation Framework." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0018.
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Abstract Basic organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and two variants of regenerative ORC have been considered for the recovery of exhaust heat from natural gas compressor station. The modelling framework for ORC systems has been presented and the optimisation of the systems was carried out with turbine power output as the variable to be maximized. The determination of ORC system design parameters was accomplished by means of the genetic algorithm. The study was aimed at estimating the thermodynamic potential of different ORC configurations with several working fluids employed. The first part of this paper describes the ORC equipment models which are employed to build a NLP formulation to tackle design problems representative for waste energy recovery on gas turbines driving natural gas pipeline compressors.
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Kuzyk, M. B., and M. O. Karpash. "Ways of increasing the energy efficiency of Ukraine's gas transmission system." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(30) (November 5, 2018): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2018-2(30)-40-43.
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The ways of reducing the consumption of energy sources, which increase the efficiency of natural gas use at compressor stations are considered. The energy-efficient technologies in gas supply systems, namely the expander-generator technology, the use of secondary energy resources and “Aquarius” production units are analyzed. The ways of increasing the energy efficiency and rational use of energy resources to control main gas pipelines are defined.
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Artyomovich, Mukolyants Arsen, Buranov Mardon Davronovich, Sotnikova Irina Vladimirovna, and Аzimova Munira Muminovna. "Analysis of the influence of the input parameters on the efficiency of the operation of the detander generator unit in the gas network system of the republic of Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601130.
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The article is devoted to the generally recognized dilemma of using secondary energy resources in the transportation and distribution of natural gas. At stations where throttle devices are used, excessive gas pressure as the main component of secondary energy resources for technological processes is practically not used. Currently, the replacement of throttle devices with turbo-expander units is determined by energy and economic efficiency. This is due to the fact that the use of excess gas pressure in the turbo expander both at gas distribution stations and at compressor stations of gas pipelines without preheating has not yet been widely used. Expander-generator technology is probably one of the most effective technologies for reducing the consumption of fuel and energy resources. The combination of expander-generator units with heat pump units contributes to the creation of highly efficient power generating complexes that can generate electricity without burning fuel. Expansion of high-pressure natural gas at gas distribution stations is one of the technologies for generating electricity without combustion. To determine the share of electric energy supplied to the electric network based on the expander-generator set in the gas supply system, an analytical dependence was determined. Based on this, an arithmetic model of the installation with single-stage expander-generator units and steam-compression heat pump units is proposed. All data will be presented in detail in this article.
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Yilmazoglu, M. Zeki, Ehsan Amirabedin, and Babak Shotorban. "Waste Heat Utilization in Natural Gas Pipeline Compression Stations by an Organic Rankine Cycle." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.32.2.317.
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Žarnovský, Jozef, Viera Petková, Róbert Drlička, and Jozef Dobránsky. "Air Quality Improvement by Reduction of Gas Turbines Emissions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 308 (February 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.308.159.
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The most serious sources of the air pollution are the studied company compressor stations of the transit system equipped with the number of gas turbine. [1] Pipeline parts have smaller degree of importance and gas boiler and emergency resources of thermal and electric energy have minimum influence. These sources emit into atmosphere mainly nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, paraffine with the exception of the methane and unburned rest of the fuel. In comparison with these emissions are emissions of sulfur dioxide and the solid contaminations substances minimal, insignificant. Along with reduction of transit performance deploys the company in recent time significantly more energy effective power units for transit of natural gas. These drive units are mainly gas turbines burning part of transported natural gas. [2] Russian natural gas is used as a fuel which in comparison with the others kinds of fuels contains only little amount of sulfur and contain almost no As, Na and heavy metals. The main parts of combustions are CO2, CO, NOx which are products of burning and N2, O2, untouched atmosphere elements. CO and NOx are considered to be harmful substances.
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Andriishyn, N. M. "The Conceptual Principles of Improving the Management of the Gas Production Complex of Ukraine on the Bases of the Experience of Leading Oil and Gas Companies." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-165-172.
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The main directions of improvement of the gas production complex management and the role of individual factors affecting the efficiency of its activities are determined. Taking into account that the oil and gas complex is a system of enterprises and organizations for various functional purposes, united to meet the needs of consumers in provision of natural gas, on the example of improving the organizational structure and management system of NK «YUKOS», all stages of its transformation into a world–class oil company are considered. Recommendations on the use of positive experience in Ukraine are provided. It is shown what achievements of NK «YUKOS» have already been taken into account in the reform of the management system of JSC «Ukrgasvydobuvannya», – in particular, today it is conditionally represented by three large sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream sector includes the search for potential underground or underwater natural gas fields, drilling of exploration wells, drilling and operation of the wells extracting unprocessed natural «wet» gas; the midstream sector provides transportation (pipelines, railways, barges, oil trucks or regular trucks), storage and wholesale of gas, while networks of natural gas pipelines aggregate gas from natural gas purification stations and deliver it to consumers – local utilities; the downstream sector usually refers to the processing and purification of natural gas, crude oil, as well as the sale and distribution of products derived from natural gas and crude oil. Distribution by sector in gas production allows to classify fixed assets in accordance with the above–mentioned sectors: drilling rigs, offshore drilling platforms, well repair machines, software for geological exploration and geophysical research – upstream; well plumes, inter–industrial gas pipelines, condensate pipelines, oil pipelines, booster compressor stations, equipment for the complex gas preparation – midstream; gas processing and oil refineries, petrol stations – downstream. Much attention is paid to the development of the intellectual potential of the gas production complex, as it ensures both the successful development of production and the formation of effective management of the company.
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Moldabayeva, G. Zh, R. T. Suleimenova, M. A. Sadvakassov, and G. E. Jalalov. "Features of planning and implementation of energy-saving measures at compressor stations of main gas pipelines." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 317, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.17.
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Currently, the National gas supply operator in Kazakhstan pays special attention to the rational use of natural gas for its own and technological needs, while maintaining the optimal management of the gas transportation system, taking into account the specific technical situation of the equipment. Energy efficient management of gas pipelines is one of the priority directions for optimizing gas costs. The use of innovative methods of energy-saving technologies during the operation of the gas transmission system, an increase in the efficiency of gas-pumping units, as well as the implementation of automated energy saving control systems, will significantly increase the efficiency of gas transportation.
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Meira, Rodrigo L., Gloria M. N. Costa, Ricardo A. Kalid, and Márcio A. F. Martins. "Improving the centrifugal compressor map through rigorous thermodynamic modeling: An analysis on a natural gas compression station pipeline." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 92 (August 2021): 104006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104006.
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Semchuk, Y. M., and H. D. Lialiuk-Viter. "RESEARCH OF PROCESSES OF FORMATION POLLUTION AREARS IN ATMOSPHERE NEAR COMPRESSOR STATIONS OF TRUNK GAS PIPELINES." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Number, no. 2(46) (December 14, 2018): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7399-2018-2(46)-179-190.
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In the article analyzes the formation of areas of atmosphere pollution which caused by the compressor stations of main gas pipelines. The main dangerous factors in the zone of influence of CS, which have affect on the natural environment, is the chemical pollution of atmosphere due to emissions of harmful substances by technological equipment CS and noisiness, the source of which are gas pumping units of different types. In the atmospheric pollution, there are 3 zones: 1) zone of "undiluted" concentrations; 2)transitional zone; 3) dispersed zones. Essential processes of migration of air pollution are convectivetransfer, dispersion and molecular diffusion.Also, in the article are given the methods of calculating of the concentrations of harmful substances and estimation of the levels of air pollution in the area of the compressor station location. The main directions of reduction of the influence of CS on the environment are proposed, in particular: replacement of obsolete gas-pumping units with new ones; improvement of technological equipment; optimization of parameters of operation of gas turbine plants (GTU); the transfer of separate workshops (or CS as a whole) to electric power; reduction of ecological load on gas-pumping units (GPA); increase in the height of the smoke pipes; using secondary energy resources in the implementation of energy saving equipment and systems, etc.
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Kazda, Kody, and Xiang Li. "Approximating Nonlinear Relationships for Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Transport Networks." Processes 6, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6100198.
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The compressor fuel cost minimization problem (FCMP) for natural gas pipelines is a relevant problem because of the substantial energy consumption of compressor stations transporting the large global demand for natural gas. The common method for modeling the FCMP is to assume key modeling parameters such as the friction factor, compressibility factor, isentropic exponent, and compressor efficiency to be constants, and their nonlinear relationships to the system operating conditions are ignored. Previous work has avoided the complexity associated with the nonlinear relationships inherent in the FCMP to avoid unreasonably long solution times for practical transportation systems. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based method is introduced to generate piecewise-linear functions that approximate the previously ignored nonlinear relationships. The MILP determines the optimal break-points and orientation of the linear segments so that approximation error is minimized. A novel FCMP model that includes the piecewise-linear approximations is applied in a case study on three simple gas networks. The case study shows that the novel FCMP model captures the nonlinear relationships with a high degree of accuracy and only marginally increases solution time compared to the common simplified FCMP model. The common simplified model is found to produce solutions with high error and infeasibility when applied on a rigorous simulation.
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Strebkov, A. S., A. V. Osipov, and S. V. Zhavrotskiy. "Thermodynamic Rationale for Using Expander-Compressor Gas Turbine Power Unit." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (136) (March 2021): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2021-1-166-184.
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Natural gas is transported through a network of main gas pipelines under high pressure, and the process of its consumption requires a decrease in pressure of gas laid mainly in throttling devices. It is beneficial to use part of the available energy potential of natural gas for electricity production by means of expander-generator technologies. However, the task of finding ways to increase the capacity and efficiency of gas turbine power units using the energy of excess pressure of natural gas does not lose its relevance. The study poses and solves the problem of developing a new thermal cycle diagram of a combined power unit to substitute throttling pressure regulators at gas distribution stations with an expander-compressor gas turbine unit. A distinctive feature of the unit is the replacement of the gas turbine drive of the air compressor with its drive from the turbo-expander by using the energy of excess pressure of natural gas. This results in significant increase in the absolute thermal efficiency and decrease in the specific fuel and energy costs. We developed analytical dependencies relating the operating parameters of the expander-compressor gas turbine unit and its output characteristics. Thus, it was possible to find an approach to calculating the unit, the approach being based on proven methods for thermal cycle calculation. The results of the performed calculations show that, in comparison with gas turbine units, the expander-compressor gas turbine unit has a significantly lower specific consumption of equivalent fuel and a lower negative impact on the environment
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Gorin, Petro, Dmytro Tymkiv, Viktoriia Romanova, and Oleksandr Filipchuk. "CAPACITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF GAS PIPELINES, RECEIVING AND TRANSPORTING GAS OF INLAND PRODUCTION." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 1 (January 31, 2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00831.
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Today, the majority of gas fields in Ukraine are in the final stages of development, which is characterized by a significant decrease in wellhead pressure, as well as an increased gas-water factor. As is well known, when lowering wellhead pressure arises the problem of ensuring the design capacity of the gas production system as a whole. The main function of the gas pipeline system of the gas producing company of Ukraine is collection of gas from deposits and transport natural gas to consumers. Taking into account the tasks of ensuring the energy independence of Ukraine, as well as the program to build up gas of its own production, the question of assessing the capacity of the gas pipeline system remains relevant, performing the function of collection and transportation. As part of the research, the current state of the gas collection and transportation system is analyzed. The workload of gas pipeline sections in the chain from the wellhead to the consumer is investigated. As a result, it is established that the initial sections of the gas production system are fully loaded. Areas that can be recharged are identified, as a result of which it will reduce the output pressure at the wellheads and stabilize hydrocarbon production. On the basis of the conducted research, it is revealed that one of the alternative methods of increasing the capacity of the gas production system at the initial sections is to increase the equivalent diameter and length of the system by building new gas pipelines. It is also found that the periodic cleaning of pipelines in existing parts of the system prevents the decrease in capacity. It has been established that reducing the backpressure of the system is possible only in conjunction with unloading the system by changing the flow directions, creating centralized gas collection points, as well as retrofitting existing booster compressor stations. The availability of data on the load on the gas transmission system will allow the gas producing company to plan the distribution of gas to areas with available free capacity, while ensuring an increase in the production of its own gas. As a result, when the gas is distributed to areas with partial load, it will prevent excessive pressure losses in the system, as well as provide optimal system operation conditions.
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Liu, Enbin, Xingjie Wang, Wanwei Zhao, Zhongya Su, and Qikun Chen. "Analysis and Research on Pipeline Vibration of a Natural Gas Compressor Station and Vibration Reduction Measures." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03663.
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Slejko, D., A. Rebez, M. Santulin, J. Garcia-Pelaez, D. Sandron, A. Tamaro, D. Civile, et al. "Seismic hazard for the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP). Part 1: probabilistic seismic hazard analysis along the pipeline." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (May 17, 2021): 3349–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01111-2.
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AbstractThe design of critical facilities needs a targeted computation of the expected ground motion levels. The Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) is the pipeline that transports natural gas from the Greek-Turkish border, through Greece and Albania, to Italy. We present here the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) that we performed for this facility, and the deaggregation of the results, aiming to identify the dominant seismic sources for a selected site along the Albanian coast, where one of the two main compressor stations is located. PSHA is based on an articulated logic tree of twenty branches, consisting of two models for source, seismicity, estimation of the maximum magnitude, and ground motion. The area with the highest hazard occurs along the Adriatic coast of Albania (PGA between 0.8 and 0.9 g on rock for a return period of 2475 years), while strong ground motions are also expected to the north of Thessaloniki, Kavala, in the southern Alexandroupolis area, as well as at the border between Greece and Turkey. The earthquakes contributing most to the hazard of the test site at high and low frequencies (1 and 5 Hz) and the corresponding design events for the TAP infrastructure have been identified as local quakes with MW 6.6 and 6.0, respectively.
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Maksimenko, Yuriy Aleksandrovich, Sergei Drachevskii, and Natal'ya Drachevskaya. "Problems of uniform distribution of gas flow in gas drying absorbers when preparing gas for transportation." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2020, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2020-1-31-37.
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The article highlights the important factors of gas treatment. The dew point of commercial gas is one of the main normalized indicators, since the moisture content in commercial gas has a significant impact on the uptime of automatic equipment, on reducing corrosion of gas pipelines, process equipment and compressor stations during gas transportation. Adsorption drying of natural gas is a widely used method in the Russian gas industry. This method is characterized by the high level of environmental safety. Besides, the advantages of the method include the absence of the liquid phase and corrosive fluids in the commercial gas, low specific adsorbent consumption and the high degree of process automation. The article presents an overview of practical methods of adsorption drying of natural gas when preparing it for transportation. The advantages of adsorption drying over other methods are considered; the constructive disadvantages of absorber types are described; the ways of eliminating them are proposed
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Balles, E. N., and R. C. Peoples. "Low-Cost NOx Reduction Retrofit for Pump Scavenged Compressor Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815468.
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The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the resulting individual State Implementation Plans will require many natural gas pipeline operators to install NOx reduction equipment on existing compressor station engines. A program was undertaken to develop lower cost NOx control options for these engines as compared to traditional techniques. The initial work, described in this paper, focused on the development of a low-cost retrofit package for Cooper-Bessemer GMV and GMV-TF pump scavenged integral compressor engines. The retrofit concept relied on highly dilute combustion to achieve low engine-out NOx emission rates. A significant portion of the effort concentrated on low-cost methods for delivering the required air charge and ignition enhancements to achieve reliable and robust combustion. The prototype retrofit kit has been installed on a GMV-6 in gas compressor service. Performance results showed a 70 percent reduction in NOx emission rates without a corresponding increase in HC emission rates.
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Defratyka, Sara M., Jean-Daniel Paris, Camille Yver-Kwok, Daniel Loeb, James France, Jon Helmore, Nigel Yarrow, Valérie Gros, and Philippe Bousquet. "Ethane measurement by Picarro CRDS G2201-i in laboratory and field conditions: potential and limitations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 7 (July 27, 2021): 5049–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5049-2021.
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Abstract. Atmospheric ethane can be used as a tracer to distinguish methane sources, both at the local and global scale. Currently, ethane can be measured in the field using flasks or in situ analyzers. In our study, we characterized the CRDS Picarro G2201-i instrument, originally designed to measure isotopic CH4 and CO2, for measurements of ethane-to-methane ratio in mobile-measurement scenarios, near sources and under field conditions. We evaluated the limitations and potential of using the CRDS G2201-i to measure the ethane-to-methane ratio, thus extending the instrument application to simultaneously measure two methane source proxies in the field: carbon isotopic ratio and the ethane-to-methane ratio. First, laboratory tests were run to characterize the instrument in stationary conditions. Subsequently, the instrument performance was tested in field conditions as part of a controlled release experiment. Finally, the instrument was tested during mobile measurements focused on gas compressor stations. The results from the field were afterwards compared with the results obtained from instruments specifically designed for ethane measurements. Our study shows the potential of using the CRDS G2201-i instrument in a mobile configuration to determine the ethane-to-methane ratio in methane plumes under measurement conditions with an ethane uncertainty of 50 ppb. Assuming typical ethane-to-methane ratios ranging between 0 and 0.1 ppb ppb−1, we conclude that the instrument can accurately estimate the “true” ethane-to-methane ratio within 1σ uncertainty when CH4 enhancements are at least 1 ppm, as can be found in the vicinity of strongly emitting sites such as natural gas compressor stations and roadside gas pipeline leaks.
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Mikolajková-Alifov, Markéta, Frank Pettersson, Margareta Björklund-Sänkiaho, and Henrik Saxén. "A Model of Optimal Gas Supply to a Set of Distributed Consumers." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030351.
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A better design of gas supply chains may lead to a more efficient use of locally available resources, cost savings, higher energy efficiency and lower impact on the environment. In optimizing the supply chain of liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG) or biogas for smaller regions, the task is to find the best supplier and the most efficient way to transport the gas to the customers to cover their demands, including the design of pipeline networks, truck transportation and storage systems. The analysis also has to consider supporting facilities, such as gasification units, truck loading lines and CNG tanking and filling stations. In this work a mathematical model of a gas supply chain is developed, where gas may be supplied by pipeline, as compressed gas in containers or as LNG by tank trucks, with the goal to find the solution that corresponds to lowest overall costs. In order to efficiently solve the combinatorial optimization problem, it is linearized and tacked by mixed integer linear programming. The resulting model is flexible and can easily be adapted to tackle local supply chain problems with multiple gas sources and distributed consumers of very different energy demands. The model is illustrated by applying it on a local gas distribution problem in western Finland. The dependence of the optimal supply chain on the conditions is demonstrated by a sensitivity analysis, which reveals how the model can be used to evaluate different aspects of the resulting supply chains.
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Moratto, L., A. Vuan, A. Saraò, D. Slejko, C. Papazachos, R. Caputo, D. Civile, et al. "Seismic hazard for the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP). Part 2: broadband scenarios at the Fier Compressor Station (Albania)." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (May 22, 2021): 3389–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01122-z.
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AbstractTo ensure environmental and public safety, critical facilities require rigorous seismic hazard analysis to define seismic input for their design. We consider the case of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which is a pipeline that transports natural gas from the Caspian Sea to southern Italy, crossing active faults and areas characterized by high seismicity levels. For this pipeline, we develop a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) for the broader area, and, for the selected critical sites, we perform deterministic seismic hazard assessment (DSHA), by calculating shaking scenarios that account for the physics of the source, propagation, and site effects. This paper presents a DSHA for a compressor station located at Fier, along the Albanian coastal region. Considering the location of the most hazardous faults in the study site, revealed by the PSHA disaggregation, we model the ground motion for two different scenarios to simulate the worst-case scenario for this compressor station. We compute broadband waveforms for receivers on soft soils by applying specific transfer functions estimated from the available geotechnical data for the Fier area. The simulations reproduce the variability observed in the ground motion recorded in the near-earthquake source. The vertical ground motion is strong for receivers placed above the rupture areas and should not be ignored in seismic designs; furthermore, our vertical simulations reproduce the displacement and the static offset of the ground motion highlighted in recent studies. This observation confirms the importance of the DSHA analysis in defining the expected pipeline damage functions and permanent soil deformations.
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Vorobev, Sergey, Anton Kolosnitsyn, and Ilya Minarchenko. "The clique approach to identifying critical elements in gas transmission networks." E3S Web of Conferences 289 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128903009.
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We consider the gas transmission network operating on the territory of the Russian Federation. This network includes gas fields, gas consumers, nodal compressor stations, underground gas storages, which, depending on the given scenario of the system operation, can act as gas sources or gas consumers. The nodes are connected by means of gas pipelines. Because natural gas is used in heat and power engineering and electricity, the gas transmission network may be exposed to terrorist threats, and the actions of intruders may be directed both at gas production facilities and gas pipelines. To simulate intruders attacks, a model of the attacker-defender type was proposed. In this model, the defender, represented by the system operator, solves the problem of finding the maximum flow to meet the needs of gas consumers. The attacker, in turn, attempts to minimize the maximum flow in the gas transmission network by excluding either nodes or gas pipelines. Gas transmission networks in Russia and Europe are very extensive, ramified, and have many bridges and reserve gas pipelines. Therefore, to inflict maximum damage to the system, attacks on cliques, that is, on several interconnected objects, are modelled. The article presents the results of test calculations, in which we identify the most significant combinations of objects in the gas transmission network in terms of the potential threat from terrorist attacks.
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Liu, Enbin, Bingyan Guo, Liuxin Lv, Weibiao Qiao, and Mohammadamin Azimi. "Numerical simulation and simplified calculation method for heat exchange performance of dry air cooler in natural gas pipeline compressor station." Energy Science & Engineering 8, no. 6 (February 20, 2020): 2256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.661.
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Ganopolsky, M. G., and L. M. Markova. "SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE AREA OF THE MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES: SPATIAL LAYOUT AND SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(47) (December 30, 2019): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-15.
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The article analyses the settlement of the Tyumen Region from the perspective of the interaction between the traditional settlement scheme that has developed over the last four centuries, and a group of settlements, where oil pumping and/or gas compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines are located and maintained. The genesis of this interaction revealed two main directions: eastern and northern. In the first case, the junction points of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which served as administrative outposts, initiated the process of forming agricul-tural, commercial and then industrial zones (and, accordingly, new settlements); the north direction reflects the main stages of Russia's advancement to the North, including the massive industrial development of a unique West-Siberian oil-and-gas province. The homogeneity of the considered settlements in terms the production, terri-torial and social aspects allows us to interpret them as a territorial and production cluster. The organising role of the pipeline transport network in the further development of this cluster is shown. Firstly, it contributed to the emergence of new settlements, and secondly, former small settlements turned into the nodal points of the trans-formed settlement scheme. The result of the cluster formation is correlated with the dynamics of the urbanisation process and is presented in the form of a framework for the development and settlement of the Tyumen Region and its scheme. The consideration of the subject matter is multidisciplinary in nature due to its complex and multi-aspect character. In this study, elements of various methods and approaches were employed: historical-geographical and economic-geographical when studying the genesis of the settlement structure; ethno-demographic when considering the processes of natural and forced migration; socio-cultural and economic-organisational when trying to create a sociocultural scheme of a territorial community.
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Дроконов, Алексей, Aleksey Drokonov, Алексей Дроконов, and Aleksey Drokonov. "INVESTIGATION OF VIBROACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-PUMPING UNITS OF GTK-10-4 TYPE." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22049.
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The investigation of vibroacoustic characteristic of gas-pumping units of GTK-10-4 type.
Power units improvement, as a rule, results in the decrease of units steel intensity and under conditions of the increase of airgas flows and facilities developed it causes a growth of vibroacoustic activity of plants elements.
Taking into account this factor, it is necessary to develop measures to reduce noise and vibrations in sources of their origin at the design elaboration both at the stage of design, and at the stage of reengineering. With this purpose there are carried out the investigations of noise and vibration characteristics of a gaspumping unit of GTK-10-4 type equipped with a sta-tionary gas-turbine unit with a capacity of 10 MWt and a natural gas supercharger of 520-12-1 type manufactured by NZL.
The noise and vibration sources of impeller ma-chines are studied, their vibroacoustic characteristics are analyzed, and the methods to reduce vibroacoustic activity of gas-pumping units of such a type operating at compressor stations of trunk pipelines are offered.
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Kurz, Rainer, Matt Lubomirsky, and Klaus Brun. "Gas Compressor Station Economic Optimization." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/715017.
Full textAbstract:
When considering gas compressor stations for pipeline projects, the economic success of the entire operation depends to a significant extent on the operation of the compressors involved. In this paper, the basic factors contributing to the economics are outlined, with particular emphasis on the interaction between the pipeline and the compressor station. Typical scenarios are described, highlighting the fact that pipeline operation has to take into account variations in load.
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Zapukhliak, Vasyl, Lyubomyr Poberezhny, Pavlo Maruschak, Volodymyr Grudz, Roman Stasiuk, Janette Brezinova, and Anna Guzanova. "Mathematical Modeling of Unsteady Gas Transmission System Operating Conditions under Insufficient Loading." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071325.
Full textAbstract:
Under insufficient loading of a main gas transmission system, high-amplitude fluctuations of pressure may occur in it. A mathematical model is proposed to estimate the amplitude of pressure fluctuations in a gas pipeline along its length. It has been revealed that the shutdown of compressor stations along the gas pipeline route has a significant impact on the parameters of the unsteady transient operating conditions. The possibility of minimizing oscillation processes by disconnecting compressor stations is substantiated for the “Soyuz” main gas pipeline.
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Mak, Terrence W. K., Pascal Van Hentenryck, Anatoly Zlotnik, and Russell Bent. "Dynamic Compressor Optimization in Natural Gas Pipeline Systems." INFORMS Journal on Computing 31, no. 1 (February 2019): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2018.0821.
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Grudz, Volodymyr, Yaroslav Grudz, Myroslav Iakymiv, Mykola Iakymiv, and Pavlo Iagoda. "Forecasting rational working modes of long-operated gas-transport systems under conditions of their incomplete loading." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 8(112) (August 31, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.239147.
Full textAbstract:
Prolonged operation of the gas-transport system in conditions of partial loading involves frequent changes in the volume of gas transportation, which necessitates prompt forecasting of system operation. When forecasting the modes of operation of the gas transport system, the main criterion of optimality implies the maximum volume of gas pumping. After all, in this case, the largest profit of the gas-transport company is achieved under the condition of full provision of consumers with energy. In conditions of incomplete loading of the gas-transport system caused by a shortage of gas supply, optimality criteria change significantly. First, the equipment is operated in ranges far from nominal ones which leads to growth of energy consumption. Secondly, changes in performance cause high-amplitude pressure fluctuations at the outlet of compressor stations. Based on mathematical modeling of nonstationary processes, amplitude and frequency of pressure fluctuations at the outlet of compressor stations which can cause the pipeline overload have been established. To prevent this, it was proposed to reduce initial pressure relative to the maximum one. Calculated dependence was obtained which connects the amplitude of pressure fluctuations with the characteristics of the gas pipeline and the nonstationary process. Reduction in energy consumption for transportation is due to the shutdown of individual compressor stations (CS). Mathematical modeling has made it possible to establish regularities of reduction of productivity of the gas-transport system and duration of the nonstationary process depending on the location of the compressor station on the route. With an increase in the number of shutdown compression stations, the degree of productivity decrease and duration of nonstationarity reduces The established patterns and proposed solutions will improve the reliability of a gas-transport system by preventing pipeline overload and reduce the cost of gas transportation by selecting running numbers of shutdown stations with a known decrease in productivity.