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1
Matheis, Michael Roy. "Mining Booms and Busts: New Evidence on the Consequences of Mining in the U.S." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556593.
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The extraction of natural resources can lead to higher incomes and standards of living for local areas, but resource exploitation, a lack of broad economic development, and an excess amount of environmental pollution can come with this activity. This dissertation analyzes the short and long run economic, public health, and demographic consequences of economic development via natural resources. It expands upon the current non-renewable resource extraction, "resource curse," and local community health literatures by using county data for the entire U.S. spanning over a century, capturing both short and long run impacts over various time periods, on net-migration, mortality, natality, local economic activity, and environmental impacts. What drove coal production in the U.S. during the twentieth century? How effective were the operators at predicting and responding to changes in price? Did coal mining industries provide broad economic benefits to local communities in non-mining sectors? Did the impacts differ over time? Has natural resource extraction activity caused mortality in the area to increase? To answer these questions I collected, compiled, and digitized a long run panel database of county level mining activity, mortality, natality, and pollution spanning the entire U.S. The dissertation identifies the short and long run net effects of natural resource extraction activity with time-varying measures, and an IV approach that isolates changes in local mining activity independent of local conditions and outcomes. The dissertation shows that coal producers responded to variation in prices, and were aware and responded to past price behavior. Chapter 3 shows increased levels of coal production had positive net impacts on county population and manufacturing employment over an initial ten year span, then became negative over the subsequent decade. This provides evidence that the existence of a "resource curse" on local manufacturing is a long run phenomena. Chapter 4 shows that extraction activity increased infant and total mortality, had no impact on contemporaneous total cancer mortality, and may be driven by areas where coal mining was historically prevalent. Past and present mining activity is strongly related to local pollution, supporting the idea that increasing local environmental pollution increases mortality.
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Romero, Guastavino Diego Alonso. "Development of the Chilean mining industry – its dependence of natural resources." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189232.
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The resource curse, also known as the “paradox of plenty”, basically states that countries that have natural resources in abundance, particularly in terms of non-renewable resources such as oil and gas and minerals, in the long run tend to have less economic growth and prosperity, than countries with relatively lesser endowments of natural resources. This research investigates the case of the Chilean economy; its erstwhile saltpeter mining industry and current copper mining industry. The study attempts to answer the research question of whether Chile is still under the resource curse. Through the facts of the case study, semi-structured formal and informal interviews and extensive literature review, the researcher identified four main outcomes of the resource curse which are true to the Chilean history and current events; plundering of national wealth by political leaders, weak policy enforcements and military challenges to the government and the subsequent threats to the country’s democracy. The results of the case study suggest that, Chile is indeed still under the resource curse. The researcher draws on economic theory by Joseph Schumpeter in his most celebrated publication, “The theory of Economic Development” to gain understanding into the Chilean reality of economic under development and any other possible factors besides the resource curse, mainly lack of entrepreneurial ambitions by the human capital of the economy. The study contrasts, Schumpeter’s economic theory to Marxist economic theory of total control of nation states’ resources by governments and the Keynesian economic theory of government intervention aimed at supporting growth.
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Svensson, Evelina. "Conflicting interests in natural resource management : - A case study on mining in northern Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33443.
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Sweden is the leading mining country in Europe and the Swedish government intends to retain this position by fostering innovation, investments and cooperation. However, mining is an extractive industry with massive consequences on the surrounding environment and the people living there. In resource abundant northern Sweden mineral extraction is a contested subject, not least in respect to the traditional land use by the Sami population. This study intends to increase the understanding of the current mining trial process in Sweden, the effects on sustainable regional development and the implications for local communities. To do so, this study aims to identify which aspects that are brought forward during the trial for exploitation concession and how different interests are evaluated. For the purpose of this study, the bureaucratic mining trial process is examined and 15 mining cases studied in detail considering the exploitation concession phase. The material indicates that conflicts over the bureaucratic process is based both in what aspects that should be included in the assessment, how these aspects are evaluated and at what stage in the formal process various aspects should be brought up. Guided by the concepts of extractivism and subnational resource curse, the main finding identified is that the mining trial process is state-centred. This is displayed in the limited influence of local actors on the decision and in the use of national interest as a policy tool to evaluate conflicting land use claims. These characteristics can in turn increase the risk of a subnational resource curse in northern Sweden.
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Östlund, Jacob, and Kristian Kierkegaard. "Uranium Mining Industry : -A valuation of uranium mining companies." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Accounting and Finance, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-927.
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<p>Background:</p><p>Over the last three years uranium prices have soard from US $14 per pound (lb) to the current price of US $120/lb and this rapid incline of the commodity have created a boom within the uranium prospecting and min-ing industry. There are currently 435 nuclear reactors all over the world and these reactors demand 180 millions of pounds of uranium each year to run at full production. Currently the uranium mining industry only sup-plies 110 million pounds of the demanded quantity. The remaining 70 mil-lion pounds are coming from secondary sources such as decommissioned nuclear warheads and other sources. Market estimations say that the sec-ondary sources will only cover the shortage up until around 2012 then primary sources have to supply almost the whole quantity demanded. These factors imply that some sort of analysis model for uranium mining companies would be needed.</p><p>Purpose:</p><p>The purpose of this report is to valuate three companies within the ura-nium industry and to establish if the current market value is coherent with the fundamental value of these companies. The authors will propose a valuation model that could be used when valuating companies within the uranium industry.</p><p>Method:</p><p>A qualitative method has been used in order to value three companies within the uranium mining business that are fairly large players on the market. The valuation of these companies is based upon a discounted cash flow analysis, a relative PV valuation and relative valuation. The compa-nies included in the report are corporations that are quoted at Toronto Stock Exchange and they have started mining uranium. Data have been collected through annual reports and the companies Internet pages. Other secondary information such as valuation theories has been collected from academic search engines and books on the subjects.</p><p>Conclusions:</p><p>The current market values of uranium mining companies are not coherent with the actual fundamental values according to the authors. Both funda-mental and a comparative approach could be used when valuing these companies and the most important part in the valuation is to try and fore-cast the commodity price and then to estimate the companies possible mining reserve/extractable resources.</p>
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Rockman, Marcia Helen 1971. "Investigation of faunal remains and social perspectives on natural resource use in an 1867 Wyoming gold mining town." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278493.
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This project is an investigation into the role of wild game in the subsistence modes of the miners of the 1867 Wyoming Gold Rush. It is a preliminary step toward understanding both the dynamics of food procurement during the settlement of the American West and the place of those dynamics in a larger model of the history of American relations to and use of natural resources. Three faunal assemblages from different locales within the historic gold-mining town of South Pass City, Wyoming are analyzed and compared in terms of the presence and use of wild and domestic taxa. Historical sources are assessed for evidence of game procurement and perceptions of natural resources. Although the studied assemblages do not empirically represent the wild game depletion suggested by documentary sources, they do reflect cultural preferences of the time, and may represent a situation of depletion and ultimately a shift in utilized game resources.
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Gustafsson, Maria-Therese. "Beyond Conflict and Conciliation : The Implications of different forms of Corporate-Community Relations in the Peruvian Mining Industry." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-114590.
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In Peru, the rapid expansion of extractive activities has led to increased mobilization by peasant communities. In remote rural areas, the mediating efforts of the state between communities and corporations are often weak, and corporations have played an important role in dealing with communities’ demands and protests through different strategies. These processes are illustrative of a broader trend in which private corporations engage in governance processes by assuming state-like functions in relation to citizens. This study investigates how communities’ mobilization and scope of influence is affected by their interactions with corporations. Based on interviews and written primary sources, the study provides a detailed empirical account of the multifaceted relations and negotiations between corporations and communities in the context of two macro-economically significant Peruvian mining projects – Rio Blanco and Las Bambas. In this way, the study contributes to the empirical and theoretical debates on the political role of corporations and the implications for social movements and democratic influence. The study shows that the presence of private corporations alters the conditions for mobilization by creating opportunities as well as constraints, with significant impact on mobilization structures and framing of demands. However, communities relate to those opportunities and constraints differently, depending on how state-society relations and other forms of private dynamics have played out historically at the subnational level.
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McGill, Sarah Mary. "Scarcity and wealth revisited : perspectives on commodity markets in the 21st century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b39bd676-4467-4f86-ae98-f9cdced17f7e.
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This thesis explores a selection of the ways in which an era of high mineral commodity prices - commonly dubbed the 'super-cycle' of the 2000s - is reshaping the map of global commodity markets. It pursues this agenda through three research aims: (1) to recast the relationship between geophysical resource supply, prices, and markets; (2) to examine some of the institutions that channel and benefit from resource wealth; and (3) to 'open the black box' of the commodity price formation process. The thesis pursues this agenda through four substantive papers, each with its own set of research objectives and findings, and primarily uses the example of phosphate as a vehicle for discussion. The first half of the thesis focuses on the production side of commodity markets. It begins by exploring the multidimensional nature of the concept of resource scarcity, both in its geophysical and socioeconomic aspects, by interrogating a prominent inherited conception of natural resource scarcity: 'peak' natural resources, specifically peak phosphorus discourses (chapter 3). The thesis then carries on the research agenda suggested by this initial study by conducting a field research-based case study of the little-known Moroccan state-owned phosphate mining and fertilizer company, OCP Group (chapter 4). It explores the particular type of principal-agent problem in generating and distributing national resource wealth that national extractive companies (NECs) such as OCP face. The second substantive half of the thesis is concerned with global commodity trading and price formation. It constructs an 'anatomy' of global phosphate markets in order to shed light on the phosphate price formation process (chapter 5). Based on this investigation, the thesis argues that despite the opacity of the processes by which phosphate is priced, an apparent lack of a 'benchmark' or reference price is not necessarily as problematic as market theorists might assume. Finally, the thesis takes a macro-level perspective of the relationship between finance and physical commodity trade by examining the role of financial trading in the governance of commodity markets (chapter 6). Overall the thesis distils the following findings. To begin with, a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the concept of resource scarcity puts short-term price movements as indicators of resource availability into perspective while revealing an unforeseen degree of complexity, as well as certain 'blind spots', in the geopolitical and institutional aspects of resource supply and trading. Second, the power of two particular, less-researched types of institutions that channel and benefit from resource wealth - names, national extractive companies and financial investors - is both less great and different in nature than is commonly assumed. Third, for institutional as well as geographic reasons that are specific to different types of commodities, the commodity price formation process is even further from the joint ideals of market transparency and liquidity than is commonly assumed. Finally, insofar as commodity production and trade can be conceived as part of the 'real economy', it cannot succumb to what is widely feared as the hegemony of 'financial logic'.
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com, frcarr@bigpond, and Frank Carr. "Government Decision-Making and Environmental Degradation: A Study relating to Mining Activities in Papua New Guinea." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070918.155827.
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Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a country possessing abundant resources of gold, oil, copper, timber, and fish stocks. It is hampered in its development and management of these resources, however, by serious problems of governance and corruption. These problems are evident throughout the economy and also in the management of the environment. The level of environmental damage caused by the mining industry in PNG is now such that it will require extensive rehabilitation, if the areas affected can, indeed, ever be fully rehabilitated. The mining companies which precipitated this damage were licensed and encouraged by the PNG Government in the initiation and exercise of the mining operations. The resulting environmental impact has affected the lives of thousands of New Guineans to their detriment. The degradation caused remains
unredressed.
Compounding the problem, there is a growing reliance by Papua New Guinea on mineral exploitation for foreign direct investment, government revenues, and foreign exchange. Gold exports accounted for the biggest share of export revenues in 2002 representing 37.5% of the total. In light of this growing dependency on mining activities, there is a correspondingly urgent requirement to address the deficiencies in the administrative, monitoring, and policing aspects of the protection of its environment.
Despite the public evidence of the damage to the environment and the ensuing affect on the people of Papua New Guinea by mining activities; and despite universal condemnation of these activities and the companies responsible; the companies continue to conduct these activities without official hindrance and with little apparent concern for the long-term ramifications of their actions.
This thesis will examine the degradation resulting from the mining activities of companies in Papua New Guinea over the last three decades particularly those of Placer Domes Porgera gold mine, BHPs Ok Tedi gold and copper mine (the waste from both of which is dumped into the Ok Tedi and Strickland rivers which are tributaries of the Fly River and form part of the Fly River system) and Lihir Gold Limited's gold mine on Lihir Island. It will examine the extent to which the Government of Papua New Guinea may have wittingly (in the sense of a prescience as to the possible or probable likelihood of deleterious impact) or unwittingly contributed to that degradation as a result of its actions or omissions.
Studies of available literature suggest that there has been little attention paid to the subject of culpability on the part of successive PNG governments in matters of environmental damage. This research will contribute to reducing this gap in the literature by focusing on possible motives of the PNG government and its actors which precipitated those decisions and which resulted in environmental degradation. The discussion will examine the likely motivation of the PNG government in its deliberations and decisions and the extent to which corruption and incompetence may have played a role.
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Lenninger, Paula. "Local livelihoods, conservation and mining: An uneven struggle over land access in Punta de Choros, Chile." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254920.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the relation between national economic ventures, environmental security and community development. It does so through a case study of the implementation process of an iron and copper mine (La Dominga Project) in a “biodiversity hotspot” in central-northern Chile. Using qualitative methods to gather empirical data and a discursive analytical framework, it seeks to understand how the mine affects livelihoods and community development, as perceived by local citizens. The results show that the state, the extractive industries and private landowners constantly contest the local community’s access to land. The state and the industry have an advantage in power, manifested in the decision-making procedure. As a consequence of the deficient participation in this process, the community faces a forced exposure to risk. La Dominga jeopardizes local livelihoods and alternative development plans, which show potential to be long-term ecologically sustainable. Those are 1) the community based- and adaptively co-managed area for exploitation of benthic resources and 2) the tourist activities, based on the bird and whale spotting tours to the closely located protected islands. The thesis further suggests that social mobilization and articulation of local resistance fails because of 1) elements of social control within the community, 2) the discursive role of mining, and more specifically copper mining in the Chilean landscape ideologies and 3) CSR-interventions in form of extensive, individual “grant programs”.
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Tollefson, Jonathan. "Land Use, Power, and Knowledge at the Northern Resource Frontier: Mining, Public Engagement, and Contentious Land Imaginaries in Bristol Bay and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/977.
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The Donlin and Pebbles mines are two of the eight industrial-scale hard rock mines currently under the review of Alaska’s Large Mine Permitting program. Both projects promise to deliver profit and employment to their respective regions: Pebble to Bristol Bay in the southwest, and Donlin to the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, just north of Pebble. Both projects would also produce exceptional quantities of waste and will require almost-unprecedented infrastructure development, potentially threatening the lives and subsistence livelihoods of the Alaska Native peoples in their respective regions. The Pebble project inspired international protest and led to the emergence of a powerful resistance coalition of commercial, recreational, and subsistence fishers; activists and expert-consultants were thus able to build a powerful movement outside of and prior to the state permitting and impact assessment process. The coalitions that arose to oppose the Donlin project, in contrast, channeled their work through the state’s official public engagement processes – in part, due to strategic limitations stemming from the complexities of land use, sovereignty, and development politics specific to the Yukon-Kuskokwim region.
The coalitional resistance to Pebble and the creative use of Donlin’s public participation process are key sites in which Western science and knowledge systems, as well as land use ideologies centered on extraction and profit, meet with Native Alaskan traditional knowledge and subsistence approaches to land use. I draw upon a history of Alaskan land use policy alongside extensive interviews with community organizers, state and federal officials, mining industry officials, and consultants in order to describe and understand the result: a set of creative resistance strategies that forefront hybrid approaches to knowledge and multiple, overlapping understandings of the land. Unfortunately, Alaska’s large mine permitting and environmental assessment processes are often structurally and epistemologically unable to consider these divergent discourses and the public imaginations of alternative futures they support and constitute.
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Holland, Ian. "Essence and Decision. The Case of Coronation Hill." Thesis, Griffith University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367666.
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The rise of environmental issues has presented a challenge to decision-making in the area of natural resources policy. This challenge has met with diverse responses, ranging from neo-liberal attempts to incorporate environmental values into economic calculus, through 'ecological rationalist' arguments for the special nature of environmental issues, to radical theories of the state's role in controlling the impact of environmental concerns on capitalist profitability. From this plethora of ideas about how to address environmental concern should emerge some directions that are more promising than others. But which?
The Coronation Hill mine case, presented in this thesis, exemplified the complexities of natural resources decision-making in an environmental era. By analysis of the Resource Assessment Commission's Inquiry into the Coronation Hill proposal, this thesis examines the strengths and weaknesses of the claims of different theoretical approaches. Such use of the single case to explore theory is exemplified by Allison's work Essence of Decision.
The RAC, as a neo-liberal institution, attempted to utilise both Pigouvian and Coasian strategies to address environmental issues. Both types of strategy emerge in the application of contingent valuation to preservation values. Private property rights allocation strategies, derived by public choice theorists from Coase's work, are also in evidence in debate about Aboriginal rights in the Kakadu Conservation Zone (site of the proposed mine). The problems that beset the RAC both in its use of contingent valuation and its attempts to resolve Aboriginal issues exemplify why neo-liberal approaches are of limited use for dealing with the class of policy problem that Coronation Hill represented.
Dryzek, Walker and others argue that ecological problems have a distinctive nature, which necessitates a distinctive policy response. However the evidence from the Coronation Hill case demonstrates the falsity of this premise. Ecological problems are in general similar to other policy problems.
Radical analysis of environmental issues has treated them as potential sources of disruption to capital accumulation. According to the structural dependence thesis as formulated by Block and Przeworski and Wallerstein, the role of the state is to prevent damage to investor confidence. Data from the Coronation Hill case, however, suggests that the 'anti-capital' recommendations of the RAC adopted by the government had none of the detrimental effects predicted by radical theories (and by business actors). This is probably because it is not in fact clear that environmental protection is a goal hostile to capitalism.
Environmental issues have also acted as an impetus to institutional innovation: innovation which the Resource Assessment Commission to some extent exemplified. The Commission's apparent failure (it was shut down two years after the Coronation Hill episode) superficially lends credence to criticism of proposals for institutional reform. Comparative analysis of the Resource Assessment Commission and its established twin the Industry Commission, however, highlights the importance of institutional analysis for revealing that the type of institutional reform must match the type of problem being confronted. The Resource Assessment Commission is shown to be in several ways an inappropriate organisation to deal with issues like Coronation Hill. Thus the fate of the Resource Assessment Commission was largely inevitable, and was determined largely by its nature rather than by political events of the early 1990s.
Theoretically, the Coronation Hill case highlights the limitations of both neo-liberal and ecological approaches to dealing with environmental concerns in the natural resources policy field. It also, however, leads to the conclusion that there is no coherent policy category of 'environmental policy'. Rather, environmental policy issues are similar to other policy issues, and are themselves divided into other more important categories. These categories are defined by the divisions between first, issues in which conflict originates in distributive issues versus those in which that conflict originates in value clashes; and second, those issues in which interests are divided along capital / labour lines, versus those in which they divide in other ways.<br>Thesis (Masters)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Australian School of Environmental Studies<br>Full Text
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Lagercrantz, Hedvig, and Shima Khabbaz. "The Platinum Boom in Rustenburg and the Bust of the Community : A case study of the Natural Resource Curse in South Africa." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-87940.
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The dependence on natural resources is not a new phenomenon and it has posed issues in undiversified economies. The social impact that the booming of the mining industry has on the local level is still an area in need of investigation. The case study seeks to understand how the platinum mines of the boomtown Rustenburg have impacted the local social fabrics through 22 qualitative interviews in Rustenburg. The city is situated on the North West Province Platinum Belt and produces half of the world's platinum. The boom in the platinum industry is responsible for Rustenburg's influx of people and economic growth. The analysis adopts the assumptions of the Linear Model of the Social Disruption theory and the Psychological Process of the Place Person Process Framework. The central assumption of the Linear Model is that population growth and population density leads to the informal ties of the population being weakened. Meanwhile, the psychological process assumes that groups and individuals relate to a place through psychological interaction. The study finds that the boom of the platinum industry has disrupted the social fabric through a loss in informal ties and the phenomenon of broken families has become common. The influx of people in a combination of weak institutions has led to an unhealthy society where unemployment and the crime rates are high and people are suffering from bad health conditions. It is understood that mining has changed the attitudes of the people toward Rustenburg, and has created a mining mentality. The study contributes to the understanding of the social impact of the resource curse on a local level by investigating how booms in mining industries impact the social fabric on a local level and how the impact is expressed locally. The empirical findings of the study can be beneficial for local stakeholders of Rustenburg with the purpose of improving local policies.
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Wilson, Phillip J. "Surface Mining in Van Buren County, Iowa: History and Consequences." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1332357832.
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Steinberg, Rebecca M. "Predicting Post-Mining Hydrologic Effects of Underground Coal Mines in Ohio throughMultivariate Statistical Analyses and GIS Tool Building." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1555429886192267.
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Roopnarain, Sherissa. "Petrogenesis of Carbonatites in the Alnö Complex, Central Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-215436.
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The Alnö Complex is a Late Precambrian alkaline and carbonatite intrusion (c. 30km2) into Early Proterozoic country rock that extends from the north east, to the north western shoulder of Alnö Island. Carbonatites are rare among volcanic provinces, with Oldoinyo Lengai of northern Tanzania being the only active carbonatite volcano in the world today. The high carbonate mineral volumes and rare earth element (REE) concentrations of carbonatites, in combination with the intrusive-extrusive nature of their suites contribute to the rarity of these rocks. Carbonatites, through their peculiar petrological and geochemical compositions, provide vital insights to the composition and condition of the Earth’s mantle. The genesis of the Alnö carbonatites and their relation to other lithological units at the complex is however, only partially understood. This stems from the epistemological division of carbonatites as having either a ‘magmatic’ or ‘reactive’ origin. This study focuses on sampled carbonatites from the Alnö Complex, employing an oxygen and carbon isotope approach on their native calcite, complemented with petrological and mineralogical methods in order to constrain petrogenesis. As a reference, oxygen and carbon isotope data of calcite from an earlier Alnö investigation as well as from an array of data from comparative alkaline complexes elsewhere are also discussed. The combined data and the derived findings support a scenario that is consistent with the ‘magmatic’ model wherein carbonatites have a primary mantle-derived origin, and prospectively stem from a parent magma akin to that of Oldoinyo Lengai, but have experienced a degree of silicate and sedimentary assimilation. The extraction of the Alnö carbonatites for their rare earth metals is a looming possibility due to the current volatility in the rare earth market. The risks and opportunities involved in this kind of natural resource extraction provide a context wherein sustainable development paradigms can be applied. The capacity of the Alnö environment to withstand the impact of development in the mining sector is discussed through a perspective of establishing a quarry, and quarry-related methods for rare earth extraction.
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Talbert, Meredith Corea. "Understanding Sand Mining on the Maha Oya: The Conflict Between Economic and Environmental Survival." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/522.
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River sand mining from the Maha Oya is the main source of income and a force that drives economic activity for residents along the river. This study takes place in Sri Lanka, there are three villages included in this project: Jambugaswatte, Janituspuraya and Thoppuwa. In Sri Lanka, sand serves as the main building material. It is used to make bricks, tiles, asphalt and concrete, therefore demanding a high market value. However, the over-extraction of sand comes along with significant environmental problems. These communities depend on the river in many ways and the health of the river directly corresponds to the health of the ecosystem as a whole. Along the Maha Oya two important elements of survival are in conflict with one another: residents simultaneously need a healthy, thriving ecosystem to live in, as well as economic opportunities. With support from the Environmental Foundation Ltd. (EFL)--a Sri Lankan environmental justice NGO--this study focuses on the complex situation with sand mining on the Maha Oya. Data for this study comes from fifteen formal interviews with a Sinhala-English translator. These interviews are used to address the two research questions for this project: how do village residents along the Maha Oya perceive sand mining? And what are the emotional, practical and theoretical responses of village residents to the effects of sand mining on their local ecosystems? In order to envision a sustainable future, it is vital to begin with a clear understanding of community perceptions of these complex issues, which are at the heart of this project.
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Castañeda, Rosales Sarah Elizabeth. "Impacto de la riqueza del sector extractivo minero y la calidad institucional sobre el crecimiento económico en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653599.
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La literatura ha documentado que los países más abundantes en recursos naturales tienden a registrar menores tasas de crecimiento que los países con menos recursos. Este fenómeno se conoce como la maldición de los recursos naturales. No obstante, diversos estudios sugieren que esta maldición no es provocada por la afluencia de recursos, sino que podría estar condicionada a la calidad de las instituciones del país. La presente investigación busca determinar el impacto de la abundancia del sector extractivo minero y la calidad institucional sobre el crecimiento económico en el Perú. Para ello, se utiliza un set de datos de series de tiempo para el periodo 1996T1-2018T4. Siguiendo la metodología de Johansen y Juselius (1990), se estima un modelo basado en la ecuación planteada por Sachs y Warner (1995) a la que se incorpora una variable que mide el componente institucional. Los resultados muestran que la riqueza del sector minero no presenta un impacto negativo per se sobre el crecimiento económico en el largo plazo, rechazándose así la hipótesis de la maldición de recursos para el caso peruano. Sin embargo, cuando se incluye el concepto de calidad institucional al análisis, los resultados varían a favor de la validación de la hipótesis, demostrando que, no es la abundancia de recursos la condición que obra en detrimento del desempeño final del crecimiento económico sino la existencia de instituciones de mala calidad en el Perú.<br>The literature has documented that countries with more natural resources tend to have lower growth rates than countries with fewer resources. This phenomenon is known as the Resource Curse. However, various studies suggest that this curse is not caused by the influx of resources, but could be conditioned by the quality of the country's institutions. This paper seeks to determine the impact of the abundance of the mining extractive sector and institutional quality on economic growth in Peru. To do this, a set of time series data is used for the period 1996Q1-2018Q4. Following the methodology of Johansen and Juselius (1990), a model based on the equation proposed by Sachs and Warner (1995) is estimated, incorporating a variable that measures the institutional component. The results show that the wealth of the mining sector does not present a negative impact per se on economic growth in the long term, thus rejecting the hypothesis of the resource curse for the Peruvian case. However, when the concept of institutional quality is included in the analysis, the results vary in favor of the validation of the hypothesis, showing that it is not the abundance of resources that is detrimental to the final performance of economic growth, but rather the existence of poor quality institutions in Peru.<br>Trabajo de investigación
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Conley, Gary D. "Examining the Cover and Composition of the Successional Vegetation Mosaic of Pre-SMCRA Mined Landscapes in Southeast Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1357751096.
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Hwehwe, Chenaimoyo Mellissa. "Qualitative Analysis of Social Differences within the Gold mining Value Chain : Case of Shurugwi Mining Sites, Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78697.
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This study is an analysis of social differences in the value chain of small scale artisanal miners in the Shurugwi area in Zimbabwe. Artisanal mining drives the economy of several developing nations including Zimbabwe. However, the different actors in the value chain of the sector play different roles and the power they yield in the process affects what they get in the process and this in turn creates social differentiation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors which influence inequalities (social differences) within the Shurugwi artisanal mining value chain. This was a qualitative case study where purposive sampling was used to come up with a sample of 20 gold miners, 8 buyers and 2 millers who operated in the Shurugwi area. Data was collected through interviews and analysis of data was done thematically. This study established that elite players in the gold mining value chain in Shurugwi District, derived most of the benefits while artisanal miners were confined to a life of perpetual poverty, which was a vicious circle and had become hereditary, with sons of miners following the livelihood paths of their fathers. The elite players on the other hand, were presented as sophisticated and although they were mostly not directly involved in the gold extraction activities, they reaped most of the rewards, either as owners of gold claims (who employed others to prospect for gold) or through cheap purchase and processing activities. The study recommends that clear guidelines, guiding the operations of small scale mining activities in the country be collaboratively formulated and implemented to evenly spread the benefits of small scale gold mining activities through the value chain. This research suggests that similar researches be carried out in other small scale gold mining areas in the country so that a more holistic picture of the nature of interactions in the small scale gold mining sector value chain can be grasped. Thereafter, appropriate intervention strategies can then be crafted to manage the nature of these interactions and the resultant social stratifications.<br>Dissertation (MA (Development Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Anthropology and Archaeology<br>MA (Development Studies)<br>Unrestricted
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Zheng, Weiquan. "Understanding Australia’s industry-level productivity dynamics: from measurement to econometric estimation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1688.
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This thesis investigates a range of issues related to the industry-level productivity growth in Australia. It approaches the issues from three different, but related angles. First, it derives the estimates of the industry-level multifactor productivity (MFP) index for the 12 market-sector industries in Australia using the non-parametric, growth accounting approach. It then seeks to explain the industry-level productivity changes by estimating the relationship between R&D and MFP growth for several one-digit level industries in Australia. The third major part of the thesis attempts to provide some systematic explanations for the poor productivity performance that has been reflected in measured MFP for the mining industry during the recent mining boom in Australia.While there have been numerous studies on industry-level productivity dynamics in Australia, the work for this thesis is unique in two respects. First, it takes measurement issues seriously. The emphasis of the study is placed on the understanding of the conceptual basis and statistical limitations of the industry-level MFP measures by exploring the links between production economics and economic measurement. Second, the study decomposes the measured MFP growth into the effects of the ‘true’ MFP growth, returns to scale, capacity utilisation and natural resource inputs, and then empirically estimates these components for Australia’s mining industry. This contributes to the analysis and debate on mining productivity in Australia, which so far seems to have attracted limited attention.The estimation of the MFP index and the proposed solutions to several econometric specification issues presented in the study are consistent with Australia’s System of National Accounts, an economic measurement framework used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Based on the econometric results, the study finds some evidence of a positive relationship between the industry’s own R&D capital stock and its productivity growth in several industries in Australia. However, doubts remain about precision and reliability of the estimated returns to industry R&D. Based on the components in the MFP decomposition estimated from a variable cost function of the translog form, the study concludes that the so-called mining ivproductivity paradox observed recently in Australia is in fact created by the measurement issues, particularly by the omission of the natural resource inputs, that have caused various biases in measured MFP, while the ‘true’ productivity growth in Australian mining has remained positive and stable over the sample period.
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Holman, Darren Wayne. "Development of an Underground Automated Thin-Seam Coal Mining Method." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32935.
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It is predicted that coal mining in Southwest Virginia, and the economic stability that it brings to the area, will continue to decline over the next decade unless an environmentally sound, and economically viable means can be found to extract seams of high quality coal in the thickness range of 14 to 28 inches. Research into autonomous machine guidance, coupled with developments of thin-seam mining equipment, offer new opportunities for devising mining layouts suitable for extracting these thin seams in a cost effective manner. These layouts must involve well-planned transportation and ventilation routes that will allow safe conditions for personnel. This implies that the mining face, where coal is extracted, will be completely automated, ensuring the safety of the workers.
This thesis presents a brief overview of current technologies utilized for underground coal mining in the United States. This is followed by a review of developments in highwall mining that are potentially applicable in underground mining of thin seams. Some past attempts at thin seam mining are discussed, and evaluated for their short comings. An overview of the more recent advances in the guidance systems for use in autonomous mining machines is also presented. The new advances that several manufacturers are developing to address the integration of mining and continuous haulage systems are also investigated. That background is employed in devising a conceptual mining system for the underground mining of coal seams in the 14 to 28 inch range of thickness. This thesis proves that adapting new technologies and concepts from existing ones can lead to meaningful advances in the field of natural resources recovery. This system utilizes a newly designed panel layout that takes into account haulage, supplying, ventilation, equipment, and machine guidance. This system is proposed to show that new ways can be developed to take advantage of the reserves in the 14 to 28 inch range of thickness. This shows that new technology and design innovation can turn currently uneconomic resources, into economic reserves. This kind of innovation is what is needed to keep this region of Southwest Virginia economically viable.
This system is a huge step in the direction that thin-seam research needs to take. Most of the equipment suggested for this proposed system is already available.<br>Master of Science
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Villines, Jonathan A. "USING GIS TO DELINEATE HEADWATER STREAM ORIGINS IN THE APPALACHIAN COAL-BELT REGION OF KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/15.
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Human activity such as surface mining can have substantial impacts on the natural environment. Performing a Cumulative Hydrologic Impact Assessment (CHIA) of such impacts on surface water systems requires knowing the location and extent of these impacted streams. The Jurisdictional Determination (JD) of a stream’s protected status under the Clean Water Act (CWA) involves locating and classifying streams according to their flow regime: ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial. Due to their often remote locations and small size, taking a field inventory of headwater streams for surface mining permit applications or permit reviews is challenging. A means of estimating headwater stream location and extent, according to flow regime using publicly available spatial data, would assist in performing CHIAs and JDs. Using headwater point-of-origin data collected from Robinson Forest in eastern Kentucky along with data from three JDs obtained via a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), headwater streams in the Appalachian Coal Belt were characterized according to a set of spatial parameters. These characteristics were extrapolated using GIS to delineate headwater streams over a larger area, and the results were compared to the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD).
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Arribas, Irazola Guillermo. "Accidental fortune: natural resources and creation of property regimes in the americas." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123868.
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Why are some countries of Latin America poor despite their great wealth? From the colony to the republic, many Latin American economies have focused on the extraction of natural resources.In the following article, the author will develop a historical analysis of the Spanish conquest. Specially focusing on the Peruvian case, the author will explain how this background shaped a top-down property regime with longstanding effects.To duly explain the “Accidental Fortune”, a constant comparison will be make between the Spanish conquest of the Americas, and the British colonization of North America. The author will show how the found resources guided each case into different directions.<br>¿Por qué algunos países de Latinoamérica son pobres a pesar de sus grandes riquezas? De la colonia a la república, muchas economías latinoamericanas se han concentrado en la extracción de recursos naturales.En el siguiente artículo, el autor desarrollará un análisis histórico de la conquista española. Enfocándose en el caso peruano, se explica cómo esta historia creó un régimen de propiedad centralizado, teniendo efectos que han trascendido en el tiempo.Para explicar esta “Fortuna Accidental”, se hará una constante comparación entre la conquista española de América y la colonización británica de Norte América. El autor muestra como los recursos encontrados en el suelo guiaron cada caso por distintas direcciones.
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Hänig, Christian. "Unsupervised Natural Language Processing for Knowledge Extraction from Domain-specific Textual Resources." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-112706.
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This thesis aims to develop a Relation Extraction algorithm to extract knowledge out of automotive data. While most approaches to Relation Extraction are only evaluated on newspaper data dealing with general relations from the business world their applicability to other data sets is not well studied.
Part I of this thesis deals with theoretical foundations of Information Extraction algorithms. Text mining cannot be seen as the simple application of data mining methods to textual data. Instead, sophisticated methods have to be employed to accurately extract knowledge from text which then can be mined using statistical methods from the field of data mining. Information Extraction itself can be divided into two subtasks: Entity Detection and Relation Extraction. The detection of entities is very domain-dependent due to terminology, abbreviations and general language use within the given domain. Thus, this task has to be solved for each domain employing thesauri or another type of lexicon. Supervised approaches to Named Entity Recognition will not achieve reasonable results unless they have been trained for the given type of data.
The task of Relation Extraction can be basically approached by pattern-based and kernel-based algorithms. The latter achieve state-of-the-art results on newspaper data and point out the importance of linguistic features. In order to analyze relations contained in textual data, syntactic features like part-of-speech tags and syntactic parses are essential. Chapter 4 presents machine learning approaches and linguistic foundations being essential for syntactic annotation of textual data and Relation Extraction. Chapter 6 analyzes the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms of POS tagging, syntactic parsing and Relation Extraction on automotive data. The findings are: supervised methods trained on newspaper corpora do not achieve accurate results when being applied on automotive data. This is grounded in various reasons. Besides low-quality text, the nature of automotive relations states the main challenge. Automotive relation types of interest (e. g. component – symptom) are rather arbitrary compared to well-studied relation types like is-a or is-head-of. In order to achieve acceptable results, algorithms have to be trained directly on this kind of data. As the manual annotation of data for each language and data type is too costly and inflexible, unsupervised methods are the ones to rely on.
Part II deals with the development of dedicated algorithms for all three essential tasks. Unsupervised POS tagging (Chapter 7) is a well-studied task and algorithms achieving accurate tagging exist. All of them do not disambiguate high frequency words, only out-of-lexicon words are disambiguated. Most high frequency words bear syntactic information and thus, it is very important to differentiate between their different functions. Especially domain languages contain ambiguous and high frequent words bearing semantic information (e. g. pump). In order to improve POS tagging, an algorithm for disambiguation is developed and used to enhance an existing state-of-the-art tagger. This approach is based on context clustering which is used to detect a word type’s different syntactic functions. Evaluation shows that tagging accuracy is raised significantly.
An approach to unsupervised syntactic parsing (Chapter 8) is developed in order to suffice the requirements of Relation Extraction. These requirements include high precision results on nominal and prepositional phrases as they contain the entities being relevant for Relation Extraction. Furthermore, accurate shallow parsing is more desirable than deep binary parsing as it facilitates Relation Extraction more than deep parsing. Endocentric and exocentric constructions can be distinguished and improve proper phrase labeling. unsuParse is based on preferred positions of word types within phrases to detect phrase candidates. Iterating the detection of simple phrases successively induces deeper structures. The proposed algorithm fulfills all demanded criteria and achieves competitive results on standard evaluation setups.
Syntactic Relation Extraction (Chapter 9) is an approach exploiting syntactic statistics and text characteristics to extract relations between previously annotated entities. The approach is based on entity distributions given in a corpus and thus, provides a possibility to extend text mining processes to new data in an unsupervised manner. Evaluation on two different languages and two different text types of the automotive domain shows that it achieves accurate results on repair order data. Results are less accurate on internet data, but the task of sentiment analysis and extraction of the opinion target can be mastered. Thus, the incorporation of internet data is possible and important as it provides useful insight into the customer\'s thoughts.
To conclude, this thesis presents a complete unsupervised workflow for Relation Extraction – except for the highly domain-dependent Entity Detection task – improving performance of each of the involved subtasks compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, this work applies Natural Language Processing methods and Relation Extraction approaches to real world data unveiling challenges that do not occur in high quality newspaper corpora.
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Farrelly, Christopher Terence. "Risk quantificaiton in ore reserve estimation and open pit mine planning /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16453.pdf.
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Morman, Alaina M. "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Understanding the Applicability in the Native American Context." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439561893.
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Fedorchenko, A. "The influence on ecology and economy of complex using of natural resources in mining-ore industry." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11632.
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Yeckting, Vilela Fabiola. "Mineralizar la vida. Antropología histórica del ambiente, los conflictos sociales y el desarrollo en las Américas : el caso del proyecto minero Las Bambas en el territorio sur andino del Perú (2004-2018)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EHES0037.
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La perspective des conflits miniers et des processus de développement qu’assume cette thèse, part du principe que les acteurs ne sont pas statiques : plutôt, qu’ils sont pourvus d’une densité historique autant qu’ils subissent des changements drastiques qui se manifestent en deux dimensions. À court terme, dans le moment précis où les événements se produisent ; et à long terme, c’est-à-dire, de durée moyenne et longue au fil du temps, ce qui aide à configurer des cycles et des processus historiques. J’ai cherché à aborder le sujet à travers l’analyse de cas, et les couches historiques : modernité initiale des XVIII et XIXe siècle ; puis, développementisme de l’emphase extractive des XXe et XXIe siècles dans les Amériques. Puis, le contexte des années 1990 pour analyser les conflits miniers emblématiques du Pérou, jusqu’à arriver à l’étude de cas du projet minière Las Bambas de 2004 à 2018.La question et l’objectif principal de la présente thèse doctorale est : quelle est la relation entre environnement, conflits miniers et processus de développement au Pérou ? À partir de cette question centrale, je précise que les discours sur les modèles de développement au Pérou incorporent des conceptions du développement qui entrent en relation avec l’idée de tirer profit des ressources naturelles par le biais d’investissements et de leur rente, de façon subordonnée à l’activité minière – ce qui devient un discours et une pratique officielle dans le cadre d’une nouvelle dynamique productive. Les significations de l’environnement entrent en relation avec leur capacité de subventionner les processus de développement minier, de telle sorte que les possibilités de prise de décision sur la nature et de mise en œuvre de modalités de production locale s’en trouvent limitées ; tout comme se trouvent fragilisées les institutions garantes du droit à un environnement sain et équilibré.Cette thèse propose de revenir sur la trajectoire historique des processus de transformation politique et territoriale du département d’Apurímac et des provinces de Grau et Cotabambas, pour ensuite aborder la manière dont la concession du projet minier Las Bambas s’y insère. L’étude de cas de cette thèse est une chronologie du projet Las Bambas, à partir de laquelle je montre comment se manifestent les impacts environnementaux et sociaux provoqués par l’exploitation des métaux entre 2004 et 2018 dans la province de Cotabambas en Apurímac, et au Pérou. A partir de l’information collectée sur la dynamique du conflit, je montre comment la question environnementale et les transformations territoriales restent subordonnées ou invisibles dans les propositions, qui priorisent la rentabilité et la croissance économique dans le développement local.La thèse remet en question l’idée que les conflits miniers ne seraient conditionnés que par la distribution et la gestion des bénéfices dérivés de l’exploitation et de la production minière. Elle montre que les conditions favorables au fonctionnement des projets miniers s’articulent à la dégradation, à l’épuisement et au fractionnement de l’accès à la terre, à l’eau et à l’air, qui « minéralisent » et qui scindent les relations sociales et culturelles, et la vie communautaire, en tant que caractéristique de la condition extractive dans les régions minières<br>The perspective of mining conflicts and development processes in this research is that the protagonists are not static, but have both historical density and dramatic changes that happen in two dimensions; in the short term, at the current moment in which the events occur; and, in the long term, namely, of long and medium duration through time, which helps to configure historical cycles and processes. A nearness to the subject has been sought through an analysis of cases by historical layers, early modernity from the 18th to the 19th centuries; and, later neoliberal development of the 20th and 21st centuries in the Americas. Next, the 90s context to analyze the emblematic mining conflicts in Peru, till reaching the study case Las Bambas mining project from 2004 to 2018.The main question and aim of this thesis research are to answer: What is the relationship among the environment, mining conflicts and development processes in the country? Based on this principal question, I specify that the discourses on the development models in the country include conceptions of development that are related to the idea of taking advantage of natural resources through investments and their income. So that, therefore, the possibilities of making decisions about nature and promoting ways of production of local populations are limited, just as the institutions guarantee the right to a healthy and balanced environment are weakened.In the third part of the thesis, I make a historical review of the political and territorial transformation processes of the department of Apurímac and Grau and Cotabambas provinces, in order to address how Las Bambas mining project concession is inserted in them. The case study of this thesis is the timeline of Las Bambas project, from which I prove how the environmental and social impacts generated by the exploitation of metals occur between 2004 and 2018 years, in Cotabambas province in Apurimac, Peru. From them on the information collection about the conflict’s dynamics, I show how the environmental issue and territorial transformations keep subordinated or invisible in the proposals, where profitability and economic growth are prioritized in local development.The thesis cast on doubt on the position that mining conflicts are just conditioned by the distribution and administration of the benefits obtained from mining exploitation and production. In it, I show that the conditions that support the operation of mining projects are connected to the deterioration, depletion, and fragmentation of access to ground, water and air, which permeates "mineralizes", and as well divides social and cultural relationships, and community life, like an extractive condition characteristic in the mining areas where it operates<br>La perspectiva de los conflictos mineros y los procesos de desarrollo que asume esta tesis supone que los actores no son estáticos sino que están dotados de una densidad histórica en la medida en que experimentan cambios drásticos que se manifiestan en dos dimensiones. A corto plazo, en el momento preciso en que ocurren los hechos; y largo plazo, es decir, mediano y largo plazo en el tiempo, lo que ayuda a configurar ciclos y procesos históricos. Busqué abordar el tema a través del análisis de casos y capas históricas: la modernidad inicial de los siglos XVIII y XIX; luego, el desarrollismo del énfasis extractivista de los siglos XX y XXI en las Américas. Luego, el contexto de la década de 1990 para analizar los conflictos mineros emblemáticos del Perú, hasta llegar al caso de estudio del proyecto minero Las Bambas de 2004 a 2018.La pregunta y objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es: ¿cuál es la relación entre medio ambiente, conflictos mineros y procesos de desarrollo en el Perú? Partiendo de esta cuestión central, puntualizo que los discursos sobre los modelos de desarrollo en el Perú incorporan concepciones de desarrollo que se relacionan con la idea de aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales a través de inversiones y su renta, de manera subordinada a la actividad minera –que se convierte en discurso y una práctica oficial en el marco de una nueva dinámica productiva. Los significados de medio ambiente se relacionan con su capacidad para subsidiar los procesos de desarrollo minero, por lo que se limitan las posibilidades de toma de decisiones sobre la naturaleza e implementación de los modos productivos locales; así como se debilitan las instituciones que garantizan el derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado.Esta tesis propone retomar la trayectoria histórica de los procesos de transformación política y territorial del departamento de Apurímac y las provincias de Grau y Cotabambas, para luego abordar la forma en que se encuadra en ella la concesión del proyecto minero Las Bambas. El caso de estudio de esta tesis es una cronología del proyecto Las Bambas, a partir del cual muestro cómo se manifiestan los impactos ambientales y sociales provocados por la explotación de metales entre los años 2004 y 2018 en la provincia de Cotabambas en Apurímac, y en el Perú. A partir de la información recabada sobre la dinámica del conflicto, muestro cómo el tema ambiental y las transformaciones territoriales quedan subordinados o invisibilizados en las propuestas, que priorizan la rentabilidad y el crecimiento económico en el desarrollo local.La tesis cuestiona la idea de que los conflictos mineros sólo están condicionados por la distribución y gestión de los beneficios derivados de la explotación y producción minera. Muestra que las condiciones favorables para el funcionamiento de los proyectos mineros están vinculadas a la degradación, agotamiento y fragmentación del acceso a la tierra, el agua y el aire, que “mineralizan” y escinden las relaciones sociales, culturales y la vida comunitaria, como característica de la condición extractiva en las regiones mineras
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Muncy, Brenee' Lynn. "THE EFFECTS OF MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL MINING AND VALLEY FILLS ON STREAM SALAMANDER COMMUNITIES." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/15.
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Mountaintop removal mining and valley filling (MTR/VF) is a common form of land conversion in Central Appalachia and threatens the integrity of stream ecosystems. We investigated the effects of MTR/VF on stream salamander occupancy probabilities and community structure by conducting area constrained active searches for stream salamanders within intermittent streams located in mature forest (i.e., control) and those impacted by MTR/VF. During March to June of 2013, we detected five stream salamander species (Desmognathus fuscus, D. monticol, Eurycea cirrigera, Pseudotriton ruber, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) and found that the probability of occupancy was greatly reduced in MTR/VF streams compared to control streams. Additionally, the salamander community was greatly reduced in MTR/VF streams; the mean species richness estimate for MTR/VF streams was 2.09 (± 1.30 SD), whereas richness was 4.83 (± 0.58 SD) for control streams. Numerous mechanisms may be responsible for decreased occupancy and diminished salamander communities at MTR/VF streams, although water chemistry of streams may be a particularly important mechanism. Indeed, we detected elevated levels of specific conductivity, pH, total organic carbon, and dissolved ions in MTR/VF streams. Our results indicate that salamander communities, with other invertebrates, fish, and other aquatic and/or semi-aquatic animals, are susceptible to MTR/VF mining practices.
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Suleman, Kassahun Kelifa. "Natural resources control trajectory : customary rights, coercive conservation and coal mining in the Yayo District, Southwest Ethiopia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4969.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The Yayo district in southwest Ethiopia is a biodiversity hotspot area historically
containing a rich diversity of wild coffea arabica cultivars and Afromontane forest
species of commercial and scientific value. Informed by political ecology and using
qualitative research methods, notably participant observation, personal interviews,
transect walks and analysis of secondary literature and videos, the study documents three major shifts in access, use, control and management of wild coffee and other natural resources in the Yayo district: first, village-level small-scale wild coffee cultivation and forest product harvesting; second, conservation and designation of protected forest areas and use zones, and most recently, coal mining and the future development of a fertiliser plant. The study details in depth how these three resource control regimes came to be and
especially the social impacts they entailed on local (indigenous) communities residing in four villages in the Yayo district: Achebo, Gechi, Wabo and Wutete. It concludes with a discussion on the local socio-ecological impact and challenges facing the long-term survival of the local communities and wild coffea arabica forest biodiversity in the area. Since the early 1900s, the wild coffee forests were managed and used by local, indigenous communities based on customary social institutions including Abbaa lafaa, Ciiqaashuum, Qoroo, Tullaa, Xuxxee, and Shaanee. These institutions eroded overtime as the Ethiopian state working in tandem with professional conservationists valued the wild coffee forests for their forest biodiversity and strove to control historic wild coffee use through protectionist approaches. The thesis discusses how the restriction of access
not only resulted in a range of negative social effects (such as displacement, joblessness, and landlessness) but also gave rise to occasional local conflicts and formal and informal resistance towards the conservationists and their programmes. As such, the protectionist approach did not succeed in safeguarding the wild coffees or the livelihoods of the local communities. Threats to the wild coffee forests were subsequently raised again with the rise of largescale coal mining operations in the forest. Driven by concern for economic growth, the state has shifted its attention from biodiversity preservation to supporting a coal mining operation in the area and the construction of the first-ever in country fertiliser factory in Yayo. With the advent of coal mining interests, not only have the historic customary rights and livelihoods of local communities been further weakened but also those of the
power of the conservation regime. The early construction phases of the fertiliser factory have led to involuntary displacements, unfair expropriation of villagers’ properties, forest and wild coffee clearance, emergence of new diseases such as malaria, and damage to physical infrastructure. Overall, the study shows that the progressive shifts in resource access, control and use have occurred as a result of changing ecologies, ecological knowledge and values, community dynamics, economies, and the shifting policies and strategies of the government of Ethiopia. These changes, especially the control of resources by mining proponents, suggest major challenges for the future existence of wild coffea arabica cultivars in the area and the wellbeing of local communities who had used and managed them in the past.
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McShane, Francis Bernard. "Mining tradition or breaking new ground? : minerals exploration and stakeholder realtionships in Fiji." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84531.
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Mining and mineral exploration have been a source of considerable tension in the developing world and specifically where they take place on indigenous lands. This thesis investigates the nature of the relationships between different stakeholders to a mineral exploration project in Fiji. It is an examination of the obstacles to community participation, a key component of even-handed development, in the planning and policy-making process. It is argued that the Namosi exploration project has been the locus for emergent social disruption. It is also argued, that the causes of this conflict are anchored in a flawed process of policy-making between the state and exploration companies and the contest for authority between key actors, which has led to the disempowerment of some villagers from both within and outside the community. Equally, the political ideology of the state and the contentious history of mining in Fiji, have played a part in the tendency towards social conflict in association with minerals exploration.<br>The starting point for analysis has been a comparison with the social conflict literature as it applies to Papua New Guinea. The purpose has been first, to confirm the relevance of that work to situations encountered in Fiji, and second, to provide a broader critique of the literature than previously available; one that further develops understanding of social conflict related to natural resource development. Given the circumstances of state and village politics in Melanesia, the question is asked, whether the normative 'fully realised communities' anticipated by Selznick in his communitarian idyll can be achieved. The thesis concludes that the nature of community involvement in development planning for mineral exploitation, creates a very different type of participation than that outlined in the literature of mining corporations and states. Although some actors have recourse to other means of empowering themselves, this is not a prelude to development for the wider community.
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Prasetya, Ega Syaputra. "The damage of ecosystem due to uncontrollable mining in Bangka Belitung province, Indonesia." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36293.
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Bangka Belitung is one of newly formed provinces of Indonesia. This province was officially formed in 2001, and it has been a largest tin- producing province in Indonesia. Initially, tin was a particular commodity that could be mined or exploited only by Indonesian government. However, the government issued a new regulation in 1999, which stated that tin was not a particular commodity and it could be minded by anyone. This regulation brought positive outcome especially to the resident of Bangka Belitung Island, so they could reap the benefit of their own natural resources. In addition to positive outcome, the regulation also brought more dangerous negative outcome because traditional or conventional tin miners tend to use dangerous material or chemical substances in the process of their mining activities.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36293
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Frederick, Hannah E. "A GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WEATHERING PROCESSES AND METAL UPTAKE BY VEGETATION IN COAL MINE SPOIL." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1494443548705579.
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Peters, Gregory Merrill Deschaine. "Forever wild journeys through the North Fork /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12292009-115313.
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Incháustegui, Pérez Carlos Miguel. "Conections between Foreign Direct Investment, access to natural resources and local development in a mining area: The case of Antamina, Ancash." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119427.
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During the 90s the Peruvian state embraced a neoliberal tendency with the objective of reactive the economy with the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The mining sector was one of the most benefits due of these new policy reforms that encouraged the expansion of a number of multinational companies to explore and exploit mineral resources in the most remote places in the country. The arrival of these big companies not only meant a huge macroeconomic growth but also a substantial injection of capital and a change in natural resources access. These changes led to number of protest in the peasant communities located in areas affected by mining that give rise to the creation of new perspectives for achieving local development. One way of studying the interaction between these actors—the mine and communities—is through the use of discourse analysis and narratives.Thereby, this article has the main objective of find out connections among FDI, natural resources access and local development in nine communities of the Ayash river watershed and the multinational Antamina mine company (AMC). In this sense, we used qualitative methods to describe and analyze direct and indirect effects into local communities and into their resources access. We also analyze how the absence of the state may cause an inappropriate use of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and thus motivate communities to claim compensation for environmental damage. Therefore we use Discourse Analysis for outline this protest in development narratives and establish new considerations in current and futures FDI projects in mining.<br>Durante los años noventa el Estado peruano adoptó una tendencia neoliberal con el objetivo de reactivar la economía con la atracción de Inversiones Foráneas Directas (IFD). El rubro minero fue uno de los sectores más beneficiados por estas nuevas reformas políticas que habilitaron a una serie de compañías multinacionales explorar y explotar los recursos minerales en los parajes más recónditos del país. La llegada de estas grandes empresas no solo significó un enorme crecimiento macroeconómico sino también una cuantiosa inyección de capital y un cambio en el acceso de los recursos naturales. Estos cambios causaron diferentes protestas en las comunidades campesinas ubicadas en las áreas de influencia minera que dan pie a la creación de nuevas perspectivas de cómo lograr un desarrollo local. Una de las maneras de estudiar las interacciones entre estos dos actores —la mina y las comunidades— es mediante el uso del análisis de discurso y narrativas.De este modo, este artículo tiene como objetivo hallar las conexiones entre IFD, acceso a los recursos y desarrollo local en nueve comunidades en la cuenca del río Ayash y la multinacional Compañía Minera Antamina (CMA). En este sentido, se utilizaron métodos cualitativos para describir y analizar los efectos directos e indirectos en la población y en su acceso a los recursos. También se analizará cómo la ausencia del Estado puede dar cabida a un uso inadecuado de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) y, en consecuencia, motivar a las comunidades a reclamar compensaciones por los daños ambientales. Siguiendo esta línea, se utilizará el Análisis de Discurso para esquematizar estas protestas en forma de narrativas de desarrollo y establecer nuevas consideraciones para futuros y actuales proyectos de IFD en minería.
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Kim, Ana Estefanía. "People's Participation in Decision Making in Mining in Peru: Exploitation or Opportunity?" The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437495265.
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Riascos, Benavides José Luis. "Natural resources, institutions, and sustainable development : a regional analysis in Latin America." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1090.
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Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur la malédiction des ressources au niveau local, en se concentrant sur l'exploitation minière en Amérique latine dans le contexte du changement climatique. Elle explore comment l'exploitation minière influence le développement durable et examine les attitudes du public face à des priorités concurrentes. Le premier chapitre analyse l'impact de l'exploitation des métaux de transition énergétique (MTE) sur la qualité des institutions en Amérique latine. Un nouvel indice de qualité institutionnelle au niveau local est créé. Ce chapitre utilise une méthode de différence-en-différence synthétique. Le groupe de traitement comprend les régions où l'exploitation des métaux de transition énergétique (MTE) a commencé. Les résultats montrent que cette exploitation minière réduit la qualité des institutions locales, notamment en ce qui concerne l'efficacité perçue du gouvernement. Cette baisse pourrait compromettre le développement à long terme, car des institutions solides sont essentielles. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la contribution du secteur minier au développement durable dans les municipalités mexicaines. En utilisant une approche en différences-différences échelonnées, avec les municipalités minières comme groupe de traitement, les résultats montrent que l'exploitation minière n'a pas d'effet significatif sur les inégalités économiques ou l'éducation, a peu d'impact sur les revenus des ménages, mais cause une dégradation de l'environnement. Cela révèle des compromis négatifs possibles pour les communautés minières. Enfin, le troisième chapitre examine les attitudes des électeurs face aux investissements pour le développement durable en Colombie. L'analyse montre que, lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à d'autres préoccupations, les électeurs privilégient la sécurité et les infrastructures visibles plutôt que les investissements durables. Toutefois, dans les municipalités où la sécurité est moins préoccupante ou où le niveau d'éducation est plus élevé, les priorités des électeurs varient davantage, ce qui montre que le contexte influence fortement leurs préférences<br>This thesis contributes to the literature on the resource curse at the subnational level, focusing on mining in Latin America within the context of climate change. It examines how mining influences sustainable development and explores public attitudes toward sustainable development in the face of competing priorities. The first chapter analyzes the impact of energy transition metal (ETM) mining on the quality of institutions in Latin America. A novel institutional quality index dataset at the subnational level is constructed. Using a synthetic difference-in-differences approach, with the treatment group consisting of regions where ETM mining begins, the findings indicate that mining reduces the quality of local institutions, particularly in terms of perceived government effectiveness. This decline in institutional quality may potentially compromise long-term development, given the key role of strong institutions. Chapter 2 investigates the contribution of the mining sector to sustainable development in Mexican municipalities. Employing a staggered difference-in-differences design, with municipalities where mining operations occur as the treatment group, the results suggest that mining does not significantly affect economic inequality or education and has a limited impact on household income but does lead to environmental degradation. These findings highlight potential negative trade-offs for mining communities. Lastly, Chapter 3 examines voter attitudes toward investments aimed at sustainable development in Colombia. The analysis reveals that when confronted with competing concerns, voters prioritize security and visible infrastructure over sustainability-focused investments. However, municipalities with lower security concerns or higher levels of education exhibit more diverse priorities, suggesting that context significantly influences voter preferences
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Anderson, Kenneth J. "The Effects of Sulfuric Acid Deposition on the Growth And Development of Pond Breeding Salamanders in the Genus Ambystoma." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1745.
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In terrestrial habitats with a history of mining activity and previous or ongoing reclamation efforts, understanding the effects of acidification on the ecology of amphibians is an important part of the restoration process and the conservation of local amphibian populations. Pond-breeding amphibians spend much of their post metamorphic life history in direct contact with the soil in upland habitat adjacent to aquatic breeding sites. I reared recently metamorphosed marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) to evaluate the role of soil acidity on determinants of fitness such as growth and survival. My results indicate that a substrate of pH 4 was lethal to recent A. opacum metamorphs. Among animals surviving the higher pH treatments, we found that individuals reared on a pH 5 substrate suffered a reduction in total length and snout vent length by the end of the experiment.
The mechanisms of acidity are complex; both hydrogen ions and anions contribute to negative effects on amphibians. Sulfuric acid has larger negative effects than other acids and sulfates can cause reductions in growth without a change in pH. I reared larval spotted (Ambystoma maculatum) and Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) to evaluate the effects of pH and sulfates on two species with differential acid resistances. My results indicate that a pH of 4 is lethal to larval salamanders of both species. In high sulfate treatments there was an early reduction in growth in the spotted salamander, but not in the Jefferson salamander showing that acid resistance applies to the effects of sulfates as well as hydrogen ions. Together, our results suggest that acid and sulfate deposition can affect the fitness of Ambystoma salamanders through direct mortality and a decrease the growth rate of salamanders both as larvae and subsequent to metamorphosis.
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Sil, Avirup. "Entity Information Extraction using Structured and Semi-structured resources." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/272966.
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Computer and Information Science<br>Ph.D.<br>Among all the tasks that exist in Information Extraction, Entity Linking, also referred to as entity disambiguation or entity resolution, is a new and important problem which has recently caught the attention of a lot of researchers in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community. The task involves linking/matching a textual mention of a named-entity (like a person or a movie-name) to an appropriate entry in a database (e.g. Wikipedia or IMDB). If the database does not contain the entity it should return NIL (out-of-database) value. Existing techniques for linking named entities in text mostly focus on Wikipedia as a target catalog of entities. Yet for many types of entities, such as restaurants and cult movies, relational databases exist that contain far more extensive information than Wikipedia. In this dissertation, we introduce a new framework, called Open-Database Entity Linking (Open-DB EL), in which a system must be able to resolve named entities to symbols in an arbitrary database, without requiring labeled data for each new database. In experiments on two domains, our Open-DB EL strategies outperform a state-of-the-art Wikipedia EL system by over 25% in accuracy. Existing approaches typically perform EL using a pipeline architecture: they use a Named-Entity Recognition (NER) system to find the boundaries of mentions in text, and an EL system to connect the mentions to entries in structured or semi-structured repositories like Wikipedia. However, the two tasks are tightly coupled, and each type of system can benefit significantly from the kind of information provided by the other. We propose and develop a joint model for NER and EL, called NEREL, that takes a large set of candidate mentions from typical NER systems and a large set of candidate entity links from EL systems, and ranks the candidate mention-entity pairs together to make joint predictions. In NER and EL experiments across three datasets, NEREL significantly outperforms or comes close to the performance of two state-of-the-art NER systems, and it outperforms 6 competing EL systems. On the benchmark MSNBC dataset, NEREL, provides a 60% reduction in error over the next best NER system and a 68% reduction in error over the next-best EL system. We also extend the idea of using semi-structured resources to a relatively less explored area of entity information extraction. Most previous work on information extraction from text has focused on named-entity recognition, entity linking, and relation extraction. Much less attention has been paid to extracting the temporal scope for relations between named-entities; for example, the relation president-Of (John F. Kennedy, USA) is true only in the time-frame (January 20, 1961 - November 22, 1963). In this dissertation we present a system for temporal scoping of relational facts, called TSRF which is trained on distant supervision based on the largest semi-structured resource available: Wikipedia. TSRF employs language models consisting of patterns automatically bootstrapped from sentences collected from Wikipedia pages that contain the main entity of a page and slot-fillers extracted from the infobox tuples. This proposed system achieves state-of-the-art results on 6 out of 7 relations on the benchmark Text Analysis Conference (TAC) 2013 dataset for the task of temporal slot filling (TSF). Overall, the system outperforms the next best system that participated in the TAC evaluation by 10 points on the TAC-TSF evaluation metric.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Freytag, Sara B. "Effects of Mountaintop Removal Mining on Population Dynamics of Stream Salamanders." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/27.
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Mountaintop removal mining (MTR) is a notorious stressor of stream ecosystems in the Central Appalachians. Valley fills (VF) lead to reduced occupancy, abundance, and species richness of stream salamanders. Multiple factors may be responsible for these reductions, but specifically habitat fragmentation and degradation may reduce colonization rates and increase local extinction rates. From 2013-2015, repeated counts of salamanders were conducted in stream reaches impacted by MTR/VF and compared to counts in reference reaches to answer the question: do stream salamander population dynamics differ between stream reaches impacted by MTR/VF and reference stream reaches? I also investigated dynamics of stream habitat using measures relevant to stream salamander persistence. Accordingly, I examined number of cover objects, percent detritus, hydroperiod, and specific conductance. From the salamander capture data, colonization and survival probabilities were lower in MTR/VF reaches than reference reaches. MTR/VF reaches also had fewer cover objects, higher percent detritus, constant stream flow, and elevated specific conductance. Although specific conductance was increased in MTR/VF reaches, it was not strongly correlated with colonization and survival. I suggest reduced rates of colonization and survival in MTR/VF stream reaches are driven by inhibited dispersal and reduced individual survival due to degraded terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Kale, Maya. "Assessing Equity in Artisanal Mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1434.
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As a result of the continued violence and poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), artisanal mining serves as an opportunity for livelihood construction for the population in the Eastern DRC. Though the dominant discourse of “conflict minerals” has deemed natural resources as the cause or consequence of violence in the Eastern DRC, minerals in fact only serve as a funding tool for various foreign and local armed groups in the region. This thesis consequently explores the ways in which artisanal miners can reap the benefits of the minerals they work tirelessly to extract, using and adapting policies from two relatively successful case studies, Tanzania and Sierra Leone. In addition, this thesis proposes distinct top-down and bottom-up approaches the DRC should adopt to combat its equity issues, and finds that bottom-up methods have been the most ignored, yet successful in avoiding conflict and favoring miners’ livelihoods.
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Smurr, Robert Welling. "Perceptions of nature, expressions of nation : an environmental history of Estonia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10338.
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Cantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen Amalia. "La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40009/document.
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Le Pérou, extrêmement riche en minerais, connaît depuis les années 2000 une forte croissance économique. Àla question de savoir si sa richesse minérale condamne le Pérou à la malédiction des ressources naturelles, nousrépondons que ce n’est pas le cas à l’heure actuelle, mais nous mettons en évidence une forte dépendance vis-à-visde l’activité minière. La question centrale est celle du développement durable de l’activité minière. La mesure dela dépréciation du capital minier (dcm) est l’indicateur fondamental pour évaluer la situation. Diverses méthodesd’estimation existent, mais notre analyse microéconomique basée sur la règle de Hotelling fournit une valeurd’environ 7 % du pib sur la période 2000–2008, soit le double de l’approximation donnée par la Banque Mondiale.Nous proposons d’intégrer la dcm aux indicateurs macroéconomiques traditionnels, ce qui permet de mettreen évidence la surestimation de la croissance économique. Conformément à la règle de Hartwick, il apparaîtclairement que le développement péruvien n’est pas durable ; les revenus miniers ne compensent pas la dcmet ne sont pas réinvestis en faveur du développement du pays. Il faudrait donc taxer les entreprises minières àhauteur de la dcm, et créer un fonds de ressources naturelles. Nos résultats montrent qu’épargner seulement 8 %de la dcm permettrait d’atteindre un revenu durable pour les générations futures. La création d’un tel fonds deressources naturelles aurait également pour avantage de réduire l’instabilité macroéconomique et de promouvoirune meilleure gouvernabilité<br>Since the 2000s, Peru, a country extremely rich in minerals has experienced strong economic growth. WouldPeru be condemned to the resource curse because of its mineral wealth? For now this is not the case; howeverwe point up a strong dependence upon the mining sector. The main question relates to the sustainability of themining industry. The mineral depletion rate is a fundamental indicator to assess the situation. To calculate this,there are many forecasting methods available ; our microeconomic analysis based on the Hotelling rule providesa value of around 7 % of gdp for the period between 2000 and 2008, which represents double the estimation ofthe World Bank.We recommend the mineral depletion be taken into account when calculating traditional macroeconomic indicators;it would highlight the overestimation of economic growth. According to the Hartwick rule, it is clearthat Peruvian development is not sustainable; mining revenues do not offset the mineral depletion and are notreinvested in the development of the country. Therefore, the solution should be to tax mining companies at alevel equivalent to that of depletion and, with the new income, to create a natural resource fund. Saving only8 % of the mineral depletion would suffice to generate sustainable rent for futures generations. In addition, thecreation of a natural resource fund would reduce macroeconomic instability and enforce better governance
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Lilliehöök, Hampus. "Extraction of word senses from bilingual resources using graph-based semantic mirroring." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Interaktiva och kognitiva system, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-91880.
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In this thesis we retrieve semantic information that exists implicitly in bilingual data. We gather input data by repeatedly applying the semantic mirroring procedure. The data is then represented by vectors in a large vector space. A resource of synonym clusters is then constructed by performing K-means centroid-based clustering on the vectors. We evaluate the result manually, using dictionaries, and against WordNet, and discuss prospects and applications of this method.<br>I det här arbetet utvinner vi semantisk information som existerar implicit i tvåspråkig data. Vi samlar indata genom att upprepa proceduren semantisk spegling. Datan representeras som vektorer i en stor vektorrymd. Vi bygger sedan en resurs med synonymkluster genom att applicera K-means-algoritmen på vektorerna. Vi granskar resultatet för hand med hjälp av ordböcker, och mot WordNet, och diskuterar möjligheter och tillämpningar för metoden.
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Balahur, Dobrescu Alexandra. "Methods and resources for sentiment analysis in multilingual documents of different text types." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/19437.
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Benkenstein, Alex. "The Global Political Economy of Mining in Selected African States." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1934.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies)()--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>Many African countries present the observer with a paradox: though richly
endowed with mineral wealth, these countries are among the least-developed in
the world. Mineral resources have historically been an important source of
revenue for the state and one finds great diversity in the strategies that states
have employed to access this wealth. These strategies range from direct
participation in mining activity by means of state-owned companies to more
indirect methods such as taxes levied on mining activity, with approaches varying
not only among states, but also over time as historically certain strategies with
regard to state involvement in mining have come to predominate.
This study develops a typology of public/private sector configurations in the
mining sector. The typology consists of three models, a direct participation,
market-led and sustainability model. This typology serves as an analytical tool to
investigate the impact of mining codes on sustainable development.
The study concludes that in many cases the investment-oriented mining code
reform undertaken by African states in the 1980s and 1990s has had a negative
impact through the social and environmental costs associated with mining.
Increasing recognition of these costs has resulted in the emergence of a
sustainability model.
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Nikolaou, John. "Developing a model for effective community development agreements in the extractive industries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2142.
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Natural resource development has tremendous potential to create inclusive economic growth in countries well-endowed with oil, mineral, and agricultural resources. At the same time, natural resource development can cause negative environmental externalities, and, in several cases, extractives companies can engage in labor abuse.
The intersection of the government’s and the corporation’s interest can lie in Corporate Social Responsibility Projects.This thesis will analyze an alternative model of CSR: community development agreements (CDAs). CDAs are voluntary, or sometimes government mandated, agreements between the project developer and the project affected community that define company commitments to issues such as environmental impact mitigation, benefit sharing, and local employment, for example. The objective of this thesis is to review the theoretical underpinnings of CDA process, analyze the application of CDAs in several case studies, and develop a framework of best practices for CDAs based on those analyses.
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Ceesay, Juanita. "A law and development analysis of parallel law systems within the natural resources sector in Africa." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0043.
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La position normative de cette thèse est qu’il existe une contrainte légale en ce qui concerne le régime minier des pays riches en ressources en Afrique. Cela a abouti à la création d'un système de droit pluraliste qui continuera à prospérer dans les pays en développement en raison du contexte historique de la plupart de ces pays. Cependant, avoir un système mixte comprenant un régime juridique formel et informel n'équivaut pas nécessairement à un désavantage. Le problème se pose lorsqu'il y a une réticence à accepter l'un de ces systèmes. C’est le cas actuellement du régime informel qui existe principalement sous forme de système de droit non reconnu et donc illégitime. Cependant, les preuves tirées de cette thèse montrent les avantages que des règles et normes informelles peuvent offrir au régime juridique d’un pays. À cet égard, il est donc raisonnable de suggérer que quelque chose devrait être fait avec ce système, par opposition à sa marginalisation persistante dans l'ombre du régime formel. Cette thèse propose donc la formalisation de certains attributs du système informel qui régissent le secteur des ressources naturelles. De plus, la formalisation envisagée dans le secteur minier ne cherche pas à codifier les lois et s'inscrit dans une approche de la législation allant du local au international. À cet égard, l'objectif de la formalisation, tel que proposé par cette thèse, est de trouver des solutions possibles pour combler le hiatus entre les régimes formel et informel qui fonctionnent actuellement en parallèle dans l'espace minier. C’est dans l’espoir que la synchronisation de ces deux ensembles de lois faciliterait l’épanouissement du développement économique et humain / social basé sur le secteur minier<br>The normative position of this dissertation is that there is a constraint of the law with regards to the mining regime of resource rich countries in Africa. This has resulted in the creation of a pluralist system of law will continue to thrive in developing countries as a result of the historical context which most of these countries derive. However, having a mixed system comprising of a formal and informal legal regime does not necessarily equate a disadvantage. The problem arises when there is a reluctance in accepting one of these systems. This is the case currently with the informal regime which exists mostly as an unrecognized and therefore illegitimate system of law. Yet, evidence from this dissertation shows the advantages which informal rules and norms can offer to a country’s legal regime. In this regard, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that something ought to be done with this system as opposed to its continued marginalization in the shadows of the formal regime. This dissertation therefore proposes the formalization of selected attributes of the informal system which govern the natural resources sector of resouce rich countries in Africa. Moreover, the formalization envisioned in the mining sector, makes no attempt to codify laws and is in alignment with a local to international approach to law making. In this regard, the aim for formalization, as proposed by this dissertation, is in finding possible solutions for bridging the hiatus between the formal and informal regime which currently work in parallel with each other within the mining space. This is in hopes that the synchronizing of these two sets of laws would facilitate the flourishing of economic and human/social development based on the mining sector
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Ahorbo, Georgina Angorkor. "Business Drivers for Environmental Regulations Compliance in Ghana's Mining Sector." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/101.
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Ghana's mining sector is a significant contributor to the national economy; however, environmental degradation continues to stigmatize the sector. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore experiences and perspectives of middle managers on how to drive compliance with EPA regulations and standards in Ghana's mining sector. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior was the conceptual framework for this phenomenological study. A purposive sample of 20 middle managers from Ghana's mining sector participated in interviews, which were transcribed and then coded to generate common themes. The primary research question involved exploring factors that promote employee compliance in Ghana's mining sector. Three critical themes that emerged from the study were (a) business benefits of compliance, (b) factors that promote employee compliance, and (c) obstacles to compliance. The implications for positive social change include the potential for community members to experience reduced environmentally related health challenges with concomitant increases in their quality of life
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Vázquez, Suárez Silvia. "Pattern-based automatic induction of domain adapted resources for social media analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/350801.
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In this dissertation, we analyze different aspects of the language used in texts published along different social media, and we propose a set of methods for the automatic extraction of polar adjectives as well as for the automatic classification of these texts.
First of all, we propose a new classification of polar adjectives according to their lexical features, based on a case study.
Secondly, we implement a new domain adaptable system for the automatic extraction of polar adjectives (along with their polarity values), reducing the use of external language resources.
Finally, we propose two automatic classifiers (one rule-based and one based on Decision Trees) to identify documents belonging to different stages of the purchase process and texts that analyze different aspects of the product.<br>En esta tesis, analizamos diferentes aspectos del lenguaje utilizado en los textos publicados en diferentes medios sociales y proponemos una serie de métodos para la extracción automática de adjetivos de opinión, así como para la clasificación automática de dichos textos.
En primer lugar, proponemos una nueva clasificación de los adjetivos de opinión de acuerdo con sus características léxicas, basada en un estudio de caso. En segundo lugar, implementamos un nuevo sistema de extracción automática de adjetivos de opinión (junto con sus valores de polaridad), adaptable al dominio y que reduce el uso de recursos lingüísticos externos. Finalmente, proponemos dos clasificadores automáticos (uno basado en reglas y otros basados en ´arboles de decisión) para identificar textos pertenecientes a distintas fases del proceso de compra y textos que analizan diferentes aspectos del producto.<br>En aquesta tesi, analitzem diferents aspectes del llenguatge utilitzat en els textos publicats en diferents mitjans socials i proposem una sèrie de mètodes per a l’extracció automàtica d’adjectius d’opinió així com per a la classificació automàtica d’aquests textos.
En primer lloc, proposem una nova classificació dels adjectius d’opinió, basada en un estudi de cas, més d’acord amb les seves característiques lèxiques. En segon lloc, vam implementar un nou sistema d’extracció automàtica d’adjectius d’opinió (juntament amb els seus valors de polaritat), adaptable al domini i que redueix l’´us de recursos lingüístics externs. Finalment, proposem dos classificadors automàtics (un basat en regles i un altre basats en arbres de decisió) per identificar textos que pertanyen a diferents fases del procés de compra i textos que analitzen diferents aspectes del producte.