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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural resources – Niger'
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1
Dode, Robert O. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RESOURCE CURSE AND THE NIGER DELTA CRISIS IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING." European Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2012.v1n2p235.
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Political economy literature is awash with analyses that attempt to identify the corereasons behind the development and or underdevelopment of different states and zonesof the world. Two major questions that such studies attempt to answer are, “how does astate’s natural resource wealth influence its economic development?” and “How doesnatural resource endowment contribute to political conflict in countries that are soendowed?” For some decades now, the exploitation of natural resources has been adetermining factor in the stability or otherwise of natural resource rich states. Studieshave shown that the exploitation of natural resources like crude oil, columbite anddiamond have contributed to a number of civil wars and internal crises in Africa. InNigeria, it has been a case of armed struggle in the Niger Delta creeks; between militantsand federal forces posted to secure the area. The result is that instead of yielding foreignexchange and prosperity to the citizens of the countries so endowed, the presence of suchresource, constitute a major source of political conflict within nations, resulting in suchcountries being referred to as the poorest of the poor in the world. Some studies indicatethe fact that these problems evolve from politics surrounding ownership, management,and control of natural resources in Africa. It is in the face of this reality that we attemptto situate Nigeria’s Niger Delta crisis in this resource curse matrix and propose thehypothesis that, there is a relationship between the resource curse theory and the NigerDelta crisis in Nigeria. Our findings agree with the core assumption of this paradigm thatinstead of ushering in development, poor management of resources, greed and badgovernance in the third world contribute greatly to her underdevelopment, strife andpoverty, in the midst of abundant natural resources.
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Nyiayaana, Kialee. "Leadership and Natural Resource Management: Linkages to the Persistence of Oil-related Conflicts in Nigeria’s Niger Delta." Leadership and Developing Societies 1, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.47697/lds.3434703.
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This paper explores the relationship between leadership and natural resource management and the persistence of oil-related conflicts in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. It adopts the process theoretical approach to leadership. The key argument is that the space for conversations between leaders and the people of the Niger Delta in the management of oil resources has been historically restrictive in favour of leaders. This accounts for the highly skewed oil ownership and distributive structures that undermine the security needs of the people. Yet, the destructive consenting behaviour of the people shapes peacebuilding process and outcomes in ways that reinforce structures of insecurity and violence in the region.
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Adangor, Z. "Proposals for Equitable Governance and Management of Natural Resources in Nigeria." International Law Research 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v7n1p213.
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The current regime of centralized natural resource governance poses one of the greatest threats to the stability of the Federation of Nigeria. The centralization of natural resource ownership and government is perceived by the ethnic minorities of the oil-producing Niger Delta Region of Nigeria as a tool of ethnic domination by the majority ethnic groups. Given the centrality of natural resources to the growth of Nigeria’s economy and the desirability of maintaining a stable federation, this research seeks to propose an equitable regime of natural resource governance that recognises and accommodates both national and regional interest in Nigeria’s abundant natural resources and thereby strengthens federal stability. This paper which adopts analytical and comparative research methodologies, argues that the current regime of natural resource governance in Nigeria is divisive and that only the participation of the federating states in the governance of natural resources exploited within their respective geographic boundaries would conduce to peace and inter-regional harmony and enhance the capacities of the federating states to develop at their varying speed according to the dreams of the Founding Fathers of Nigerian federalism. The paper concludes by recommending resource federalism whereby competence over natural resource governance could be shared between the federal government and the federating states.
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Newby, John E., and John F. Grettenberger. "The Human Dimension in Natural Resource Conservation: A Sahelian Example from Niger." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 3 (1986): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900036304.
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The Republic of Niger is establishing a vast national nature reserve in the Aïr Massif and Ténéré Desert. With its 77,360 km2, the reserve will cover a wide variety of arid-land habitats. Both rainfall and vegetation are sparse, but the area harbours a varied fauna that includes a number of threatened species. The Twareg inhabitants of the reserve subsist by raising livestock, by irrigating small gardens, and by caravanning. Their day-to-day existence relies heavily on natural resources, and their continued existence will depend on the conservation of those resources. Drought, desertification, and abusive use, are all responsible for the deterioration of those resources.Although highly necessary, the rational management of the area's natural resources will conflict with current landuse practices. Examples of where this happens are presented, and some proposals are put forward for their solution. Ideally, a flexible management system needs to be elaborated that will satisfy both the aspirations of the zone's managers and the immediate needs of its residents. The Authors hope that work in Niger will find its application elsewhere in the Sahel, and meanwhile emphasize the need to reconcile conservation with development.
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Seidou, Ousmane, Fatoumata Maiga, Claudia Ringler, Spela Kalcic, and Luca Ferrini. "Challenges and Opportunities in the Operationalization of the Water-Environment-Energy-Food (WE2F) Nexus: Case Study of the Upper Niger Basin and Inner Niger Delta, West Africa." E3S Web of Conferences 183 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018302001.
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The ever-increasing demand for water, food, and energy is putting unsustainable pressure on natural resources worldwide, often leading to environmental degradation that, in turn, affect water, food, and energy security. The recognition of the complex interlinkages between multiple sectors has led to the creation of various holistic approaches to environmental decision making such as Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Virtual Water (VW), Water Footprint (WF) and lately the Food-EnergyEnvironment-Water nexus (WE2F). All these approaches aim to increase resource use efficiency and promote sustainability by increasing the cooperation between traditionally disjoint sectors, and mainly differ by the number and relative weights of the sectors included in their framework. They also suffer from the same face and the same barriers for implementation, some of which may never be fully overcome. The paper discusses the benefits of adopting a WE2F nexus approach in the Upper Niger Basin (UNB) and the Inner Niger Delta (IND), but also the multiple difficulties associated with its practical implementation. IWRM/WE2F initiatives in the UNB/IND such as the BAMGIRE project piloted by Wetlands International and funded by the Dutch Embassy in Mali to secure livelihoods and biodiversity in a changing environment, is taken as an example of partial success in the use of a nexus approach to watershed management. It was shown there are multiple barriers to the operational implementation of the WE2F. However, while a full understanding of all interlinkage between sectors may never be possible, data collection, scientific research and model development can improve our ability to understand the complex system in which we live, and hence take better decisions
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Ikeke, Mark Omorovie. "Deep Ecology Philosophy and Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria’s Niger Delta." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p80.
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Biodiversity refers to the varieties, multiplicity, and diversity of life in the ecosystem. It is being lost on a daily basis in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. This is as a result of the environmental degradation caused by oil exploration and gas activities. In the process of drilling for oil and exploring for gas resources, the natural environment such as plants, animals and their communities is destroyed and endangered. Oil exploration activities continue unabated in the Niger Delta. There is need to combat biodiversity loss if not many of the benefits from biodiversity will be lost. With critical analysis the philosophy of deep ecology is examined and presented as having potentials to contribute to conserving biodiversity in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. The paper concludes that there is vital need to preserve biodiversity using deep ecology values. Keywords: Deep ecology, biodiversity, conservation, Niger Delta, Nigeria, and Philosophy
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Edward Uzoma Ezedike. "Anthropocentric-Utilitarian Tradition and the Quest for Environmental Justice in the Niger Delta of Nigeria." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v2i1.184.
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There is a growing concern, lately, in the Niger Delta region, nay, Nigeria at large, over the despoliation of our environment by multinational oil companies and citizens in quest for economic gains. The problem is that humans have come to see themselves as “landlords” and masters of God’s creation rather than stewards, having untrammeled authority to plunder natural resources with reckless abandon. The resultant effect is that this unethical attitude towards the environment poses grave danger to both living and non-living things in the ecosystem and forecloses the possibilities of its sustainability. Specifically, this paper critically examines the implications of the anthropocentric- utilitarian tradition in environmental ethics for the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The anthropocentric approach emphasizes the use of non-human natural resources solely in terms of their instrumental value to human kind. Its utilitarian dimension holds that so long as an environmental attitude or policy produces the greatest happiness, pleasure or benefit possible for the greatest number of people, it is moral. This paper posits that such tradition is quite problematic to the realization of environmental justice and wholeness in the Niger Delta. Our objective here is to show that the monumental environmental problems in the Niger Delta resulting from oil exploration are precipitated by the some unjust socio-economic and unethical principles. This paper recommends the application of the principles of environmental stewardship and environmental justice as a way out of the problem. These principles stand for moral consider ability towards the environment as well as a fair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits.
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Eaton, Julian, Djibo Douma Maiga, and Soumana Pate. "Mental health services in the Republic of Niger." International Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (July 2009): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000606.
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The Republic of Niger is a large, landlocked west African country. Around 80% of its vast land mass (1 300 000 km2) is in the Sahara Desert. Its neighbours are Mali, Algeria, Libya and Chad to the north, and Nigeria, Benin and Burkina Faso to the south. The country came under French rule in the 1890s and gained its independence in 1960, but development has been slowed by political instability, lack of natural resources and drought. In 1999, voters overwhelmingly approved a new constitution, allowing for multi-party elections, which were held later that year. An ongoing rebellion in the north makes access to much of the country difficult.
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ADEBANJOKO, ANGELA AJODO. "How Multinational Oil Companies and Corrupt Niger Delta Elites Underdeveloped the Niger Delta Region." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2013.31.
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This study is on the role played by Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) and Niger Delta elites in the underdevelopment of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study adopts a descriptive approach drawing data mainly from secondary data such as books, articles in newspapers, journals, internet etc. The study found that the Niger Delta region is endowed with natural resources. Among this is crude oil which is the mainstay of the Nigerian economy.Despite this oil wealth however, the region is largely underdeveloped. Poverty, massive unemployment, absence of safe drinking water, filth and squalor, lack of access to health care,education and housing among others are some of the features of the region. The problem of underdevelopment in the Niger Delta was traced to MNOCs and Niger Delta elites. The paper therefore argues that oil exploration activities of MNOCs such as gas flares and oil spills which have resulted in environmental degradation have deprived the people of the region their means of livelihood while corrupt practices of Niger Delta elites who embezzle funds meant fordevelopment have been responsible for the underdevelopment of the region. The study recommends among others the need for MNOCs to compensate the people for years of environmental degradation while Niger Delta elites found guilty of embezzlement while in office should be sent to jail.
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Sangare, Saadatou, and Hélène Maisonnave. "Mining and petroleum boom and public spending policies in Niger: a dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis." Environment and Development Economics 23, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000104.
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AbstractThis study analyzes a public-spending option from mining and oil resources and its impact on Niger's economy. The windfall gain from mining and oil revenues provides an opportunity for the country to reinvest natural resource rents, enhance economic development, and address infrastructure gaps. Drawing on the country's recent and expected mining and oil exploitation, we evaluate the effects of a reinvestment policy in road infrastructure using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We find that investment in road infrastructure brings positive spillover effects to other sectors of the economy and benefits to the economy in the long run. Our analysis additionally shows that reinvestment in road infrastructure, given the initial state of infrastructure in Niger, could help mitigate the resource curse.
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Nwaokugha, Douglas O. "Exploring Sport As Effective Engagement Mechanism For Youth Empowerment And Youth Development In Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.93.9696.
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The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is synonymous with crisis occasioned by militancy, agitations and insurgency from the youth, who in recent times have become aware of the neglect, marginalization, human rights abuses, environmental degradation etc, people of the region suffer in the hands of the Nigerian government and Multinational Corporations that explore and exploit the Niger Delta environment for its rich natural resources. Investing time in militancy, agitations and insurgency as presently spearheaded by youth in the region has created more problems than solve the Niger Delta crises. Using the philosophical method, this paper makes a case on how sport can be an effective engagement mechanism for youth engagement and youth empowerment. The paper sees sport as a human engagement whose effective exploration and utilization can lead to the empowerment of youth in Nigeria’s Niger Delta and consequently recommends that states intervention agencies, politicians and philanthropists should make the provision of sport infrastructure a topmost priority for youth development and empowerment. The paper strongly maintains that policies that target youth empowerment in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria will surely be a foundation for sustainable peace and stability not only in Nigeria but across the globe.
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Dare, Alaba E. "Environmental Education for Sustainable Human and Resource Development in Nigeria." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 14 (October 2013): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.14.73.
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The natural environment of the 21st century is facing the threat of global warming and climate change due to human interaction with the environment. This paper focused on environmental challenges in the Niger Delta and the impact of oil spillage on the Biodiversity of the wetland area of the zone. Appropriate Conservation and Sustainable approach were recommended, which include: Enforcement of environmental laws, cleansing of oil spill, restricting access to environmental resources and constant surveillance of our coastal areas and oil fields.
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Yousuf, R., SH Mir, S. Tanveer, MM Darzi, and MS Mir. "Metals and Histopathological Alterations in the Liver of Schizothorax niger, Heckel From The Dal Lake of Kashmir Valley." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14820.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the metal induced abnormalities in the liver of Schizothorax niger from Dal Lake seasonally for a period of two years. The varied seasonal metal concentrations for copper (66.77 ± 3.12 to 81.68 ± 3.51 ppm), zinc (73.81 ± 2.52 to 97.84 ± 4.62 ppm), iron (204.92 ± 5.21 to 296.51 ± 4.37 ppm) and manganese (01.13 ± 0.02 to 08.30 ± 1.00 ppm) were observed during the entire period of study. The highest concentration of metals was observed in the summer seasons and the lowest concentrations in the winter seasons during the study period. Further, histochemical analysis demonstrated enormous amount of metals (Cu, Fe and Zn) in the liver of Schizothorax niger in summer seasons during the entire study period. The subsequent effects of metals, demonstrated by wet digestion-based Atomic Absorption Method and histochemical methods showed histological changes on the liver of Schizothorax niger. The liver showed disruption of the hepatic cords with congestion and degenerative changes in hepatocytes that varied from mild in winter seasons to severe vascular degeneration in summer season. From the present study it may be concluded that the metals in the environment are polluting the water bodies and their subsequent deleterious effects harm the aquatic fauna particularly the sensitive native fish, Schizothorax niger which is one of the reasons for its decline from the fresh water resources of the Kashmir Valley.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14820 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 231-237 2012
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Mbalisi, Onyeka Festus, and Christiana Uzoaru Okorie. "Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility by Oil Companies in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Myth or Reality." African Research Review 14, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v14i1.11.
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Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a home to many multinational oil companies with different packages of corporate social responsibility (CSR) because of its huge natural resource reserve especially of oil and gas. The CSR packages are designed to address social, economic and environmental concerns of the indigenes of the Niger Delta region, arising from the oil and gas operations of the multinational oil companies. The operational activities of the oil companies over the years have led to the degradation of the Niger Delta environment with consequent loss of livelihood sources, thereby triggering protests and other violent activities in the region. The paper identified and analysed the indices of the components of the CSR (social, economic and environmental components) packages using results-based management framework to determine the impacts of the CSR projects and programmes on the people. The analysis revealed that multinational oil companies release funds from a philanthropic perspective for the execution of some social development projects/programmes, but these projects/programmes do not address the welfare and livelihood needs of the people. This means that the multinational oil companies operating in the region create an illusion of compliance with social development and responsibility rules. The paper linked these unfortunate situations (environmental degradation, insecurity, poverty, unemployment, etc) found in the region today to failure of CSR implementation due to corruption, insincerity and philanthropic approach of the oil companies and regard it as injustice to the people of Niger Delta. It therefore concluded that CSR implementation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a myth and as a result recommended that Multinational oil companies should therefore incorporate the people of the Niger Delta into the oil economy by enlisting household heads into the payroll system of the multinational oil companies as well as engage sincerely in projects that will lead to the development of the region, if protests and other violent activities in the region must stop.
Key Words: Implementation, Corporate social responsibility, Environmental Resources, Niger Delta, Multinational Oil Companies
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Agúndez, Dolores, Sitou Lawali, Ali Mahamane, Ricardo Alía, and Mario Soliño. "Farmers’ Preferences for Conservation and Breeding Programs of Forestry Food Resources in Niger." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060697.
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In a less-favored area such as the Sahel, promoting sustainable management, breeding, and conservation of forestry resources would result in improvements for agroforestry systems and food security. A contingent ranking exercise allowed us to estimate the preferences and the values given by the rural population to the attributes that would be comprised in a conservation program. The resulting preferred program is farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) based on the species Adansonia digitata (baobab), with plantation, stone bunds, or tassa, and selected or bred seeds. The proposed actions to improve the tree density and the seed quality were highly valued by the respondents. Nevertheless, no clear differences were found between tassa and stone bunds, or FMNR and plantation. The main effects of the program, according to the surveyed population, include an increase in crop production and soil conservation, and higher income from tree products. This study allowed us to identify the program that would provide the greatest well-being for farmers, since it would allow them to simultaneously improve both the production of their crops and the production of the woody food species. It was shown that farmers were particularly willing to contribute to a program based on baobab, mainly because its products are used for food in the home and can be sold in markets. In this sense, the yield and production of the system would be improved by increasing the number of baobab trees. Farmers would contribute to this production system and would be willing to invest sustainable effort in the long term. The conservation and breeding program can be directed at conserving and propagating the genetic resources of A. digitata in an initial phase, selecting trees with good production, growth, and adaptation characteristics.
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Ibrahim Hachim NKHELA, Suheir. "PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES, ESPECIALLY WATER." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.37.
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Environmental hazards are not considered a national problem that stops at the state’s borders only, but has become a regional and global issue that poses a direct threat to human survival all over the world as a whole. It requires the global community to provide environmental human rights and all the ingredients for sustainable development, especially clean air, clean fresh water, healthy food, and preserving natural resources for future generations. The water problem topped the list of environmental threats, as most countries of the world suffer from a severe shortage of water levels, diminishing the share of each person in the limited quantities of water, and today the world's countries and governments fear unending regional wars due to water, and the conflict over its sources, and the sources of rivers. Therefore, the issue of water has taken on a global character, and the complete conviction that water is the first problem that will face our future generations. he water war between the riparian states is a real war, and it will continue and happen inevitably. In the World Water Forum held in Istanbul in 2009, which showed that 260 water basins are shared by two or more countries, around which 40% of the world's population live, and there are hundreds of shared groundwater basins, for example there are fourteen countries that share a river The European Danube, eleven countries share each of the Nile and Niger rivers, nine countries share the Amazon River, and four countries share the Tigris and Euphrates, and the same is the Jordan River. Differences arose between the participating countries over the sources and the distribution of water between them for a long time, and sometimes reached the stage of acute conflicts and crises, and their intensity increased day after day. Dozens of international treaties have not resolved these differences, as disputes have not stopped after the conclusion of approximately 145 international treaties, and the reason for this is the absence of cooperation between these countries, the scarcity of rainwater, and the thinking of each country in isolation from the interests and peoples of other countries with which they share river water.
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Adunbi, Ọmọlade. "MYTHIC OIL: RESOURCES, BELONGING AND THE POLITICS OF CLAIM MAKING AMONG THE ÌLÀJẸ YORÙBÁ OF NIGERIA." Africa 83, no. 2 (May 2013): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972013000053.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the genealogies of the Ìlàjẹ and the narrative of belonging that reinforces claims to ownership of land and natural resources such as oil. The article maps how oil flow stations, pipelines and platforms have come to represent an ancestral promise of wealth to many members of Ìlàjẹ communities. This claim making is embedded in a mythic origin that continuously reinforces a distinct identity that projects an imagined community connected to the Yorùbá of south-west Nigeria as well as the oil-rich Niger Delta region. While many scholars have studied the myth of origin of the Yorùbá, in most cases focusing on rituals and political imagination that intersect with linguistic evidence in determining Yorùbá identity, these scholars have often neglected the centrality of these myths to oil resources. Thus, I investigate how the Ìlàjẹ narrative of belonging creates its own specificity of ‘ownership’ of natural resources through ritual performances connected to migration and dispersal of subject populations. I examine how such narratives create spaces of opportunity for the organization of protests against multinational oil corporations and the Nigerian state.
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Itsekor, Lucky. "A Need for Investment in Nigerian Crude Oil Refining and Infrastructures: A Panacea to Refined Petroleum Shortages and Economic Growth." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.84.7951.
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Despite the abundance of occurring natural crude oil resources, Nigeria continually suffers shortages of refined petroleum products, which undermines economic development of the country. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore the strategic role of how investment in petroleum refineries and infrastructures can improve supply and hence mitigate shortages or scarcity of refined petroleum products in the petroleum supply chain and enhance economic development in Nigeria. The research participants comprise of ten senior leaders from two private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had effectively implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The conceptual framework for the study was the resource based view theory. Data were collected through semistructured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply or marketing petroleum companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation. The discoveries indicate the need to establish more refineries, privatize the existing moribund refineries, and build more infrastructures in Nigeria. Findings may be used by petroleum leaders and investors to optimize available crude oil natural resources, and to create investment strategies in the petroleum supply chain, leading to product availability, sustainability, poverty reduction, and economic development in Nigeria.
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Botero-Arias, Robinson, Miriam Marmontel, and Helder Lima de Queiroz. "PROJETO DE MANEJO EXPERIMENTAL DE JACARÉS NO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS: ABATE DE JACARÉS NO SETOR JARAUÁ - RESERVA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL MAMIRAUÁ, DEZEMBRO DE 2008." Scientific Magazine UAKARI 5, no. 2 (February 2, 2010): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31420/uakari.v5i2.66.
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The Caiman Management Pilot Program in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve is coordinated by the government of the state of Amazonas. The initiative adheres to the legal framework for the use of natural resources in protected areas. Since 2004, three experimental culling events have taken place in the Jarauá sector of the Mamirauá Reserve. The latest event took place in December 2008, when 257 specimens were captured: 253 black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and four spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus). Some data on surveys and specimen extraction in the latter experimental effort are hereby presented.
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Newby, John E. "Parks for people—a case study from the Aïr Mountains of Niger." Oryx 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023188.
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The Aïr Mountains of north-central Niger are relatively unspoilt and contain some of the last remaining populations of addax Addax nasomaculatus, ostrich Struthio camelus and dama gazella Gazella dama in in West Africa. The Aïr Mountain are also home for some 5000 Twaregs, half of whom are cultivators and the other half herders. The Aïr and Tùnùrù National Nature Reserve, which was gazetted in 1988, covers more than 77,000 sq km. It was inspired by concern for the region's unique and increasingly threatened wildlife, wcology. The Nigerien Wildlife Service and the IUCN/WWF project that supports the reserve are attempting to reconcile conservation with development through a broadly based programme geared to protection, resoration and sustainable use of the area's natural resources.
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Bonnet, Bernard. "Approaches and tools monitoring impacts of natural resources management programs in the Sahel. Lessons learned in Mauritania, Chad, and Niger." Sécheresse 23, no. 3 (July 2012): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/sec.2012.0354.
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DAMORA, ADRIAN, DWI ARIYOGAGAUTAMA, RONNY I. WAHJU, HENDRO SUSANTO, and JOHN WANG. "Short Communication: Growth and mortality rate of Black Pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Silver Pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) in Paloh Waters, West Kalimantan, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190633.
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Damora A, Ariyogagautama D, Wahju RI, Susanto H, Wang J. 2018. Short Communication: Growth and mortality rate of Black Pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Silver Pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) in Paloh Waters, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2247-2251. Three species of pomfret fish were caught in Paloh waters including Parastromateus niger, Pampus argenteus, and Pampus chinensis. P. niger and P. argenteus which were more dominant than P. Chinensis. Pomfret fishing in the Paloh waters is not carried out throughout the year, but generally only in August to October every year. The main fishing gear used was drift gill net. Data on the growth parameter and mortality of the pomfret fish is required as an effort for the management of this fish. This study was aimed to estimate the growth and mortality rate of P. niger and P. argenteus in Paloh waters, located in West Kalimantan. This study was conducted from April 2014 to June 2017. The fish samples were collected by catching the fish using drift gill net used by the fishing vessels. The data were analyzed using an analytic model and run using ELEFAN 1 software and Length-converted Catch Curve on FISAT II software. The result showed that von Bertalanffy growth parameters covering growth curvature (k), asymptotic length (L∞), and the age of fish in length zero (t0) was 0.26 year-1, 46.2 cm TL and -1.85 years for P. niger and 0.53 year-1, 46.2 cm TL and -0.88 years for P. argenteus. The von Bertalanffy growth function for P. niger as Lt = 46.2[1-e-0.26 (t+1.85)] and for P. argenteus as Lt = 46.2[1-e-0.53 (t+0.88)]. These functions described the expected or average length at a time (age). Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 0.93 year-1, 0.29 year-1 and 0.64 year-1 for P. niger and 1.68 year-1, 0.47 year-1 and 1.21 year-1 for P. argenteus. Exploitation rate (E) was 0.68 year-1 for P. niger and 0.72 year-1 for P. argenteus. The growth of P. niger is slower than the growth of P. argenteus and the fishing mortality of P. argenteus is higher than P. niger’s. Both of the exploitation rates indicated that the fish resources are over-exploited.
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Omenma, J. Tochukwu. "Untold Story of Boko Haram Insurgency: The Lake Chad Oil and Gas Connection." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 180–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048319000166.
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AbstractThis article makes a case for the nexus between water resources and terrorism. Using Boko Haram activities in the Lake Chad region, I question the conventional arguments linking religion to the root cause of terrorism. I argue that there is an economic dimension of Boko Haram terrorism, which is based on two interrelated indicators: the attack on the Nigerian oil exploration team in the Lake Chad basin, and the continuous exploitation of oil and gas by Chad, Niger, and Cameroon in the region. Building on economic incentives and natural resources theoretical debates along with a historical enquiry into Boko Haram, the article concludes that economic interests, rather than religion, are partly the impetus to the activities of Boko Haram. The findings have significant implications for both the security of the Lake Chad region and counterterrorism at large.
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Mrabure, Charles, and Patrick Ngene. "COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP EXERCISE: A CASE STUDY OF RUMUEKPE PK 26.5 OIL SPILL, NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-825.
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ABSTRACT Crude oil exploration and production in Niger Delta area of Nigeria started over fifty (50) years ago, and had brought with it several cases of oil pollution which as well as other human activities have resulted in devastation of the ecological landscape leading to depletion of natural resources, a source of livelihood for the indigenous people. Due to the stress/hardship occasioned by depletion of natural resources such as fishes, other aquatic life, Land etc, the people have evolved from peace loving to hostile communities. They have embarked on several protests and kidnappings, the oil companies being primary target in all cases. Working in this area became a risk for the companies. Clean up of polluted sites thus became an almost impossible activity; initiating dialogue with the people became a herculean task because of lack of mutual trust. In the case of PK26.5 oil spill clean up, several fruitful efforts were made to dialogue with the people, and this resulted in a partnership that saw Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and her Contractor clean up an oil polluted site in this volatile region to the satisfaction of Regulatory authorities. Of the forty-four workers, forty (40) were from the community.
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Tiepolo, Maurizio. "Popolamento in un ambiente rurale fragile: insegnamenti dal caso di Keita, Niger, 1958-2007." STORIA URBANA, no. 122 (September 2009): 93–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2009-122005.
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- study of Keita, Niger, 1958-2007 (Processo di popolamento di un ambiente rurale fragile: insegnamenti dal caso di Keita, Niger, 1958-2007). Niger is a perfect case for studying the consequences of population growth on renewable natural resources (Rnr) since it is the 5th fastest growing county demographically and the country with the highest share of rural population. Studies of population pressure on Niger's Rnr have reached opposite findings. On the one hand, studies showed agricultural intensification, densification, and natural assisted regeneration. On the other hand, they also highlighted rain-fed crop encroachment on forest, bush, and grazing land; decrease in yields; and conflicts over access to water pasture. The coun- try is using a wide range of participatory tools for Rnr management and local development planning, but there has been little discussion on the effectiveness of these tools. This study seeks to find out what the trends regarding population growth and Rnr management are in Keita Department (5,000 sq km, pop. 258,000), a semi-arid, remote rural area where only 26% of the land is arable. 30 years of increasing population pressure (up to 86 inh. /sqkm in 2007) brought rain-fed crop encroachment on bush and rangeland. Intensification is absent both in rain-fed and in irrigated agriculture. Nevertheless, since 1984 the Keita rural development program has provided cereal selfsufficiency to at least one fourth of the 1988-2001-population growth and has reduced population pressure on forestland. At the present, municipal development plans have identified strategies based mainly on micro realizations. Road construction, microcredit, and higher value-added production are not being considered and strategies to secure the next generation's access to crop, forest, and grazing land are not being defined.
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Lawali, Sitou, Issoufou Amadou, Nana Djamila Gambo Mahaman, and Maman Saley. "PESANTEURS SOCIOCULTURELLES ET LEURS IMPACTS SUR LES ACTIVITES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DANS LA REGION DE MARADI AU NIGER." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12516.
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The study is part of an agreement between the World Food Program (WFP) and the University Dan DickoDankoulodo of Maradi. Its objective is to analyze the socio-cultural factors related to the development activities undertaken by WFP. It was carried out in three WFP intervention areas, namely: GuidanYaro located in the rural commune of Baoudeta (local government of Tessaoua), Tambaraoua Amani located in the rural commune of Chadakori (local government of GuidanRoumdji), and the village of Maya da rojiya located in the urban commune of Mayahi (local government of Mayahi). The results indicated that the package of activities undertaken by WFP and its partners (rural development, education and nutrition) improved the living conditions of assisted house hold in all the villages. However, several gravities have been identified by this study. That is ignorance which has an impact on the education of children, illiteracy which limits the ability to obtain and understand information, the lack of regular attendance at health centers which causes illness to persist. Also, the lack of accountability of men in household expenses coupled with the rural exodus increase the vulnerability of women and children, followed by a lack of labor for development activities. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. In addition, the results highlight certain cultural ceremonies which seriously impact the level of education of children and the debt of parents. other forms of ceremony limit womens participation in development activities.
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Ahmed, Iqbal. "Book Review: Ukaga, O., Ukiwo, U.O. and Ibaba, I.S., editors, 2012: Natural Resources, Conflict, and Sustainable Development: Lessons from the Niger Delta." Progress in Development Studies 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2016): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993415625268.
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Hassan, Kalin, White, and Aladejana. "Hydrostratigraphy and Hydraulic Characterisation of Shallow Coastal Aquifers, Niger Delta Basin: A Strategy for Groundwater Resource Management." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110470.
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The groundwater from shallow coastal aquifers in Nigeria has been reported to be under intense stress resulting from both natural and anthropogenic impacts ranging from saltwater intrusion, effluent-related contamination and pollution to oil spillage, gas flaring, municipal, industries and agriculture. Here we characterised the hydrostratigraphy and hydraulic characteristics of the shallow coastal aquifers of the Niger Delta basin and assessed the resilience of groundwater to both natural and anthropogenic impacts. Fifty-two borehole logs were analysed from which lithological sections were used to generate cross-sections along with four profiles. The system was more complex than previously reported: a unit of silty sand was observed in the western part of the basin that thins out leaving the eastern part of the basin as an unconfined aquifer underlain by multiple thin beds of the sand aquifer. A layered sand aquifer occurs in the northern parts of the basin, which holds freshwater in this area, and is interbedded by clay layers which serve as aquitards. The relatively higher hydraulic conductivity of the Benin Formation units compared to those of the Deltaic Formation leave it with weaker climate change resilience and more vulnerable to pollution and contamination. While groundwater remains the dominant source of fresh water in the northern part of the basin, a strategic approach is needed to access potable water from the southern part where contaminated surface water appears to directly interact with groundwater of the uppermost unconfined aquifer. Management of waste and effluent related to oil spillage, municipal, industries and agricultural in this area should be engineered to protect the groundwater resources of this aquifer.
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Ciofolo, I. "West Africa's last giraffes: the conflict between development and conservation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009159.
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ABSTRACTThe distribution of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta Thomas 1898) has greatly diminished in West Africa, and now the last remaining population, reduced to less than 100 individuals, is found in Niger. These giraffes of West Africa are seriously threatened by extensive deforestation and clearing of their habitat. They live peacefully with humans and cattle and participate in an essential way in the dynamics of vegetation. Their disappearance would represent another step towards the impoverishment of the inheritance of Africa, a process already too far advanced. To save them, a fundamental rethinking of the connection between the environment and development on the one hand, and on the responsibilities of rural communities for the management of their natural resources on the other, has to be undertaken.
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Rooney-Latham, S., C. N. Janousek, A. Eskalen, and W. D. Gubler. "First Report of Aspergillus carbonarius Causing Sour Rot of Table Grapes (Vitis vinifera) in California." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0651a.
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During the 2006 growing season, grape berries in several Red Globe vineyards in Kern County, California were found exhibiting black fungal sporulation and typical sour rot symptoms. Symptoms included berry cracking and leakage along with a pungent vinegar smell. In California, sour rot (also known as summer bunch rot) has been attributed to a complex of microorganisms that invade ripe berries following injury. Fungi typically associated with sour rot include Aspergillus niger, Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium herbarum, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Penicillium spp. Various yeasts and bacteria have also been associated with the disease, especially Acetobacter bacteria, which give the grapes their pungent acetic acid smell (2). In June 2006, the two fungi most commonly isolated from affected berries (postveraison) were A. niger and A. carbonarius. Identification of the two species was confirmed by colony and spore morphology (1) and PCR analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. Although A. niger was more common, A. carbonarius has not previously been reported as a pathogen of grape in California. Conidia of A. carbonarius were globose, dark with very rough walls, and could be distinguished from A. niger by their wall structure and larger size ([5.1] 6.0 to 7.6 [8.8] μm in diameter). Sequence analysis of the ITS region of isolates morphologically identified as A. carbonarius showed 100% similarity to known isolates of this species. To confirm pathogenicity, postveraison Red Globe berries on standing grapevines were wounded with a needle and inoculated by dipping entire clusters into A. carbonarius spore suspensions (106 conidia/ml) for 30 s. Sterile water was used as a control. Twenty berries on each cluster were wounded and 10 clusters were used for each treatment. The experiment was repeated in two different vineyards in Kern County in 2006 and 2007. After 48 h, water-soaked lesions could be seen on the wounding site of grapes inoculated with A. carbonarius. After 1 week, 100% of the inoculated grapes exhibited dark, black sporulation, and after 3 weeks, the clusters were almost completely rotted. Koch's postulates were completed by isolating A. carbonarius from the affected berries. A few (less than 5%) of the wounded control berries also exhibited black sporulation and rot after 3 weeks. These infections were probably the result of natural inoculum at the sites because spore traps placed in the vineyards also contained A. carbonarius and A. niger propagules. Furthermore, soil surveys in the same vineyards showed that both A. niger and A. carbonarius were present on plant debris on the vineyard floor and in the soil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. carbonarius causing sour rot of grapes in California. References: (1) M. A. Klich. Identification of Common Aspergillus Species. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Urecht, The Netherlands, 2002. (2) J. J. Marois et al. Bunch rots: Miscellaneous secondary invaders and sour rot. Page 69 in: Grape Pest Management. 2nd ed. The Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, 1992.
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Ousmane, Laminou M., Boubé Morou, Saley Karim, Oumarou Bachir Garba, and Ali Mahamane. "Usages Socioeconomiques Des Espèces Ligneuses Au Sahel: Cas De Guidan Roumdji Au Niger." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 26 (September 30, 2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n26p355.
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Woody species are of multiple use in the department of Guidan- Roumdji, in Niger. The present study carried out in Garin-yahaya and Tsayin-daka aims to identify the woody species, their different uses and to determine their present state. Data collection methodology consisted of a floristic inventory at the level of 80 plots and ethnobotanical surveys on a sample of 250 respondents. 46 species, divided into 38 genera and 22 families, were recorded. There were 24 species used in food, 19 fodder species and 38 others species used in the treatment of several ailments in the area. Also, in handicrafts and construction, a dozen species are used respectively against 19 others species in the production of wood energy. These diverse and wide-ranging uses, associated with the effects of climate change, affect the woody species populations. Thus, in the area, 25 species are declared extinct, 18 and 14 others are respectively considered threatened and rare. The study also reported on woody species management practices in the area, including the conservation of 7 local species and the introduction of 11 exotic species because of various products and services they provide. Also, 96% of the local population practices the trees’ farming natural regeneration management (FNRM) in their farms for various reasons. This would be a start in the sustainable and rational management of forest resources in the area with the maintenance of several woody species in the area.
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Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Ngozi, and Toochukwu John Ezeugo. "Bush allowance and alienation: a challenge to African leadership and development in Kaine Agary’s Yellow-Yellow." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 20, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v20i3.3.
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African countries have experienced various forms of alienation both from natural occurrences and human forces. Environmental hazards have displaced some people from their parents and their ancestral homes. On the other hand, exploitation, privatization and uneven distribution of natural resources of the people by few privileged individuals, especially the politicians, have also alienated the people from their environment. Attempt to agitate or these factors of displacement and alienation often leads to a compromise and reliance on meager allocation of bush allowance which serves as compensation to the people. It is no doubt that this denial of collective participation of people in decision, especially as it concerns their welfare and natural minerals, has contributed to poor leadership and under development of Africa amidst her abundant resources. The alienation of people from decision has become some sort of abortion of dreams and suppression/ obliteration of ingenuity capable of transformation and development. This study is a qualitative research which seeks to textually explore the concept of bush allowance and alienation in Agary’s Yellow-Yellow in order to examine the extent they affect leadership quality and development in Africa, especially in Niger-delta of Nigeria. To do this the principle of Eco-centrism and the theory of Empowerment are used as analytical models as well as theoretical framework. Findings revealed that exploitation of natural minerals by those in authority has more adverse effects on the people than the environmental forces. The alienation of people from the decision making process creates imbalance and violence in society which deter development especially in Africa. This study also shows that over dependence in bush allowance affects self development and empowerment. The study therefore concludes that the development of a people is in their hands.
Keywords: Bush allowance, leadership, alienation, development, Yellow-Yellow
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Khan, Hassaan Furqan, Y. C. Ethan Yang, Hua Xie, and Claudia Ringler. "A coupled modeling framework for sustainable watershed management in transboundary river basins." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 12 (December 12, 2017): 6275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6275-2017.
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Abstract. There is a growing recognition among water resource managers that sustainable watershed management needs to not only account for the diverse ways humans benefit from the environment, but also incorporate the impact of human actions on the natural system. Coupled natural–human system modeling through explicit modeling of both natural and human behavior can help reveal the reciprocal interactions and co-evolution of the natural and human systems. This study develops a spatially scalable, generalized agent-based modeling (ABM) framework consisting of a process-based semi-distributed hydrologic model (SWAT) and a decentralized water system model to simulate the impacts of water resource management decisions that affect the food–water–energy–environment (FWEE) nexus at a watershed scale. Agents within a river basin are geographically delineated based on both political and watershed boundaries and represent key stakeholders of ecosystem services. Agents decide about the priority across three primary water uses: food production, hydropower generation and ecosystem health within their geographical domains. Agents interact with the environment (streamflow) through the SWAT model and interact with other agents through a parameter representing willingness to cooperate. The innovative two-way coupling between the water system model and SWAT enables this framework to fully explore the feedback of human decisions on the environmental dynamics and vice versa. To support non-technical stakeholder interactions, a web-based user interface has been developed that allows for role-play and participatory modeling. The generalized ABM framework is also tested in two key transboundary river basins, the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia and the Niger River basin in West Africa, where water uses for ecosystem health compete with growing human demands on food and energy resources. We present modeling results for crop production, energy generation and violation of eco-hydrological indicators at both the agent and basin-wide levels to shed light on holistic FWEE management policies in these two basins.
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Sorí, Rogert, Raquel Nieto, Anita Drumond, Milica Stojanovic, and Luis Gimeno. "On the Connection between Atmospheric Moisture Transport and Dry Conditions in Rainfall Climatological Zones of the Niger River Basin." Water 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030622.
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The hydroclimatology of the Niger River basin, located in West Africa, is very complex. It has been widely studied because of its importance to the socioeconomic activities of the countries that share its natural resources. In this study, to better understand the causes and mechanisms that modulate the rainfall over the Niger River basin, we identified the most relevant moisture sources for precipitation within the basin. The Lagrangian model FLEXPART was utilised to track backward trajectories of air parcels initially losing humidity over climatological rainfall zones of the basin. Along 10-day backward trajectories, we computed the budget of the difference between evaporation and precipitation (E − P) from 1000 to 0.1 hPa, permitting the identification of those regions where moisture uptake ((E − P) > 0) prevail. The study was conducted for the period 1980–2017. Monthly maps of ((E − P) > 0 were developed to illustrate the regions from where moisture is transported, contributing to precipitation in the Niger River basin. The spatial variability of the sources matches the precipitation variability over the basin restricted to surrounding areas of the Niger River basin during months with low average precipitation and widely spreading over the continent and the Atlantic Ocean in months with high average precipitation. During climatological dry months (e.g., December, January and February) the continental sources of West and Northeast Africa and the climatological rainfall zones themselves provide most of the moisture for precipitation. However, during the rainy season, the moisture supplies from oceanic sources increase, becoming greater than the contribution from land-based sources during August (the rainiest month). Dry conditions were identified for each climatological rainfall zone using the Standardised Precipitation Index. Similar to many previous studies, we found that the 1980s were highlighted by dry conditions. Local recycling and particularly moisture uptake from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean seem to be highly related to dry and wet conditions in the basin. A reduction on the moisture uptake from surrounding continental sources and the tropical South Atlantic Ocean is almost persistent during extremely dry conditions. Ascending movements are restricted to the lower troposphere during extremely dry conditions and oscillate latitudinally as well as precipitation.
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Debnath, M., A. Sultana, and AQMB Rashid. "Effect of Seed-borne Fungi on the Germinating Seeds and their Bio-control in Maize." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (August 7, 2012): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11564.
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An experiment was conducted in Seed Pathology Center, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine the efficacy of biocontrol means (BAU-Biofungicide, Garlic extract and Neem extract) in controlling seedborne fungal diseases of maize (Zea mays). In laboratory experiment, the seeds of maize cultivars cv. Badsha-1, Khai Bhutta, Bornali, Mohor, BARI Bhutta- 5 and BARI Bhutta- 6 were tested by blotter method. The identified fungi associated with the seeds were A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium sp., P. oxalicum, C. lunata and R. stolonifer. The seed samples were treated with BAU-Biofungicide @ 2.5% of seed weight, neem extract@ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v and garlic extract @ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v to control the seed-borne pathogens. The effective results were recorded as regards to the highest germination (84.5%) reflected the lowest disease incidence (4.0%) recorded in BAUBiofungicide treated seeds followed by other treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11564 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 117 - 120, 2012
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Daxecker, Ursula, and Brandon C. Prins. "Financing rebellion." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316683436.
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A prominent explanation of the resource–conflict relationship suggests that natural resources finance rebellion by permitting rebel leaders the opportunity to purchase weapons, fighters, and local support. The bunkering of oil in the Niger Delta by quasi-criminal syndicates is an example of how the black-market selling of stolen oil may help finance anti-state groups. More systematic assessments have also shown that the risk and duration of conflict increases in the proximity of oil and diamond deposits. Yet despite the emphasis on rebel resource extraction in these arguments, empirical assessments rely almost exclusively on latent resource availability rather than actual resource extraction. Focusing on maritime piracy, this article argues that piracy is a funding strategy neglected in current research. Anecdotal evidence connects piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden to arms trafficking, the drug trade, and human slavery. The revenue from attacks may find its way to Al-Shabaab. In Nigeria, increasing attacks against oil transports may signal an effort by insurgents to use the profits from piracy as an additional revenue stream to fund their campaign against the Nigerian government. The article hypothesizes that piracy incidents, that is, actual acts of looting, increase the intensity of civil conflict. Using inferential statistics and predictive assessments, our evidence from conflicts in coastal African and Southeast Asian states from 1993 to 2010 shows that maritime piracy increases conflict intensity, and that the inclusion of dynamic factors helps improve the predictive performance of empirical models of conflict events in in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts.
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Singh, Jyoti, S. K. Bhatnagar, and Akash Tomar. "Study on fungicidal effect of plant extracts on plant pathogenic fungi and the economy of extract preparation and efficacy in comparison to synthetic/chemical fungicides." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2053.
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Providing food security to devastatingly increasing population with limited natural resources along with destruction caused by pre- and post-harvest pathogens are the foremost concerns for the developing countries. Numerous pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers are being applied by the farmers to deal with the existing situation but leave very disastrous and undesirable after effects on ecosystem as non-degradable molecules.. Botanicals can be utilized as an ecofriendly and effective alternative against chemical as they are of natural origin. In this context, two chemical/synthetic fungicides namely Manzate and Nystanin in three different concentrations namely 500ppm, 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm were evaluated against Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium monilifrome, Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger in vitro to compare them with ethanolic botanical extracts of spices (clove, cinnamon, thyme) and weeds (parthenium and calotropis) at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Results revealed the high efficacy of botanicals i.e. clove extracts showed maximum inhibition (100%), followed by reduced inhibition in cinnamon, thyme, Parthenium and Calotropis treated plates against all five pathogens even at 5% concentration in comparison to chemical of 500 ppm concentration i.e. 100% in case of S.rolfsii only. Hence the herbal products can be further analyzed and applied as a potent, ecofriendly and economical substitute to chemicals.
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Laouali Abdoulkadri, Abdou Maman Manssour, Bachir Amadou, and Alzouma Zoubérou Mayaki. "Dynamics land use in the Lake Chad area of Niger: Between climatic pejoration and anthropization." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.2.0039.
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This article analyses the dynamics land use in the Lake Chad area located in the Extreme East of the Nigerien territory in the region of Diffa. The study was conducted by using the approach “Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC.” The digital satellite pictures Landsat TM for the year 1990, Landsat ETM for the year 2010 and Landsat ETM for the year 2018 were used. The analysis of the soil occupation indicated some significant changes of the milieu. The food and market gardening crops produced during the period of low tide are abandoned because of insecurity in the lake’s bed. The first unit of soil occupation in 1990 with 31% of coverage rate, covers, in 2018, only 1.26 % of the surface taken into consideration. At the same time, the vegetations (dense enough and thick) with Prosopis juliflora in the Lake’s bed expand and densify more because of the improvement in rainfalls in the area in recent years. The dynamics is also observed with the installation of pluvial crops on more than 19% of the surface taken into consideration at the expenses of the degraded shrub steppes which has lost more than 28% of its surface in relation to that of 1990. The return of the lake waters in the area on a surface of more than 13,000 hectares was added to it. The study also enabled to understand the relation to space of the various rural actors in a context where the access to natural resources is a major stake and the object of competition between users.
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Debnath, M., A. Sultana, and AQMB Rashid. "Effect of BAU-Biofungicide and Plant Extracts on Seedling Vigour of Maize." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14602.
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An experiment was conducted in Seed Pathology Center, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine the efficacy of biocontrol means (BAU-Biofungicide, Garlic extract and Neem extract) and vigour index of seedling for controlling the seedborne fungal diseases of maize. In laboratory experiment, the prevalence of seed-borne fungi associated with maize cultivar cv. BARI Bhutta - 6 were investigated by blotter method. The identified fungi species were A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium sp., P. oxalicum, C. lunata and R. stolonifer. The test materials were treated with BAU-Biofungicide @ 2.5% of seed weight, neem extract @ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v and garlic extract @ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v to control the pathogens. Significantly, the highest germination (87.%) and the lowest incidence of pathogen (4%) was recorded in BAU-Biofungicide treated seed The maize seeds treated by BAU- Biofungicide also show the higher vigour index (2856) followed by neem extract (1:2) treated seed (2621) after germination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14602 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 59-61 2012
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Mahamadou, Saley, Issiakou Mahamadou, Abass Saley Abdoulatif, Salaou Nourou, and Garba Zibo. "INTRODUCTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDRAULIC ROAD BINDER BASED ON MINERAL COAL BOTTOM ASH." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12510.
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The use of natural aggregates with suitable characteristics for road construction presents in some regions a real problem of availability or cost related to transport. However, the resources in place, which are naturally unusable, can be used after treatment with Hydraulic Road Binders (HRB). In this study, we propose to valorize the mineral Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), a residue from the combustion of the SONICHAR power station in Niger, as the main component of an HRB.After a physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizationof the coal bottom ash, several proportions of the CBA powder and a cement type CEM I 42.5 were studied. Compression tests were carried out at 07, 28, 56 and 90 days to determine the class of the binder corresponding to the mixture selected.The performance of the HRB thus obtained was evaluated on two types of weakly clay soils (IP <= 12, NF P 94-051), having an initially insufficient CBR. The 3% treatment of this product made the two aforementioned soils suitable for use as a base layer.
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Bassan, Gláucio, Paloma Sant’Anna Dominguez Moura, Walter Barrella, Ursulla Pereira Souza, and Milena Ramires. "RECURSOS PESQUEIROS UTILIZADOS PELA COMUNIDADE LOCAL DO ARQUIPÉLAGO DE FERNANDO DE NORONHA (PE, BRASIL): PREFERÊNCIAS, TABUS ALIMENTARES E USO MEDICINAL." Oecologia Australis 24, no. 04 (December 14, 2020): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2404.10.
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The archipelago of Fernando de Noronha is divided into a National Marine Park, intended for the protection of natural resources and an Environmental Protection Area, where human occupation is permitted. Tourist use has caused changes in the island lifestyle, mainly in relation to economic activities and contact with nature. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the local knowledge and eating habits of the people of Noronha, their preferences and aversions regarding the consumption of fish in the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha/PE. Data collection was carried out through individual interviews using a script and these were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found, in the research carried out with 81 interviewees, that the preferred fish for consumption are black syrup (Caranx lugubris), piraúna (Cepholopholis fulva), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), anchovy (Pomatomus saltatrix), red snapper (Lutjanus spp.) and mackerel (Acantocybium solandri). The relationship between popular knowledge and consumed food resources indicates an important contribution to regional and local conservation initiatives, which are essential to reduce environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and socioeconomic consequences for local communities. Aversion to reymosed fish was confirmed, such as cangulo (Melichthys niger) and barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), corroborating with the knowledge found in the literature. Thus, the use of fish in the diet of the residents of Fernando de Noronha showed patterns already indicated in research with other fishing communities where preference, taboos and medicinal use are the main purposes and indicate the knowledge they have about the environment and the available resources
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TWOMLOW, STEVE, BEKELE SHIFERAW, PETER COOPER, and J. D. H. KEATINGE. "INTEGRATING GENETICS AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY TARGETING AND GREATER IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006340.
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SUMMARYGood management of natural resources is the key to good agriculture. This is true everywhere – and particularly in the semi-arid tropics, where over-exploitation of fragile or inherently vulnerable agro-ecosystems is leading to land and soil degradation, productivity decline, and increasing hunger and poverty. Modern crop varieties offer high yields, but the larger share of this potential yield can only be realized with good crop management. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), working over a vast and diverse mandate area, has learned one key lesson: that technologies and interventions must be matched not only to the crop or livestock enterprise and the biophysical environment, but also with the market and investment environment, including input supply systems and policy. Various Natural Resource Management (NRM) technologies have been developed over the years, but widespread adoption has been limited for various reasons: technical, socio-economic and institutional. To change this, ICRISAT hypothesizes that ‘A research approach, founded on the need to integrate a broad consideration of technical, socio-economic and institutional issues into the generation of agricultural innovations will result in a higher level of adoption and more sustainable and diverse impacts in the rainfed systems of the semi-arid tropics.’ Traditionally, crop improvement and NRM were seen as distinct but complementary disciplines. ICRISAT is deliberately blurring these boundaries to create the new paradigm of IGNRM or Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management. Improved varieties and improved resource management are two sides of the same coin. Most farming problems require integrated solutions, with genetic, management-related and socio-economic components. In essence, plant breeders and NRM scientists must integrate their work with that of private and public sector change agents to develop flexible cropping systems that can respond to rapid changes in market opportunities and climatic conditions. The systems approach looks at various components of the rural economy – traditional food grains, new potential cash crops, livestock and fodder production, as well as socio-economic factors such as alternative sources of employment and income. Crucially the IGNRM approach is participatory, with farmers closely involved in technology development, testing and dissemination. ICRISAT has begun to use the IGNRM approach to catalyse technology uptake and substantially improve food security and incomes in smallholder farm communities at several locations in India, Mali, Niger, Vietnam, China, Thailand and Zimbabwe.
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Saha, SK, MAR Khokon, and MM Hossain. "Effects of Plant Extracts on Controlling Seed Borne Fungi of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2015): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22212.
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An experiment was conducted using farmers okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) seeds in Seed Pathology Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine the efficacy of plant extracts (garlic, allmanda, neem, ginger and biskathali extracts) and vigour index of seedling for controlling the seed-borne fungal diseases of okra. In the laboratory experiment, the prevalence of seed-borne fungi associated with farmers okra seed investigated by blotter method. The identified fungi species in the collected seeds were Colletotrichum dematium, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp. The test seed materials were treated with garlic tablet, allmanda tablet @ 1:1 and 2:1 w/v and neem extract, ginger extract and biskathali extract @ 1:1 and 1:2 w/v for each to control pathogens with control treatment. The significantly highest germination (62.5%) and lowest incidence of pathogen (5.25%) were recorded in garlic tablet @ 2:1 w/v treated seeds. The okra seeds treated by garlic tablet @ 2:1 w/v was also showed the higher vigour index (545.60%) compare to untreated seed (423.40%).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22212 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 85-88 2014
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Hossain, MD, M. Imran, KA Bhuiyan, ME Habib, and M. Ikrum. "Prevalence of Seed Borne Fungi Associated with Chickpea Seeds and Biological and Chemical Control of Fusarium oxysporum Causing Wilt Disease." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i2.39012.
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A total of 20 chickpea seed samples were collected from BARI, Gazipurand different locations of Savar, Dhaka district. Blotter method was used for detection of the associated fungi of chickpea seeds. Altogether 14 fungi comprising 12 genera namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Botryti cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum dematium, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phasaelina, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer and Stemphylium sarciniforme were isolated from chickpea seed samples. Among the fungi isolated fungi, F. oxysporumwas most prevalent with an average incidence of 18.95% and found in all the seed samples. The germination of seed samples varied from 55-90 % on blotter. The pathogenic fungi and other storage fungi like Aspergillus caused lower the germination of the seeds.A pathogenicity test was conducted with 20 isolates of F. oxysporum against their origin of chickpea seed samples in pot culture. The pathogenecity ranged from weak to highly pathogenic. The isolates FO 19, FO 17, FO 11 and FO 18 were highly virulent. The isolates FO 9, FO10 and FO 15 were virulent and rest of the isolates were moderately virulent. The isolates FO 2 and FO 3 were weak pathogen.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(2): 45-54 2017
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Yang, Xingyong, Yuehua Xiao, Xiaowen Wang, and Yan Pei. "Expression of a Novel Small Antimicrobial Protein from the Seeds of Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) Confers Disease Resistance in Tobacco." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 3 (December 8, 2006): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02016-06.
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ABSTRACT Medicinal plants are valuable resources of natural antimicrobial materials. A novel small protein with antimicrobial activities, designated LJAMP1, was purified from the seeds of a medicinal herb, motherwort (Leonurus japonicus Houtt). LJAMP1 is a heat-stable protein with a molecular mass of 7.8 kDa and a determined isoelectric point of 8.2. In vitro assays showed that LJAMP1 inhibits the growth of an array of fungi and bacteria. The hyphal growth inhibition by LJAMP1 was more evident against hyphomycete fungi, such as Alternaria alternata, Cercospora personata, and Aspergillus niger. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of LJAMP1 was determined, and its coding gene was consequently cloned by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The gene LJAMP1 has no intron and encodes a polypeptide of 95 amino acids, in which the first 27 residues was deduced as a signal peptide. The mature LJAMP1 shows relatively low identity to plant napin-like storage proteins. Northern blot assays revealed that LJAMP1 is expressed preferentially in seeds. Bioassays in transgenic tobacco demonstrated that that overexpression of LJAMP1 significantly enhanced the resistance of tobacco against not only the fungal pathogen A. alternata but also the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, while no visible alteration in plant growth and development was observed.
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Issoufou, Abdoul Aziz Elhadji Sanoussi, Habou Rabiou, Idrissa Soumana, Maman Kamal Abdou Habou, and Ali Mahamane. "Importance ethnobotanique de Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. dans le département de Diffa au Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.9.
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En zone sahélienne où les ressources ligneuses sont relativement rares, l’espèce Leptadenia pyrotechnica joue un rôle très important dans la vie des populations locales. La présente étude dont l’objectif est de répertorier les connaissances locales sur les modes d’utilisation et de gestion des peuplements naturels par les populations locale de Leptadenia pyrotechnica a été conduite dans la région de Diffa. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été conduites au niveau de cinq villages. Il s’agit de: Issari; Guelborno Mounimari, Jalori, Joulou Kriyé et le marché de Digurdi. Dans l’ensemble des villages, un total de 150 personnes a été interviewé à travers des entretiens individuels. Les principales rubriques du questionnaire administré sont relatives aux principales utilisations et leur impact sur la ressource. Il ressort de l’étude que toutes les parties de Leptadenia pyrotechnica (feuilles; rameaux, tiges, racines, écorce et la sève) sont utilisées par les différents groupes ethniques et socioprofessionnels de la zone d’étude (Haoussa, Peulh et Kanouri). Cependant, la connaissance de l’importance et les différentes catégories d’utilisation dépendent d’un groupe à un autre. Les principales catégories d’utilisations dénombrées dans le cadre de la présente étude sont: l’utilisation comme bois énergie, fixation des dunes, fourrage et pharmacopée traditionnelle. La fixation des dunes et la transhumance s’avèrent être les principaux facteurs limitant la disponibilité de cette espèce. Pour une conservation durable de l’espèce, une norme de prélèvement de Leptadenia pyrotechnica doit être définie pour la fixation des dunes et la capacité de charge des formations à Leptadenia pyrotechnica doit être contrôlée vis-à-vis des transhumances.
© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.
Mots clés: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, utilisation, bois, sève, rameaux, racine
English Title: Ethnobotanical importance of Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forsk. in the department of Diffa in Niger
English Abstract
In the Sahelian zone where wood resources are relatively rare, the species Leptadenia pyrotechnica plays a very important role in the lives of local populations. The purpose of this study, which is to identify local knowledge on the use and management of natural stands by local populations of Leptadenia pyrotechnica, was conducted in Diffa region. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted at five villages. These are: Issari; Guelborno Mounimari, Jalori, Joulou Kriyé and Digurdi market. In all the villages, a total of 150 people were interviewed through individual interviews. The main sections of the questionnaire administered relate to the main uses and their impact on the resource. The study shows that all parts of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (leaves, twigs, stems, roots, bark and sap) are used by the different ethnic and socio-occupational groups in the study area (Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri). However, knowledge of importance and the different categories of use depend on one group to another. The main categories of uses enumerated in this study are: wood energy use, dune fixation, fodder and traditional pharmacopoeia. The fixation of the dunes and the transhumance appear to be the main factors limiting the availability of this species. For a sustainable conservation of the species, a Leptadenia pyrotechnica sampling standard must be defined for the fixation of the dunes and the carrying capacity of Leptadenia pyrotechnica formations must be checked against transhumance.
© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, use, wood, sap, twigs, root
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O. Elansary, Hosam, Agnieszka Szopa, Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Halina Ekiert, Ahmed A. Barakat, and Fahed A. Al-Mana. "Antiproliferative, Antimicrobial, and Antifungal Activities of Polyphenol Extracts from Ferocactus Species." Processes 8, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020138.
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Polyphenols, obtained from natural resources, may possess important pharmacological effects. The polyphenolic profiles of the stem extracts of six Ferocactus species (sp.): F. gracilis, F. pottsii, F. herrerae, F. horridus, F. glaucescens, and F. emoryi, were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection (DAD). Additionally, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal activities were examined. Results showed the presence of high to moderate amounts of polyphenols in the extracts (phenolic acids: Protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillic acid; flavonoids: Rutoside and quercitrin). The highest amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were found in F. glaucescens ((132.09 mg 100 g−1 dry weight (DW)), F. pottsii (75.71 mg 100 g−1 DW), and F. emoryi (69.14 mg 100 g−1 DW) while rutoside content was highest in F. glaucescens (107.66 mg 100 g−1 DW). Maximum antiproliferative activities were observed against HeLa and Jurkat cancer cells, with F. glaucescens, F. emoryi, and F. pottsii showing the highest anticancer activity. Most bacteria were sensitive to Ferocactus sp. stem extracts. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most sensitive. Excellent antifungal effects were observed against Aspergillus ochraceus and A. niger. However, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, and Candida albicans were relatively resistant. This is the first study reporting novel sources of polyphenols in Ferocactus sp. with anticancer and antimicrobial activities.
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Mohammadi, Behzad, Sajad Pirsa, and Mohammad Alizadeh. "Preparing chitosan–polyaniline nanocomposite film and examining its mechanical, electrical, and antimicrobial properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 27, no. 8 (May 23, 2019): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119851439.
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In recent years, development and progress in modern packaging resulting from degradable natural resources have grown remarkably. In this study, chitosan–polyaniline film was prepared with a combination of different concentrations of polyaniline and various synthesis times to produce antimicrobial and biodegradable packaging film. The physical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The interaction between chitosan and polyaniline was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction patterns. The size and morphology of the synthesized particles were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the synthesized polyaniline particles had a spherical shape (45–100 nm). The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the films against Aspergillus niger fungi (antifungal area: 61.47 mm2) and Escherichia coli bacteria (antimicrobial area: 187.27 mm2) increased with increasing the concentration of polyaniline. The results obtained from the study of the effect of polyaniline on the electrical conductivity of the chitosan film showed that increasing the polyaniline concentration and synthesis time resulted in decreased electrical resistance of the film, for which the film with the highest aniline concentration and the highest synthesize time had the lowest resistance. According to the mechanical property results, tensile strength (TS) and elastic modulus were increased due to the addition of the polyaniline to the polymer matrix. The chitosan blank film had a lower TS than nanocomposites. As the final results, the chitosan–polyaniline film has good electrical conductivity, indicating that the produced film could be used in intelligent food packaging.
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Geysbeek, Tim. "Brief Sketch on the Life and Character of the Late Hon. Benj. J. K. Anderson, M.A. PH.D. K.C." History in Africa 34 (2007): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2007.0003.
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Benjamin Anderson (1835-1910), Liberia's great explorer of the nineteenth century, was at the forefront of encouraging the government to establish a viable economic and political presence in the deep interior. Anderson migrated from Baltimore, Maryland, when he was sixteen years old, and became a three-time Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior, mathematics professor, official surveyor, diplomat, military officer, and accomplished cartographer. He is most noted for having traveled to the fabled town of Musadu in today's Guinea. Musadu seemed to hold much promise to enrich the young colony because of its supposed natural resources such as gold, a strong political base, and connections to the interior trade routes that extended to the Niger River and beyond.Primary source information about Anderson's life comes from his own writings, scattered publications, and archival materials. The most complete contemporary account—published here—is an obituary that an unknown author wrote shortly after Anderson died. The obituary was located in the Frederick Starr Papers (Box 9, Folder 9) in the Department of Special Collections at the University of Chicago's Regenstein Library in 2000. It is typed on 8 ½″ × 14″ paper with “Republic of Liberia, Montserrado County, Superintendents Office” pre-printed on the back of each sheet. This paper's title is the same as the original title of the obituary. The document gives several interesting bits of information about Anderson's life that are not found in any other sources, and contains considerable data that can be independently confirmed.
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Go, Delfin S., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "Natural resource revenue, spending strategies and economic growth in Niger." Economic Modelling 52 (January 2016): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.001.
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