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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Natural resources, north america

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Academic literature on the topic 'Natural resources, north america'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

1

Connell-Szasz, Margaret. "Whose North America is it? “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.”." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5698.

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Responding to the question, “Whose North America is it?,” this essay argues North America does not belong to anyone. As a Sonoran Desert Tohono O’odham said of the mountain: “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.” Contrasting Native American and Euro-American views of the natural world, the essay maintains that European immigrants introduced the startling concept of Cartesian duality. Accepting a division between spiritual and material, they viewed the natural world as physical matter, devoid of spirituality. North America’s First People saw it differently: they perceived the Earth/Universe as a spiritual community of reciprocal relationships bound by intricate ties of kinship and respect. This clash has shaped American history. From the sixteenth century forward, many European immigrants envisioned land ownership as a dream. Creators of the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution thrust “happiness”/“property” into the nation’s mythology. Southern Euro-Americans claimed “ownership” of African Americans, defining them as “property”; Native Americans resisted Euro-Americans’ enforcement of land ownership ideology; by the late 1800s, Euro-Americans’ view of the natural world as physical matter spurred massive extraction of natural resources. The Cartesian duality persisted, but, given its dubious legacy, Native Americans question the wisdom of this interpretation of the natural world.

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Polyakova, T. V. "Prospects for the North America’ shale hydrocarbons development." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-97-105.

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An entire generation of American politicians were concerned about the growing U.S. dependence on imported oil and natural gas. However, in the last few years the situation has changed dramatically: there was started the development of not only the resources of shale gas, but shale oil. As a result in political and economic circles they began to talk about it as the most significant breakthrough in the energy resources development since the oil boom in Texas in the late 1920s. How large are these resources? What problems have to be overcome if the available potential will be realized? How will this problems affect the U.S. energy policy? Concerns about the adequacy of regulation, in particular the environmental issues associated with the non-conventional hydrocarbons production, have led to the internal public debate on the impact of unconventional oil and gas resources mining boom. One thing is clear: significant amounts of additional oil and gas supplies in the U.S. will have far-reaching political consequences for the world. The article presents the different points of view on the prospects for oil and gas production in North America, as well as on the political issues related to it.

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Kuuskraa, Vello A. "Outlook for North American Natural Gas Supplies." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300508.

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The underlying resource base for North American natural gas is large, sufficient for nearly 100 years of current consumption. As such, the issues are not the size of the resource, but how to convert this resource into economically competitive supply. The key questions are: * Will the cost (price) of natural gas remain competitive? * What is the status of near-term deliverability? * Will there be enough supply to meet growing demand? These economic and market issues frame the outlook for gas supplies in North America. Most importantly, they will determine how natural gas emerges from its competition for markets with other fuels and electricity. The paper addresses these questions by examining: (1) the underlying nature of the natural gas resource base; (2) the current status and trends in deliverability: and, (3) the potential of new technologies for producing gas more cost-effectively.

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Pretes, Michael, and Michael Robinson. "Beyond boom and bust: a strategy for sustainable development in the North." Polar Record 25, no. 153 (April 1989): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740001041x.

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AbstractMany northern regions of North America have come to rely heavily on extraction of non-renewable resources for their income, at the expense of traditional land-based economies. Such extraction leads to boom and bust income, destructive to long-term planning for sustainable development. Natural resource trust funds, as exemplified in Alberta, Alaska, Montana, Wyoming and New Mexico, would help to provide the stability that is currently lacking in Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Maintained by setting aside part of the current income from non-renewable resources, they yield capital and income that can be used to encourage the mixed, self-sustaining local communities appropriate for the North.

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Amspacher, Katelyn, F. Agustín Jiménez, and Clayton Nielsen. "Influence of Habitat on Presence of Striped Skunks in Midwestern North America." Diversity 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020083.

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Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are urban-adapted, generalist mesocarnivores widely distributed throughout North America. Although striped skunks have been studied extensively at small scales, knowledge of habitat influences on striped skunks at large scales is lacking. We developed a species distribution model (SDM) to examine potential striped skunk presence in a 16,058 km2 portion of southern Illinois, USA. We built models using SDM Toolbox and MaxEnt, and incorporated known presence locations, 1 km2 land cover data, and an index of human modification of the landscape. Land cover and human modification explained 98% and 2% of variation in our model, respectively. The highest presence of striped skunks existed in areas with forest cover and developed open space with moderate human modification. The striped skunk presence was lowest in areas with cultivated crops and woody wetlands with either low or high human modification. Forest cover provides natural food and shelter resources for striped skunks, but resources are likely augmented by human activity in developed open space. Cultivated crops only provide seasonal resources, and inundation limits denning in wooded wetlands. Our model indicated striped skunks are a synanthropic species that regularly inhabits both natural and anthropogenic habitats over a large scale.

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Zeb, Mehreen, and Chow H. Lee. "Medicinal Properties and Bioactive Compounds from Wild Mushrooms Native to North America." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020251.

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Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of fungi, are known for a long time in different cultures around the world to possess medicinal properties and are used to treat various human diseases. Mushrooms that are parts of traditional medicine in Asia had been extensively studied and this has led to identification of their bioactive ingredients. North America, while home to one of the world’s largest and diverse ecological systems, has not subjected its natural resources especially its diverse array of mushroom species for bioprospecting purposes: Are mushrooms native to North America a good source for drug discovery? In this review, we compile all the published studies up to September 2020 on the bioprospecting of North American mushrooms. Out of the 79 species that have been investigated for medicinal properties, 48 species (60%) have bioactivities that have not been previously reported. For a mere 16 selected species, 17 new bioactive compounds (10 small molecules, six polysaccharides and one protein) have already been isolated. The results from our literature search suggest that mushrooms native to North America are indeed a good source for drug discovery.

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Semkow, Brian W. "Energy and the New Constitution." Alberta Law Review 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr740.

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The Constitution Act, 1982 contains two natural resource provisions which amend the British North America Act. On the face of these provisions, the formal jurisdiction which provinces can exercise over natural resources in general, and over onshore oil and gas in particular, has been substantially bolstered. It is unclear, however, whether these provisions add very much substantively to the powers the provinces possessed (or were exercising) prior to the passing of the Constitution Act, 1982. This paper will analyse the new natural resource provisions to determine how they will affect the jurisdiction provinces will have over the future development of onshore oil and gas, and the revenues to be derived therefrom.

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Kerrigan, Richard W. "Global genetic resources for Agaricus breeding and cultivation." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-347.

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Until recently the natural history and resource status of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus has been but poorly known. At present, five and perhaps six genetically distinctive, reproductively isolated populations of this species from western North America, Europe, and western Asia have been located, sampled, and partially characterized. Morphology, diversity, reproductive syndrome, and other economically important traits vary among these populations. Other populations may exist in northern and central Africa and in Australia. Available evidence suggests that the studied populations are ancient. However, probably through cultivation, European germ plasm has invaded the three known North American populations and has already displaced a large portion of the indigenous coastal Californian population; the trend is less advanced in Alberta and the California desert. The recovery of diverse wild germ plasm of this mushroom, still in its infancy, is likely to become increasingly difficult. The value of these genetic resources, the threats that confront them, and appropriate responses by the mushroom industry are discussed. Hypotheses about the outcomes of heterokaryon somatogamy and the concept of the individual in this species are presented. The term metagenotype is coined to describe the ancestral or consensus genotype of a multigenerational intramictic lineage group. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, genetic resources, biodiversity, breeding, population structure, resource management.

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Ostry, M. E., and P. M. Pijut. "Butternut: An Underused Resource in North America." HortTechnology 10, no. 2 (January 2000): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.302.

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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) has many fine qualities as a nut species, however, it has never been commercially important. Although the nut is very edible, only a few cultivars have been selected that have desirable nut size and cracking qualities. In the last 20 years there has been a dramatic decline in the number of butternut in native stands caused to a large extent by the lack of natural reproduction and a damaging canker disease. Evidence suggests that superior, disease resistant trees can be propagated and if isolated from areas where the disease is prevalent, may remain disease-free. It is important that the remaining genetic diversity within the species is maintained. Various butternut conservation practices and research projects to restore butternut populations are underway in the United States and Canada.

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Le Bris, Arnault, Katherine E. Mills, Richard A. Wahle, Yong Chen, Michael A. Alexander, Andrew J. Allyn, Justin G. Schuetz, James D. Scott, and Andrew J. Pershing. "Climate vulnerability and resilience in the most valuable North American fishery." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 8 (January 22, 2018): 1831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711122115.

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Managing natural resources in an era of increasing climate impacts requires accounting for the synergistic effects of climate, ecosystem changes, and harvesting on resource productivity. Coincident with recent exceptional warming of the northwest Atlantic Ocean and removal of large predatory fish, the American lobster has become the most valuable fishery resource in North America. Using a model that links ocean temperature, predator density, and fishing to population productivity, we show that harvester-driven conservation efforts to protect large lobsters prepared the Gulf of Maine lobster fishery to capitalize on favorable ecosystem conditions, resulting in the record-breaking landings recently observed in the region. In contrast, in the warmer southern New England region, the absence of similar conservation efforts precipitated warming-induced recruitment failure that led to the collapse of the fishery. Population projections under expected warming suggest that the American lobster fishery is vulnerable to future temperature increases, but continued efforts to preserve the stock's reproductive potential can dampen the negative impacts of warming. This study demonstrates that, even though global climate change is severely impacting marine ecosystems, widely adopted, proactive conservation measures can increase the resilience of commercial fisheries to climate change.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

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McLerran, Jennifer. "Inventing "Indian art" : New Deal Indian policy and the native artists as "natural" resource /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6226.

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Kolb, Tracy L. "Creating a North American Sturgeon Information Infrastructure implications for composite databases as a multijurisdictional management tool /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Kellermann, Jherime L. "Spatiotemporal and Phenological Pattens of Bird Migration and the Influence of Climate and Disturbance in the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago and North American Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268552.

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Distributional and ecological dynamics of Neotropical migratory birds at stopover sites where they maintain critical fat reserves during migration remain poorly understood in North American aridlands. I examined spatiotemporal abundance and timing of migrants relative to 1) upland and riparian habitats, 2) post-fire landscape mosaics, and 3) phenological synchrony and overlap of migration with tree flowering in southeastern Arizona's Madrean Archipelago (2009-2011), and 4) abundance, habitat breadth, and foraging substrates relative to tree flowering along the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Mexico (2000-2003). I explored these dynamics relative to local weather conditions and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate phenomena. In Madrean habitats, migrants showed three non-exclusive responses to high precipitation, snowfall, and low minimum temperatures associated with El Niño in 2010; migration timing adjustments, habitat shifts, and reduced abundances suggesting migration route shifts. Foliage-gleaning insectivores were most abundant in high severity burns, disproportionate to their availability, and decreased with time since fire (TSF); flycatchers were most abundant in low-moderate severity and increased with TSF. Migrant abundance increased with tree flowering. Phenological overlap declined with increasing difference in timing of these events. Overlap was lowest in 2011 in riparian habitat due to low willow (Salix goodinggii) flowering, despite high migrant abundance, but lowest in 2010 in montane conifer, despite high pollen cone production by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meziesii), suggesting temperature limitation of insect abundance at high elevations, but water limitation of plant phenology at lower elevations. Along the Colorado River, migrant abundance and habitat breadth had inverse positive and negative quadratic relationships, respectively. Abundance increased with tree flowering, but only in 2003 during severe drought. Habitat breadth increased with monsoon precipitation. Foraging substrate use tracked flowering, shifting from willow to mesquite (Prosopis sp.); the overlap coincided with peak abundance and narrowest habitat breadth. Maintenance of diverse vegetation and post-fire landscape mosaics in the Madrean Archipelago should benefit migratory bird diversity. Flowering phenology likely provides large-scale cues of local-scale stopover habitat condition associated with interannual climatic variation. Management and restoration of upland habitats and large riparian woody perennials will be critical for migratory bird conservation in aridlands.

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Harvey, Sarah L. "Recovery Measures for the State Endangered American Marten: An Internship with Two Wisconsin Natural Resource Agencies." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1105225283.

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Shenkier, Elisa. "Resource perception in a cross-cultural context : ethical dimensions of the conflict over the forests at Barrière Lake." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67527.

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World perceptions are culturally determined, manifested in different cultural patterns of behaviour and in relationships between humans and their natural environments. Resource use and management reflect the values and priorities of a specific society. Conflicts may arise when different societies, with divergent attitudes and relationships with the land, are competing for resources. Cultural geographers and moral philosophers have explored ideas pertinent to such conflicts. A native community in Quebec's commercial forest area presents opportunity for an applied ethical inquiry into resource management: addressing the conflicting traditional and contemporary patterns of forest use of native and non-native groups. Yi-Fu Tuan and Paul W. Taylor explore issues of space, respect, and resource use, substantiating the assertion that cross-cultural resource conflict resolution necessitates moral inquiry. Taylor's six point value concept categorization is applied to show the perceptual differences between the groups, thereby affecting an assessment of the ethical roots and dimensions of the conflict.

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Green, Gina C. "Conservation projects in Central America an analysis to determine the ingredients for success /." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26977311.html.

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Alexander, Louise Boatwright. "Measuring Conservation Success: An Investigation of Land Trusts in North Carolina." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01052010-134542/.

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Local land trusts in North Carolina protect land to conserve natural resources and biodiversity, and to provide public benefits, such as clean air and water. However the success of their efforts is commonly reported in terms of the amount of land protected or money raised in support of conservation rather than in measures that describe whether or not conservations goals have been achieved. In order to determine if the conservation lands protected by local land trusts are meeting the goals they were intended to serve, I reviewed published research, literature and methodologies to identify common practices used to measure conservation success. Findings indicate three fundamental processes that allow organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions which are; 1) conducting status assessments that include articulating specific goals and describing the project context; 2) identifying threats to conservation targets; and 3) identifying, developing, and monitoring specific indicators whose status is a measurable reflection of the conservation targets and interventions. I also surveyed 24 land trusts in North Carolina to determine why they protect lands, what activities they perform that would allow them to evaluate the conservation impact of their work, and how success is reported to the public. From the survey, I conclude that land trusts in North Carolina are unable to determine if the lands they have protected are meeting their conservation goals because they are not consistently setting measurable goals, indentifying specific conservation targets, or monitoring indicators that would reflect conservation impact, processes identified in the literature review as necessary to evaluate conservation projects. I identify the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation framework as an applicable tool for local land trusts to use to focus their conservation efforts and develop measurable goals and report their conservation success.

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Cassingham, Kirsten Michaele. "Voluntary Conservation: Private landowner participation in North Carolina's Natural Heritage Program (spatial analysis of the Natural Heritage Program in North Carolina)." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010817-141234.

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Conflict between the public interests in non-timber amenities of forests and the private rights of forest owners has focused attention on voluntary conservation agreements as a policy tool. In North Carolina, the Natural Heritage Program identifies ecologically significant sites and provides two mechanisms for landholders to participate in conservation of those sites. Evaluation of the program from a spatial perspective focused on the mountain province of North Carolina, using a geographic information system (GIS) to characterize the conservation outcome of the program (i.e., what has been conserved) and the determinants of participation in the program (i.e., who has conserved). To characterize the participation decision, literature was reviewed on voluntary forest stewardship and conservation programs and spatial analysis of land-use. The effect of neighborhood characteristics (e.g., near-by protected areas) and distance (e.g., from highways and cities) was considered, as well as characteristics of the landowner and of the site. The conservation outcome of the program was evaluated in terms of protection of ecologically significant sites, considering both Heritage Program rankings and land cover.

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Miller, Vickie Marie. "Habitat Characterization of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Groups at Fort Bragg, North Carolina." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01042005-113555/.

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The growth characteristics and habitat of the rare shrub Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana were studied by examining 19 documented groups of this Federal Species of Concern. These 19 groups occur along the Little River on the Fort Bragg Military Reservation in Cumberland, Hoke and Moore counties, North Carolina. Systematic field studies located and monitored the plants, and a modified version of the North Carolina Vegetation Survey protocol produced an inventory of surrounding plant communities. Results were used to modify knowledge of A. georgiana var. georgiana and correct errors in previous accounts: flowering commences in mid-April and ends in mid-May; seeds may persist on the plants until the following April; tree canopy densities range above 75 percent; and the plant inhabits transition zones on the dry side of wetland boundaries. A key to guide searches for the plant is presented along with recommendations for further research to resolve remaining questions about the protection status of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.

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Otwell, Dwight Woodard. "Conifer Discrimination in the Sandhills of North Carolina Using High Spectral Resolution Data." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07102008-165201/.

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We investigated techniques to discriminate long leaf pine (Pinus palustris) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in 126 band HyMap imagery with a 4 meter spatial resolution. Field assessment provided stand composition information, and crowns of known species were selected in the imagery to represent species types for model construction. A Quadratic Discriminant Analysis used with a likelihood ratio test was able to identify southern yellow pine with a producerâs accuracy of 98% and a userâs accuracy of 96%. The same test identified loblolly pine with a producerâs accuracy of 80% and a userâs accuracy of 49%. Longleaf pine identification had a producerâs accuracy of 60% and a userâs accuracy of 76%. Price of image acquisition, the relatively low accuracy of discrimination between longleaf and loblolly pine crowns, and inherent bias in the approach make this particular method unreliable as an option for targeting potential sites for RCW habitat restoration.

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Books on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

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North America. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008.

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Lynch, Dan R. Wonder of North American agates. Cambridge, Minnesota: Adventure Publications, 2013.

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Notzke, Claudia. Aboriginal peoples and natural resources in Canada. North York, Ont: Captus University Publications, 1994.

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Caille, John Patricia La. Native American natural resource management: January 1980 - January 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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John, Patricia La Caille. Native American natural resource management: January 1980 - January 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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Caille, John Patricia La. Native American natural resource management: January 1980 - January 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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Barse, William P. Archeological investigations at 18PR321 and 18PR323, Milltown Landing Natural Resources Management Area, Prince Georges County, Maryland. [Baltimore]: Dept. of Natural Resources, Maryland Geological Survey, Division of Archeology, 1989.

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Royster, Judith V. Native American natural resources law: Case and materials. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2007.

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Royster, Judith V. Native American natural resources law: Case and materials. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2007.

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C, Blumm Michael, and Kronk Elizabeth Ann, eds. Native American natural resources law: Case and materials. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

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Campbell, Alastair, and Kirk Cameron. "Constitutional Development and Natural Resources in the North." In Governing the North American Arctic, 180–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137493910_9.

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Chao, Philip, Ben F. Hobbs, and Eugene Z. Stakhiv. "Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on the Management of the Great Lakes of North America." In Engineering Risk in Natural Resources Management, 417–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8271-1_27.

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Jácome, Alba González. "Natural Resources and Out-Migration in Local Communities of Southern Mexico: Non-NAFTA Issues Impacting NAFTA." In The Impacts of NAFTA on North America, 141–58. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230110007_8.

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Parida, B. R., and W. Buermann. "Longer Growing Season Decreases Peak Summer Vegetation Productivity in North American Ecosystems." In Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 421–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_64.

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Pesonen, Mauno, Jyrki Ahola, Mikko Kurttila, Miika Kajanus, and Jyrki Kangas. "Applying A’WOT to Forest Industry Investment Strategies: Case Study of a Finnish Company in North America." In The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Natural Resource and Environmental Decision Making, 187–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9799-9_12.

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Brown, Charles E. "Regional Overview — North America and Latin America." In World Energy Resources, 321–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56342-3_21.

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Biswas, Asit K. "Water Resources." In Water Resources of North America, 251–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10868-0_28.

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Biswas, Asit K. "Water Quality." In Water Resources of North America, 25–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10868-0_3.

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Biswas, Asit K. "General Aspects." In Water Resources of North America, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10868-0_1.

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Biswas, Asit K. "Water and Nature." In Water Resources of North America, 81–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10868-0_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

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Moore, Michal C. "Policy and Regulation in the Face of Uncertainty: The Case of Disruptive Markets for Unconventional Natural Gas in North America." In Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/138167-ms.

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Sayed, Mohammed A., Ghaithan A. Al-Muntasheri, and Feng Liang. "Required Understanding for the Development of Shale Reservoirs in the Middle East in Light of Developments in North America." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172939-ms.

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Abstract The ever-increasing international energy demands require exploration of new fossil energy resources. Unconventional oil and gas have received a great deal of attention in recent years as the technological advancements have made their production possible and more economical. Most of the shale developments took place in North America where the learning curve is being developed. Although shales still require lots of understanding and more advanced technologies, a substantial experience has been developed in North America. This paper presents an effort to summarize the current experience in shales of North America from different angles: rock mechanics, rock/fluids interaction, gas flow mechanisms through shale rocks, proppant embedment and water recovery after shale fracturing. Three prospective areas for unconventional gas were found in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: in the Northwest, South Ghawar and condensate-rich shale gas in the Rub' Al-Khali area. The main targeted formations for unconventional natural gas are: the Ordovician Sarah, Silurian Qulibah, Qusaiba hot shale, Devonian Jauf and Permian Unayzah formations. The Qusaiba shale is located at depths of 7,500 to 20,000 ft throughout Saudi Arabia's basins. The Qusaiba Hot Shale in the Northwest area is relatively thick and it is considered to be the richest in all possible source rocks with a maximum total organic content of 6.15%. Shales are composed of: kerogen, rock matrix and natural fractures. The mineralogy of shale varies from one field to another. Literature has confirmed that for Haynesville shale, the rock becomes more ductile with the increase in its clay content. Similar trends were seen for Lower Bakken shale. While other shale reservoirs, like Eagle Ford, Barnett and Middle Bakken are harder since they contain more quartz and calcite. The exposure of these clay-sensitive rocks to fracturing fluids does change their rock mechanical properties. This has been confirmed in literature where Middle Bakken shale lost 52% of its Young's modulus after exposure to 2 wt% KCl slickwater at 300°F for 48 hours. The use of slickwater in fracturing represents a major challenge as it consumes huge volumes of this valuable resource. Recycling of produced water has been attempted in North America in Marcellus. An average amount of 3 to 8 million gallons of water are used in fracturing one well in Marcellus shale formation. In one application, re-use of the flowback water resulted in 25% reduction in the fresh water volumes and it reduced the cost of disposing produced water by 45 to 55%. The paper presents a summary of all of these findings from North America. A comprehensive understanding and analysis on unconventional reservoirs is required for the Middle Eastern reservoirs.

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Alleyne, N. A., and V. Stoute. "Options for Monetising Deep Water Gas in Trinidad and Tobago." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169926-ms.

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Abstract Notwithstanding the global thrust to develop renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels, coal, crude oil and natural gas are expected to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs for decades to come. Natural gas with the highest hydrogen concentration among the fossil fuels is the preferred fossil fuel from an environmental impact standpoint. Trinidad and Tobago, like the rest of the world, is taking its petroleum exploration activities into deep water, its onshore and continental shelf provinces being fully explored. The development of petroleum reservoirs in deep water has many challenges. This paper explores the unique challenges posed by developing deep water gas fields with a focus on the options available for monetising the natural gas produced from these fields. The options for getting gas to market are well known and include pipelines, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to solid petrochemicals (GTS), gas to liquids (GTL) and gas to wire (GTW). Most of these options are operating in Trinidad and Tobago. The paper evaluates the financial outcomes from applying the pipeline, LNG and CNG options, either offshore or onshore, for gas extracted from deep water fields across a range of reserve levels and well productivities. It aims to establish criteria for deciding which means of monetisation is preferred. The reserve and productivity ranges reflect typical values encountered in the deep water provinces in Latin America, North America and Africa. These provinces account for 85% of all the deep water fields and 74 % the deep water reserves which have been discovered worldwide. Because the paper focuses on the monetisation of natural gas, its findings will be applicable to any successful deep water exploration in Trinidad and Tobago because all situations, even the discovery of oil, will require that the associated gas be handled. The handling of gas has the potential of being on the critical path in deciding on the development of deep water fields in Trinidad and Tobago.

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Camacho-Collados, Jose, Luis Espinosa Anke, and Mohammad Taher Pilehvar. "The interplay between lexical resources and Natural Language Processing." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-6004.

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Ahmed, U. "Optimized Shale Resource Development: Balance Between Technology and Economic Considerations." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169984-ms.

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Abstract Shale resource development technology is being improved and optimized over the last decade as the industry has seen a sharp rise in production and IP rates in North America and most recently from Europe and Australia while initial activities are on the rise in Latin America, Middle East and China. Despite such improvements, if one takes a closer look at the performance of the wells, one will find that not all wells are producing commercially and for that matter even wells that are producing commercially not all hydraulic fracture stages are contributing. This scenario is further compounded with the fact that unconventional resource development has a narrow profit margin for the E&P operators and in turn for the service industry. The industry needs to focus on the balance between efficient deployment of fit-for-purpose technology with strict economics in mind. This conundrum potentially suggests that when dealing with shale resource one is faced with sweet spot identification in a basin / field and at the same time moving away from geometric (say every 250 ft.) selection of hydraulic fracture stages and placing stages where appropriate from a productivity point of view. This paper documents certain well defined criterion used to identify the sweet spot location within a field / basin for the optimal well placement. We further document the vital formation / zone characteristic related information that can define the placement for hydraulic fracture stages and thus move away from the arbitrary geometric placement. Such an optimized plan can allow placement of productive wells and frac stages and thereby enhancing productivity and reducing well drilling and stimulation expenses. The key is effective cost reduction. The paper illustrates the well placement optimization process through a combination of seismic attribute analysis combined with petrophysical and geochemical analysis via core and geophysical log measurements. The hydraulic fracture stage placement relies on the need to understand existing natural fracture system through geophysical log measurements and the interaction between the created hydraulic bi-wing tensile fracture and the surrounding shear fractures. The paper concludes by presenting examples from three basins demonstrating the practical application of the methodology.

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Zwahr, Heiner. "Ways to Improve the Efficiency of Waste to Energy Plants for the Production of Electricity, Heat and Reusable Materials." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1682.

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Up to now the emissions of waste-to-energy plants have been of major concern for the operators of waste incineration plants and the public. In Germany the emission standards for waste incineration plants have been very strict for more than 10 years, more stringent than for coal fired power plants, for example. Now the member states of the European Union are following suit with the same standards in accordance with European directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste. Within a couple of years all European waste incineration plants will have to comply with the emission limits of directive 2000/76/EC. There is also legislation in the pipeline restricting landfilling of untreated waste. In view of the discussions about CO2 reductions the efficiency of today’s Waste to Energy (WTE) plants should be improved, even though — or rather because — waste is regarded to some extent as “green power”. With the same goal in mind the recovery rate of reusable materials from the incineration of waste or flue gas treatment should be improved. This will make it possible to reduce the amount of CO2 generated by the production of these materials from natural resources and to conserve natural resources.

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Burr, Alexa S., S. David Toth, and Colin M. Frazier. "API RP 1173 Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program: A Key Industry Tool for Evaluating and Supporting Implementation of Pipeline Safety Management Systems." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9370.

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Abstract Since the publication of API Recommended Practice (RP) 1173: Pipeline Safety Management Systems, in July 2015, the energy pipeline trade groups in North America (American Petroleum Institute, Association of Oil Pipelines, American Gas Association, Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, and the American Public Gas Association) have worked collaboratively to develop tools and programs to assist energy pipeline operators with the development and implementation of Pipeline Safety Management System (Pipeline SMS) programs and processes. These resources include a Planning Tool, Implementation Tool and Evaluation Tool, as well as an industry-developed Maturity Model that describes a continuum of implementation levels, based on conformance to RP 1173 as well as implementation effectiveness. These resources can be found online and are supplemented by the Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program developed by API. Applying API’s experiences with successful safety programs in other segments and with significant contributions from the Pipeline SMS Implementation Team (aforementioned trade groups and various industry operators), the Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program is designed to be a key tool to facilitate Pipeline SMS implementation and to share and benchmark information to drive improvements in safety performance. The assessments also provide the pipeline industry with an objective, third-party option to test their systems and address the conformity auditing (API RP 1173, Section 10.2.2) and performance and maturity evaluation (API RP 1173, Section 10.2.3 to 10.2.5) requirements of the recommended practice. In 2019, pilot assessments were conducted and in 2020 the Assessment Program is being implemented. Through the piloting process, significant insights were gained into the practical application of the industry Maturity Model and how the assessments can contribute to an operator’s journey improving safety performance. Aligning with the flexibility and scalability goals of RP 1173, the pilot experiences included liquids transmission and gas distribution operators with varying approaches to pipeline SMS implementation. We will discuss the lessons learned through the piloting process and how the plan-do-check-act cycle was applied to improve the processes for planning, staffing and conducting the assessments to ensure that value is being provided to the pipeline industry. An independent assessment through the API Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program can validate internal efforts to increase maturity of programs, as well as provide operators with benchmarking data so that they can understand where other operators are in their maturity journey.

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Tewari, Ram, Jairaj Gosine, and Scott McIlvaine. "Sustainability in Energy From Broward County’s Waste-to-Energy Plants." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3558.

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Sustainability and Going Green have been the recent buzz words in the solid waste management field. These two words have an ongoing impact on planning (for either a new project or for refurbishment), performance, people, planet Earth and our quality of life. So the challenge for solid waste professionals is to optimize a balance among environment, natural resources and solid waste management technologies. This paper describes such a sustainability and greening effort through a public–private partnership initiative for an integrated solid waste management for our two Broward County, Florida facilities. Water conservation and use of wastewater, experimental use of waste (sludge) from water treatment plants, continuous quality improvement by monitoring, process optimization and design approaches are some of the on-going areas where efficiencies are being realized.

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Madi, Jamal A., and Elhadi M. Belhadj. "Unconventional Shale Play in Oman: Preliminary Assessment of the Shale Oil / Shale Gas Potential of the Silurian Hot Shale of the Southern Rub al-Khali Basin." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172966-ms.

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Abstract Oman's petroleum systems are related to four known source rocks: the Precambrian-Lower Cambrian Huqf, the Lower Silurian Sahmah, the Late Jurassic Shuaiba-Tuwaiq and the Cretaceous Natih. The Huqf and the Natih have sourced almost all the discovered fields in the country. This study examines the shale-gas and shale-oil potential of the Lower Silurian Sahmah in the Omani side of the Rub al Khali basin along the Saudi border. The prospective area exceeds 12,000 square miles (31,300 km2). The Silurian hot shale at the base of the Sahmah shale is equivalent to the known world-class source rock, widespread throughout North Africa (Tannezouft) and the Arabian Peninsula (Sahmah/Qusaiba). Both thickness and thermal maturities increase northward toward Saudi Arabia, with an apparent depocentre extending southward into Oman Block 36 where the hot shale is up to 55 m thick and reached 1.4% vitrinite reflectance (in Burkanah-1 and ATA-1 wells). The present-day measured TOC and estimated from log signatures range from 0.8 to 9%. 1D thermal modeling and burial history of the Sahmah source rock in some wells indicate that, depending on the used kinetics, hydrocarbon generation/expulsion began from the Early Jurassic (ca 160 M.a.b.p) to Cretaceous. Shale oil/gas resource density estimates, particularly in countries and plays outside North America remain highly uncertain, due to the lack of geochemical data, the lack of history of shale oil/gas production, and the valuation method undertaken. Based on available geological and geochemical data, we applied both Jarvie (2007) and Talukdar (2010) methods for the resource estimation of: (1) the amount of hydrocarbon generated and expelled into conventional reservoirs and (2) the amount of hydrocarbon retained within the Silurian hot shale. Preliminary results show that the hydrocarbon potential is distributed equally between wet natural gas and oil within an area of 11,000 square mile. The Silurian Sahmah shale has generated and expelled (and/or partly lost) about 116.8 billion of oil and 275.6 TCF of gas. Likewise, our estimates indicate that 56 billion of oil and 273.4 TCF of gas are potentially retained within the Sahmah source rock, making this interval a future unconventional resource play. The average calculated retained oil and gas yields are estimated to be 6 MMbbl/mi2 (or 117 bbl oil/ac-ft) and 25.3 bcf/mi2 (or 403 mcf gas/ac-ft) respectively. To better compare our estimates with Advanced Resources International (EIA/ARI) studies on several Silurian shale plays, we also carried out estimates based on the volumetric method. The total oil in-place is 50.2 billion barrels, while the total gas in-place is 107.6 TCF. The average oil and gas yield is respectively 7 MMbbl/mi2 and 15.5 bcf/mi2. Our findings, in term of oil and gas concentration, are in line or often smaller than all the shale oil/gas plays assessed by EIA/ARI and others.

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Clark, Bruce J., and Marc J. Rogoff. "Economic Feasibility of a Plasma Arc Gasification Plant, City of Marion, Iowa." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3502.

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The City of Marion (“City”) and wastenotIowa, Inc. (WNI), along with other interested parties, has been considering the use of a plasma are gasification plant (“Plant”) as a technology that could reduce their future dependency on landfill disposal. As currently envisioned, the Plant would serve Linn County, including the City and the University of Iowa (“UI”) Oakdale research campus, located in Johnson County. In the next step of their evaluations, the City along with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has commissioned SCS Engineers (SCS) to perform a formal economic feasibility study of the Plant. The feasibility study included: •Assessing potential for other waste material other than municipal solid waste in the region as supplemental plant feedstock. •Assessing potential markets for the plasma plant byproducts. •Determining the feasibility, requirements and costs related to an interconnect with the power utility grid. •Assessing the option that the UI could potentially be the exclusive power customer for the Plant. •Developing a pro-forma model so that various options can be evaluated for the Plant capacity and material and energy output configurations over an assumed initial 20-year contract operating phase, including; –Production of syngas for conversion to electrical power –Production of syngas for direct use and conversion to fuel products –Production of insulation from slag to enhance project revenues. •Determining the potential economic impact of the Plant on the region.

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Reports on the topic "Natural resources, north america"

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Clark, Roger N., and Errol E. Meidinger. Integrating science and policy in natural resource management: lessons and opportunities from North America. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-441.

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Kukushkina, Nataliya. North America. Tectonics and mineral resources. Edited by Nikolay Komedchikov, Aleksandr Khropov, and Larisa Loginova. Entsiklopediya, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/dm2015-12-01-10.

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Alterman, Sofya. Natural Gas Price Volatility in the UK and North America. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781907555435.

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Henderson, Tim, Mincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285306.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile for this unit. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be recorded such that other researchers may evaluate it in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN, methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...

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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285337.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...

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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286915.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be protected and conserved for researchers to study and evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers...

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Nelson, Margot, Michael Antonioni, Vincent Santucci, and Justin Tweet. Oxon Run Parkway: Paleontological resource inventory; supplement to the National Capital Parks-East paleontological resource inventory. National Park Service, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287217.

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Oxon Run Parkway (OXRN) is a 51-hectare (126-acre) natural area within Washington, D.C. administered by the National Park Service under National Capital Parks East (NACE). The original plan called for a road, slated to follow Oxon Run stream, but this never came to fruition; despite this, the moniker stuck. The majority of the original Oxon Run Parkway is managed by the District of Columbia. The section of Oxon Run Parkway under NPS jurisdiction contains wetlands and forests, as well as the only McAteean magnolia bogs still remaining in the District. The lower Cretaceous Potomac Group, known as one of the few dinosaur-bearing rock units on the east coast of North America, crops out within Oxon Run. One of the most prevalent fossil-bearing resources are the siderite, or “bog iron” sandstone slabs that sometimes preserve the footprints or trackways of various vertebrates, including dinosaurs. Such trackways have been reported from Potomac Group outcrops throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland and Virginia. In 2019, National Capital Parks-East took possession of such a track, referred to a dinosaur, collected by paleontologist Dr. Peter Kranz. This report was compiled after a paleontological survey of Oxon Run Parkway and is intended as a supplement to the National Capital Parks East Paleontological Resource Inventory (Nelson et al. 2019). This report contains information on the history of Oxon Run Parkway and its geology, as well as discussion of the fossil track.

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Stull, E. A., I. Hlohowskyj, and K. E. LaGory. Literature and information related to the natural resources of the North Aleutian Basin of Alaska. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924695.

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Orrnert, Anna. Review of National Social Protection Strategies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.026.

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This helpdesk report reviews ten national social protection strategies (published between 2011-2019) in order to map their content, scope, development processes and measures of success. Each strategy was strongly shaped by its local context (e.g. how social development was defined, development priorities and existing capacity and resources) but there were also many observed similarities (e.g. shared values, visions for social protection). The search focused on identifying strategies with a strong social assistance remit from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub-Sarahan African and South and South-East Asian regions1 (Latin America was deemed out of scope due the advanced nature of social protection there). Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa are most widely available. Few examples are available from the MENA region2 – it may be that such strategies do not currently exist, that potential strategy development process are in more nascent stages or that those strategies that do exist are not accessible in English. A limitation of this review is that it has not been able to review strategies in other languages. The strategies reviewed in this report are from Bangladesh (2015), Cambodia (2011), Ethiopia (2012), Jordan (2019), Kenya (2011), Lesotho (2014), Liberia (2013), Rwanda (2011), Uganda (2015) and Zambia (2014). The content of this report focuses primarily on the information from these strategies. Where appropriate, it also includes information from secondary sources about other strategies where those original strategies could not be found (e.g. Saudi Arabia’s NSDS).

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Ramm-Granberg, Tynan, F. Rocchio, Catharine Copass, Rachel Brunner, and Eric Nelsen. Revised vegetation classification for Mount Rainier, North Cascades, and Olympic national parks: Project summary report. National Park Service, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284511.

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Field crews recently collected more than 10 years of classification and mapping data in support of the North Coast and Cascades Inventory and Monitoring Network (NCCN) vegetation maps of Mount Rainier (MORA), Olympic (OLYM), and North Cascades (NOCA) National Parks. Synthesis and analysis of these 6000+ plots by Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) and Institute for Natural Resources (INR) staff built on the foundation provided by the earlier classification work of Crawford et al. (2009). These analyses provided support for most of the provisional plant associations in Crawford et al. (2009), while also revealing previously undescribed vegetation types that were not represented in the United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). Both provisional and undescribed types have since been submitted to the USNVC by WNHP staff through a peer-reviewed process. NCCN plots were combined with statewide forest and wetland plot data from the US Forest Service (USFS) and other sources to create a comprehensive data set for Washington. Analyses incorporated Cluster Analysis, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS), Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) to identify, vet, and describe USNVC group, alliance, and association distinctions. The resulting revised classification contains 321 plant associations in 99 alliances. A total of 54 upland associations were moved through the peer review process and are now part of the USNVC. Of those, 45 were provisional or preliminary types from Crawford et al. (2009), with 9 additional new associations that were originally identified by INR. WNHP also revised the concepts of 34 associations, wrote descriptions for 2 existing associations, eliminated/archived 2 associations, and created 4 new upland alliances. Finally, WNHP created 27 new wetland alliances and revised or clarified an additional 21 as part of this project (not all of those occur in the parks). This report and accompanying vegetation descriptions, keys and synoptic and environmental tables (all products available from the NPS Data Store project reference: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2279907) present the fruit of these combined efforts: a comprehensive, up-to-date vegetation classification for the three major national parks of Washington State.

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