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1
Connell-Szasz, Margaret. "Whose North America is it? “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.”." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5698.
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Responding to the question, “Whose North America is it?,” this essay argues North America does not belong to anyone. As a Sonoran Desert Tohono O’odham said of the mountain: “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.” Contrasting Native American and Euro-American views of the natural world, the essay maintains that European immigrants introduced the startling concept of Cartesian duality. Accepting a division between spiritual and material, they viewed the natural world as physical matter, devoid of spirituality. North America’s First People saw it differently: they perceived the Earth/Universe as a spiritual community of reciprocal relationships bound by intricate ties of kinship and respect. This clash has shaped American history. From the sixteenth century forward, many European immigrants envisioned land ownership as a dream. Creators of the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution thrust “happiness”/“property” into the nation’s mythology. Southern Euro-Americans claimed “ownership” of African Americans, defining them as “property”; Native Americans resisted Euro-Americans’ enforcement of land ownership ideology; by the late 1800s, Euro-Americans’ view of the natural world as physical matter spurred massive extraction of natural resources. The Cartesian duality persisted, but, given its dubious legacy, Native Americans question the wisdom of this interpretation of the natural world.
2
Polyakova, T. V. "Prospects for the North America’ shale hydrocarbons development." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-97-105.
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An entire generation of American politicians were concerned about the growing U.S. dependence on imported oil and natural gas. However, in the last few years the situation has changed dramatically: there was started the development of not only the resources of shale gas, but shale oil. As a result in political and economic circles they began to talk about it as the most significant breakthrough in the energy resources development since the oil boom in Texas in the late 1920s. How large are these resources? What problems have to be overcome if the available potential will be realized? How will this problems affect the U.S. energy policy? Concerns about the adequacy of regulation, in particular the environmental issues associated with the non-conventional hydrocarbons production, have led to the internal public debate on the impact of unconventional oil and gas resources mining boom. One thing is clear: significant amounts of additional oil and gas supplies in the U.S. will have far-reaching political consequences for the world. The article presents the different points of view on the prospects for oil and gas production in North America, as well as on the political issues related to it.
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Kuuskraa, Vello A. "Outlook for North American Natural Gas Supplies." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300508.
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The underlying resource base for North American natural gas is large, sufficient for nearly 100 years of current consumption. As such, the issues are not the size of the resource, but how to convert this resource into economically competitive supply. The key questions are: * Will the cost (price) of natural gas remain competitive? * What is the status of near-term deliverability? * Will there be enough supply to meet growing demand? These economic and market issues frame the outlook for gas supplies in North America. Most importantly, they will determine how natural gas emerges from its competition for markets with other fuels and electricity. The paper addresses these questions by examining: (1) the underlying nature of the natural gas resource base; (2) the current status and trends in deliverability: and, (3) the potential of new technologies for producing gas more cost-effectively.
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Pretes, Michael, and Michael Robinson. "Beyond boom and bust: a strategy for sustainable development in the North." Polar Record 25, no. 153 (April 1989): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740001041x.
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AbstractMany northern regions of North America have come to rely heavily on extraction of non-renewable resources for their income, at the expense of traditional land-based economies. Such extraction leads to boom and bust income, destructive to long-term planning for sustainable development. Natural resource trust funds, as exemplified in Alberta, Alaska, Montana, Wyoming and New Mexico, would help to provide the stability that is currently lacking in Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Maintained by setting aside part of the current income from non-renewable resources, they yield capital and income that can be used to encourage the mixed, self-sustaining local communities appropriate for the North.
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Amspacher, Katelyn, F. Agustín Jiménez, and Clayton Nielsen. "Influence of Habitat on Presence of Striped Skunks in Midwestern North America." Diversity 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020083.
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Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are urban-adapted, generalist mesocarnivores widely distributed throughout North America. Although striped skunks have been studied extensively at small scales, knowledge of habitat influences on striped skunks at large scales is lacking. We developed a species distribution model (SDM) to examine potential striped skunk presence in a 16,058 km2 portion of southern Illinois, USA. We built models using SDM Toolbox and MaxEnt, and incorporated known presence locations, 1 km2 land cover data, and an index of human modification of the landscape. Land cover and human modification explained 98% and 2% of variation in our model, respectively. The highest presence of striped skunks existed in areas with forest cover and developed open space with moderate human modification. The striped skunk presence was lowest in areas with cultivated crops and woody wetlands with either low or high human modification. Forest cover provides natural food and shelter resources for striped skunks, but resources are likely augmented by human activity in developed open space. Cultivated crops only provide seasonal resources, and inundation limits denning in wooded wetlands. Our model indicated striped skunks are a synanthropic species that regularly inhabits both natural and anthropogenic habitats over a large scale.
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Zeb, Mehreen, and Chow H. Lee. "Medicinal Properties and Bioactive Compounds from Wild Mushrooms Native to North America." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020251.
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Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of fungi, are known for a long time in different cultures around the world to possess medicinal properties and are used to treat various human diseases. Mushrooms that are parts of traditional medicine in Asia had been extensively studied and this has led to identification of their bioactive ingredients. North America, while home to one of the world’s largest and diverse ecological systems, has not subjected its natural resources especially its diverse array of mushroom species for bioprospecting purposes: Are mushrooms native to North America a good source for drug discovery? In this review, we compile all the published studies up to September 2020 on the bioprospecting of North American mushrooms. Out of the 79 species that have been investigated for medicinal properties, 48 species (60%) have bioactivities that have not been previously reported. For a mere 16 selected species, 17 new bioactive compounds (10 small molecules, six polysaccharides and one protein) have already been isolated. The results from our literature search suggest that mushrooms native to North America are indeed a good source for drug discovery.
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Semkow, Brian W. "Energy and the New Constitution." Alberta Law Review 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr740.
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The Constitution Act, 1982 contains two natural resource provisions which amend the British North America Act. On the face of these provisions, the formal jurisdiction which provinces can exercise over natural resources in general, and over onshore oil and gas in particular, has been substantially bolstered. It is unclear, however, whether these provisions add very much substantively to the powers the provinces possessed (or were exercising) prior to the passing of the Constitution Act, 1982. This paper will analyse the new natural resource provisions to determine how they will affect the jurisdiction provinces will have over the future development of onshore oil and gas, and the revenues to be derived therefrom.
8
Kerrigan, Richard W. "Global genetic resources for Agaricus breeding and cultivation." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-347.
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Until recently the natural history and resource status of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus has been but poorly known. At present, five and perhaps six genetically distinctive, reproductively isolated populations of this species from western North America, Europe, and western Asia have been located, sampled, and partially characterized. Morphology, diversity, reproductive syndrome, and other economically important traits vary among these populations. Other populations may exist in northern and central Africa and in Australia. Available evidence suggests that the studied populations are ancient. However, probably through cultivation, European germ plasm has invaded the three known North American populations and has already displaced a large portion of the indigenous coastal Californian population; the trend is less advanced in Alberta and the California desert. The recovery of diverse wild germ plasm of this mushroom, still in its infancy, is likely to become increasingly difficult. The value of these genetic resources, the threats that confront them, and appropriate responses by the mushroom industry are discussed. Hypotheses about the outcomes of heterokaryon somatogamy and the concept of the individual in this species are presented. The term metagenotype is coined to describe the ancestral or consensus genotype of a multigenerational intramictic lineage group. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, genetic resources, biodiversity, breeding, population structure, resource management.
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Ostry, M. E., and P. M. Pijut. "Butternut: An Underused Resource in North America." HortTechnology 10, no. 2 (January 2000): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.302.
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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) has many fine qualities as a nut species, however, it has never been commercially important. Although the nut is very edible, only a few cultivars have been selected that have desirable nut size and cracking qualities. In the last 20 years there has been a dramatic decline in the number of butternut in native stands caused to a large extent by the lack of natural reproduction and a damaging canker disease. Evidence suggests that superior, disease resistant trees can be propagated and if isolated from areas where the disease is prevalent, may remain disease-free. It is important that the remaining genetic diversity within the species is maintained. Various butternut conservation practices and research projects to restore butternut populations are underway in the United States and Canada.
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Le Bris, Arnault, Katherine E. Mills, Richard A. Wahle, Yong Chen, Michael A. Alexander, Andrew J. Allyn, Justin G. Schuetz, James D. Scott, and Andrew J. Pershing. "Climate vulnerability and resilience in the most valuable North American fishery." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 8 (January 22, 2018): 1831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711122115.
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Managing natural resources in an era of increasing climate impacts requires accounting for the synergistic effects of climate, ecosystem changes, and harvesting on resource productivity. Coincident with recent exceptional warming of the northwest Atlantic Ocean and removal of large predatory fish, the American lobster has become the most valuable fishery resource in North America. Using a model that links ocean temperature, predator density, and fishing to population productivity, we show that harvester-driven conservation efforts to protect large lobsters prepared the Gulf of Maine lobster fishery to capitalize on favorable ecosystem conditions, resulting in the record-breaking landings recently observed in the region. In contrast, in the warmer southern New England region, the absence of similar conservation efforts precipitated warming-induced recruitment failure that led to the collapse of the fishery. Population projections under expected warming suggest that the American lobster fishery is vulnerable to future temperature increases, but continued efforts to preserve the stock's reproductive potential can dampen the negative impacts of warming. This study demonstrates that, even though global climate change is severely impacting marine ecosystems, widely adopted, proactive conservation measures can increase the resilience of commercial fisheries to climate change.
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Casanova, Lourdes. "East Asian, European, and North American Multinational Firm Strategies in Latin America." Business and Politics 6, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1074.
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Over the past decade, multinationals (MNCs) have followed three main objectives while entering Latin America: efficiency seeking, growth seeking, and resource seeking. Efficiency seeking MNCs aim to reduce costs in their global production process through access to cheaper labor, and proximity to destination markets such as the United States. Growth seeking firms enter Latin American markets to grow and/or acquire new markets. They are by nature more dependent on the macroeconomic conditions in local markets for their success. Resource seeking firms enter Latin America in the search of minerals, metals, and hydrocarbons. This paper introduces the concept of “natural markets” to explain the relative successes of MNCs from different regions – Europe (mainly Iberian), USA, and Asia. ‘Natural markets’ for a MNC are defined as those markets sharing a common history or language or having a high level of physical proximity with the country of origin of the MNC. This paper proposes that a firm focusing on natural markets has a comparative advantage, and thus increases the probability of its success. The paper also draws upon the experiences of successful MNCs in Latin America to infer some lessons for East Asian MNCs wishing to operate in the region.
12
Zozmann, Elmar, Leonard Göke, Mario Kendziorski, Citlali Rodriguez del Angel, Christian von Hirschhausen, and Johanna Winkler. "100% Renewable Energy Scenarios for North America—Spatial Distribution and Network Constraints." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030658.
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The urgency to combat climate change and the widely distributed, increasingly competitive renewable resources in North America are strong arguments to explore scenarios for a renewable energy supply in the region. While the current power system of North America is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, namely natural gas, coal and oil, and some nuclear power plants, some current policies at the state level, and future federal policies are likely to push the share of different renewable sources available in Mexico, the U.S., and Canada. This paper explores three scenarios for a renewable energy supply, using a bottom-up energy system model with a high level of spatial and time granularity. The scenarios span the extremes with respect to connecting infrastructure: while one scenario only looks at state-level supply and demand, without interconnections, the other extreme scenario allows cross-continental network investments. The model results indicate that the North American continent (a) has sufficient renewable potential to satisfy its energy demand with renewables, independent of the underlying grid assumption, (b) solar generation dominates the generation mix as the least-cost option under given renewable resource availability and (c) simultaneous planning of generation and transmission capacity expansion does not result in high grid investments, but the necessary flexibility to integrate intermittent renewable generation is rather provided by the existing grid in combination with short-term and seasonal storages.
13
Mancke, Elizabeth. "Early Modern Imperial Governance and the Origins of Canadian Political Culture." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900010076.
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AbstractFor the last three decades, scholars of Canadian political culture have favoured ideological explanations for state formation with the starting point being the American Revolution and Loyalist resettlement in British North America. This article challenges both the ideological bias and the late eighteenth-century chronology through a reassessment of early modern developments in the British imperial state. It shows that many of the institutional features associated with the state in British North America and later Canada—strong executives and weak assemblies, Crown control of land and natural resources, parliamentary funding of colonial development and accommodation of non-British subjects—were all institutionalized in the imperial state before the American Revolution and before the arrival of significant numbers of ethnically British settlers to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Quebec. Ideological discourses in the British North American colonies that became Canada, unlike those that became the United States, traditionally acknowledged the presence of a strong state in its imperial and colonial manifestations. Rather than challenging its legitimacy, as had Americans, British North Americans, whether liberals, republicans or tories, debated the function of the state and the distribution of power within it.
14
Brown, Madeline, and Timothy Murtha. "Integrating natural and cultural resources in North American large-landscape conservation." Environmental Practice 21, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660466.2019.1601935.
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Carlson, Marvin P. "The Application of Basement Tectonic Research to the Development of Natural Resources—Example Midcontinent North America." Natural Resources Research 14, no. 2 (June 2005): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-005-6956-y.
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Murtha, Timothy M., Nathan R. Lawres, Tara J. Mazurczyk, and Madeline Brown. "Investigating the Role of Archaeological Information and Practice in Landscape Conservation Design and Planning in North America." Advances in Archaeological Practice 7, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2019.32.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating archaeological information in landscape-scale conservation design while aligning archaeological practice with design and planning focused on cultural resources. Targeting this opportunity begins with statewide archaeological databases. Here, we compare the structure and content of Pennsylvania's and Florida's statewide archaeological databases, identifying opportunities for leveraging these data in landscape conservation design and planning. The research discussed here was part of a broader project, which was working through the lens of Landscape Conservation Cooperatives in order to develop processes for integrating broadly conceived cultural resources with natural resources as part of multistate or regional landscape conservation design efforts. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives offer new ways to think about archaeological information in practice and potentially new ways for archaeology to contribute to design and planning. Statewide archaeological databases, in particular, offer transformative potential for integrating cultural resource priorities in landscape conservation design. Targeted coordination across state boundaries along with the development of accessible derivative databases are two priorities to advance their utility.
17
Keipi, Kari. "Inter-American Development Bank assistance for forest conservation and management in Latin America and the Caribbean." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71508-4.
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Latin America and the Caribbean have more than half of the world's tropical forests. The rate of deforestation is high: some 7.5 million ha of forest disappear yearly. Central America and Mexico have the highest rates of deforestation; 1.6% of the remaining forests are being destroyed annually.The Inter-American Development Bank has analyzed the causes of deforestation and launched actions that contribute to curbing it both directly and indirectly. The actions include helping the countries to set appropriate sectoral and macroeconomic policies in order to remove factors that cause degradation of natural resources. The Bank has long been a financial resource deployer but it is gaining importance also as a resource mobilizer. The total IDB forestry-related loan funding amounts to some US$ 843 million for programs with a total cost of US$1980 million during the past 20 years.The Bank has been a strategic investor in highly visible projects such as the creation of parks and extractive reserves in the Amazon. It has provided financing to protect and manage some 4.7 million ha of existing forests sustainably. It is an important source of financing for recovering deforested areas through agroforestry investments and reforestation especially in degraded watersheds, but also in the context of coastal resources management and urban greening. The total reforestation goal for Bank financed projects is some 0.8 million ha.The Bank also finances other actions that are essential to proper protection and management of forest resources such as land use zoning studies, forest resource inventories, research, environmental education and institution building. Total Bank nonreimbursable technical cooperation financing was US$31 million for 72 projects during the last 15 years.There is a need to create an atmosphere of collaboration between the North and South in natural resource management and environmental matters. The IDB has been quite successful in this role through organizing new commissions for cooperation and a tradition of consultations in the region. It is maintaining transparency through its information disclosure policy that helps make information on the environmental aspects of bank programs available to interested parties. The Bank is promoting public participation in the design and execution of programs that it finances. Key words: International financing, deforestation, sustainability, Latin America, The Caribbean
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Stafford, Joshua D., Aaron P. Yetter, Christopher S. Hine, Randolph V. Smith, and Michelle M. Horath. "Seed Abundance for Waterfowl in Wetlands Managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092010-jfwm-034.
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Abstract Managed wetlands on public lands in Illinois, United States, provide foraging habitats for migrating and wintering waterfowl. However, few studies have estimated abundances of waterfowl foods in mid-migration regions of North America, yet such information is needed to inform management and conservation decision-making. During 2005–2007, we used a multistage sampling design to estimate moist-soil plant seed production (kg/ha, dry mass) and energetic carrying capacity at sites managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and modeled variation in seed biomass. Average seed biomass among all sites ranged from 1,030.0 ± 64.1 (SE) kg/ha in 2005 to 501.5 ± 124.1 kg/ha in 2007. Our overall estimate (2005–2007) of moist-soil plant seed biomass was precise (691.3 ± 56.4 kg/ha; CV: 8.2%), equaling 5,128 energetic use-days/ha. This value was similar to or slightly greater than previous estimates from other regions of North America and exceeded the estimate used the Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture for waterfowl conservation planning (514 kg/ha). We formulated eight models to predict abundance of moist-soil plant seeds within sampled wetlands. The best approximating model included the number of desirable plant species within wetlands and study year. The second best model included the categorical effect of management intensity and indicated that, although variable, actively managed wetlands produced about 240 kg/ha more seed than those that were passively managed. As with other regions, wetland management practices that encourage diverse plant communities over monotypes and growth of early successional plants should yield substantial increases in waterfowl food abundances at Illinois Department of Natural Resources sites, especially given that only 27% of our study wetlands were actively managed. Such efforts would also help reduce deficits in energetic carrying capacity identified by the Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture.
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Muth, Robert M., and John F. Bowe. "Illegal harvest of renewable natural resources in North America: Toward a typology of the motivations for poaching." Society & Natural Resources 11, no. 1 (January 1998): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929809381058.
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Kristensen, Todd J., John W. Ives, and Kisha Supernant. "Power, security, and exchange: Impacts of a Late Holocene volcanic eruption in Subarctic North America." North American Archaeologist 42, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 425–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693120986822.
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We synthesize environmental and cultural change following a volcanic eruption at A.D. 846–848 in Subarctic North America to demonstrate how social relationships shaped responses to natural disasters. Ethnohistoric accounts and archaeometric studies reveal differences in human adaptations in the Yukon and Mackenzie river basins that relate to exertions of power over contested resources versus affordances of security to intercept dispersed migrating animals. The ways that pre-contact hunter-gatherers maintained or redressed ecological imbalances influenced respective trajectories of resilience to a major event. Adaptive responses to a volcanic eruption affected the movement of bow and arrow technology and the proliferation of copper use in northwest North America.
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Butler, Virginia L. "Tui Chub Taphonomy and the Importance of Marsh Resources in the Western Great Basin of North America." American Antiquity 61, no. 4 (October 1996): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282012.
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Debates about the importance of marsh resources to prehistoric human subsistence in the western Great Basin are longstanding. Recent questions regarding the natural vs. cultural origin of fish remains in lakeside archaeological sites further impede understanding of ancient subsistence patterns. Taphonomic study of a huge assemblage of tui chub (Gila bicolor) remains from an archaeological site in Stillwater Marsh, western Nevada, was undertaken to identify agents of deposition in marsh settings. The Stillwater fish remains showed limited surface modification-cut marks, burning, and digestive etching and staining—and thus these attributes were not useful indicators of origin. Fish mortality profiles, reconstructed by regression analysis of body size, indicates cultural selection of young/small fish rather than natural catastrophic mass death. The low survivorship of vertebrae in the chub assemblage suggests differential treatment of cranial and postcranial body parts by cultural agents. The Stillwater site fish assemblage represents a vast number of small fish; the presence of small tui chub from archaeological sites throughout the western Great Basin suggests that prehistoric fishers targeted relatively small chub in the subsistence quest.
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Hamlet, A. F. "Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2011): 1427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1427-2011.
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Abstract. Climate change impacts in Pacific Northwest Region of North America (PNW) are projected to include increasing temperatures and changes in the seasonality of precipitation (increasing precipitation in winter, decreasing precipitation in summer). Changes in precipitation are also spatially varying, with the northwestern parts of the region generally experiencing greater increases in cool season precipitation than the southeastern parts. These changes in climate are projected to cause loss of snowpack and associated streamflow timing shifts which will increase cool season (October–March) flows and decrease warm season (April–September) flows and water availability. Hydrologic extremes such as the 100 yr flood and extreme low flows are also expected to change, although these impacts are not spatially homogeneous and vary with mid-winter temperatures and other factors. These changes have important implications for natural ecosystems affected by water, and for human systems. The PNW is endowed with extensive water resources infrastructure and well-established and well-funded management agencies responsible for ensuring that water resources objectives (such as water supply, water quality, flood control, hydropower production, environmental services, etc.) are met. Likewise, access to observed hydrological, meteorological, and climatic data and forecasts is in general exceptionally good in the United States and Canada, and is often supported by federally funded programs that ensure that these resources are freely available to water resources practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. Access to these extensive resources support the argument that at a technical level the PNW has high capacity to deal with the potential impacts of natural climate variability on water resources. To the extent that climate change will manifest itself as moderate changes in variability or extremes, we argue that existing water resources infrastructure and institutional arrangements provide a reasonably solid foundation for coping with climate change impacts, and that the mandates of existing water resources policy and water resources management institutions are at least consistent with the fundamental objectives of climate change adaptation. A deeper inquiry into the underlying nature of PNW water resources systems, however, reveals significant and persistent obstacles to climate change adaptation, which will need to be overcome if effective use of the region's extensive water resources management capacity can be brought to bear on this problem. Primary obstacles include assumptions of stationarity as the fundamental basis of water resources system design, entrenched use of historical records as the sole basis for planning, problems related to the relatively short time scale of planning, lack of familiarity with climate science and models, downscaling procedures, and hydrologic models, limited access to climate change scenarios and hydrologic products for specific water systems, and rigid water allocation and water resources operating rules that effectively block adaptive response. Institutional barriers include systematic loss of technical capacity in many water resources agencies following the dam building era, jurisdictional fragmentation affecting response to drought, disconnections between water policy and practice, and entrenched bureaucratic resistance to change in many water management agencies. These factors, combined with a federal agenda to block climate change policy in the US during the Bush administration have (with some exceptions) contributed to widespread institutional "gridlock" in the PNW over the last decade or so despite a growing awareness of climate change as a significant threat to water management. In the last several years, however, significant progress has been made in surmounting some of these obstacles, and the region's water resources agencies at all levels of governance are making progress in addressing the fundamental challenges inherent in adapting to climate change.
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Hamlet, A. F. "Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 8, 2010): 4437–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4437-2010.
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Abstract. Climate change impacts in Pacific Northwest Region of North America (PNW) are projected to include increasing temperatures and changes in the seasonality of precipitation (increasing precipitation in winter, decreasing precipitation in summer). Changes in precipitation are also spatially varying, with the northwestern parts of the region generally experiencing greater increases in cool season precipitation than the southeastern parts. These changes in climate are projected to cause loss of snowpack and associated streamflow timing shifts which will increase cool season (October–March) flows and decrease warm season (April–September) flows and water availability. Hydrologic extremes such as the 100 year flood and extreme low flows are also expected to change, although these impacts are not spatially homogeneous and vary with mid-winter temperatures and other factors. These changes have important implications for natural ecosystems affected by water, and for human systems. The PNW is endowed with extensive water resources infrastructure and well-established and well-funded management agencies responsible for ensuring that water resources objectives (such as water supply, water quality, flood control, hydropower production, environmental services, etc.) are met. Likewise, access to observed hydrological, meteorological, and climatic data and forecasts is in general exceptionally good in the United States and Canada, and access to these products and services is often supported by federally funded programs that ensure that these resources are available to water resources practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. Access to these extensive resources support the argument that at a technical level the PNW has high capacity to deal with the potential impacts of natural climate variability on water resources. To the extent that climate change will manifest itself as moderate changes in variability or extremes, we argue that existing water resources infrastructure and institutional arrangements provide a solid foundation for coping with climate change impacts, and that the mandates of existing water resources policy and water resources management institutions are at least consistent with the fundamental objectives of climate change adaptation. A deeper inquiry into the underlying nature of PNW water resources systems, however, reveals significant and persistent obstacles to climate change adaptation, which will need to be overcome if effective use of the region's extensive water resources management capacity can be brought to bear on this problem. Primary obstacles include assumptions of stationarity as the fundamental basis of water resources system design, entrenched use of historic records as the sole basis for planning, problems related to the relatively short time scale of planning, lack of familiarity with climate science and models, downscaling procedures, and hydrologic models, limited access to climate change scenarios and hydrologic products for specific water systems, and rigid water allocation and water resources operating rules that effectively block adaptive response. Institutional barriers include systematic loss of technical capacity in many water resources agencies following the dam building era, jurisdictional fragmentation affecting response to drought, disconnections between water policy and practice, and entrenched bureaucratic resistance to change in many water management agencies. These factors, combined with a federal agenda to block climate change policy in the US during the Bush administration has (with some exceptions) led to institutional "gridlock" in the PNW over the last decade or so despite a growing awareness of climate change as a significant threat to water management. In the last several years, however, significant progress has been made in surmounting these obstacles, and the region's water resources agencies at all levels of governance are making progress in addressing the fundamental challenges inherent in adapting to climate change.
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Dewar, Helen. "Old World Conventions and New World Curiosities: North American Landscapes Through European Eyes." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 14, no. 1 (February 4, 2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010319ar.
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Abstract This paper examines the published accounts of three British travellers, Patrick Campbell (fl. c. 1765-1823), Isaac Weld (1774-1856), and George Heriot (1759-1839), to North America in the late eighteenth century. Focusing specifically on the travellers' scientific approaches to the natural landscape, it argues that they drew on eighteenth-century European scientific developments, including empirical observation, the evolution and instability of matter, and systems of classification, to facilitate their understanding of unfamiliar phenomena. The travellers' scientific observations revealed both an intellectual interest in the origin of landforms and a utilitarian view of wildlife and natural resources. Attracted to the novel and curious, the travellers' scientific speculations merged with initial aesthetic responses, highlighting a preoccupation with the power, spontaneity and magnitude of nature.
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Pfeiffer, Egbert W. "Nicaragua's Environmental Problems, Policies, and Programmes." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 2 (1986): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900036730.
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Nicaragua is the largest (geographical area) country in Central America, but has the lowest population per hectare. For the last half-century its rich natural resources—timber, fruits, and minerals—were exploited by North American and European corporations without any regard for basic ecological principles. Furthermore, early in the 1950s, cotton was introduced and became the main source of foreign exchange. This led to massive use of pesticides, and construction of pesticide manufacturing plants, causing disastrous pollution by mercury of Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. It also forced migration of thousands of local subsistence farmers from the lowland cotton-producing areas to the hills where the farmers' ‘slash and burn’ techniques exacerbated the damage already done to the forests by foreign companies.
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Kidd, Dorothy. "North American Extra-Activism and Indigenous Communications Practices." MEDIACIONES 16, no. 25 (December 17, 2020): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26620/uniminuto.mediaciones.16.25.2020.222-245.
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There has been a wealth of research in Latin America on the most recent global intensification of extractivism, or the capitalist exploitation of natural resources. Some of this research has examined the resistance among front-line Indigenous and rural communities, and allied environmental groups, who are challenging the development of mega-scale mining, oil, gas, monoagricultural, and related infrastructural projects. Researchers have noted many similar tactical repertoires that can take multiple forms (through direct action, media representation, and in legal, political, and educational forums) and extend across geographic scales (local, national, regional, and transnational). Communications is key to much of their work; however there has been far less research examining the communications practices in any detail. This article focuses on the communications practices in use in three Indigenous led campaigns against extractivist projects in North America, the decade-old Unist’ot’en Camp in northwestern Canada, Idle No More, and the #NoDAPL of the Standing Rock Sioux. My findings indicate that a resurgent Indigenous movement, in concert with environmental and other settler allies, has adopted an array of communications practices that combine protective action on behalf of their lands and waters with the creation of new communities in place-based assemblies and social media and digital networks.
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Curtis, Fred. "Demand and supply considerations for evaluating a new distance education program in natural resources planning and management in North America." Environmentalist 5, no. 2 (June 1985): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02235982.
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Alliance, The Blue Green. "Climate Policy Statement." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 19, no. 2 (July 16, 2009): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns.19.2.d.
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The four labor unions and two environmental organizations that comprise the Blue Green Alliance worked intensively during the fall of 2008 and winter of 2009 to craft a joint statement on comprehensive climate change policy. The United Steelworkers, Sierra Club, Communications Workers of America, Natural Resources Defense Council, Laborers International Union of North America, and Service Employees International Union together released a policy statement on climate change and energy in late March. The goal of this undertaking is to articulate a framework by which the United States can rapidly put millions of Americans back to work building a clean-energy economy and reducing global warming emissions to avoid the worst effects of climate change.
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Randel, Charles J., and John M. Tomeček. "Axis axis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)." Mammalian Species 53, no. 1004 (June 26, 2021): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seab006.
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Abstract Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777) is an Old World deer commonly known as chital, Indian spotted deer, or axis deer. It is one of five species in the genus Axis and is native to the Indian subcontinent, occurring in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Free-ranging and confined populations of A. axis have been established in Europe, Australia, and both North and South America. Globally, it is considered “Least Concern” (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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Stoett, Peter, and Owen Temby. "Bilateral and Trilateral Natural Resource and Biodiversity Governance in North America: Organizations, Networks, and Inclusion." Review of Policy Research 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12110.
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Myers, Heather. "From fur to fir: Lessons for the BC forest industry from the anti-fur campaign." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77077-1.
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BC's forest industry is feeling internal and international pressure to change its practices, and there is an increasing move to certification, amidst debates about preferred certification modes. This reflects changes in the economies of many of Canada's rural and northern communities, which have traditionally been dependent upon natural resources, but are now coming under pressure from the global community – not only in economic terms, but in terms of social values. As demography changes, and with it, social and economic values, this pressure is likely to continue. The Canadian North first felt such pressure as a result of the European boycott of the Newfoundland seal hunt, and then anti-trapping boycotts that have occurred periodically since then. These campaigns have had a profound effect on the lifestyles, cultures and sustainability of the northern communities. Over almost three decades, the government, non-government organizations and people of the North have had to learn to deal with and respond to these external campaigns that threaten them. The lessons they have learned about the nature of these campaigns could be useful to the province of British Columbia, which is now coming under increasing pressure from Europe and the US regarding its forestry practices. This paper outlines the evolution and characteristics of the international campaigns against sealing and trapping, as well as the experiences of northerners in dealing with them. It goes on to apply these lessons to the BC situation, with some recommendations for appropriate responses. Fundamentally, these campaigns reflect changing demographic and social characteristics and values in North America and Europe, and the changing relationship of people to natural resources, but they also raise questions about fair reflection of the variety of stakeholder interests in resource decision-making, and the limits on definition of "stakeholders." Key words: Boycotts, resource use
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Rémillard, Gil. "Situation du partage des compétences législatives en matière de ressources naturelles au Canada." Les Cahiers de droit 18, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 471–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042173ar.
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With respect to the public domain, the British North America Actof 1867 established a division of authority which is relatively simple in principle: residuary interest in property belongs to the Provinces while the Federal authority has no more than the power of exception. From this principle which is derived principally from article 109 of the 1867 Act, we can say that the Provinces have authority to legislate on questions affecting natural resources. However, the Canadian Parliament can also legislate on questions affecting natural resources. This is derived from either express authority granted it or from implied authority. In effect, the majority of the authority which permits the Canadian Parliament to legislate in matters affecting natural resources is derived either directly or indirectly from the application of its trenching power. The introductory clause of article 91 of the 1867 Act is an important source of the Federal authority over natural resources. Through the application of the national dimension theory, Ottawa has assumed control over atomic energy, off-store mineral resources, water management, and the expropriation of provincial lands. Moreover, through the application of emergency powers, Parliament could eventually legislate on a considerable number of subjects related to natural resources. Also, a number of the Federal Government's enumerated powers permit the control authority to legislate on questions of natural resources. The principle examples of this are its authority over the public debt and property, commerce, taxation, navigation, fisheries, Indians, the authority granted it by article 92(10c), and article 108 of the 1867 Act. One must thus conclude that by judicial interpretation, the Federal government has gained concurrent authority over natural resources through the application of the principle of Federal preponderance in case of conflict.
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Harris, Lynn B. "Maritime cultural encounters and consumerism of turtles and manatees: An environmental history of the Caribbean." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 4 (November 2020): 789–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420973669.
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By the mid-eighteenth century, a distinctive maritime commerce in turtle and manatee products existed in the Caribbean. It was especially prevalent amongst English-speaking inhabitants, from the Cayman Islands and Jamaica to the outposts of Costa Rica, Nicaragua and the Colombian islands. Consumption patterns led to a variety of encounters between indigenous Indians, Europeans, Africans and Creoles. Commerce in these natural resources, especially turtles, grew steadily, creating prodigious consumer demands for medical uses, culinary and fashion trends in Europe and the North America by the late-nineteenth century. This study intertwines themes of environmental history, maritime cultural encounters, fisheries and food history. Topics such as indigenous hunting techniques, processing, transportation, marketization, utilitarian and luxury consumerism and evolution of social attitudes towards natural resources are addressed. It is based on contemporary sources and covers various aspects of the supply and utilization of these marine animals over the longue durée.
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Ruez, Dennis R., and Philip A. Gensler. "An unexpected early record of Mictomys Vetus (Arvicolinae, Rodentia) from the Blancan (Pliocene) Glenns Ferry Formation, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 3 (May 2008): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-098.1.
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The cooling during the Pliocene that preceded major continental glaciation in North America is recorded by thick fluvial and lacustrine sequences at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (HAFO) in southcentral Idaho (McDonald et al., 1996). Fossiliferous beds at HAFO occur within the nearly 200 m of exposed Glenns Ferry Formation west of the Snake River. This formation extends from southwestern Idaho into easternmost Oregon (Malde and Powers, 1962). The Glenns Ferry Formation within HAFO contains hundreds of localities that are within the Blancan North American Land Mammal Age. Collection of specimens from these localities since the late 1920s has resulted in large repositories of fossils currently housed, in part, at the United States National Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP), and the Idaho Museum of Natural History (IMNH); additionally, smaller collections were accumulated by other museums (McDonald et al., 1996). Today the paleontological resources of HAFO are stewarded by the National Park Service. In spite of the extensive previous collections, significant new discoveries are still being made at HAFO.
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Davison, Tracy, and Kristen Callaghan. "Moose (Alces alces) population size and density in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada." Rangifer 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.33.2.2537.
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Responding to community concerns, the Gwich’in Renewable Resources Board (GRRB) and the Government of the Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) conducted an aerial moose (Alces alces) survey in the Inuvik region of the Northwest Territories, Canada to estimate moose density and distribution. The survey was flown in March 2011 and a random stratified sample design was used. Local knowledge was incorporated in to the stratification of survey cells. Moose density in survey blocks ranged from 9.66 moose/100 km2 in the Ikhil Pipeline block to 0 in the Peel River block with a coarse overall moose density 2.24 moose/100 km2. Densities found were low but within expected range for the species in this region of North America based on past surveys.
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Tockner, Klement, and Jack A. Stanford. "Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 3 (September 2002): 308–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290200022x.
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Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106 km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already ‘cultivated’ and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades.
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Mayer, Andreas, and Willi Haas. "Cumulative material flows provide indicators to quantify the ecological debt." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20222.
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There is ample evidence that an unabated growth in material consumption is likely to pass the earth system's source and sink capacities. In the face of limited resources, distributional questions increasingly gain importance. Material flow accounting is a methodological tool to trace biophysical patterns of disproportionate resource consumption across countries and the debt towards the environment, other parts of the world, and towards future generations through the excessive consumption of natural resources. At the core of this article, we address different developments of material use for individual countries and world regions from 1950 to 2010. During this phase, fossil fuel-based industrialization triggered an unprecedented growth in material consumption, mainly in the wealthy world regions of Europe, Australia, North America, and partly in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while low resource consumption persists in other regions. We thus calculated cumulative resource use from 1950 to 2010 to show the extent of this wealth built up upon countries' own resources, or through imports from other countries or world regions. We use the degree of net-import dependency of individual countries as a proxy for the ecological debt, and relate it to the domestic resource extraction in a country. Our observations show that there was a highly uneven distribution of resource extraction and use in the 60 years analyzed, which has important implications for future global resource policies.Keywords: Ecological debt, material flow accounting, international trade, global resource useRésuméIl
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OWENS, BRITTANY E., and CHRISTOPHER E. CARLTON. "Two New Species of Bibloplectus Reitter (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from the Orlando Park Collection, Field Museum of Natural History." Zootaxa 4407, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4407.2.10.
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Two new species of Bibloplectus Reitter, 1881 are described from the Orlando Park Collection of Pselaphinae at the FMNH (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA): Bibloplectus silvestris Owens and Carlton, new species (type locality, Urbana, IL, USA) and Bibloplectus wingi Owens and Carlton, new species (type locality, Shades State Park, IN, USA). Types of these new species were part of a series of specimens bearing unpublished Park manuscript names in both the pinned and slide collection at the FMNH. They bring the total number of species in the genus in eastern North America to twenty-three. Resolving these manuscript names adds to previous efforts to uncover elements of the hidden diversity of North American Bibloplectus from museum collections (Owens and Carlton 2016, Owens and Carlton 2017) and highlights the importance of close examination of the Orlando Park pselaphine collection as a valuable historic and taxonomic resource.
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Edmonds, E. Janet. "Status of woodland caribou in western north America." Rangifer 11, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.4.998.
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A review of current population size and trends of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in seven jurisdictions in western North America shows a wide range of situations. A total maximum population estimate of woodland caribou west of the Ontario/Manitoba border is 61 090. Of 44 herds or populations described in this review: 14 are stable; two are stable to slightly decreasing; four are decreasing; four are increasing; and 22 are of unknown status. Caribou are classified as a threatened species in Alberta and as an endangered species in Washington/Idaho. The decline of caribou in North America following settlement (Bergerud, 1974) has continued along the southern edge of woodland caribou distribution. Direct loss of habitat to logging, mines and dams continued throughout the I960s, 1970s and 1980s. The secondary effects of these habitat changes, (i.e. increased roads leading to increased hunting and poaching, and increased early succession habitat leading to increased alternate prey/predator densities) has led in some cases to the total loss or decreased size of local herds. Three ecotypes of woodland caribou are described and their relative distribution delineated. These ecotypes live under different environmental conditions and require different inventory and management approaches. Woodland caribou herds in northern B.C., Yukon and N.W.T. generally are of good numbers and viable (stable or increasing), and management primarily is directed at regulating human harvest and natural predation to prevent, herd declines. Land use activities such as logging or energy development are not extensive. Managers in southern caribou ranges stress the need for a better understanding of caribou population stability within mixed prey/predator regimes; how habitat changes (eg. through logging) affect these regimes; and how to develop effective land use guidelines for resource extraction that can sustian caribou populations and maintain resource industries. Caribou managers have suggested that herds may be priorized for research and management efforts. Unstable, remnant populations may be left to their own fate. The limited research dollars available and difficult management decisions should be applied to caribou herds that are apparently sustainable and provide the greatest potential for long-term viability.
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Eberspaecher, Kai C. "The case for shared infrastructure to unlock onshore resources." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19020.
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This paper outlines the current state of the upstream industry for smaller oil and gas developers in Australia’s mature onshore basins. In particular, a strategic review of the market landscape based on Porter’s Five Forces model is undertaken from a junior exploration company’s perspective with a focus on barriers to market entry, such as access to infrastructure, capital, assets and expertise. In the strategic framework context, the paper examines the opportunities to break down natural monopolistic structures and barriers to entry across incumbent producers, pipeline transportation companies and contractors. It also investigates potential changes in resource policy dealing with access to infrastructure and general development requirements. In its analysis, the importance of junior explorers to extend the longevity of mature basins by looking at other petroleum provinces around the globe is highlighted. Examples in North America (onshore) and the UK (offshore) are used to showcase approaches in assisting smaller companies converting resources into reserves. In its conclusion, the paper demonstrates qualitatively how shared infrastructure, coopetition and incorporating renewables can be game changers for junior explorers in unlocking further resources and new prospects in the Australian onshore hydrocarbon provinces. The paper also calls for further coordination between companies, industry bodies and government under an improvement framework to ensure continued success.
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Sultana, M., and ZH Hashim. "Invasive Alien Fish Species in Freshwater of the Continents." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26868.
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This review article presents the updated informationof freshwater Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of fishes of the continents to understand the homogenate progression in global freshwater ecosystems and the leading pathways of freshwater IAS fish introduction throughout the continents. North America contains 45 freshwater invasive fish species within 18 families, which is the most profuse off all other continents, whereas, Australia possesses the lowermost amount of freshwater IAS fish, 18 species under 8 families. Besides, Asia retains 41 freshwater IAS fish under 14 families and Europe acquires 32 species under 18 families. The uppermost spreader IAS fish family is Cyprinidae followed by Cichlidae subsequently. Nine common fishes (Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Onchorynchus mykiss, Oreochromis mossambicus, Poecilia reticulata, Salmo salar, Salmo trutta and Salvelinusfontinalis) turned out invasive in all the continents (without Antarctica). Among IAS introduction pathways, aquaculture causes the highest percentage of freshwater IAS introduction in all continents. Aquaculture root 25% of IAS fish introduction in Africa, 21% in Asia, 19% in Australia, 20% in Europe, 19% in North America and 19% in South America. There is hardly any documentation on freshwater IAS fishes of Antarctica. Therefore, future research consideration may be designed.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 63-74 2015
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Cai, Bo, Yun Hong Ding, Yong Jun Lu, Hua Shen, and Zhen Zhou Yang. "Status of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources and its Environment Risk Factors in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.927.
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The development of resources has achieved revolution from unconventional resources to conventional resources in North America. China's tight oil and gas reservoirs are widely distributed and the exploration potential is tremendous. The abundant unconventional natural gas resources, if exploited reasonably and efficiently, will provide stable energy supply for the sustainable development of Chinese economy. In this paper, a few key techniques including drilling and hydraulic fracturing for the development of unconventional oil and gas resources were introduced. The factors of unconventional oil and gas were put forward,the costs of drilling and well completion and environmental concerns for the development of tight oil and gas in China included ground water contamination, risks to air quality, migration of gases were also introduced which has raised combined with the analysis of future prospects and future technology development. We also offer some technology which has the merits of low cost, efficient for the development of unconventional tight reservoir in horizontal wells. Good conditions have been found in Sichuan, Tarim and Ordos basins for both development and exploitation, finally we can come to a conclusion that the tight oil and gas should be realistic replacement resources of conventional oil and gas.
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Brydon-Williams, Rhys, I. A. Munck, and H. Asbjornsen. "Incidence and ecology of the chaga fungus (Inonotus obliquus) in hardwood New England – Acadian forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0144.
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Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát is a fungal pathogen of birch trees (Betula spp.) and other hardwoods that produces a sterile conk known colloquially as chaga. Chaga has medicinal value as an anti-mutagen and for gastro-peptic relief. Chaga harvesting has recently increased throughout its natural range in North America, including the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF). There is currently a lack of knowledge on chaga resource incidence and ecology in North America, which this project sought to rectify. Two surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in the WMNF, totaling 2611 sampled trees. Positive correlations were found between chaga presence and mean stand tree age, diameter at breast height, and elevation. Overall chaga frequency was low (3.75%); however, sclerotia were widely distributed throughout the study area, with infected trees clustering. Chaga presence did not correlate with stand-level species composition or annual basal area increment, though it did appear with significantly greater frequency in yellow birch trees compared with other birch species. Additional damages related to biotic and abiotic stressors did not correlate with chaga presence, except for those resulting directly from chaga presence. These results have important silvicultural and forest management implications for chaga harvest practices across its North American range.
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Jennings, Michael D., and John P. Reganold. "A Theoretical Basis for Managing Environmentally Sensitive Areas." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 3 (1991): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022128.
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While there has been considerable research and development in management of specific natural resources and public lands containing multiple resources, relatively little progress has been made concerning management of privately-owned resources through land-use planning at the local level of government. This paper examines the issue of local government policies and capabilities in land-use planning for privately-owned, environmentally-sensitive areas (ESAs) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. ESAs are defined as landscape elements that are vital to long-term maintenance of biological diversity, soil, water, and other natural resources—especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on-site and in a regional context.A three-steps' approach of different geographical scales (i.e. watershed, state, and region) was used in a series of studies to facilitate examination of the relationship between political structure and ecological theory. When viewed collectively these studies showed that, while there is a political basis for regulating ESAs, attempts at regulation lack a theoretical and applied basis in systems-thinking and ecological science. To begin forging a stronger linkage between the political and scientific basis for ESA planning, two major ecological theories relevant to ESA management—hierarchy and subsidy–stress—were reviewed. These theories, when used in concert, were shown to be applicable in making objective choices concerning privately-held ESAs in the Pacific North-west. They can be used as a theoretical scientific basis for ESA planning, providing both qualitative and quantitative models. Hierarchy theory can provide guidelines for ESA planning by linking biophysical processes and patterns directly to appropriate scales of political jurisdiction. Subsidy–stress theory can be used to set specific performance standards that are needed in regulation of ESAs.As a result of our three-steps' approach at different geographical scales, four requisites for improving ESA planning were found: (1) definitions for natural resources should be standardized between regional districts, countries, states, and provinces; (2) replicative methods for ESA inventories, including natural communities and ecosystem processes, should be used; (3) a common environmental information system should be available to land-use planners; and (4) the expertise to apply such information should be available. The basis for these four items is found in the ecological systems theories of hierarchy and subsidy–stress.
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Candido, Mariana P. "The Expansion of Slavery in Benguela During the Nineteenth Century." International Review of Social History 65, S28 (March 5, 2020): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000140.
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AbstractThis article explores the nature and expansion of slavery in Benguela, in West Central Africa, during the nineteenth century, engaging with the scholarship on second slavery. Robert Palmer, Eric Hobsbawm, and Janet Polasky have framed the nineteenth century as the age of contagious liberty, yet, in Benguela, and elsewhere along the African coast, the institution of slavery expanded, in part to attend to the European and North American demand for natural resources. In the wake of the end of the slave trade, plantation slavery spread along the African coast to supply the growing demand in Europe and North America for cotton, sugar, and natural resources such as wax, ivory, rubber, and gum copal. In Portuguese territories in West Central Africa, slavery remained alive until 1869, when enslaved people were put into systems of apprenticeship very similar to labor regimes elsewhere in the Atlantic world. For the thousands of people who remained in captivity in Benguela, the nineteenth century continued to be a moment of oppression, forced labor, and extreme violence, not an age of abolition.After the 1836 abolition of slave exports, local merchants and recently arrived immigrants from Portugal and Brazil set up plantations around Benguela making extensive use of unfree labor. In this article, I examine how abolition, colonialism, and economic exploitation were part of the same process in Benguela, which resulted in new zones of slavery responding to industrialization and market competition. Looking at individual cases, wherever possible, this study examines the kinds of activities enslaved people performed and the nature of slave labor. Moreover, it examines how free and enslaved people interacted and the differences that existed in terms of gender, analyzing the type of labor performed by enslaved men and women. And it questions the limitations of the “age of abolition”.
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Batova, Tatiana, Ekaterina Lazareva, and Elena Pavlova. "Sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region (the example of China’s cooperation with Western countries)." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002064.
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The relevance of this study is caused by the need to solve problems of sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region when implementing projects with international participation. The paper highlighted a number of the most significant problems of the region, which destroy the ecological balance. The areas of development of the natural resources of the Arctic region have been determined with the participation of countries interested in this, in particular, China, which is striving to become the leading export world power and influence the sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region. The paper analyzes the interests of China in the Arctic, identifies the strategy of China’s behavior and the main directions of international cooperation with the countries of Northern Europe and North America in the Arctic region. China is increasingly pursuing its Arctic policy, and international cooperation is an important way for China to strengthen its research and economic potential in the Arctic. The dominant interests of China in the Arctic are: the development of polar scientific research; the creation of a transport and logistics system; development of hydrocarbon energy and mineral resources; development of systems based on renewable energy sources; maintaining ecological balance, including through the development of a green economy in the region; environmental protection. In this regard, China is taking active steps to establish strong bilateral and multilateral relations with Western countries, the so-called Arctic G8 countries, and seeks to promote its interests in the region under consideration, including through large investments in the Arctic projects of these countries.
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Cruz, Sabrina Spindler da, Mateus Evangelista Leal, Pablo César Lehmann Albornoz, and Uwe Horst Schulz. "First record of the exotic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque 1818) (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) in the Rio dos Sinos basin, RS, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 3 (September 2012): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000300005.
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The introduction of non-native species in inland waters is one of the main threats for aquatic biodiversity. Introduced species may compete for resources, prey on native fauna, spread diseases and parasites. The channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Siluriformes, Ictaluridae) was first described by Rafinesque 1818 in the United States and is widely distributed in North America, south Canada and north-east Mexico. This species adapts easily to new environmental conditions, is tolerant to different habitats, and is grown easily in aquaculture, which turns it into a potential invader of natural aquatic environments. The introduction of I. punctatus occurs in Brazil since 1980, and this is the first record of its occurrence in the Rio dos Sinos basin, Brazil. A female adult catfish was captured during a survey in the main channel of the Rio dos Sinos (29º 44' 14.04" S and 51º 05' 11.08" W). Most probably the captured individual is an escapee from nearby aquaculture facilities.
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Smith, Bruce D. "General patterns of niche construction and the management of ‘wild’ plant and animal resources by small-scale pre-industrial societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1566 (March 27, 2011): 836–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0253.
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Niche construction efforts by small-scale human societies that involve ‘wild’ species of plants and animals are organized into a set of six general categories based on the shared characteristics of the target species and similar patterns of human management and manipulation: (i) general modification of vegetation communities, (ii) broadcast sowing of wild annuals, (iii) transplantation of perennial fruit-bearing species, (iv) in-place encouragement of economically important perennials, (v) transplantation and in-place encouragement of perennial root crops, and (vi) landscape modification to increase prey abundance in specific locations. Case study examples, mostly drawn from North America, are presented for each of the six general categories of human niche construction. These empirically documented categories of ecosystem engineering form the basis for a predictive model that outlines potential general principles and commonalities in how small-scale human societies worldwide have modified and manipulated their ‘natural’ landscapes throughout the Holocene.
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Newcombe, G., and C. Nischwitz. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum on Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in North America." Plant Disease 88, no. 3 (March 2004): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.3.312c.
Full textAbstract:
Creeping or Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) is a perennial weed of Eurasian origin that arrived in North America as early as the 1700s (3). Spreading by seeds and rhizomes, it is now widely distributed in Canada, Alaska, and 40 other states. It is apparently absent from Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (1). Powdery mildew is common on C. arvense in Europe, but it has never been observed in North America (4). In Europe and Asia, powdery mildew of C. arvense is caused by any one of the following fungi: Leveillula taurica, two species of Sphaerotheca, and varieties of Erysiphe cichoracearum and E. mayorii. Specimens of C. arvense infected with powdery mildew (deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections as BPI 843471) were collected in the fall of 2003 near Moscow, ID and in two areas in Oregon (the canyon of the Grande Ronde River and near the base of the Wallowa Mountains). Mycelium and cleistothecia were observed on stems and upper and lower surfaces of leaves. The mean diameter of the cleistothecia was 122 (±11.6) μm. Basally inserted, mycelioid appendages were hyaline or brown and varied considerably in length, but most were in the range of 80 to 120 μm. Asci averaged 58 (±5.5) μm × 35 (±4.1) μm in length and width, respectively. Each ascus bore two ascospores averaging 23 (±1.4) μm × 14 (±1.7) μm. Conidia averaged 30 (±3.0) μm × 14 (±0.8) μm. The specimens fit the description of E. cichoracearum DC. (2). Because the length/breadth ratio of conidia is greater than 2, the specimens could be further diagnosed as E. cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (2). Also noteworthy was the presence of the hyperparasitic Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. ex Schlechtend. E. cichoracearum is thought to be a cosmopolitan powdery mildew of broad host range, but this concept is difficult to reconcile with the absence of mildew on North American populations of C. arvense for more than 200 years. References: (1) Anonymous. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile for Cirsium arvense. On-line publication, 2003. (2) U. Braun. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews), J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1987. (3) G. Cox. Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1999. (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. On-line publication, 2003.
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Salomón, Roberto L., Emilie Tarroux, and Annie DesRochers. "Natural root grafting in Picea mariana to cope with spruce budworm outbreaks." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 8 (August 2016): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0121.
Full textAbstract:
Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks cause extensive mortality and growth reductions throughout boreal forests in eastern North America. As tree vulnerability to defoliation remains partially unexplained by tree and stand attributes, we hypothesized that root grafting might attenuate the negative impact of severe defoliation in tree growth. Two experimental sites in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) were harvested and hydraulically excavated to study tree growth in 36 trees in relation to root grafting and the last spruce budworm outbreak using dendroecological methods. Root grafts reduced the negative effects of defoliation by maintaining stable growth in connected trees during epidemic periods. Among dominant trees, growth releases immediately after the outbreak were uniquely observed in grafted trees. Among suppressed trees, grafted trees tended to grow more than non-grafted trees when defoliation severity was the highest. Carbohydrate transfers through root grafts and enhanced efficiency to acquire resources may explain the better performance of grafted trees under scenarios of limited carbon supply. This study reinforces the growing body of literature that suggests root grafting as a cooperative strategy to withstand severe disturbances and highlights the key role of root grafting in stand dynamics to cope with periodic outbreaks.