Relevant bibliographies by topics / Natural rubber

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Natural rubber'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Hayeemasae, Nabil, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Maleated Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites." Polymer Korea 44, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2020.44.5.596.

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Zuev, A. A., V. L. Zolotarev, I. P. Levenberg, L. A. Kovaleva, and I. Sh Nasyrov. "Natural and synthetic isoprene rubbers obtained using Ziegler–Natta catalysts." Fine Chemical Technologies 19, no. 2 (May 4, 2024): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2024-19-2-139-148.

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Objectives. To compare the properties of rubber compounds and rubbers based on natural rubber RSS1 and synthetic isoprene rubbers obtained using Ti, Nd, Gd catalysts, both when used individually in the formulation of rubber compounds and when synthetic analogues partially replace natural rubber.Methods. Rubber compounds were prepared using a laboratory roll and a 100 cm3 rubber mixer. For rubber compounds, the following factors were determined: Mooney viscosity, cohesive strength, and vulcanization characteristics. For rubbers, the following factors were determined: physical and mechanical parameters, Shore A hardness, rebound resilience, and volume loss upon abrasion.Results. Based on the results of the rubber compound tests, the study showed that compounds based on all the synthetic polyisoprenes studied are significantly inferior to compounds based on natural rubber in terms of cohesive strength. The partial replacement of natural rubber with synthetic rubber (regardless of the type of catalytic system) leads to a significant decrease in the cohesive strength of the blends. Despite the differences observed in the properties of the rubber compounds, the results of the rubbers based on individual rubbers do not manifest significant differences.Conclusions. The study demonstrated the influence of defects (oligomers, gel, low molecular weight fractions, branches, and 3,4-units) in the structure of synthetic polyisoprenes on the cohesive strength index of rubber compounds based on them, in which the number of 3,4-units plays a decisive role. The study also showed the potential of studying synthetic polyisoprenes as analogues of natural rubber in formulations of rubber compounds in the aims of resolving the problem of import substitution in the tire and rubber goods industry.
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Johnson, T., and Sabu Thomas. "Nitrogen/oxygen permeability of natural rubber, epoxidised natural rubber and natural rubber/epoxidised natural rubber blends." Polymer 40, no. 11 (May 1999): 3223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00528-x.

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Thi Thuong, Nghiem, Phan Trung Nghia, and Seiichi Kawahara. "Factors influencing green strength of commercial natural rubber." Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2018-0019.

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Abstract The factors influencing the green strength of commercial solid rubbers were investigated in the present study through characterization of commercial natural rubber (NR). Various solid commercial rubbers such as standard Vietnam rubber (SVR10), standard Indonesia rubber (SIR10), India standard natural rubber (ISNR10), ribbed smoked sheets (RSS3), and FNR (commercial Sumitomo Rubber) were used as a source. Purification of the samples was carried out through acetone extraction and purified samples were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy. Degradation was found for SVR10, ISNR10, and SIR10 but not for RSS3 and FNR through the assignment of 13C-NMR signals. Acetone extraction was found to improve the green strength of commercial NR due to the removal of impurities. Linked fatty acids and proteins contributed to the upturn of stress at small strain. However, the network structure of degraded rubbers had an insignificant role in enhancing the green strength of commercial NR.
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Baker, C. S. L., I. R. Gelling, and R. Newell. "Epoxidized Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536059.

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Abstract When natural rubber is epoxidized under carefully controlled conditions, it can be converted to a totally new polymer with some properties more akin to speciality rubbers and some properties that appear to be advantageous for tire treads. Three levels of epoxidation have been extensively evaluated. They were 50, 25 and 10 mole% epoxidized NR referred to as ENR-50, ENR-25 and ENR-10 respectively. ENR-50 has been found to undergo strain crystallization like NR, but with oil resistance similar to a medium acrylonitrile NBR and gas permeability similar to butyl rubber. It is a highly damping rubber with a very low room-temperature resilience. ENR-50 and ENR-25 both exhibit good wet grip characteristics and have been examined as tire tread materials. In particular, ENR-25 compounds containing silica or silica/black have been found to give lower rolling resistance than NR and better wet traction than OESBR, so providing an ideal combination of these two properties for tire treads. Unfortunately, wear data is as yet incomplete, but it is anticipated, from truck tire experience, that the black/silica compounds will present no problems. ENR-25 and ENR-50 exhibit this unique feature with silica of reinforcement equivalent to black without the use of a coupling reagent. Thus, these rubbers have potential of providing white or colored vulcanizates with properties previously associated only with black-filled compounds, so extending applicational areas, or even resulting in colored tires or other automotive parts. ENR-10 provides a damping grade of NR when lower resiliences are required. Alternatively, blends of ENR-25 or -50 with NR may be used. Many engineering applications are calling for reduced resilience, and this new form of NR can give precisely this.
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Ha, Nguyen Thu, Nguyen Hong Quan, Cao Hong Ha, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, and Phan Trung Nghia. "Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber for Coating Application." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3B (September 13, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/3b/12740.

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Epoxidized natural rubber was prepared by epoxidation of natural rubber with fresh peracetic acid in latex stage. The epoxidized natural rubbers with epoxy group content of 8, 15 and 27 mol% were prepared by adjusting the amount of fresh peracetic. The characterization of resulting materials was carried out through NMR spectroscopy, gel content determination and particle size measurement. The epoxidized natural rubber with various epoxy group contents were coated on the surface of the wood substrate by spin coating technique. The contact angle measurement and bending test were made for wood coated by epoxidized natural rubbers. The results show that the obtained epoxidized natural rubber is liquid resistance as is evident in high contact angle of water and poly(ethylene glycol) solution on the rubber surface. The bending strength of wood is improved by coating epoxidized natural rubber. The material with epoxy group content of 15 mol% is suitable for the protection of the wood surface.
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JUNKONG, Preeyanuch, Yuta SAKAKI, and Yuko IKEDA. "Guayule Natural Rubber and Dandelion Natural Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 91, no. 5 (2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.91.169.

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Lee, Sang Yup, Joon Hyung Kim, and Byung Kyu Kim. "Natural rubber blends with epoxidized natural rubber." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 36, no. 5 (September 1997): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222349708220443.

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Surya, Indra, and Nabil Hayeemasae. "Reinforcement of natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers with fillers." Simetrikal: Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jet.v1i1.682.

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The reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with silica or carbon black (CB) by using a semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization system has been carried out. It was found that silica caused a longer in cure time compared to CB and due to the dissimilarity of their surface chemistry, it was also found that silica and CB caused the difference in reinforcement effect to those rubbers. Silica caused in filled-vulcanizates of those rubbers with a higher modulus and lower tensile strength compared to their unfilled ones. On the other hand, CB caused enhancements in both modulus and tensile to those rubbers. The investigation on reinforcing efficiencies of those fillers on the rubbers found that the higher reinforcing efficiency of CB was attributed to its better degree of filler dispersion when compared to silica.
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Nakaramontri, Yeampon, Charoen Nakason, Claudia Kummerlöwe, and Norbert Vennemann. "INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER ON PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER–CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85949.

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ABSTRACT Carbon nanotube (CNT)–filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Various types of NR, including unmodified NR, epoxidized NR (ENR), and maleated NR (MNR), were used. The chemical reactions between rubber molecules and functional groups on the CNT surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cure characteristics, tensile properties, relaxation behavior, and electrical conductivity of the various gum rubbers and the CNT-filled rubber composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of CNTs significantly affected the composite properties. This is due not only to the excellent properties of the CNT itself but also to the physical and chemical interactions between modified rubber molecules and CNT surfaces. On comparison between the three types of NR, it was observed that the ENR-CNT composite showed the highest values of delta torque, tensile strength, and initial relaxation modulus. This confirms the homogeneous distribution of CNT particles in the ENR matrix, which in turn resulted from enhanced interactions of functional groups on CNT surfaces and epoxide groups in ENR molecules. Furthermore, electrical conductivity as a function of CNT content was examined to estimate the electrical percolation threshold value and to determine the state of dispersion of CNTs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Lowe, David James. "Natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2971.

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Natural rubber (NR)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared using organomontmorillonite (OMMT) and organo-sepiolite (OSEP). Both were found to improve modulus significantly more than equivalent amounts of conventional fillers such as carbon black for strains up to 100%. OSEP was found to increase modulus more than OMMT for a given filler content, and NR/OSEP nanocomposites also had potentially anisotropic physical properties. OMMT had more effect on vulcanisation than OSEP, although both produced considerable acceleration. The tensile stress-strain behaviour of NR/OMMT and NR/OSEP nanocomposites were studied using a number of different micromechanical models. Some models were found to give a good empirical fit with experimental data, with the best results given by the Halpin-Tsai model. Furthermore, by analysis of the vulcanisation behaviour using rheometry, and particle morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was possible to accurately estimate the Young's modulus of a nanocomposite from knowledge of the cure onset time and the shape factor of the particles. It was discovered that unmodified montmorillonite and sepiolite clays could undergo organic modi cation in situ during mixing into NR following the addition of a suitable modifier. This resulted in vulcanisates with very similar physical properties to those found when using pre-modified OMMT or OSEP. TEM and X-ray diffraction showed that the exfoliation state of the clay modified in situ was also similar to that of pre-modified organoclay. Silane coupling agents were also used with NR/OMMT and NR/OSEP nanocomposites, producing significant increases in modulus. However, the increased modulus was only observed above 40% strain for OMMT and above 25% for OSEP. The coupling agents strengthens the rubber- ller interface preventing interfacial slippage and cavitation in the nanocomposite, and these mechanisms only begin to operate when the interfacial stress reaches a significant level. The most effective coupling agent used was bis[triethoxysilylpropyl] tetrasulfide due to its relatively high reactivity.
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Lewan, Michael Victor. "Crosslink density distributions in natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32972.

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An NMR technique has recently been developed to determine the crosslink density in each phase of a polymer blend. This work uses the NMR method to study natural rubber (NR)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends, in order that the cure system used to vulcanize such blends can be optimized. A standard injection moulding cure system for NR/Perbunan N1807 (18% acrylonitrile content) gave much more crosslinking in the NBR phase. To reduce this imbalance a less polar analogue of the accelerator was used, resulting in a more even distribution of crosslinks but still with a bias towards the NBR.
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Intharapat, Punyanich. "Thermoplastic natural rubbers based on natural rubber (NR) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with natural rubber-graft- poly(dimethyl(methacryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate) (NR-g-PDMMMP) as compatibilizer." Le Mans, 2009. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2009/2009LEMA1005.pdf.

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Des copolymères greffés à base de caoutchouc naturel (NR) et de poly(acryloyloxyméthylphosphonate de diméthyle) (NR-g-PDMAMP), de poly(méthacryloyloxyéthylphosphonate de diméthyle) (NR-g-PDMMEP) et de poly(méthacryloyloxyméthylphosphonate de diméthyle) (NR-gPDMMMP), ont été synthétisés en milieu latex selon la méthode dite « grafting from » à partir de sites amorceurs photosensibles N ,Ndiéthyldithiocarbamate préalablement introduits le long des chaînes 1,4-polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel. Des études de compatibilisation des mélanges caoutchouc naturel (NR) / copolymère d'éthylène - acétate de vinyle (EV A) ont par la suite été envisagées avec le copolymère NR-gPDMMMP, choisi comme agent compatibilisant. Elles ont été effectuées sur des mélanges simples 50/50 NR/EV A, mais aussi des mélanges dynamiquement vulcanisés 40/60 NR/EVA. Dans les deux cas,les influences du taux de greffage du NR-g-PDMMMP (71, 80, 89, et 95%) et du taux de chargement en compatibilisant (0, 1,3,5,7,9,12, et 15 % en poids par rapport au NR) sur les propriétés rhéologiques, dynamiques, mécaniques, morphologiques, et thermiques, ont été étudiées. Les meilleurs effets de compatibilisation ont été observées avec un copolymère NR-g-PDMMMP ayant un taux de greffage de 80 %, pour un taux de chargement de 7 % dans le cas du mélange simple 50/50 NR/EV A et de 9 % dans celui du mélange dynamiquement vulcanisé 40/60 NR/EV A. Les études microscopiques par SEM des mélanges ont montré une réduction de la taille des domaines. Il a aussi été noté que la stabilité thermique du mélange NR/EVA se trouve renforcée avec l'incorporation du NR-g-PDMMMP
Graft copolymers of natural rubber and poly(dimethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate) (NR-g-PDMAMP), natural rubber and poly(dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)phosphonate) (NR-g-PDMMEP), and natural rubber and poly(dimethyl(methacryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate) (NR-g-PDMMMP), were prepared in latex medium via a "grafting from" methodology based on the photopolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated from N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate groups previously bound in side position of the 1,4-polyisoprene chains of natural rubber. Thereafter, compatibilization studies of natural rubber (NR) / ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EV A) blends were considered using NR-g-PDMMMP as a blend compatibilizer. The investigations were carried out on two categories of blends : uncured 50/50 and dynamically cured 40/60 NR/EV A blends. Ln the two cases, the influences of NR-g-PDMMMP grafting rates (i. E. , 71, 80, 89, and 95 %) and of loading level in compatibilizer (i. E. , 0, 1,3,5,7,9,12, and 15 wt% compared to NR) on rheological, dynamical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties, were studied. The best compatibilization effects were observed with a NR-g-PDMMMP having a grafting rate equal to 80 %, at a loading level of 7 wt% for 50/50 uncured blend and 9 wt% for 40/60 dynamically cured blend. In these conditions, the highest complex viscosity (positive deviation), tensile strength, and elongation at break, as well as the lowest values of tension set and tan d (damping factor), were observed. SEM micrographs of compatibilized blends showed a size decrease of the domains. It was also noted that the thermal stability of NR/EV A blends was improved by incorporating NR-g-PDMMMP
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Chumeka, Wannapa. "Improvement of compatibility of poly(lactic acid) blended with natural rubber by modified natural rubber." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018026.

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The aim of this research work was to improve the compatibility of polymer blends made from poly(lactic acid) and natural rubber (PLA/NR blends) by using modified natural rubber as a compatibilizer. Natural rubber was chemically modified into two categories: natural rubber grafted poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer (NR-g-PVAc) and block copolymers (PLA-NR diblock copolymer and PLA-NR-PLA triblock copolymer). PLA/NR blends were prepared by melting blending in a twin screw extruder and compression molded to obtain a 2-mm thick sheet. The blends contained 10-20 wt% of NR and modified NR, and the impact strength and tensile properties were investigated. The compatibilization effect was determined by DMTA, DSC and SEM. NR-g-PVAc was synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain different PVAc graft contents (1%, 5% and 12%). Characterization by DMTA showed an enhancement in miscibility of the PLA/NR-g-PVAc blends. NR-g-PVAc could be used as a toughening agent of PLA and as a compatibilizer of the PLA/NR blend. The block copolymers were synthesized following two routes: (1) hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) and lactide and (2) HTNR and PLA prepolymer. In the former route, lactide was in situ polymerized via a ring opening polymerization to be a PLA block segment during block copolymerization. In the latter route PLA prepolymer was synthesized by a condensation polymerization of L-lactic acid prior to block copolymerization. Both block copolymers acted as good compatibilizers for the PLA/NR blend by increasing the impact strength and decreasing the NR particle size. Triblock copolymers provided higher impact strength than diblock copolymers, and they were a less effective compatibilizer than NR-g-PVAc. In contrast to NR and NR-g-PVAc, the block copolymer was not a good toughening agent for PLA.
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Said, M. M. "Peroxide prevulcanization of natural rubber latex." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233004.

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The peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex using a range of commercially-available organic peroxides and an inorganic peroxide (potassium peroxydisulphate), in both activated and non-activated systems, has been investigated. A range of reducing agents and compounds that are known to promote peroxide-initiated emulsion polymerization and peroxide curing of po1yesters have been evaluated as promoters for the peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex. A few reactive peroxyesters have been found to be effective as prevulcanizing agents at temperatures in the range 80 °C-lOO °C. the effectiveness of the prevulcanization systems was characterized by the rate and efficiency of crosslinking achieved by these systems. Fructose-activated peroxyester and fructoseactivated hydroperoxide systems were found to effect prevulcanization at temperatures in the range 50 °C-80 °C. There is no clear correlation between the structure/reactivity of peroxyesters and the effectiveness of fructose-activated prevulcanization systems. The relative reactivity of the alkoxy radicals generated by the commercial hydro peroxides PQ~tly exp\a~~s the differences in the effectiveness of various fructose-activated hydroperoxide prevulcanization systems. The prevulcanization kinetics for the fructose-activated t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate (tBPIB) system have been investigated. The overal rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex, in both non-activated and fructose-activated systems was found to be first-order reaction with respect to tBPIB concentration. However, investigation of initial rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex indicates that the initial rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex is half order with respect to initial tBPIB concentration. This is probably a consequence of induced decomposition of tBPIB by certain non-rubber substances, and_termination by recombination of radicals derived from tBPIB. But, the reason for the difference in the reaction order with respect to tBPIB concentration, at the initial stage of the reaction and during the run is not clear. The prevulcanization kinetics also exhibit a number of other peculiar characteristics. Thus at temperatures greater than 70°C, and using a high fructose concentration, the rate coefficient for crosslink formation tends to be greater than that for peroxide decomposition. This is probably attributed to the differences in the temperature-coefficients of the various competing reactions during peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex. The instantaneous crosslinking efficiency was found to increase linearly with prevulcanization time. At temperatures greater than 70°C, the instantaneous crosslinking efficiency can attain values greater than 50%, indicating the involvement of alkyl radicals as well as the alkoxy radicals in the crosslinking reaction. The experimental activation energies for peroxide decomposition and crosslink formation were found to decrease to apparently constant values with increasing fructose/ peroxide concentration ratio. The rate of tBPIB decomposition was found to be significantly determined by activation free energy and not just activation energy for the decomposition. The factors which influence the physical properties of films from peroxide-prevulcanized NR latex have been investigated. The crosslink concentration was found to be the most important factor in determining the physical properties of films from peroxide-prevulcanized NR latex. Factors that account for the differences in the physical properties of films from peroxide- and sulphur-prevulcanized latices, and peroxide gum NR vulcanizates have been discussed. Attempts to improve the ageing properties of films from peroxideprevulcanized NR latex indicate that a preventive antioxidant is an essential component for an effective antioxidant system for these films.
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Bhala, Maclean J. "Non-migratory antiozonant system for natural rubber." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12428.

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The current research on non-migratory antiozonant systems for natural rubber follows a tripartite study involving the formulation of a coating compound with static and dynamic ozone testing of the coatings, a review of some commercial in-mould coating techniques and analysis of diffusion of a commercial antiozonant through a coating. An outline of the mixing of Nipol 1312, a low molecular weight nitrile butadiene rubber grade produced by leon Chemicals Inc., with other ingredients to produce a coating composition is also given. Test pieces of the natural rubber substrate were placed in pre-coated mould cavities and cured under compression to achieve covulcanisation between the substrate and the coating. All ozone tests were carried out under standard ASTM DI149-911D518-91 conditions. Results show that the formulated nitrile rubber coating compound is able to protect natural rubber from ozone attack with no migration of the antiozonant as in classical chemical antiozonant systems. An up to date patent search on in-mould coating techniques and systems was carried out and evaluated in conjunction with some current commercial coating methods. In this overview, more emphasis is laid on the nature of the coating material which subsequently determines the appropriate coating technique, than on the specific in-mould coating process applied. Post-mould coating work with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on natural rubber substrate was also assessed. An experimental and theoretical study of the diffusion of the antiozonant N,Isopropyl N-phenyl-pphenylenediamine (IPPD) through a protective coating on a natural rubber substrate is made in the project. This study shows that the protective coating is able to reduce the loss of antiozonant through diffusion while giving the rubber adequate protection from ozone. The study also demonstrates that the combination of a commercial antiozonant and a protective coating gives enhanced product service life and provides protection to damaged regions of the coating.
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South, Joseph Thomas. "Mechanical Properties and Durability of Natural Rubber Compounds and Composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26306.

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The focus of this research was to investigate the effect of thermal degradation upon the mechanical properties of natural rubber compounds and apply those effects to the life prediction of off axis 2-ply cord rubber laminates. The work examined both the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of two natural rubber vulcanizates, which had been subjected to isothermal anaerobic aging. Thermal aging was performed on two different natural rubber vulcanizates. The thermal aging was conducted between the temperatures of 80 and 120°C for times ranging from 3 to 24 days. The effect of thermal degradation was measured from the changes in the chemical composition of the vulcanizates as functions of time at temperature. A master curve relationship between the changes in the chemical composition of the vulcanizates due to thermal degradation and their static and dynamic mechanical properties has been developed. This relationship allowed for the prediction of the vulcanizate mechanical properties after thermal aging. It was found that the mechanical properties correlated with the percentage of poly and monosulfidic crosslinks, where in general higher levels of polysulfidic crosslink gave rise to the highest mechanical properties. Crack propagation in an aged and unaged natural rubber vulcanizate was measured using a double cantilever beam, DCB. This type of testing arrangement exhibits a plane strain condition and resulted in crack growth rates two orders of magnitude faster than traditional plane stress testing geometries. To validate the DCB specimens, an investigation into the potential cavitation inside the rubber of the DCB specimens was performed. It was found that no cavitation occurred due to the high speed of the fracture. DCB samples were thermally aged to determine the effect of thermal aging upon the crack growth rate. It was found that crack growth rates increase with thermal aging. Life prediction of the aged 2-ply laminates was performed using a finite element analysis. In order to verify the finite element models used in the life prediction, the fatigue failure and crack growth characteristics of off axis 2-ply cord-rubber laminates were examined with a delamination analysis. This analysis allowed for the determination of the modulus of off axis 2-ply laminates in the presence of damage as well as the calculation of the crack growth rates of the laminate. The failure of unaged and thermally aged 2-ply laminates was evaluated and compared to the crack growth rates of thermally aged DCB specimens. The trend due to thermal aging between the two types of testing specimens was consistent. The finite element analysis was sectioned into two approaches: crack initiation and crack propagation. The former utilized a residual strength approach, while the latter applied a fracture mechanics approach. The predicted stress versus cycles, S-N, curves were not in complete agreement with the experimental data. The error between the predicted and the experimental is discussed and future work to correct that error is suggested. While there was not complete agreement between the predicted and the experimental data, this dissertation outlines a comprehensive approach to track the effects of thermal degradation and apply those effects to a real world application.
Ph. D.
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Khunkamchoo, Prasert. "Inter-property relationships for natural rubber compounds." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1993. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28206.

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The present work was initiated in order to develop an improved understanding of the effect of crosslink density, carbon black dispersion and rheological properties on the stiffness and fracture properties of natural rubber vulcanisates.
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Mohammed, Nor Hussin Bin. "Telechelic natural rubber oligomers via controlled ozonolysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306916.

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Chiang, Cheng Ching Kurt. "Natural Rubber Biosynthesis: Perspectives from Polymer Chemistry." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1386367354.

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Books on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Misurelli, Denby L. Natural rubber. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1994.

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Thomas, Sabu, Chin Han Chan, Laly Pothen, Rajisha K. R., and Hanna Maria, eds. Natural Rubber Materials. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737647.

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Thomas, Sabu, Chin Han Chan, Laly Pothen, Jithin Joy, and Hanna Maria, eds. Natural Rubber Materials. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737654.

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Sarkawi, Siti Salina, Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi, and Veronica Charlotte, eds. Epoxidised Natural Rubber. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8836-3.

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Tinker, Andrew J., and Kevin P. Jones, eds. Blends of Natural Rubber. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4922-8.

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D, Roberts A., and Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association., eds. Natural rubber science and technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

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D, Roberts A., ed. Natural rubber science and technology. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1988.

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United Nations Conference on Natural Rubber (1985-1987 : Geneva, Switzerland), ed. International Natural Rubber Agreement, 1987. New York: United Nations, 1989.

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Bowers, Janice Emily. Natural rubber-producing plants for the United States. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Bowers, Janice Emily. Natural rubber-producing plants for the United States. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Brüning, Karsten. "Natural Rubber." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_302-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Rubber, Natural." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 640. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10194.

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Subramaniam, A. "Natural Rubber." In Rubber Technology, 179–208. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2925-3_6.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Natural Rubber." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 479. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7800.

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Brüning, Karsten. "Natural Rubber." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1377–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_302.

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Subramaniam, A. "Natural Rubber." In Rubber Technology, 179–208. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7823-9_6.

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Baker, C. S. L., and I. R. Gelling. "Epoxidized Natural Rubber." In Developments in Rubber Technology—4, 87–117. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3435-1_3.

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Steiner, G., and C. Zimmerer. "Natural Rubber (Latex)." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts – Definitions and Physical Properties I, 583–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32072-9_58.

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Gazeley, K. F., and W. C. Wake. "Natural Rubber Adhesives." In Handbook of Adhesives, 167–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_9.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Rubber, Synthetic Natural." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 641. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10199.

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Conference papers on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Wang, Yueqiong, Lusheng Liao, Hongtu Lin, Fuquan Zhang, Jieping Zhong, Kui Xu, and Zheng Peng. "Damping Properties of Natural rubber/ Epoxidized Natural Rubber composites with different fillers." In 2017 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-17.2018.145.

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Sudhakaran, Gopika, and Shanti A. Avirah. "A green route for reinforcing natural rubber/natural rubber latex vulcanizates containing carboxy terminated liquid natural rubber using commercial nano silica." In PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING-ICICE 2022. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0165917.

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Seenawat, Mongkol, Asa Prateepasen, and Cherdpong Jomdecha. "Ultrasonic Testing for Vulcanization Inspection of Natural Rubber." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41782.

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This paper presents a novel method to inspect the levels of vulcanization of natural rubber by ultrasonic testing. In the research, test specimens are natural rubbers of type ‘cis-1,4-polyisoprene’ vulcanized at different durations. Piezoelectric contact transducers were used to transmit and receive ultrasonic to/from each sample. Longitudinal waves at nominal frequency of 2, 2.25 and 5 MHz were used to investigate the samples. Experiments were conducted using two techniques: pulse echo and through transmission. The pulse echo technique was applied to inspect the ultrasonic attenuation and the velocity of longitudinal wave of natural rubber. The through transmission technique was implemented to identify the shape and amplitude of the frequency spectrum. The results from both time and frequency domains can be employed to classify the levels of the vulcanization. From the experiments, this ultrasonic testing provides an effective way to inspect the vulcanization of natural rubber with repeatability and allows faster inspection rate than other methods.
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Yimwadsana, Boonsit, and Pichamon Chanthapeth. "Determining Natural Rubber Humidity Level using Rubber Color." In 2022 19th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcsse54890.2022.9836244.

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Mikhaylov, I. A., K. V. Sukhareva, Yu O. Andriasyan, A. A. Popov, and N. V. Vorontsov. "Mechanochemical modification of natural rubber." In ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES 2016: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Materials with Hierarchical Structure for New Technologies and Reliable Structures 2016. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966446.

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Poonsawat, Worapong, Sirilux Poompradub, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Preparation of sulfonic acid-containing rubbers from natural rubber vulcanizates." In International Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2013 and the Twelfth Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Somnuk Sirisoonthorn. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2054228.

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Rahim, Mahmud Iskandar Bin Seth A. "Magnetorheological fluid in natural rubber devices." In 2012 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chuser.2012.6504421.

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Othman, Muhammad Hariz, Mahathir Mohamed, and Ibrahim Abdullah. "Electrospinning of PVC with natural rubber." In THE 2013 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2013 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858772.

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Azhar, Nur Hanis Adila, Hamizah Md Rasid, and Siti Fairus M. Yusoff. "Chemical modifications of liquid natural rubber." In THE 2016 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2016 Postgraduate Colloquium. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966762.

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Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa, and Ismaliza Ismail. "Nylon fabric reinforced natural rubber compound." In ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND GROWTH: Proceedings of the 3rd Advanced Materials Conference 2016 (3rd AMC 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5010489.

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Reports on the topic "Natural rubber"

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Vessel, E. M. Investigation of natural latex rubber gloves. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10188886.

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Deome, Alfred J., Christopher J. Kulig, and Jacob Patt. Serial Chromatopyrography-Mass Spectrometry of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada167559.

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LOUKAKOS, P. A., E. STRATAKIS, G. D. TSIBIDIS, D. GRAY, M. BARBEROGLOU, and C. FOTAKIS. Abstract- Blends of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (NR/SBR) loaded with different ratios of N220 carbon black filler were prepared. The mechanical properties of pure blends and those loaded with different ratios of carbon black were investigated. Edited by Lotfia Elnai and Ramy Mawad. Journal of Modern trends in physics research, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.19138/mtpr/(14)42-54.

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Moghimi, Gholamreza, and Nicos Makris. Response Modification of Structures with Supplemental Rotational Inertia. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/tihv1701.

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Tall, multistory, buildings are becoming increasingly popular in large cities as a result of growing urbanization trends (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2018). As cities continue to grow, many of them along the coasts of continents which are prone to natural hazards, the performance of tall, flexible buildings when subjected to natural hazards is a pressing issue with engineering relevance. The performance of structures when subjected to dynamic loads can be enhanced with various response modification strategies which have been traditionally achieved with added stiffness, flexibility, damping and strength (Kelly et al. 1972; Skinner et al. 1973, 1974; Clough and Penzien 1975; Zhang et al. 1989; Aiken 1990; Whittaker et al. 1991; Makris et al. 1993a,b; Skinner et al. 1993; Inaudi and Makris 1996; Kelly 1997; Soong and Dargush 1997; Constantinou et al. 1998; Makris and Chang 2000a; Chang and Makris 2000; Black et al. 2002, 2003; Symans et al. 2008; Sarlis et al. 2013; Tena-Colunga 1997). Together with the elastic spring that produces a force proportional to the relative displacement of its end-nodes and the viscous dashpot that produces a force proportional to the relative velocity of its end-nodes; the inerter produces a force proportional to the relative acceleration of its end-nodes and emerges as the third elementary mechanical element (in addition to the spring and dashpot) capable for modifying structural response. Accordingly, in this report we examine the seismic performance of multistory and seismically isolated structures when equipped with inerters. In view that the inerter emerges as the third elementary mechanical element for the synthesis of mechanical networks, in Chapter 2 we derive the basic frequency- and time-response functions of the inerter together with these of the two-parameter inertoelastic and inertoviscous mechanical networks. Chapter 3 examines the response of a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure where the first story is equipped with inerters. Both cases of a stiff and a compliant support of the inerters are examined. The case of two parallel clutching inerters is investigated and the study concludes that as the compliance of the frame that supports the inerters increases, the use of a single inerter offers more favorable response other than increasing the force transferred to the support frame. Chapter 4 examines the seismic response analysis of the classical two-degree-of-freedom isolated structure with supplemental rotational inertia (inerter) in its isolation system. The analysis shows that for the “critical” amount of rotational inertia which eliminates the participation of the second mode, the effect of this elimination is marginal on the structural response since the participation of the second mode is invariably small even when isolation systems without inerters are used. Our study, upon showing that the reaction force at the support of the inerter is appreciable, proceeds with a non-linear response analysis that implements a state-space formulation which accounts for the bilinear behavior of practical isolation system (single concave sliding bearings or lead-rubber bearings) in association with the compliance of the support of the inerter. Our study concludes that supplemental rotational inertia aggravates the displacement and acceleration response of the elastic superstructure and as a result, for larger isolation periods (Tb > 2.5s) the use of inerters in isolation systems is not recommended. Chapter 5 first examines the response analysis of a SDOF elastoplastic and bilinear structure and reveals that when the yielding structure is equipped with supplemental rotational inertia, the equal- displacement rule is valid starting from lower values of the pre-yielding period given that the presence of inerters lengthens the apparent pre-yielding period. The analysis concludes that sup- plemental rotational inertia emerges as an attractive response modification strategy for elastoplastic and bilinear SDOF structures with pre-yielding periods up to T1 = 1.5sec. For larger pre-yielding periods (say T1 > 2.0sec), the effectiveness of inerters to suppress the inelastic response of 2DOF yielding structures reduces; and for very flexible first stories; as in the case of isolated structures examined in chapter 4, the use of inerter at the first level (isolation system) is not recommended. Finally, chapter 6 shows that, in spite of the reduced role of inerters when placed at floor levels other than the first level (they no-longer suppress the induced ground acceleration nor they can eliminate the participation of higher modes), they still manifest a unique role since it is not possible to replace a structure with solitary inerters at higher levels with an equivalent traditional structure without inerters.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Baoshan Xing. Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides to aliphatic components of soil organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587241.bard.

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Sorption of hydrophobic compounds to aliphatic components of soil organic matter (SOM) is poorly understood even though these aliphatic carbons are a major fraction of SOM. The main source of aliphatic compounds in SOM is above- and below-ground plant cuticular materials (cutin, cutan and suberin). As decomposition proceeds, these aliphatic moieties tend to accumulate in soils. Therefore, if we consider that cuticular material contributes significantly to SOM, we can hypothesize that the cuticular materials play an important role in the sorption processes of hydrophobic compounds (including pesticides) in soils, which has not yet been studied. The overall goal of this research was to illustrate the mechanism and significance of the refractory aliphatic structures of SOM in sorbing hydrophobic compounds (nonionic and weakly polar pesticides). The importance of this study is related to our ability to demonstrate the sorption relationship between key pesticides and an important fraction of SOM. The specific objectives of the project were: (1) To isolate and characterize cuticular fractions from selected plants; (2) To investigate the sorption mechanism of key hydrophobic pesticides and model compounds to cuticular plant materials; (3) To examine the sorption mechanisms at the molecular level using spectroscopic techniques; (4) To investigate the sorption of key hydrophobic pesticides to synthetic polymers; (5) To evaluate the content of cuticular materials in agricultural soils; and (6) To study the effect of incubation of plant cuticular materials in soils on their sorptive capabilities. This project demonstrates the markedly high sorption capacity of various plant cuticular fractions for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and polar organic pollutants. Both cutin (the main polymer of the cuticle) and cutan biopolymers exhibit high sorption capability even though both sorbents are highly aliphatic in nature. Sorption by plant cuticular matter occurs via hydrophobic interactions and H-bonding interactions with polar sorbates. The cutin biopolymer seems to facilitate reversible and noncompetitive sorption, probably due to its rubbery nature. On the other hand, the epicuticular waxes facilitate enhance desorption in a bi-solute system. These processes are possibly related to phase transition (melting) of the waxes that occur in the presence of high solute loading. Moreover, our data highlight the significance of polarity and accessibility of organic matter in the uptake of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants by regulating the compatibility of sorbate to sorbent. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project suggest that both cutin and cutan play important roles in the sorption of HOCs in soils; however, with decomposition the more condensed structure of the cutin and mainly the cutan biopolymer dominated sorption to the cuticle residues. Since cutin and cutan have been identified as part of SOM and humic substances, it is suggested that retention of HOCs in soils is also controlled by these aliphatic domains and not only by the aromaticrich fractions of SOM.
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NIOSH alert: preventing allergic reactions to natural rubber latex in the workplace. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub97135.

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OPTIMIZATION OF STIFFNESS AND DAMPING COEFFICIENTS OF CONNECTION DAMPERS TO REDUCE THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TRANSMISSION LINE STEEL TOWERS SUBJECTED TO WIND ACTION. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2023.19.3.6.

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Tall and slender latticed steel towers, such as power transmission line towers, are very susceptible to vibrations imposed mainly by wind action. Thus, changing the design layout or making use of vibration control devices is often necessary to reduce vibration amplitudes and avoid the collapse of the structure. In this work, an alternative to the conventional types of commercial dampers is the use of elements in the connections of the structure, such as rubber rings working like connection dampers, so they can dissipate the energy of the system reducing the dynamic response of the tower. Thus, this work proposes a methodology for the optimization of stiffness and damping coefficients of connection dampers in structures of latticed steel towers of Transmission Lines (TL) that are subjected to the dynamic effects of wind. An illustrative example is presented. First, the structure is evaluated considering perfectly rigid connections; then the stiffness and damping coefficient of the connections are optimized in order to minimize the vibration amplitudes of the tower. Finally, the natural frequencies, damping ratios and maximum horizontal displacements are compared for situations of perfectly rigid and semi-rigid connections. The results show that the optimization process results in a structure with a fundamental frequency of vibration similar to that of the original tower, however a significant reduction in the horizontal displacements can be observed, since an increase in damping occurs, thus proving the capacity of the proposed methodology.
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