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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural rubber'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 December 2024

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1

Hayeemasae, Nabil, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Maleated Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites." Polymer Korea 44, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2020.44.5.596.

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2

Zuev, A. A., V. L. Zolotarev, I. P. Levenberg, L. A. Kovaleva, and I. Sh Nasyrov. "Natural and synthetic isoprene rubbers obtained using Ziegler–Natta catalysts." Fine Chemical Technologies 19, no. 2 (May 4, 2024): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2024-19-2-139-148.

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Objectives. To compare the properties of rubber compounds and rubbers based on natural rubber RSS1 and synthetic isoprene rubbers obtained using Ti, Nd, Gd catalysts, both when used individually in the formulation of rubber compounds and when synthetic analogues partially replace natural rubber.Methods. Rubber compounds were prepared using a laboratory roll and a 100 cm3 rubber mixer. For rubber compounds, the following factors were determined: Mooney viscosity, cohesive strength, and vulcanization characteristics. For rubbers, the following factors were determined: physical and mechanical parameters, Shore A hardness, rebound resilience, and volume loss upon abrasion.Results. Based on the results of the rubber compound tests, the study showed that compounds based on all the synthetic polyisoprenes studied are significantly inferior to compounds based on natural rubber in terms of cohesive strength. The partial replacement of natural rubber with synthetic rubber (regardless of the type of catalytic system) leads to a significant decrease in the cohesive strength of the blends. Despite the differences observed in the properties of the rubber compounds, the results of the rubbers based on individual rubbers do not manifest significant differences.Conclusions. The study demonstrated the influence of defects (oligomers, gel, low molecular weight fractions, branches, and 3,4-units) in the structure of synthetic polyisoprenes on the cohesive strength index of rubber compounds based on them, in which the number of 3,4-units plays a decisive role. The study also showed the potential of studying synthetic polyisoprenes as analogues of natural rubber in formulations of rubber compounds in the aims of resolving the problem of import substitution in the tire and rubber goods industry.
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3

Johnson, T., and Sabu Thomas. "Nitrogen/oxygen permeability of natural rubber, epoxidised natural rubber and natural rubber/epoxidised natural rubber blends." Polymer 40, no. 11 (May 1999): 3223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00528-x.

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4

Thi Thuong, Nghiem, Phan Trung Nghia, and Seiichi Kawahara. "Factors influencing green strength of commercial natural rubber." Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2018-0019.

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Abstract The factors influencing the green strength of commercial solid rubbers were investigated in the present study through characterization of commercial natural rubber (NR). Various solid commercial rubbers such as standard Vietnam rubber (SVR10), standard Indonesia rubber (SIR10), India standard natural rubber (ISNR10), ribbed smoked sheets (RSS3), and FNR (commercial Sumitomo Rubber) were used as a source. Purification of the samples was carried out through acetone extraction and purified samples were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy. Degradation was found for SVR10, ISNR10, and SIR10 but not for RSS3 and FNR through the assignment of 13C-NMR signals. Acetone extraction was found to improve the green strength of commercial NR due to the removal of impurities. Linked fatty acids and proteins contributed to the upturn of stress at small strain. However, the network structure of degraded rubbers had an insignificant role in enhancing the green strength of commercial NR.
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5

Baker, C. S. L., I. R. Gelling, and R. Newell. "Epoxidized Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536059.

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Abstract When natural rubber is epoxidized under carefully controlled conditions, it can be converted to a totally new polymer with some properties more akin to speciality rubbers and some properties that appear to be advantageous for tire treads. Three levels of epoxidation have been extensively evaluated. They were 50, 25 and 10 mole% epoxidized NR referred to as ENR-50, ENR-25 and ENR-10 respectively. ENR-50 has been found to undergo strain crystallization like NR, but with oil resistance similar to a medium acrylonitrile NBR and gas permeability similar to butyl rubber. It is a highly damping rubber with a very low room-temperature resilience. ENR-50 and ENR-25 both exhibit good wet grip characteristics and have been examined as tire tread materials. In particular, ENR-25 compounds containing silica or silica/black have been found to give lower rolling resistance than NR and better wet traction than OESBR, so providing an ideal combination of these two properties for tire treads. Unfortunately, wear data is as yet incomplete, but it is anticipated, from truck tire experience, that the black/silica compounds will present no problems. ENR-25 and ENR-50 exhibit this unique feature with silica of reinforcement equivalent to black without the use of a coupling reagent. Thus, these rubbers have potential of providing white or colored vulcanizates with properties previously associated only with black-filled compounds, so extending applicational areas, or even resulting in colored tires or other automotive parts. ENR-10 provides a damping grade of NR when lower resiliences are required. Alternatively, blends of ENR-25 or -50 with NR may be used. Many engineering applications are calling for reduced resilience, and this new form of NR can give precisely this.
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6

Ha, Nguyen Thu, Nguyen Hong Quan, Cao Hong Ha, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, and Phan Trung Nghia. "Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber for Coating Application." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3B (September 13, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/3b/12740.

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Epoxidized natural rubber was prepared by epoxidation of natural rubber with fresh peracetic acid in latex stage. The epoxidized natural rubbers with epoxy group content of 8, 15 and 27 mol% were prepared by adjusting the amount of fresh peracetic. The characterization of resulting materials was carried out through NMR spectroscopy, gel content determination and particle size measurement. The epoxidized natural rubber with various epoxy group contents were coated on the surface of the wood substrate by spin coating technique. The contact angle measurement and bending test were made for wood coated by epoxidized natural rubbers. The results show that the obtained epoxidized natural rubber is liquid resistance as is evident in high contact angle of water and poly(ethylene glycol) solution on the rubber surface. The bending strength of wood is improved by coating epoxidized natural rubber. The material with epoxy group content of 15 mol% is suitable for the protection of the wood surface.
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7

JUNKONG, Preeyanuch, Yuta SAKAKI, and Yuko IKEDA. "Guayule Natural Rubber and Dandelion Natural Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 91, no. 5 (2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.91.169.

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8

Lee, Sang Yup, Joon Hyung Kim, and Byung Kyu Kim. "Natural rubber blends with epoxidized natural rubber." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 36, no. 5 (September 1997): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222349708220443.

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9

Surya, Indra, and Nabil Hayeemasae. "Reinforcement of natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers with fillers." Simetrikal: Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jet.v1i1.682.

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The reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with silica or carbon black (CB) by using a semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization system has been carried out. It was found that silica caused a longer in cure time compared to CB and due to the dissimilarity of their surface chemistry, it was also found that silica and CB caused the difference in reinforcement effect to those rubbers. Silica caused in filled-vulcanizates of those rubbers with a higher modulus and lower tensile strength compared to their unfilled ones. On the other hand, CB caused enhancements in both modulus and tensile to those rubbers. The investigation on reinforcing efficiencies of those fillers on the rubbers found that the higher reinforcing efficiency of CB was attributed to its better degree of filler dispersion when compared to silica.
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10

Nakaramontri, Yeampon, Charoen Nakason, Claudia Kummerlöwe, and Norbert Vennemann. "INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER ON PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER–CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85949.

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ABSTRACT Carbon nanotube (CNT)–filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Various types of NR, including unmodified NR, epoxidized NR (ENR), and maleated NR (MNR), were used. The chemical reactions between rubber molecules and functional groups on the CNT surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cure characteristics, tensile properties, relaxation behavior, and electrical conductivity of the various gum rubbers and the CNT-filled rubber composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of CNTs significantly affected the composite properties. This is due not only to the excellent properties of the CNT itself but also to the physical and chemical interactions between modified rubber molecules and CNT surfaces. On comparison between the three types of NR, it was observed that the ENR-CNT composite showed the highest values of delta torque, tensile strength, and initial relaxation modulus. This confirms the homogeneous distribution of CNT particles in the ENR matrix, which in turn resulted from enhanced interactions of functional groups on CNT surfaces and epoxide groups in ENR molecules. Furthermore, electrical conductivity as a function of CNT content was examined to estimate the electrical percolation threshold value and to determine the state of dispersion of CNTs.
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11

Дьяконова, Д. А., and А. А. Дьяконов. "INVESTIGATION OF THE NITRILE BUTADIENE AND NATURAL RUBBERS RATIO EFFECT ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 4(50) (August 31, 2023): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2023.50.4.004.

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В настоящее время идет активный поиск новых эластомерных материалов, сочетающих в себе уникальные свойства разных каучуков, что, в свою очередь, позволит увеличить диапазон применения резинотехнических изделий на их основе. Одним из возможных вариантов по созданию эластомерных материалов данного типа является совмещение двух кардинально отличающихся каучуков. Целью данной работы является изучение влияния совмещения агрессивостойкого бутадиен-нитрильного каучука марки БНКС-18 и натурального каучука марки SVR-3L на упруго-прочностные свойства, стойкость к воздействию углеводородных масел и структуру эластомеров. С увеличением содержания натурального каучука в резиновой смеси наблюдается повышение прочностных и эластических свойств, так как натуральный каучук характеризуется более высокими упруго-прочностными показателями по сравнению с бутадиен-нитрильным каучуком. С преобладанием содержания в резиновой смеси бутадиен-нитрильного каучука повышается условное напряжение при удлинении и стойкость к воздействию гидравлическому маслу АМГ-10. Высокая стойкость к углеводородным средам объясняется наличием нитрила акриловой кислоты в каучуке БНКС-18, которая препятствует проникновению масел в объем эластомера. Методом растровой электронной микроскопии установлено, что при введении небольшого количества натурального каучука в резиновую смесь образуются грани переходов между каучуками. Образовавшиеся фазовые переходы в эластомерах служат концентраторами напряжения, объясняя зависимость упруго-прочностных свойств от содержания натурального и бутадиен-нитрильного каучуков. С увеличением содержания натурального каучука фазовые переходы уменьшаются и становятся незаметными. There is an active search for elastomers for the creation of materials that combine unique properties of different rubbers. This in turn will increase the range of application of rubber products based on them. One of the possible options for creating elastomeric materials of this type is the combination of two fundamentally different rubbers. The aim of this work is to study the effect of combining nitrile butadiene (BNKS-18) and natural (SVR-3L) rubbers on physical and mechanical properties, hydrocarbon oils resistance and the structure of resulting elastomers. With an increase in the content of natural rubber in the mixture, an increase in strength and elastic properties was observed. It can be explained by natural rubber's higher elastic-strength properties compared to nitrile butadiene rubber. With the prevalence of the content of nitrile butadiene rubber in the rubber compound, the modulus of elasticity and resistance to the effects of AMG-10 hydraulic oil were increased. The high resistance to hydrocarbon media is explained by the presence of acrylic acid nitrile in BNKS-18 rubber which prevents the ingress of oils into the elastomer volume. Using scanning electron microscopy it was found that with a small amount of natural rubber in the rubber mixture phase transition borders were formed between rubbers. The resulting phase transition borders in elastomers serve as stress concentrators which explains the dependence of physical and mechanical properties on the ratio of natural and nitrile butadiene rubbers. With an increase in the content of natural rubber, phase transition borders decrease and become imperceptible.
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12

YAMAMOTO, Yoshimasa, Siti Nadiah Binti NORULHUDA, Takayuki SAITO, Yoshito OHTAKE, and Seiichi KAWAHARA. "Degradation of Natural Rubber and Deproteinized Natural Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 91, no. 4 (2018): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.91.109.

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13

SAKAKI, Toshiaki. "Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Highly Purified Natural Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 91, no. 5 (2018): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.91.156.

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14

Zuev, A. A., L. R. Lyusova, and N. P. Boreiko. "Chlorinated Isoprene Rubbers in Adhesive Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400505.

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Now there is not a single area of industry that can do without adhesive elastomer materials. Composites based on synthetic rubbers comprise 75% of the total volume of adhesive materials produced, which is due to the combination of unique properties typical of the elastomer base of the adhesive. The base of many imported adhesives for the bonding of rubber to metal is chlorinated natural rubber. As an alternative, chlorinated synthetic isoprene rubber has been proposed, developed at the Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Rubber in St Petersburg. The chlorinated isoprene rubber was compared with imported chlorinated natural rubber in adhesive composites, and the physicomechanical properties of mixes based on a blend of chlorinated rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber were investigated. The investigation was conducted on chlorinated natural rubber of grade Pergut S20, chlorinated isoprene rubber SKI-3, and nitrile butadiene rubbers of grades BNKS-28AMN and SKN-26S. The influence of the ratio of chlorinated rubber to nitrile butadiene rubber and the technological factors of mix preparation on the properties of films produced from them was established. It was shown that, in terms of the level of properties, home-produced chlorinated rubber can be used as the base for adhesives for hot bonding of rubber to metal instead of imported Pergut S20.
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15

Su, Chi-Wei, Lu Liu, Ran Tao, and Oana-Ramona Lobonţ. "Do natural rubber price bubbles occur?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (February 27, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2018-agricecon.

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In this paper, we employ the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller test in order to identify the existence of multiple bubbles in natural rubber. This approach is practical for the using of time series and identifies the beginning and end points of multiple bubbles. The results reveal that there are five bubbles, where exist the divergences between natural rubber prices and their basic values on account of market fundamentals. The five bubbles are related to imbalance between supply and demand, inefficiencies of smallholders market, oil prices, exchange rate and climatic changes through analyses. Thus, the corresponding authorities are supposed to identify bubbles and consider their evolutions, which is beneficial to the stability of natural rubber price.
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Nurzakiah, Sitty Nurzakiah, Amzul Rifin, and Rita Nurmalina. "Posisi Pasar Karet Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional." Forum Agribisnis 14, no. 2 (September 30, 2024): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.14.2.166-175.

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Indonesia's position as the largest rubber producing country in the world allows them to become the main exporter of natural rubber. Indonesia exports the majority of its natural rubber production to countries like Japan, India, Brazil, the United States, South Korea, China, Turkey, and others. The competition between Indonesia and other producing countries in exporting rubbers to international markets is relatively tight. The aim of this research is to analyze the position of Indonesia’s technically specified natural rubbers (TSNR) in the international market compared to other exporting countries. The analytical method used is the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) Model. The data used in this research is secondary data from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Vietnam, Belgium, and Nigeria over the last 10 years (2012 – 2022). The results show that there is a tight competition between Indonesia and Thailand, Ivory Coast, Belgium, Nigeria and the Rest of the World in competing for market share of natural rubber in the international market because the relationship between Indonesia's natural rubber and these countries are substitutional. Meanwhile, Indonesia's natural rubber relationship with Malaysia is complementary. Indonesian natural rubber is a normal good, so if there is an increase in prices it will cause a decrease in demand. If there is an increase in demand for rubber exports in the international market, then the country that will benefit the most is Vietnam. Meanwhile, Indonesia is the fourth ranked country that will benefit the most if it happens.
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17

Salleh, SZ, H. Ismail, and Z. Ahmad. "Properties of natural rubber latex-compatibilized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 48, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): 640–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244315613620.

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18

McMahan, Colleen, and Dhondup Lhamo. "STUDY OF AMINO ACID MODIFIERS IN GUAYULE NATURAL RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85931.

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ABSTRACT Guayule, a desert shrub indigenous to the United States, is under development as a source of natural rubber that can be used in place of petroleum-based rubber or Hevea rubber. In natural rubbers, physical and chemical properties can be strongly affected by nonrubber constituents, typically proteins and lipids, present in the material, depending on the plant species and postharvest processing. Hevea natural rubber typically contains high levels of nonrubber constituents that contribute to thermal-oxidative stability, cure acceleration, and especially strain-induced crystallization. The latter has been attributed to compound properties that render Hevea natural rubber uniquely suited for the most demanding rubber applications (e.g., aircraft tires). Hevea proteins are susceptible to hydrolysis, releasing free amino acids into the latex, which can affect rubber and compound properties. Here, low-protein guayule latex was blended with a series of amino acids varying in chemical structure. Bulk viscosity was reduced, thermal-oxidative stability was improved, and cure rate was influenced by the addition of amino acids. Generally, gel formation, green strength, and tensile strength were not affected. The results introduce a new perspective for amino acids as biobased rubber compound additives and provide insights into naturally occurring nonrubber constituents' interaction with natural rubber polymers.
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Kawahara, Seiichi, Yoshinobu Isono, Jitladda T. Sakdapipanich, Yasuyuki Tanaka, and Eng Aik-Hwee. "Effect of Gel on the Green Strength of Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544999.

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Abstract The outstanding properties of natural rubber, e.g., green strength and rapid crystallization, were attributed to the chemical branching that formed at both chain ends of the rubber molecule during the preservation of the latex in the presence of ammonia. The gel content of natural rubbers from various clonal origins increased during the preservation, but decreased after deproteinization of the aged latex. The crystallization of acetone-extracted rubber was slightly suppressed as the gel content increased. The increase in green strength during the preservation was studied in connection with the gel content and degree of branching of the rubber.
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20

Markovičová, Lenka, Viera Zatkalíková, Ján Sovík, and Tatiana Kojnoková. "Verification of the probability of elastomers degradation in natural environments." Production Engineering Archives 28, no. 3 (August 5, 2022): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.34.

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Abstract A wide range of elastomers allows to manufacture products that meet high demands of consumers. They are prepared from a mixture of several rubbers, rubber chemicals, additives and reinforcing materials (fibres), which allows you to obtain the desired properties of the products. The other components of rubber compounds are fillers, carbon blacks and plasticizers. Rubber chemicals supplement the mixture in small quantities of related products, which affect vulcanization and regulate their properties, so they have an irreplaceable role in the preparation of rubber products. The aim of experimental part is to assess the properties of the degradation environment on samples of rubber composites to change their properties. The result of the performed mechanical tests to evaluate and compare the obtained values of mechanical properties of rubber compounds and to predict the possibility of biological degradation of the tested material.
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21

POH, B. T., and G. K. KHOK. "TENSILE PROPERTY OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER/NATURAL RUBBER BLENDS." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 39, no. 1 (February 16, 2000): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ppt-100100021.

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22

Ikeda, Yuko, Preeyanuch Junkong, Takumi Ohashi, Treethip Phakkeeree, Yuta Sakaki, Atitaya Tohsan, Shinzo Kohjiya, and Katrina Cornish. "Strain-induced crystallization behaviour of natural rubbers from guayule and rubber dandelion revealed by simultaneous time-resolved WAXD/tensile measurements: indispensable function for sustainable resources." RSC Advances 6, no. 98 (2016): 95601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22455e.

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23

Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.

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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this study, it is shown that crystallization also seems to enhance the Mullins softening (softening at the first cycle) and to favor the apparent cyclic softening. Results reveal that natural rubber shows an amplitude dependence on the cyclic softening, whereas the styrene–butadiene rubber does not. Finally, results demonstrate that studying filled rubber softening cannot help predict lifetime.
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Asaletha, R., P. Bindu, Indose Aravind, A. P. Meera, S. V. Valsaraj, Weimin Yang, and Sabu Thomas. "Stress-relaxation behavior of natural rubber/polystyrene and natural rubber/polystyrene/natural rubber-graft-polystyrene blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 108, no. 2 (2008): 904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27395.

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25

Chaikumpollert, Oraphin, Osamu Wakisaka, Akio Mase, Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Krisda Suchiva, and Seiichi Kawahara. "EFFECT OF DECELERATED FERMENTATION ON MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87968.

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ABSTRACT Decelerated fermentation of natural rubber latex was performed to investigate the relationship between the morphology and mechanical properties of natural rubber. Natural rubber latex was preserved with sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, as a bactericide, to decelerate the fermentation of nonrubber components such as proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrate, and so forth. Gradual increases in the viscosity of the latex and gel content of the resulting rubber took place as the preservation period was prolonged, which were distinguished from less change in the viscosity of high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) and high gel content of its rubber. The particle size distribution was dramatically changed during decelerated fermentation, although that of the HANR latex did not change. The pH and nitrogen content of the rubbers were independent of the preservation time. Morphology of the fermented natural rubber and the HANR was observed with scanning probe microscopy. Fewer mechanical properties of the fermented natural rubber were related to the destruction of the nanomatrix structure of the nonrubber components, which resulted from the decrease in the fatty acid ester groups with bacteria as compared with the good mechanical properties of the HANR.
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Mohsenirad, Bahareh, and Ebrahim Fataei. "Life Cycle Assessment of Ball Bladder Production With and Without Recycled Rubbers." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.9.3.1184.

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Background: Environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion are one of the most controversial concerns of scientists due to their several potential impacts on the earth as a result of long-term emission of greenhouse gases, mainly CH4 and CO2. Evidence of greenhouse gas emissions during rubber production provides important and useful data for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The present study aimed to reduce the emission rate of greenhouse gases in the ball bladder production process using natural rubber in combination with recycled rubber. Methods: In this regard, a LCA in SimaPro 8.0.1 software using CML2001 method was conducted on data related to the resources, chemicals, raw materials and energy consumption during ball manufacturing in Tanin Peak Sabalan Factory, Ardabil, Iran. Results: Our findings revealed that the ball bladder with natural rubber had the largest contribution to the ozone layer depletion (39.2%) and global warming (41.1%), while the bladder with both recycled and natural rubbers had an impact of 27.9% and 29.5%, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ball bladder with both recycled and natural rubbers is less eco-destructive than that the bladder with only natural rubber.
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Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa. "Enhancement of Heat Ageing Properties of Epoxidised Natural Rubber Blend." Solid State Phenomena 317 (May 2021): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.300.

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In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product life in terms of swelling, wear and heat ageing. Diene-based rubbers, such as natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), have been widely used in diverse industries. However, some apparent defects such as limited ageing resistance and large compression set, have been demonstrated in some rubbers cured by sulfur or peroxides. In the making of general and industrial rubber goods, short production and sufficient scorch time is crucial especially by using an injection moulding. In this work, blend of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR 25) and Butadiene was developed with two types of curing systems namely Conventional and Efficient Vulcanisation system. The aim of the study is to produce a satisfactory heat resistance rubber compounds and adequate process safety for rubber manufacturing. Results showed that curing system applied significantly affected thermal stability property of the compounds. Modulus and hardness of the blends appeared to decrease progressively with ageing. However, greater thermal stability especially ageing at 100°C for 200h was observed with compound containing efficient curing system compared to conventional curing system which corresponded to the cross link density attributed by the torque value and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results on stiffness however was effected by the curing system applied. The influence of cure temperature on the chemical crosslink density on both cure systems are being investigated. The network results will be correlated with the technical properties.
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Smitthipong, Wirasak, Rattana Tantatherdtam, Kanokwan Rungsanthien, Potjanart Suwanruji, Sriroth Klanarong, Siriwat Radabutra, Sombat Thanawan, et al. "Effect of Non-Rubber Components on Properties of Sulphur Crosslinked Natural Rubbers." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.345.

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Non-rubber components (mainly proteins and lipids) in natural rubber (NR) play important roles for controlling the properties of NR. Crosslinking process creates intermolecular chemical bonds in order to obtain a three-dimensional network, resulting in more elastic rubber. Sulphur crosslinking is the most popular method and is applied in the present study. Two types of NR were prepared, namely, whole natural rubber (WNR) and purified natural rubber (PNR). PNR was deproteinized by centrifugation method and then acetone extraction. These rubbers were crosslinked by an efficient vulcanization (EV) system. They were cured for three curing times (1xt90, 2xt90, 3xt90) at 150°C. WNR presents shorter curing time than PNR because there are some phospholipids and proteins which are natural accelerators for curing reaction. The presence of non-rubber components seems to play a major role on crosslinking density and adhesion phenomenon for rubber/glass system. AFM images of WNR show more heterogeneity and roughness compared to PNR.
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Samyn, Pieter, Frank Driessen, and Dirk Stanssens. "Natural Rubber Composites for Paper Coating Applications." Materials Proceedings 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06832.

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Natural rubbers are characterized by extremely high molecular weight that might be beneficial in the formation of a protective barrier layer on paper substrates, providing good cohesive properties but limited adhesion to the substrate. In parallel, the low glass transition temperature of natural rubber might give the opportunity for good sealability, in contrast with severe problems of tack. Therefore, natural rubbers can be good candidates to serve as an alternative ecological binder in paper coatings for water and grease barrier resistance. In order to tune the surface properties of the paper coating, the effect of different fillers in natural rubber coatings are evaluated on rheological, thermo–mechanical and surface properties. The fillers are selected according to common practice for the paper industry, including talc, kaolinite clay and a type of organic nanoparticle, which are all added in the range of 5 to 20 wt.-%. Depending on the selected natural rubber, the dispersibility range (i.e., dispersive and distributive mixing) of the fillers in the latex phase highly varies and filler/matrix interactions are the strongest for nanoparticle fillers. An optimum selection of viscosity range allows us to obtain homogeneous mixtures without the need of surface modification of the additives. After bar-coating natural rubber latex composites on paper substrates, the drying properties of the composite coatings are followed by spectroscopy, illustrating the influences of selected additives on the vulcanization process. In particular, the latter most efficiently improves in the presence of nanoparticle fillers and highly increases the coating hydrophobicity in parallel, reducing the adhesive tack surface properties, as predicted from calculated work of adhesion.
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Nishiyama, Naoyuki, Seiichi Kawahara, Takashi Kakubo, Eng Aik Hwee, and Yasuyuki Tanaka. "Origin of Characteristic Properties of Natural Rubber—Synergistic Effect of Fatty Acids on Crystallization of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene: II, Mixed and Esterified Fatty Acids in Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 4 (September 1, 1996): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538388.

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Abstract Crystallization behavior of deproteinized natural rubber at −25°C was investigated by dilatometry in connection with the effect of long-chain fatty acid groups, esterified to the rubber chain, as well as free fatty acids and their esters. The overall crystallization rate decreased after removal of the acetone-extractable free fatty acids and their esters, while it increased significantly when the fatty acid groups esterified to natural rubber molecule were removed by transesterification with sodium methoxide. Both the acetone-extracted and transesterified rubbers showed a significant increase in the overall crystallization rate after the addition of 1 wt % stearic acid. The crystallization of acetone-extracted rubber was accelerated by the addition of 1 wt % methyl linoleate, a plasticizer of natural rubber, whereas it was suppressed in the case of transesterified rubber in which the esterified fatty acid groups were removed completely. The fatty acid groups esterified to natural rubber molecule gave rise to the accelerated crystallization of the rubber in conjunction with free fatty acids and their esters.
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Wang, Yueqiong, Shiqi Su, Hongchao Liu, Rui Wang, Lusheng Liao, Zheng Peng, Jihua Li, Haijun Wu, and Dongning He. "Effect of Proteins on the Vulcanized Natural Rubber Crosslinking Network Structure and Mechanical Properties." Polymers 16, no. 21 (October 22, 2024): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16212957.

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Proteins are important factors affecting the properties of natural rubber. Therefore, investigating the effect of free and bonded proteins on the structure and mechanical properties of the vulcanized crosslinking network of natural rubber would provide a theoretical basis for the production of high mechanical resistance natural rubber. Herein, natural rubbers with different protein contents and types were prepared by high-speed centrifugation. And, the effects on their network structure, vulcanization, tensile strength, tearing strength and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the reduction in protein content led to the decrement in the entanglement networks, crosslinking density and tensile and tear strengths of the vulcanized natural rubber. Moreover, the bonded proteins had an obvious influence on the vulcanization process, while free proteins played an important role in the crosslink densities. These results reveal that both bonded and free proteins are involved in the vulcanization process and the construction of the vulcanized crosslinking network structure of natural rubber, which enhances the mechanical properties such as the modulus and tensile strength of vulcanized natural rubber.
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32

Wirjosentono, B., Tamrin, A. H. Siregar, and D. A. Nasution. "Mechanical, thermal and adhesion characteristics of natural rubber/epoxidised natural rubber (NR/ENR 25) blends containing natural microbentonite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012073.

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Abstract Blending of natural rubber (NR) with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR 25) improved engineering characteristics of the blends, especially on their toughness, resistant to mineral oil, as well as their adhesion on hydrophilic surfaces, such as metals and concretes. Addition of natural microbentonite was expected not only to improve the blend’s compatibility, but also to enhance their thermal characteristics and adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces. In this works Indonesian natural rubbers (SIR-10) have been blended with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-25) in a reflux rector in xylene solution with addition of various loading of natural microbentonite as fillers. Mechanical properties of the blends were characterized using tensile tests (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus), whereas their thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, to estimate their adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces, the blends were immersed in water, and their water uptake were measured gravimetrically, as well as changes on their mechanical properties. It was found that optimum composition of natural microbentonite in the blend with highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus was obtained when loading of the filler was 4 phr. When compared to that without filler, DSC thermogram of the optimum blend showed better thermal properties (lower heat release decreased from 903.10 J/g to 420.17 J/g) although the decomposition temperatures did not change considerably (407.8° to 408.09°C). Whereas the later also exhibited higher water uptake (0.05 to 0.34 %) and still with acceptable mechanical properties as adhesive materials.
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33

Martinez, Jose Miguel Martin. "Natural rubber by a rubber man." Materials Today 9, no. 3 (March 2006): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(06)71397-9.

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34

Sulekha, P. B., R. Joseph, and K. B. Manjooran. "New oligomer-bound antioxidants in natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber and natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, no. 1 (2004): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20427.

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35

Bandyopadhyay, S., S. Dasgupta, N. Mandal, S. L. Agrawal, S. K. Mandot, R. Mukhopadhyay, A. S. Deuri, and Suresh C. Ameta. "Use of Recycled Tyre Material in Natural Rubber based Tyre Tread Cap Compound: Part I (with Ground Crumb Rubber)." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 4 (November 2005): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100404.

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For both environmental and economic reasons, there is a continuing broad-based interest in the recycling of scrap rubber and therefore in the development of recycling technologies. In the present work three different sizes of mechanically ground Indian crumb rubbers were used in a natural rubber (NR) based tyre tread cap compound. Varying doses of crumb rubber were used as an additional compounding ingredient. The minimum torque and Mooney viscosity values were marginally increased with increasing dose and mesh size of crumb rubber. In a Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) study, the Payne effect before curing was marginally higher for compounds containing crumb rubber, while, after curing a comparable Payne effect was observed with respect to the control compound without having crumb rubber. A marginal deterioration in tensile strength, fatigue to failure and abrasion properties was observed. At all levels of usage, the 100 mesh size ground crumb rubber retained the properties better than other lower mesh size crumb rubbers.
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36

Mat Desa, Mohd Shaiful Zaidi, Azman Hassan, Agus Arsad, and Masleeyati Yusop. "Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology characteristics of rubber-toughened poly(lactic acid)." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199001001.

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This study investigates the effect of natural rubber (NR), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and core-shell rubber (CSR) as toughening agents for poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA/rubber blends were prepared by using melt blending method in a twin-screw extruder, with the content of rubbers was fixed at 5 wt. %. All PLA/rubber blends exhibited lower storage modulus compared to neat PLA. Two-stage storage modulus (E’) was also observed, where the first stage occurred at lower temperature corresponded to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of rubber components, whereas the second E’ corresponded to the Tg of PLA. The impact fracture surface of PLA/rubber blends also exhibited phase-separated morphology where the spherical-shaped rubber particles were clearly present in the PLA matrix.
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37

Petchsoongsakul, Thidarat, Peerapan Dittanet, Surapich Loykulnant, Chaveewan Kongkaew, and Paweena Prapainainar. "Synthesis of Natural Composite of Natural Rubber Filling Chitosan Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.96.

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Mechanical properties of natural rubber composite were improved by adding chitosan nanoparticles in this work. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The effect of chitosan nanoparticle content in natural rubber at 0, 3, 6 and 9 phr were studied. Size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles was 282 ± 96 nm. Natural rubber vulcanization was by electron irradiation at intensity 200 kGy. The morphology of composite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) were determined by tensile testing. The interaction of filler-rubber was illustrated by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that chitosan nanoparticles was well dispersed within natural rubber matrix. The optimum filler content was affected to mechanicals properties of natural rubber composites. The chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr in natural rubber composites was found to have the highest mechanical properties. The dispersion and immobilization of chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr was the best among all loading. In addition, 3 phr chitosan nanoparticles / natural rubber composite had filler-rubber higher interaction than those of other loading.
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38

Yunginger, John W. "NATURAL RUBBER LATEX." Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 15, no. 3 (August 1995): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00764-0.

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39

MOURI, Hiroshi. "Sustainable Natural Rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 94, no. 7 (2021): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.94.223.

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40

Page, Elena H., Eric J. Esswein, Martin R. Petersen, Daniel M. Lewis, and Toni A. Bledsoe. "Natural Rubber Latex:." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, no. 6 (June 2000): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200006000-00010.

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41

Whitworth, J. Wayne. "Guayule Natural Rubber." Bioresource Technology 35, no. 2 (January 1991): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90034-h.

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42

Feldman, Dorel. "Natural rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 54, no. 9 (July 31, 2017): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2017.1316671.

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43

Hamann, Curtis P., Pamela A. Rogers, and Kim M. Sullivan. "NATURAL RUBBER LATEX." Journal of the American Dental Association 130, no. 1 (January 1999): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0010.

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44

Mat Desa, Mohd Shaiful Zaidi, Azman Hassan, Agus Arsad, and Nor Nisa Balqis Mohammad. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Toughened Poly(Lactic Acid)." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.222.

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The effect of rubber toughening on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated by using three types of rubbers; natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and core-shell rubber (CSR). The PLA/rubber blends were prepared by melt blending in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder, where the rubber content for all blends was kept at 5 wt%. It was found that the addition of the rubbers increased the impact strength for all blends as compared to pure PLA. On the other hand, all PLA/rubber blends showed notable decrease of Young’s modulus especially for PLA/NR blend which decreased by 72% than pure PLA. Similarly, significant decrease of tensile strength was also observed for all PLA/rubber blends. PLA/ENR blend showed a morebalance mechanical properties with fairly significant improvement of impact strength and moderate decrease of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break. In general, PLA/NR blend showed the highest overall impact strength, while the PLA/CSR showed the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus among the blends. Thermal analysis revealed that the Tg of PLA decreased with incorporation of the three types of rubbers with NR showing the largest decrease. This study indicates that NR, ENR and CSR are effective in enhancing toughness of PLA
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45

Varkey, JYothi T., S. Someswara Rao, and Sabu Thomas. "Flow Behavior Of Natural Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex Blends." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559608000077.

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46

Nakason, C., A. Kaesaman, Z. Samoh, S. Homsin, and S. Kiatkamjornwong. "Rheological properties of maleated natural rubber and natural rubber blends." Polymer Testing 21, no. 4 (2002): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(01)00109-x.

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47

Saengthaveep, Saravalee, and Rathanawan Magaraphan. "Natural Rubber-Toughened Nylon12 Compatibilized by Polystyrene/Natural Rubber Blend." Advances in Polymer Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.21352.

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48

Tanaka, Yasuyuki. "Structural Characterization of Natural Polyisoprenes: Solve the Mystery of Natural Rubber Based on Structural Study." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547643.

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Abstract Structural characterization of naturally occurring polyisoprenes was carried out to solve the mystery of natural rubber (NR), such as the biosynthesis mechanism of rubber formation, the origin of outstanding properties of NR and the role of rubber in rubber trees. The NMR analysis, based on terpenes and polyprenols as models, disclosed the structure of both terminal groups of rubber chain. Structural evidence indicated that the biosynthesis of rubbers from Lactarius mushroom and leaves of high plants starts from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate or trans, trans, trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate and terminates by dephosphorylation to form a hydroxyl terminal group. The biosynthesis of NR was presumed to start from unidentified initiating species containing two trans-isoprene units and peptide group and to terminate forming a phospholipid terminal group. The initiating group of NR associated with proteins formed branch points, which can be decomposed by enzymatic deproteinization. The branch points formed by phospholipid group were decomposed by transesterification with sodium methoxide. Rapid crystallization of NR was explained by the presence of mixed fatty acids synergistically with linked fatty acids, which were included in phospholipid. Saturated fatty acids linked to rubber chain induced crystallization, while mixed unsaturated fatty acids acted as plasticizer and accelerated the crystallization rate. This was confirmed by the preparation of model cis-polyisoprene grafted with stearic acid. The green strength of NR decreased to the same level as synthetic cis-polyisoprene after transesterification, indicating the effect of branching formed by the phospholipid terminal group and fatty acids in NR. The role of NR in Hevea trees was analyzed using NR from Hevea trees never tapped before. The formation of hard gel and oxidative degradation during the storage of NR in Hevea trees suggested that NR acted as a radical scavenger to remove hydroperoxide.
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49

Rajasekar, R., Gert Heinrich, Amit Das, and Chapal Kumar Das. "Development of SBR-Nanoclay Composites with Epoxidized Natural Rubber as Compatibilizer." Research Letters in Nanotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/405153.

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The significant factor that determines the improvement of properties in rubber by the incorporation of nanoclay is its distribution in the rubber matrix. The simple mixing of nonpolar rubber and organically modified nanoclay will not contribute for the good dispersion of nanofiller in the rubbery matrix. Hence a polar rubber like epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) can be used as a compatibilizer in order to obtain a better dispersion of the nanoclay in the matrix polymer. Epoxidized natural rubber and organically modified nanoclay composites (EC) were prepared by solution mixing. The nanoclay employed in this study is Cloisite 20A. The obtained nanocomposites were incorporated in styrene butadiene-rubber (SBR) compounds with sulphur as a curing agent. The morphology observed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) shows that the nanoclay is highly intercalated in ENR, and further incorporation of EC in SBR matrix leads to partial exfoliation of the nanoclay. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed an increase in storage modulus and lesser damping characteristics for the compounds containing EC loading in SBR matrix. In addition, these compounds showed improvement in the mechanical properties.
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Ismail, H., and H. C. Leong. "Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber/chloroprene rubber blends." Polymer Testing 20, no. 5 (2001): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(00)00067-2.

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