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Gharib, Hiba Esmail. "The Alternations and the Semantic Components of the Verb Dre ‘Tear’ in Sorani Kurdish and its English Equivalent ‘Tear’." Journal of University of Human Development 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v1n4y2015.pp373-378.
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This paper undertakes a sematic-syntactic analysis of verbs relating to the action of ‘tearing’ in Sorani Kurdish and English; it employs the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (hereafter, NSM) developed by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues. I will use NSM to fully investigte the meanings of the two verbs and to reveal the semantic structures and distinctive aspects of verbs under investigation. The NSM methodology, based on semantic primes and a grammar of combinability, enables the researcher to dig deep into language-specific concepts in a clear cut manner, while at the same not being a linguistic bias.
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Goddard, Cliff, and Anna Wierzbicka. "NSM analyses of the semantics of physical qualities." Studies in Language 31, no. 4 (August 14, 2007): 765–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.03god.
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All languages have words, such as English hot and cold, hard and soft, rough and smooth, and heavy and light, which attribute qualities to things. This paper maps out how such descriptors can be analysed in the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) framework, in terms of like and other semantic primes configured into a particular semantic schema: essentially, touching something with a part of the body, feeling something in that part, knowing something about that thing because of it, and thinking about that thing in a certain way because of it. Far from representing objective properties of things “as such”, it emerges that physical quality concepts refer to embodied human experiences and embodied human sensations. Comparisons with French, Polish and Korean show that the semantics of such words may differ significantly from language to language.
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Gladkova, Anna. "“What is beauty?”." International Journal of Language and Culture 8, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00036.gla.
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Abstract The paper studies the semantics of four Russian key terms of aesthetic evaluation: krasivyj ‘beautiful’, prekrasnyj ‘beautiful/fine’, nekrasivyj ’ugly/plain’ and bezobraznyj ‘ugly/frightful’. It demonstrates different patterns of polysemy of the words and the nuances of meaning. Following the framework of folk aesthetics and cultural semantics, the meanings of the terms in question are represented using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and are shown to relate to Russian cultural themes. The analysis demonstrates cultural significance of aesthetic value in Russian and its intrinsic link with ethics, morality and politeness.
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Goddard, Cliff, Maite Taboada, and Radoslava Trnavac. "The semantics of evaluational adjectives." Functions of Language 26, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 308–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.00029.god.
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Abstract We apply the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach (Goddard & Wierzbicka 2014) to the lexical-semantic analysis of English evaluational adjectives and compare the results with the picture developed in the Appraisal Framework (Martin & White 2005). The analysis is corpus-assisted, with examples mainly drawn from film and book reviews, and supported by collocational and statistical information from WordBanks Online. We propose NSM explications for 15 evaluational adjectives, arguing that they fall into five groups, each of which corresponds to a distinct semantic template. The groups can be sketched as follows: “First-person thought-plus-affect”, e.g. wonderful; “Experiential”, e.g. entertaining; “Experiential with bodily reaction”, e.g. gripping; “Lasting impact”, e.g. memorable; “Cognitive evaluation”, e.g. complex, excellent. These groupings and semantic templates are compared with the classifications in the Appraisal Framework’s system of Appreciation. In addition, we are particularly interested in sentiment analysis, the automatic identification of evaluation and subjectivity in text. We discuss the relevance of the two frameworks for sentiment analysis and other language technology applications.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "Making sense of terms of address in European languages through the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)." Intercultural Pragmatics 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 499–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2016-0022.
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Abstract Building on the author’s earlier work on address practices and focusing on the French words monsieur and madame, this paper seeks to demonstrate that generic titles used daily across Europe have relatively stable meanings, different in different languages, and that their semantic analysis can provide keys to the speakers’ cultural assumptions and attitudes. But to use these keys effectively, we need some basic locksmith skills. The NSM approach, with its stock of primes and molecules and its mini-grammar for combining these into explications and cultural scripts, provides both the necessary tools and the necessary techniques. The unique feature of the NSM approach to both semantics and pragmatics is the reliance on a set of simple, cross-translatable words and phrases, in terms of which interactional meanings and norms can be articulated, compared, and explained to linguistic and cultural outsiders. Using this approach, this paper assigns intuitive, intelligible and cross-translatable meanings to several key terms of address in French and English, and it shows how these meanings can account for many aspects of these terms’ use. The paper offers a framework for studying the use of terms of address in Europe and elsewhere and has implications for language teaching, cross-cultural communication and education.
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Goddard, Cliff. "Dynamic ter - in Malay (Bahasa Melayu)." Studies in Language 27, no. 2 (October 31, 2003): 287–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.27.2.04god.
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This paper undertakes a fine-grained semantic analysis of some of the multiple uses of the polyfunctional verbal prefix ter- in Malay (Bahasa Melayu), the national language of Malaysia. The analysis is conducted within the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) framework originated by Anna Wierzbicka, supported by examples drawn from a large corpus of naturally occuring Malay texts. The main goals are to accurately describe the full range of meanings, and to decide to what extent apparent differences are contextually-induced as opposed to being semantically encoded. In the end, seven distinct but interrelated lexico-semantic schemas are identified, constituting a network of grammatical polysemy.
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Asano-Cavanagh, Yuko. "Semantic analysis of evidential markers in Japanese." Functions of Language 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2010): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.17.2.01asa.
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This paper investigates the semantics of three Japanese evidential markers — rashii, yooda and sooda. These three words are often used in similar situations and interpreted in English as ‘it seems’, ‘it appears’, or ‘it looks like’. The expressions are semantically closely related, but sometimes they are not interchangeable. Thus the question arises how to articulate the subtle differences between them. Previous studies have attempted to explicate the differences by using explanatory terms such as ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’ to describe the content of information, and ‘objective’ or ‘subjective’ to describe the attitude towards the information. While these terms are convenient to capture the meaning simplistically, they illustrate only part of the words’ usage, and also the definitions apply equally well to other evidential markers. This study is the first explication of the meanings of these markers using metalanguage and the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage Theory (NSM Theory) proposed and developed by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues (Goddard & Wierzbicka 1994, 2002; Peeters ed. 2006; Goddard ed. 2008). By analyzing the deficiencies of the previously presented definitions, and examining actual usage examples drawn from modern Japanese literature, the article applies semantic primes to explicate the meanings of rashii, yooda and sooda. The meanings of each expression are illustrated by cognitive scenarios such as ‘I think I can say something like this about X’, or ‘I think this about X at the moment’. The resulting semantic formulae clarify the differences between the three expressions. They also have utility for assisting second language learners in decisions about using the three terms.
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Gladkova, Anna, and Jesús Romero-Trillo. "Is ugliness in the mind of the beholder?" International Journal of Language and Culture 8, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00037.gla.
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Abstract The paper explores the meaning and use of ugly in English. The study is based on corpus data from Cobuild Wordbanks Online and investigates the polysemy and the spheres of application of the concept. Through corpus analysis methodology, we investigate the most common collocations and the pragmatic and contextual uses of the term. Based on this analysis, our study proposes semantic explications of ugly in universal human concepts within the theoretical framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). We also analyze the most common collocations with the word ugly and classify them into several meaning-based categories. A comparison between beautiful and ugly reveals that they are not identical in their distribution, which suggests different cognitive salience of the concepts. We also note the special role of ‘people’ and ‘nature’ in conceptualization and use of beautiful and that of ‘human actions’ in ugly.
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Tien, Adrian. "Compositionality of Chinese idioms: the issues, the semantic approach and a case study." Applied Linguistics Review 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-0007.
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AbstractIdioms – or something like idioms – occupy a special place as a speech genre in languages. It is compelling that the issues of what idioms are (or are not) and how they distinguish themselves from other related, though different, linguistic and phraseological categories, are of concern to all. This paper first examines various linguistic issues concerning the idiom genre before going into a detailed discussion about the chengyu in Chinese, which is an approximate yet by no means identical counterpart of the idiom as it is understood in English. It is argued that, as phrasal structures, Chinese chengyus are not all lexically fixed, neither are they all semantically non-compositional. By virtue of the example of the sememe zhong lit. ‘(bronze) bell’ and its incorporation into certain chengyus, it is demonstrated that the sememic constituents of a chengyu can be only not compositionally significant semantically speaking but also, they may well hold the key to the reason why the literal meaning of a chengyu should be closely integrated into its intended, idiomatic (figurative) meaning. Chengyus that incorporate the sememe zhong comprise an idiomatic analogy and, in fact, zhong as a lexical item is represented in the content of this analogy as a cognitively real element. This paper adopts the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework as the basis for semantic analyses of such chengyus.
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Goddard, Cliff. "“Joking, kidding, teasing”: Slippery categories for cross-cultural comparison but key words for understanding Anglo conversational humor." Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0017.
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Abstract Terms like to joke (and joking) and to tease (and teasing) have a curious double life in contrastive and interactional pragmatics and related fields. Occasionally they are studied as metapragmatic terms of ordinary English, along with related expressions such as kidding. More commonly they are used as scientific or technical categories, both for research into English and for cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. Related English adjectives, such as jocular and mock, are also much-used in a growing lexicon of compound terms, such as jocular abuse, mock abuse, jocular mockery, and the like. Against this background, the present paper has three main aims. In the first part, it is argued that the meanings of the verbs to joke and to tease (and related nouns) are much more English-specific than is commonly recognized. They are not precisely cross-translatable even into European languages such as French and German. Adopting such terms as baseline categories for cross-cultural comparison therefore risks introducing an Anglocentric bias into our theoretical vocabulary. Nor can the problem be easily solved, it is argued, by attributing technical meanings to the terms. Detailed analysis of the everyday meanings of words like joking and teasing, on the other hand, can yield insights into the ethnopragmatics of Anglo conversational humor. This task is undertaken in the second part of the paper. The important English verb to kid and the common conversational formulas just kidding and only joking are also examined. The semantic methodology used is the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which depends on paraphrase into simple, cross-translatable words. Building on the NSM analyses, the third part of the paper considers whether it is possible to construct a typological framework for conversational humor based on cross-translatable terminology.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "I and Thou: Universal human concepts present as words in all human languages." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 908–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-31361.
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This paper argues that “YOU” and “I” (“I” and “THOU”) are fundamental elements of human thought, present as distinct words (or signs) in all human languages. I first developed this thesis in my 1976 article “In defense of YOU and ME” (and before that, introduced it in my 1972 book Semantic Primitives; cf. also my 2021 article “‘Semantic Primitives’, fifty years later”). Since then, it has been confirmed by wide-ranging cross-linguistic investigations conducted in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework. But neither the truth of this thesis nor its importance have become widely recognised in linguistics or anthropology. Influential scholars in both these fields continue to undermine the notion of the fundamental unity of humankind and to put total emphasis, instead, on the diversity of languages and cultures. As cross-linguistic investigations of the last fifty years show, however, despite the phenomenal diversity of human languages a shared “alphabet of human thoughts” was not just a figment of Leibniz’s imagination but a fitting metaphor for something real and immeasurably important. As the present article aims to show, “YOU” and “I” (“I” and “THOU”) are two twin cornerstones of this reality. To quote the entry on “Psychic unity of humankind” in the Encyclopedia of Anthropology, “Ineluctably, the idea [of a deep psychological unity of humankind] has ethical significance. For attempting to inform humans about what they are and what they have in common is not a neutral act” (Prono 2006). As the present article seeks to demonstrate (and as Martin Buber compellingly affirmed a century ago), “I” and “THOU” are an ineluctable part of who we are: how we think, how we speak and how we relate to others.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "Addressing God in European languages: Different meanings, different cultural attitudes." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 259–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-259-293.
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All European languages have a word for God, and this word means exactly the same in all of them. However, speakers of different European languages tend to relate to God in different ways. Each group has its own characteristic ways of addressing God, encoded in certain words, phrases and grammatical forms, which both reflect and shape the speakers’ habitual ways of thinking about God and relating to God. Often, they also reflect some other aspects of their cultural memory and historical experience. In this paper I will compare the meanings of the vocative expressions used for addressing God in several European languages, including “Gospodi” in Russian, “O God” in English, “Mon Dieu” in French, “Herr” in German, and “Boże” in Polish. But to compare those meanings, we need a common measure. I believe such a common measure is available in the “NSM” framework, from Natural Semantic Metalanguage (see e.g. Goddard and Wierzbicka, 2014; Wierzbicka 2014a and 2018a; Gladkova and Larina 2018a, b). The data is taken mainly from well-known works of literature, such as Lev Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina and Boris Pasternak’s poem “V bol’nice” (“In Hospital”) for Russian, Charles Peguy’s Le mystère de la charité de Jeanne d’Arc and its English translation by Julien Green for French and English, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s prison poems and Heinrich Böll’s novel Billard um halbzehn for German. The results have shown that each European language offers its users a range of options for addressing God. Some of these options are shared, others appear to be unique to the language. All are underpinned by broader historical phenomena. The exact nature of all these links remains to be investigated.
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Siswoyo, Puguh Dwi, and Deli Nirmala. "Semantics Structure of Javanese Proverbs: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Analysis." Anuva: Jurnal Kajian Budaya, Perpustakaan, dan Informasi 5, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/anuva.5.2.275-281.
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This study is aimed to investigate the explication of Javanese proverbs, and also to find the NSM semantic template pattern in Javanese language proverbs. This study integrates natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) into the semantic analysis to explain how the meaning of Javanese proverbs can be explained. In this study, the researcher uses a five-semantic template for English proverbs proposed by Goddard and Wierzbicka. The findings of the study indicate that not all of the semantic template is fulfilled in Javanese Proverbs. It means that there is not any pattern of NSM semantic template in Javanese language. However, the application of NSM sematic templates in explaining proverbs meaning is not only worthwhile but also practical in explicating the Javanese proverbs.
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Trobevšek Drobnak, Frančiška. "On the merits and shortcomings of semantic primes and natural semantic metalanguage in cross-cultural translation." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 6, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2009): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.6.1-2.29-41.
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The purpose of this paper is to review some basic postulates of the theory of semantic primitives (semantic primes) and to evaluate the applicability of the natural semantic metalanguage in cross-cultural translation. The theory of semantic primes, formulated by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues, posits a universal set of cognitive primitives, lexicalized in all natural languages, which, combined into canonical sentences of basic syntactic patterns, constitute a natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). NSM is put forward as an alternative to traditional lexicographic definitions of words, to componential and prototypical semantic analysis, and, as tertium comparationis, presented as a more effective tool in translating culture-specific words and ethnosyntactic features.
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Erinita, Dwi Agus. "ANALISIS RANAH RASA DENGAN PENDEKATAN NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE." Sirok Bastra 4, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37671/sb.v4i2.82.
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Pancaindra yang dimiliki manusia menghasilkan ranah tersendiri dalam mengungkapkan apa yang dilihat, dicium, didengar, diraba, dan dirasanya. Berkaitan dengan hal itu, makalah ini menganalisis salah satu ranah, yaitu ranah rasa yang dihasilkan oleh indra perasa. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah natural semantic metalinguage (NSM) yang dikembangkan oleh Anna Wierzbicka. NSM menggunakan sudut pandang antropologi dengan menyatukan ancangan tipologi dalam kajian bahasa serta logika dalam kajian maknanya. Berdasarkan analisis, ranah rasa dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak hanya empat rasa pokok, yaitu manis, asam, asin, dan pahit, tetapi juga ada pedas, sepat, gurih, getir, hambar, dan tawar. Semua konsep rasa itu dapat dijelaskan melalui apa yang ada di alam dan kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti buah, bumbu, dan masakan.
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Bułat Silva, Zuzanna, and Justyna Wiśniewska. "Formas de tratamento nos manuais de PortuguEs LIngua Estrangeira: uma abordagem na perspetiva da Metalinguagem Semântica Natural." Romanica Cracoviensia 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843917rc.22.008.15640.
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Forms of Address in Portuguese as a Foreign Language Textbooks: Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach In this paper, starting from the methodological viewpoint of natural semantic metalanguage (NSM, see Wierzbicka 1996, 2013), we aim to describe how forms of address are used in Portuguese as a foreign language textbooks (European variety), investigate whether they comply with the real use of forms of address and with cultural norms of today’s Portuguese society, and propose NSM explications of their pragmatic and lexical meaning that would facilitate their acquisition. Our corpus of data contains examples taken from the PFL textbooks used for teaching students in Poland.
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GLADKOVA, ANNA, ULLA VANHATALO, and CLIFF GODDARD. "The semantics of interjections: An experimental study with natural semantic metalanguage." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 4 (July 20, 2015): 841–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000260.
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ABSTRACTThe paper reports the results of a pilot experimental study aimed at evaluating natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) explications of English interjections. It proposes a novel online survey technique to test NSM explications with language speakers. The survey tested recently developed semantic explications of selected English interjections as published in Goddard (2014a): wow, gosh, gee, yikes (“surprise” group) and yuck, ugh (“disgust” group). The results provide overall support for the proposed explications and indicate directions for their further development. It is interesting that respondents' preexisting knowledge of NSM and other background variables (age, gender, being a native speaker, or studying linguistics) were shown to have little influence on the test results.
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Durie, Mark. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 937–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30779.
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In this paper, the author proposes Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) semantic decompositions of four difficult-to-translate quranic Arabic words using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (Goddard Wierzbicka 2014, Wierzbicka 2021). This is the first study to propose an explicit semantic explication of these core Islamic lexical items, which are foundational for the spiritual worldview of the almost two billion followers of Islam in the world today. The first word considered is rasūl , which refers to intermediaries sent by Allah to humans and is used in the Quran alongside nabī , which has almost the same meaning. An NSM semantic explication of rasūl is contrasted with explications of biblical Hebrew nābā’ ‘prophesy’ and nabī’ ‘prophet’. In English translations of the Quran, rasūl is usually rendered as ‘messenger’ and nabī as ‘prophet’, yet these translations are misleadingly inadequate. Three further quranic concepts are examined, which have received the most diverse and unsatisfactory renderings in English translations of the Quran: shirk ‘association’ and kāfir ‘disbeliever’ refer to two dimensions of disbelief, and ittaqā , a difficult-to-translate verb, refers to cautious piety. The use of Natural Semantic Metalanguage overcomes the resistance of these terms to translation into English, by means of fine-grained semantic explications using semantic primes. These explications are designed to be readily accessible to speakers of languages other than English.
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Wardana, Muhammad Kiki, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "How Indonesian sees the colors: Natural semantic metalanguage theory." JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature) 7, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/joall.v7i2.21035.
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This research explores basic and secondary colors in Indonesia. This research attempts to explicate the meaning of colors by using the semantic theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage Theory. This research applied qualitative method. The paradigm of qualitative research revolves around the observation from the surrounding. The data were collected from various sources such as Indonesian Dictionary, Indonesian Corpus, and the data created by the researcher as the native speaker. The researcher explicates primary or basic colors as well as the secondary. Further, these Indonesian colors were being explicated by applying the features of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). The colors in Indonesian were gathered and classified. The researcher then analyzed the colors based on the explication of NSM theory and the approach of Basic Color Term initiated by Berlin and Kay. This research discovers that the basic or primary colors in Indonesian are Black, White, Red, Yellow, Green and Blue. The application of this research is apparently vivid in the advancement of colors study in the realm of semantics. This research also exposes the difference of explication in English and Indonesian. This occurred due to the difference of the usage of semantic atom to explain the meaning of color. To explicate the color of black, Indonesian uses charcoal. Meanwhile English uses the night sky. In Indonesian, colors that come after Green and Blue according to Berlin and Kay’s color terms are Brown, Purple, Orange, Pink, and Grey are not basics but secondary colors. Meanwhile, in English the aforementioned colors are basics.
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Goddard, Cliff, and Anna Wierzbicka. "Cognitive Semantics, Linguistic Typology and Grammatical Polysemy: “Possession” and the English Genitive." Cognitive Semantics 5, no. 2 (August 10, 2019): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00502003.
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This paper explores the cognitive semantics of the typological category “possession” using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (nsm) approach. At the macro level, we argue that “possession” is not a unitary cognitive category for speakers, but instead represents an aggregation of diverse semantic schemas which center around three distinct conceptual anchor points: ownership, body-parts, and kinship relations. It is shown how each of these conceptual anchor points can be clearly identified using the nsm metalanguage of semantic primes and molecules. At the micro level, the paper undertakes a close examination of the cognitive semantics of English s-genitives in the frame [THIS SOMEONE’S] SOMETHING, e.g. Mary’s ring, Mary’s shoes, Mary’s drawing, Mary’s plate, Mary’s train. It is argued that the wide range of use of the s-genitive can be captured in a set of five semantic schemas, which constitute a network of grammatical polysemy.
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Prabhaswari, Putu Indry, Made Budiarsa, and Ida Ayu Made Puspani. "THE WORD “SHOOT” ANALYZED BY NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE." International Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v5i2.23979.
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This study is focusing on the mapping of word shoot meanings. The collected data was qualitatively analyzed, it was starting by reading some sources, finding a word to be analyzed, reading carefully the source text and the target text, taking note, analyzed the text by NSM approach by Wierzbicka (1999). The data in this writing was taken from Colour Magazine Garuda Indonesia and used one of the prevalent comic series of Tintin entitled The Adventures of Tintin: Tintin in America and Tintin the shooting star. The technique of this study were three steps, they are finding the word which want to analyzed, read the text carefully, finding the word with its translation which want to discuss, directly noted the word which was according to the topic. The result of this study showed that the findings of three meanings of one word shoot. Some of the translation could convey the meaning therefore the reader in target language is easily read and understood.
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Wu, Qiling. "A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Proverbs Using Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach." International Journal of English and Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijecs.v2i1.3951.
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The current study investigates the similarities and differences between ‘equivalent’ proverbs in English and Chinese. It integrates natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) into a semantic and pragmatic analysis to explain differences in proverbs as cultural linguistic artifacts. In this study, NSM has enabled the cultural meanings behind the artifacts to be brought into stark contrast for careful qualitative discourse analysis. The findings of the study indicate that it is not only worthwhile but also practical to carefully examine English and Chinese proverb pairs, as their respective meanings may differ, offering unique insight into certain cultural factors. There is much potential for further research on linguistic cultural indicators such as proverbs, song lyrics, and idioms.
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Noviafni, Fitri Nilam, and Jufrizal Jufrizal. "The Meanings of Word 'Didan' In Dari Language: An Analysis of Natural Semantic Metalanguage." English Language and Literature 11, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ell.v11i1.116355.
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This study aims to analyze words in Dari that have the same semantic prime: See using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach.This reaserch used a theory by Goddard and Wierzbicka about NSM. The data found in this study are connected words that are associated with the prima semantic See/Didan in Dari language. The sources of this data are 5 informants who are original prosecutors from Kabul which is the capital of Afghanistan. Data was collected using interview guidelines, recording equipment, and writing instruments. The interactive data analysis model was used to analyze the data. From the data collected and analyzed, there are a total of 11 words related to the semantic prime of Seeing: Negah, Naqel, Tamasha, Barasi, Mulaqat, Tashkhis, Arzyabi, Dark, Tasawer, Shunakhtan, Mu'ayena. These words are similar but not exactly the same so it will create misunderstanding in the diction.
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Sullivan, Karen. "If you study a word do you use it more often? Lexical repetition priming in a corpus of Natural Semantic Metalanguage publications." Corpora 10, no. 3 (November 2015): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2015.0078.
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Psycholinguistic and corpus studies have shown that syntactic repetition priming can influence linguistic analyses. The impact of lexical repetition priming on linguistic work, on the other hand, has not been assessed. The current study finds evidence of lexical priming in a corpus of linguistics publications on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), in which semantic analyses are written using several dozen ‘semantic primitives’ such as something, know and place. NSM theorists are repeatedly exposed to a small set of words, much like subjects in lexical repetition priming experiments. When all analyses written in NSM are removed from NSM publications, these texts are found to nevertheless include significantly more ‘primitives’ than control publications, suggesting that the study of particular words can affect linguists’ lexical choices. This is potentially problematic for semantic analyses in NSM, which consist of strings of primitives selected by the analysts. These primitives are not considered to be English words, but have the same forms as English words. If priming occurs between the NSM analyses and their English environment, theorists’ exposure to English may impact their choice of primitives and the content of their analyses.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "Lexical universals of kinship and social cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 5 (October 2010): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001433.
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AbstractJones recognizes the existence of “primitives of conceptual structures,” out of which “local representations of kinship are constructed.” NSM semantics has identified these primitives through a cross-linguistic search for lexical universals (“NSM” stands for Natural Semantic Metalanguage and also for the corresponding linguistic theory). These empirical universals provide, I argue, a better bridge between cognitive anthropology and evolutionary psychology than the abstract constructs of OT, with dubious claim to conceptual reality.
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Aso, La. "THE MEANING OF THE VERB “TO SOUND” IN MUNA LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 3, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.3.2.336.265-270.
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Abstract
This paper aims at investigating the variations of lexicon having meaning of “produce of sound” in Muna language based on natural semantics metalanguage. The data collecting was done by participant speaking and scrutinize methods through interview and noting techniques. It was analyzed by using natural semantics metalanguage (NSM), an approach to investigate various lexicons with principle “one form for one meaning and one meaning for one form”. Based on the result of this study founded that meaning of “produce of sound” of Muna can be expressed by a number of lexicons and each form has distinctive meaning like in the lexicons of kobheghu, kobhondu, kotighi, kopisi, korasa, korangku, kondii, konduu, kopere, kombote, kopaka, koradha, kobuu, korapa, and kohuhu. All lexicons of Muna language has meaning ‘produce of sound’. The use of each lexicon depends on the sounded object/tool, object/tool that create the sound, and the way of creating the sound.
Keywords: produce of sound, natural semantics metalanguage, distinctive
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Sona, Maria Gaudensiana, and I. Wayan Budiarta. "A Natural Semantic Language Approach to Dawan Verb ‘To Take’." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 4, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.2.740.138-145.
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This research investigates the study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) to the verb mait 'to take' of Dawan - East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Typically the study describes the semantic structure and the semantic role of the argument of the mait. I made use of Goddard’s theory of NSM (Goddard, 1997) in dealing with the verb analysis. Data were obtained from 5 Dawan native informants. Results of data analysis show that the verb of Dawan has a significant meaning in line with the concept of semantic of the verb mait "to take", oet "to cut", usik "to despoil", main " to pick up", kui "to waste", heut "to pick", so "to spoon", abakat "to rob", nakolo "to pilfer", mpoel "to throw", mbok "to pull", Nak Haen "dig", Muhabi "pinning", Huk "catch", and Iup "broken". The semantic structure based on the argument that fills the verb is if one "takes", the component mapping is "X does something on Y" and therefore this "Y moves through X" at the same time; X wants this; X does something like this.
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Juliarta, I. Made. "THE MAPPING OF MOVEMENT VERBS FOUND IN THE GOOD EARTH." LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/let.v10i2.3913.
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This study aimed at focussing the translation of movement verbs in The Good Earth written by Pearl S. Buck. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is applied in translation process. The novel The Good Earth was chosen as data source because it has two texts which have different language types. This study has the purpose to describe the application of translation procedures that is proposed by Vinay and Darlbener and it is applied to examine the mapping of Action Verbs by the NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) theory. The analysis was shown as the mapping between Indonesian and English action verbs which was presented into the subtype of the verbs based on the classification. This study attempts to apply that theory in solving the problem of the different language. Semantic mapping (SM) is a method in statistics for dimensionality reduction that can be used in a set of multidimensional vectors of features to extract a few new features that preserves the main data characteristics. Translation is very important in various areas which are used to translate from one language into another language. However, it is not all the references written in Indonesian as they are coming from different countries and use different languages.
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Shalika, Mayang Putri, and Mulyadi Mulyadi Mulyadi. "COGNITIVE INTERJECTION IN INDONESIAN AND JAPANESE." HUMANIKA 26, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v26i1.22053.
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Cognitive interjection conveys a message that is more oriented to cognition or thought, namely something that is known as information and becomes new knowledge. This type of Interjection is different from emotive interjection and volitive interjection. This study aims to reveal the form and meaning of cognitive interjection in Indonesian and Japanese. This research is a kind of qualitative descriptive research and at the data collection stage the method used is the refer method. Natural Semantic Metalanguage Theory (NSM) is used to identify and describe the form and meaning of cognitive interjection in both languages. The forms of cognitive interjection in Indonesian are: Aha, aah, wah, ooh, hmm, oopps, hah, well, well. In Japanese the forms of interjection are: Aa (あ あ), Yaa (や あ), Maa (ま あ), Aa (あ あ), Eeto (え え と), Ee (え え), Are (あ れ), Sora (そ ら). This study found groups of meanings for cognitive interjection, which were divided into interjection expressions of thought, interjection of expressions of difficulty, interjection of agreed expressions, interjection of expressions only knowing something, interjection of expressions of distrust, interjection of expressions of guilt, interjection of expressions recalled. Keywords: Cognitive Interjection, NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage), Cognition
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Honegger, Mark. "What Does “Education” Mean: Cultural Values in Educational Language." Journal of Culture and Values in Education 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2020.12.
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This article will advocate for the use of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) Theory to research cultural values in Education. It will demonstrate how NSM research can be conducted as it provides explications for the word education. NSM is a research agenda that has identified 65 semantic primes, words that are found in every language of the world and which cannot be defined in terms of any simpler words. If you try to break down a semantic prime like good, you might describe it in terms of words like “positive, pleasing, valued,” all of which turn out to be more complex than good itself. Because primes cannot be decomposed and are universal to every language and every culture, they provide a basis for carrying out cross-linguistic comparisons of meaning and for identifying the cultural perspectives that inform our language and its thought structures. More complicated words, the bulk of any language, are social constructs that are culturally laden, providing deep insights into the way a society thinks.
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Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "THE MEANINGS OF MINANGKABAUNESE VERB ‘MANCALIAK’: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v12i1.9787.
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This article is aimed at finding out the Minangkabaunese verbs that share similar meaning to the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ (equivalent to ‘to see’ in English) using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were verbs in Minangkabaunese language that possibly have similar meanings with the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ collected through interview. Five native Minangkabaunese living in the area of Padang were taken as the research respondents. In the process of data collection, listening and note-taking techniques were used. The data were analyzed using an interactive model of data analysis considering the table of semantic primitives as the basis of classifying the verbs. Based on the data analysis, it was found that, in Minangkabaunese language, the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ is realized in several lexical items such as maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso and mamparatian. These verbs have a proximity of meaning that might lead to a choice of less acceptable word by Minangkabaunese speakers.Key words/phrases: MANCALIAK, Minangkabaunese, NSM, semantic primitives, verb,MAKNA VERBA ‘MANCALIAK’ DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menemukan verba-verba dalam bahasa Minangkabau (BM) yang memiliki kemiripan atau kedekatan makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ dengan menggunakan pendekatan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah verba-verba dalam BM yang mungkin memiliki kesamaan dalam hal makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ yang diperoleh melalui wawancara. Lima penutur asli BM yang berdomisili di kota Padang dijadikan sebagai responden penelitian. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, teknik menyimak dan mencatat digunakan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif analisis data dengan mempertimbangkan tabel makna asali sebagai alat pengelompokan verba-verba yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan bahwa, dalam BM, verba ‘MANCALIAK’ (melihat) direalisasikan dengan beberapa leksikal seperti maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso dan mamparatian. Verba-verba tersebut memiliki kedekatan makna yang memungkinkan penutur BM melakukan pemilihan kata yang kurang berterima dalam BM.Kata Kunci/frase: Bahasa Minangkabau, makna asali, MANCALIAK, MSA, verba
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Dwikarmawan Sudipa, Made Henra, I. Ketut Darma Laksana, and I. Made Rajeg. "STRUKTUR SEMANTIS VERBA ‘NAIK’ DALAM BAHASA JEPANG." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 25, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2018.v25.i02.p09.
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This article focuses in analyzing the semantic structure of ‘go up’ verb in Japanese language. The data was collected from newspaper article from website asahi.com by observation method and note-taking techniques. The data was analyzed using distribution method. Distribution method was used to analyze semantic structure by using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). The results shows that ‘go up’ verb in Japanese Language consists of verb noru, noboru, and agaru. Each verb had distinctive features that differentiate one verb to the others.
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Sadow, Lauren, and Kerry Mullan. "A Tribute to Bert Peeters (1960–2021)." Journal of French Language Studies 31, no. 3 (November 2021): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269521000235.
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Bert Peeters was an exceptional scholar and colleague who left us prematurely on 22 February 2021 following a battle with brain cancer. Bert’s life and his work were infused with a passion for French linguistics, semantics, culture, applied ethnolinguistics and language pedagogy. He will be long remembered for his ability to combine these fields and for bringing Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) research to European scholars.
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Goddard, Cliff, and Kerry Mullan. "Explicating verbs for “laughing with other people” in French and English (and why it matters for humour studies)." HUMOR 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0114.
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AbstractThis study undertakes a contrastive lexical-semantic analysis of a set of related verbs in English and French (English to joke and to kid, French rigoler and plaisanter), using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to semantic analysis. We show that the semantic and conceptual differences between French and English are greater than commonly assumed. These differences, we argue, have significant implications for humor studies: first, they shed light on different cultural orientations towards “laughter talk” in Anglo and French linguacultures; second; they highlight the danger of conceptual Anglocentrism in relying on English-specific words as a theoretical vocabulary for humor studies.
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Lawa Manuaba, Ida Bagus Arya. "COLOR NOMENCLATURES IN BALINESE LANGUAGE WITHIN LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE." Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies 5, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/ijhsrs.v5i2.3035.
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<p class="p2">Balinese language has some unique color nomenclatures. How those colors are categorized into different nomenclatures becomes the first concern of this study. Then, why those nomenclatures are linguistically unique and exist culturally in different ways is the second question. NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) is used both in theory and method. Since some Balinese terms are inexplicable through semantic primes of the NSM, linguistic relativity theory is used to dig descriptive meanings and concepts of those color nomenclatures in Balinese cultural linguistic realm. The study finds that there are four color nomenclatures in Balinese language, and those nomenclatures are different mainly because of religious and historical backgrounds.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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Wong, Jock. "Anglo English and Singapore English tags." Pragmatics and Cognition 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 88–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.16.1.06won.
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This study investigates a few Anglo English and Singapore English tags. The focus is on their meaning and the ways of thinking they reflect, rather than their forms and functions. The study contrasts the so-called Anglo English tag questions and the Singapore English tag is it? and tries to show that their semantic and pragmatic differences relate to differences in ways of thinking in the two cultures. For the purposes of this research, meaning is articulated in a paraphrase couched in natural semantic metalanguage (NSM), which comprises a set of empirically established semantic primes and a universal grammar.
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Behrendt-Bartkowska, Sonia. "Polskie ekwiwalenty semantyczne rosyjskiego rzeczownika ярость." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 26, no. 1 (September 15, 2019): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2019.26.1.1.
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The purpose of this article is to compare the Russian noun ярость (rage) and its Polish semantic equivalents (gniew, wściekłość, pasja, furia) reported by Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Dictionaries. Monographs, articles and dictionary entries have been used to analyse the terms and to create new definitions of feelings based on the Natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). The new definitions were written using sixty semantic primes, are universal for all languages, which helped to show similarities or differences between such difficult terms as feelings. Using this method, symmetry and asymmetry of equivalence have been found between Russian and Polish words.
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Amalia, Dina, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "The Concept of Color In Batak Mandailing Communities: Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.12.1.2022.85-99.
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The concept of naming colors in each culture and language is certainly different. Color is defined as a means of expression to interpret the meaning exactly. This study was analyzed about the concept of color in the Batak Mandailing culture. The aim of the study is to describe the vocabulary of colors and their meanings in the Batak Mandailing language. The theory used in this study is the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). The type of method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The technique used is the recording and note-taking technique and to obtain the data it is done by recording the use of language, both written and spoken language. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. Where the primary source collects library data about the names of colors. Then, secondary data was taken by conducting interviews with native speakers of the Batak Mandailing language. The results of this study indicate that there are six basic colors in the Batak Mandailing language, namely lomlom, bontar, rara, gorsing, average for green and average for blue. And the color pattern of the Batak Mandailiing language is formed by the components 'X is something' and 'X is something like this'
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Krisna Dewi, Desak Ayu, I. Nengah Sudipa, and Ni Wayan Sukarini. "THE TRANSLATION OF STATE VERBS IN GONE WITH THE WIND INTO LALU BERSAMA ANGIN : NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.3.1.940.
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This writing aims to reveal what translation techniques are applied in translating state verbs and. to analyze how meanings are retained from source language text to target language text in the novel. It is also highlights the correlation between translation and semantic primes studies. The data focuses on the translation of state verbs taken from the novel Gone with the Wind into Lalu Bersama Angin written by Margareth Mitchell by applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. This study used a qualitative method means the data are collected by observation and note taking process. There are two main theories applied in this study they are the theory of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and the theory of translation techniques. NSM is used for a term of reference to break the concept or word down by using a small collection of semantic primes in order to make the differences clear among the meanings of state verbs in the form of paraphrases. The theory of translation techniques by Molina and Albir (2002) is applied in order to discuss the techniques of translation used in state verb lexicon. The result found literal translation is dominating the translation technique that indicates the direct transfer SL text word per word. There is also found translation by applying transposition involved the changes in word class. Another techniques found are modulation technique which change the point of view and discursive creation which deal with establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context and the last translation technique found: particularization technique. The findings of the meaning retained from SL text into TL text are based on the subtype of state verb and explicated comprehensively using NSM approach. The categorization of state verb including type of cognition (e.g believing), type of know (e.g remember), type of feel (e.g loved), type of see (e.g stared), type of want (e.g anxious to get). There is also found several phenomena caused by the translation process. The change of intensity of state verb is the one from a higher intensity of meaning to a lower in accordance with the context such as from SL text stared into TL text menatap. The change of type of state verb also found; from type of feel into the type of want such as anxious into menginginkan.
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Ndruru, Fransiskus, I Wayan Budiarta, and Ni Wayan Kasni. "The Verb “To Cut” in Nias Middle Dialect: The Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.7.1.3293.92-105.
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Nias middle dialect is one of dialects used by people living on Nias island that administratively belongs to North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The lack of studies on the language especially in semantics field was the main motivation in conducting this research. Another thing that also strongly supported the conduct of this research was a phenomenon in which some verbs semantically related to verb 'to cut' were rarely used by speakers of Nias middle dialect. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aims of discovering the verbs that have semantic relation to the verb “to cut” and describing the meaning of the verbs by employing the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory of Wierzbicka (1996) in the qualitative research design. To collect the data, cakap method was applied which is supported by pancing and rekam techniques. In analyzing the data, padan method was applied. Based on the results of data analysis, it was revealed that there were forty-seven Nias middle dialect verbs that semantically related to the verb 'to cut'. In accordance with the results of the explication of meaning, the verbs can be classified into three groups, namely verbs that are done with tools, verbs that are done without tools, and verbs that can be done with or without tools. This phenomenon shows that Nias people do a lot of cutting activities in their social lives.
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Asano-Cavanagh, Yuko. "An analysis of three Japanese tags." Pragmatics and Cognition 19, no. 3 (October 19, 2011): 448–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.19.3.04asa.
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This paper presents an analysis of three Japanese words — ne, yone, and daroo. These three expressions are often interpreted as tag questions in English. Although these words are semantically closely related, they are not always interchangeable. The subtle differences between them are difficult to grasp, especially for language learners. Numerous studies have been undertaken in order to clarify the meanings of ne, yone, and daroo. However, opinions vary among different scholars, and definitions for these markers are not fully established. This paper applies the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. It proposes new explications in terms of semantic primes. The proposed semantic formulae clarify the differences between the three expressions and serve as practical tools: Tools which indicate criteria that can assist in choosing an appropriate word for a given situation.
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Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Luh Gede. "Meaning of Phrasal Verb ‘Pick up’ Subtype Do/Happen: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach." e-Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2019.v13.i02.p13.
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The difficulties in knowing and understanding the meaning of a language often appear in units of language with an idiomatic meaning, such as phrasal verb. A single unit of phrasal verb usually produce a meaning which is totally different with the meaning of its constituent. Phrasal verb ‘pick up’ is a unique phrasal verb since it is able to give various meanings unlike the other phrasal verbs. Furthermore, the implementation of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) as a theory in this study lead to a great significance in order to avoid misunderstanding the meaning of phrasal verb ‘pick up’ by defining the meaning through semantic structures. This study is intended to find and describe the meanings of phrasal verb ‘pick up’. The result of this study showed that phrasal verb pick up is a kind of transitive phrasal verb which often followed by object. The different objects in phrasal verb ‘pick up’ lead to non-composition polysemi between DO / HAPPEN. This combination of two polysemies comes in eight meanings.
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I Putu Ariana and I Komang Sulatra. "VERBA LEMPAR BAHASA BALI: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMI." SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v11i2.1208.
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Throwing verbs in Balinese language have several lexicon variations which show differention of context meaning. The lexicon variations for the word ‘throw’ depend on what is used to throw, the extent of the throw, the target of the throw, and the effects caused by the throw. This verb analysis is examined based on the Natural Semantics Metalanguage (NSM) approach which is a modern semantic study initiated by Wierzbicka (1996) which aims to describe the lexical, grammatical, and illocutionary meaning of a language. The results obtained that throwing verbs can be divided into two groups, namely based on the target throwing (nyabat, nyampar, nylampar, nylémpang, nimpug, and medut), and without target throwing (nguerang and ngentungang). Verbs meaning 'throwing' in Balinese only has one prototype, that is, the prototype of action and this prototype also only has one default meaning type, namely the type of doing: thrown, and semantic verb structure which means 'throwing' in Balinese has a syntactic pattern NSM X does something at Y and something happens to Y.
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Biegajło, Bartłomiej. "Explaining IT programming concepts using NSM explications: The case of ‘variable’ and ‘constant’." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5372.
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The paper seeks to explore a practical application of Natural Semantic Metalanguage in defining two core concepts in computer programming, i.e. the concept of a variable and the concept of a constant. The investigation of both programming concepts is carried out with reference to Apple’s Swift programming language, which is now the dominant language in creating applications designed for Apple’s devices. The explications of a variable and a constant developed in this paper are tentative definitions of the most fundamental functionalities behind the two programming concepts. They are meant to ease the learning experience of programming enthusiasts who are at the early stages of their learning path.
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Sri Wahyuni, Luh Made, and Ketut Widya Purnawati. "Sufiks –m(u) sebagai Pembentuk Verba Deadjektiva Bahasa Jepang: Kajian Morfologi dan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA)." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 27, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2020.v27.i02.p06.
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This research focuses in analyzing morphological processes and the semantic structure of deadjectival verb suffixation –m(u) in Japanese. Suffix -m(u) is one of the verb-forming suffixes in Japanese. The data was collected from newspaper article from website asahi.com and corpus data from website http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de. The data was collected by observation method and note-taking techniques. The data was analyzed using distribution method. The theory for analyzing the morphological processes is based on semantic class adjective developed by Morita (2010) and affixation theory developed by Sugioka and Ito (2002). Then, the theory for analyzing semantic structure deadjectival verb is Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). The results shows that not all adjectives in Japanese can be affected by the suffix –m(u). Deadjectival verb suffixation –m(u) in Japanese are formed by semantics prime FEEL. The semantic prime of FEEL can be polysemy with semantic prime THINK and HAPPEN.
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Barrios Rodríguez, María A., and Cliff Goddard. "‘Degrad verbs’ in Spanish and English." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.04bar.
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The Lexical Function Degrad is a device used in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) to select the appropriate verb for expressing ‘to become permanently worse or bad’ in combination with different nouns. For example, in English one says that fruit rots, milk goes off, shoes wear out, flowers wilt, and iron rusts; thus, the verbs rot, go off, wear out, etc. can all be considered “values” of Degrad. Comparing these verbs with their translation equivalents in Spanish shows that verbs in the two languages have somewhat different collocational possibilities. Are such collocational differences arbitrary or do they result from subtle meaning differences between the translation equivalents? In this study we undertake a contrastive semantic analysis of a selection of words in the Degrad domain, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) method of semantic explication. We conclude that collocational preferences are indeed semantically motivated, but at the same time we recognize that Degrad is a valuable lexicological tool for verb classification, as well as for coordinating translation equivalents across languages at an approximate level. The paper aims to encourage productive engagement between two well developed approaches to lexical semantics, while at the same time demonstrating the explanatory power of the detailed “micro semantic” analysis enabled by the NSM methodology.
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Goddard, Cliff. "The complex, language-specific semantics of “surprise”." Expressing and Describing Surprise 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.2.02god.
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This study is conducted using the NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) methodology, which seeks to explicate complex language-specific concepts into configurations of simple universal concepts (Goddard, 2011; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014a; cf. Ye, 2013). The study has three main dimensions. It begins by turning the lens of NSM semantic analysis onto a set of words that are central to the “discourse of the unexpected” in English: surprised, amazed, astonished and shocked. By elucidating their precise meanings, we can gain an improved picture of the English folk model in this domain. A comparison with Malay (Bahasa Melayu) shows that the “surprise words” of English lack precise equivalents in other languages (cf. Goddard, 1997). The second dimension involves grammatical semantics, seeking to identify the semantic relationships between agnate word-sets such as: surprised, surprising, to surprise; amazed, amazing, to amaze. The third dimension is a theoretical one, concerned with the goal of developing a typology of “surprise-like” concepts. It is argued that adopting English-specific words, such as surprise or unexpected, as descriptive categories inevitably leads to conceptual Anglocentrism (Wierzbicka, 2014). The alternative, non-Anglocentric strategy relies on components phrased in terms of universal semantic primes, such as ‘something happened’ and ‘this someone didn’t know that it will happen’, and the like.
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Tien, Adrian. "Semantic prime HAPPEN in Mandarin Chinese." Pragmatics and Cognition 17, no. 2 (August 18, 2009): 356–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17.2.07tie.
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HAPPEN is a member of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) inventory of primes (cf. Goddard and Wierzbicka (eds) 1994, 2002). Its English exponent ‘happen’ has been popularly expounded as fa1sheng1 in Mandarin Chinese (e.g., Chappell 2002). This article argues that fa1sheng1 is not the correct exponent of HAPPEN as it is marked for ‘adversity’ as well as what I call ‘serious mention’ or ‘noteworthiness’ of the event, i.e., that an event is sufficiently serious or noteworthy to fare a mention. This article puts forward you3 lit. ‘have, exist, happen’ and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 lit. ‘like how/like this’ instead, as allolexic exponents of HAPPEN in Mandarin Chinese. Though highly polysemous each in its own way, the HAPPEN sense of you3 and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 can, respectively, be shown to be semantically irreducible and pragmatically neutral. This article delineates some of the syntactic and contextual distribution attesting to the viability of you3 and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 as expounding HAPPEN.
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Sudipa, I. Nengah. "HOW TO TRANSLATE AN ACTION VERB PROVIDE INTO BAHASA INDONESIA THROUGH THE NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 6, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2018.v06.i02.p02.
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Abstract
This study is aimed at mapping the meaning of action verb provide and its translation in Indonesian lexicons. The data sources of this study are two Colours Magazines of Garuda Indonesia, May 2017 and March 2018 editions. In colleting the data, this study applied the observation method and note taking technique. Those data were analyzed using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach proposed by Anna Wierzbicka (1996). Furthermore, the method of analyzing data was descriptive qualitative method. First, each of the data was analyzed to find its meaning configuration. Then, it was followed by the paraphrasing using semantic primitives to show the explication of each lexicon and be able to compare them. The results of this study shows that the action verb provide is translated into five different Indonesian lexicons in the Colours Magazine. The verb and its translations have slight differences shown by the meaning configurations as well as explications. However, they could properly deliver the intended meaning for the Indonesian target readers regarding the sentences they are in.
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Taib, Rostina, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "The interjection of ômma in the Acehnese language: A natural semantic metalanguage approach." Studies in English Language and Education 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 1315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v9i3.24688.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the interjection of ômma in Acehnese language using a natural semantic metalanguage approach. The study employed a qualitative method using oral, written, and artificial data sources. Twelve qualified informants from three study locations, i.e., Aceh Besar, West Aceh, and South Aceh provided their consent to participate in this study. Meanwhile, written data were sourced from Acehnese books and previous studies, and the artificial data were used as complementary to oral and written data. The data analysis is presented using a distributional approach. In addition, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory was also applied. The results show that the interjection of ômma in the Acehnese language expressed three semantic aspects, i.e., emotive, volitive, and cognitive. The emotive aspect includes expressions of amazement, surprise, and anger. In addition, the meanings of the interjection of ômma are highly dependent on the text and the context of the sentence. A chuckle of amazement, pleasant facial expression, hand-clap, head-shake, or thumbs-up accompanies the interjection of ômma expressing amazement. The interjection of ômma that expresses anger is accompanied by a sour facial expression, such as frowns and lip-biting, as well as a high intonation voice. In expressing a feeling of surprise, the interjection of ômma is accompanied by a voice that indicates joy and a happy facial expression. Meanwhile, the interjection of ômma expressing volition is accompanied by limb movements, either using hands, mouth, or face. The interjection of ômma that expresses the cognitive aspect is followed by movements or pats on the forehead or legs.