Journal articles: 'Naturalistic observation'

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Meisels, Murray. "Naturalistic Observation in Psychoanalysis." Psychoanalytic Social Work 6, no. 2 (June 1999): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j032v06n02_02.

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Molseed, Mari J. "Naturalistic Observation in the Laboratory." Symbolic Interaction 17, no. 3 (August 1994): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1994.17.3.239.

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Sussman, Steve, Ginger Hahn, Clyde W. Dent, Alan W. Stacy, Dee Burton, and Brian R. Flay. "Naturalistic Observation of Adolescent Tobacco Use." International Journal of the Addictions 28, no. 9 (January 1993): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089309039657.

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DeJoode, Janie A., Nancy J. Cooke, and Steven M. Shope. "Naturalistic Observation of Airport Incident Command." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 47, no. 3 (October 2003): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120304700386.

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Mehl, Matthias R., Megan L. Robbins, and Fenne groe Deters. "Naturalistic Observation of Health-Relevant Social Processes." Psychosomatic Medicine 74, no. 4 (May 2012): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e3182545470.

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Cornell, Paul, and Doug Kokot. "Naturalistic Observation of Adjustable VDT Stand Usage." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 8 (October 1988): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786762883.

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Ergonomists have long recommended user adjustable furniture for office workers. A majority of the recommendations have been based upon anthropometric models of economically “correct” postures. Research validation of these proposals is sparse, and those that have been conducted are predominantly laboratory oriented. This research observed the use of adjustable furniture in a field setting. Three questions were addressed: 1) what are the preferred settings when the equipment has been used for a length of time?; 2) do people change the settings?; and 3) how do these measures relate to anthropometric data? The offices of 91 workers were measured covertly. Twenty one offices were measured once, 41 twice, and 29 three times. All the offices had an adjustable VDT stand with independent height and angle adjustments for both the keyboard and display. Seat height had a mean and standard deviation of 20.0 and 0.85 inches. The height of the home row of the keyboard had a mean of 29.1 and a standard deviation of 1.2 inches. For the display surface the mean and standard deviation were 29.7 and 1.3 inches. In terms of repeated measures, 62.9% of the chair heights, 57.1 % of the keyboard heights, and 91.4% of the display heights did not change. Of the observed changes, 90% were between 0.25 in and 0.75 inches. None of the observed heights correlated well with stature, seated eye height, or popliteal length. One correlation was 0.32, all others were less than 0.20. The results are similar to other published data in that the measured settings are much higher than anthropometric models would predict. More significantly, they do not match the new ANSI guideline nor the proposed CSA guideline for adjustable furniture. This suggests that the ergonomic theories behind these recommendations need to be modified to more closely reflect actual use products.

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Herzog, Harold A. "Naturalistic Observation of Behavior: A Model System Using Mice in a Colony." Teaching of Psychology 15, no. 4 (December 1988): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1504_6.

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Despite their importance, techniques of naturalistic observation are rarely taught in undergraduate research methods courses. This article describes exercises designed to give students experience in using methods of naturalistic observation to quantify behavior. Students construct a coding system (ethogram) of the behaviors observed in a small mouse colony. This behavioral catalog is then used to gather data by two techniques: instantaneous and focal animal sampling. The data can be used to calculate interrater reliability and then subjected to sequence analysis. The application of naturalistic observation to the quantification of human behavior is considered.

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Oruc, Ipek, Fakhri Shafai, Shyam Murthy, Paula Lages, and Thais Ton. "The adult face-diet: A naturalistic observation study." Vision Research 157 (April 2019): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2018.01.001.

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Fourie, M., D. Walton, and J. A. Thomas. "Naturalistic observation of drivers’ hands, speed and headway." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 14, no. 5 (September 2011): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.009.

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Blasko, Dawn G., Victoria A. Kazmerski, Eric W. Corty, and Carl A. Kallgren. "Courseware for observational research (COR): A new approach to teaching naturalistic observation." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 30, no. 2 (June 1998): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03200646.

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Kaplan, Deanna M., Charles L. Raison, Anne Milek, Allison M. Tackman, Thaddeus W. W. Pace, and Matthias R. Mehl. "Dispositional mindfulness in daily life: A naturalistic observation study." PLOS ONE 13, no. 11 (November 28, 2018): e0206029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206029.

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Toomey, Janice, and Lawrence A. Adams. "Naturalistic observation of children with autism: Evidence for intersubjectivity." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1995, no. 69 (1995): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219956908.

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Messer, Stephen C., and Alan M. Gross. "Childhood depression and family interaction: A naturalistic observation study." Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 1995): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2401_10.

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Grady, Jessica S., Chelsea M. Ale, and Tracy L. Morris. "A naturalistic observation of social behaviours during preschool drop-off." Early Child Development and Care 182, no. 12 (December 2012): 1683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.649266.

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van Schaik, J. E., L. M. Sacheli, H. Bekkering, I. Toni, and S. M. Aglioti. "Measuring mimicry: general corticospinal facilitation during observation of naturalistic behaviour." European Journal of Neuroscience 46, no. 2 (July 2017): 1828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13618.

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Jacob, Theodore, Daniel Tennenbaum, Ruth Ann Seilhamer, Kay Bargiel, and Tanya Sharon. "Reactivity effects during naturalistic observation of distressed and nondistressed families." Journal of Family Psychology 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.8.3.354.

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Rydenfält, Christofer, Gerd Johansson, Per Odenrick, Kristina Åkerman, and Per-Anders Larsson. "Distributed leadership in the operating room: a naturalistic observation study." Cognition, Technology & Work 17, no. 3 (November 9, 2014): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-014-0316-9.

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Bauminger-Zviely, Nirit, and Analia Shefer. "Naturalistic evaluation of preschoolers’ spontaneous interactions: The Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale." Autism 25, no. 6 (February 24, 2021): 1520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321989919.

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Peer interaction can be challenging in autism spectrum disorder, but naturalistic peer-observation scales for preschoolers are scarce. This study examined psychometric qualities of the newly developed Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale. We tested the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale to (a) characterize peer interactions of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder who were cognitively able versus typical age-mates, (b) explore each group’s hierarchical pattern of peer interaction behaviors, and (c) identify Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale’s links with standard reports for assessing social-communication functioning (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.), social impairment (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.), autism severity (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed.), and intelligence quotient (Mullen) in the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Participants comprised 85 preschoolers (50 cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, intelligence quotient > 75; 35 typical). Groups were matched for age, intelligence quotient, and maternal education. Significant group differences emerged on all Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale categories, in favor of typical. In cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, correlation analyses indicated that more typical peer relations on Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale were linked with better adaptive and socialization skills (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.) and fewer social atypicalities (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.). Higher intelligence quotient scores were linked with better Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communication functioning. Only a few Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communication categories significantly correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed. Findings highlight the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale as differentiating between groups and providing knowledge about peer interaction in natural settings. This new tool can help personalize social-communication programs and evaluations of early intervention outcomes. Lay abstract Peer interaction can be challenging in autism spectrum disorder, but naturalistic peer-observation scales for preschoolers are limited. This study examined the newly developed Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale, with 17 subcategories, which evaluate naturalistic peer interaction processes in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder and typical development. We tested the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale to (a) characterize peer interactions of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder who were cognitively able versus typical age-mates, (b) explore each group’s hierarchical pattern of peer interaction behaviors, and (c) identify Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale’s links with standard reports for assessing social-communication functioning (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.), social impairment (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.), autism severity (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed.), and intelligence quotient (Mullen) in the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Participants comprised 85 preschoolers (50 cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, intelligence quotient > 75; 35 typical). Groups were matched according to age, intelligence quotient, and maternal education. Significant group differences emerged on all Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale categories, with the typical group showing better social-communication functioning as compared to the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Also, in cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder that observed as demonstrating more typical peer relations on the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale showed better adaptive and socialization skills on the Vineland (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.) and fewer social atypicalities on the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed. Higher intelligence quotient scores were linked with better observed social-communication functioning (on Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale). Few Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communicative categories significantly correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed. Findings highlight the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale as differentiating the two preschooler groups and providing additional knowledge about socially communicative peer interaction in natural settings. This new tool can help personalize social-communication programs and evaluations of early intervention outcomes, thereby leading to a fuller picture of these young children’s functioning.

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Rai, Tage S., and Alan Fiske. "ODD (observation- and description-deprived) psychological research." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 2-3 (June 2010): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10000221.

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AbstractMost psychological research consists of experiments that put people in artificial situations that elicit unnatural behavior whose ecological validity is unknown. Without knowing the psychocultural meaning of experimental situations, we cannot interpret the responses of WEIRD people, let alone people in other cultures. Psychology, like other sciences, needs to be solidly rooted in naturalistic observation and description of people around the world. Theory should be inductively developed and tested against real-world behavior.

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Kennison, Shelia M., and J. Michael Bowers. "Illustrating Brain Lateralisation in a Naturalistic Observation of Cell-Phone Use." Psychology Learning & Teaching 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/plat.2011.10.1.46.

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Portouli, Evangelia, Dimitris Nathanael, Nicolas Marmaras, and Vassilis Papakostopoulos. "Naturalistic observation of drivers’ interactions while overtaking on an undivided road." Work 41 (2012): 4185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0120-4185.

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Mueller, Alexandra S., Ruheena Sangrar, and Brenda Vrkljan. "Rearview camera system use among older drivers: A naturalistic observation study." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 65 (August 2019): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.06.014.

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Mehl, Matthias R. "Eavesdropping on Health: A Naturalistic Observation Approach for Social Health Research." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1, no. 1 (November 2007): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00034.x.

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Alisic, Eva, Anna Barrett, Peter Bowles, Rowena Conroy, and Matthias R. Mehl. "Topical Review: Families Coping With Child Trauma: A Naturalistic Observation Methodology." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 41, no. 1 (March 21, 2015): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv016.

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Demiray, Burcu, Marianne Mischler, and Mike Martin. "Reminiscence in Everyday Conversations: A Naturalistic Observation Study of Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 5 (November 28, 2017): 745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx141.

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Siebert, Felix Wilhelm, Deike Albers, U. Aung Naing, Paolo Perego, and Chamaiparn Santikarn. "Patterns of motorcycle helmet use – A naturalistic observation study in Myanmar." Accident Analysis & Prevention 124 (March 2019): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.011.

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Gawen, Alexander Bala. "FUNGSI ORENG DALAM BAHASA LAMAHOLOT DI IMULOLONG KABUPATEN LEMBATA NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v3i2.11.

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AbstrakMasalah penelitian ini adalah menemukan dan mendeskripsikan fungsi oreng dalam bahasa Lamaholot di Imulolong Kabupaten Lembata, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Inti penelitiannya yaitu pada aspek untuk apa bertutur atau untuk apa berbahasa. Dengan demikian, teori yang digunakan adalah teori pragmatik. Berdasarkan teori pragmatik sejumlah data yang dikumpulkan akan dianalisis dengan mempertimbangkan konteks terjadinya tuturan tersebut. Untuk mendapatkan data tentang fungsi oreng, peneliti menggunakan metode naturalistik di mana sampelnya dipilih secara purposif. Penelitian naturalistik menekankan pada kealamiahan sumber data dengan mengandalkan seluruh gejala sosial kemasyarakatan sebagai sumber penghimpunan data, sehingga membutuhkan pengamatan berperan serta (participant observation). Selain itu, peneliti menggunakan teknik rekam dan melakukan penyimakan berpartisipasi melalui metode simak libat cakap. Pengumpulan data juga dengan menyandingkan pendekatan emik dan etik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fungsi oreng berkenaan dengan empat fungsi pragmatik, yakni (1) fungsi direktif, (2) fungsi ekspresif, (3) fungsi estetik, dan (4) fungsi komunikatif. Fungsi direktif meliputi fungsi memerintah, melarang, permintaan, menasihati, dan presilaan. Fungsi ekspresif meliputi fungsi harapan, kesetiaan atau loyalitas. Fungsi estetik meliputi fungsi simile, repetisi, sinekdoki, dan personifikasi. Fungsi komunikatif meliputi fungsi informatif. Kata kunci: bahasa daerah, fungsi bahasa, oreng; AbstractThe aim of the research is to find and describe the function of oreng in Lamaholot language in Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The research focused on what aspectsor for what the language was uttered. Thereby, the theory used was pragmatic theory that a number of collected data were analyzed by considering the context of having utterances. To obtain the data referring to the function of oreg, the researcher employed naturalistic method that the sampels were taken purposively. Naturalistic research emphasizes on the originality of data sources by setting out all social phenomena as sources of collecting data and requiring participant observation. In addition, the researcher used recording technique and conducte participation through involved conversation observation method. Emic and ethical approaches were administered to collect the data. The results show that orenghas four pragmatic functions, such as (1) directive, (2) expressive, (3) aesthetic, and (4) communicative functions. Directive function is to instruct, prohibit, request, advise, and permit. Expressive function deals with hope and loyalty. Aesthetic function belongs to smile, repetition, synecdoche, and personification. Communicative function is to give information. Keywords: locality language, linguistic function, oreng;

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Robbins, Megan L., and Alexander Karan. "Who Gossips and How in Everyday Life?" Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 2 (May 2, 2019): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619837000.

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Although laypeople often view gossipers as immoral, uneducated, typically female, and of lower social class, no systematic observation has empirically revealed the characteristics of those who gossip more than others nor examined the characteristics of gossip across everyday contexts. We used data from five naturalistic observation studies ( N = 467) to examine who gossips and how. All participants wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), which acoustically sampled 5–12% over 2–5 days, and completed demographics and personality questionnaires. Sound files were coded for gossip, valence (positive, negative, and neutral), subject (acquaintance and celebrity), and topic (social information, physical appearance, and achievement). Frequent gossipers tended to be more extraverted. Women engaged in more neutral gossip than men, and younger people tended to negatively gossip more than older people. Gossip tended to be neutral, rather than positive or negative, and about social information. These naturalistic observation findings dispel some stereotypes about this prevalent yet misunderstood behavior.

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Yande, Soham D., Prajakta P. Masurkar, Suma Gopinathan, and Sujit Sansgiry. "A naturalistic observation study of medication counseling practices at retail chain pharmacies." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1696.

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Jha, Abhaya, Geetam Tiwari, Dinesh Mohan, Sudipto Mukherjee, and Subhashish Banerjee. "Analysis of Pedestrian Movement on Delhi Roads by Using Naturalistic Observation Techniques." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-14.

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Pedestrian fatalities constitute about 30% of the deaths caused by road traffic crashes in India. The proportion of pedestrian fatalities in large cities (Delhi, Mumbai, etc.) varies from 50% to 60% and is about 20% to 30% on national and state highways. Pedestrians are present on all road categories in urban as well as rural areas. At least 20% to 40% of work trips are taken as pedestrian trips in most Indian cities. However, on pedestrian facilities such as footpaths, safe crossing facilities are not present in most Indian cities. Even when present, their poor maintenance and poor construction quality make them unusable. As a result, pedestrians are forced to share the road space with motorized vehicles and to cross the roads where there is no safe pedestrian crossing. This paper attempts to study pedestrian behavior—walking along the road and crossing the road—by detecting pedestrians with the use of a vehicle-mounted camera. The vehicle is driven on various categories of roads at different times. The data collected with this method are varied temporally as well as spatially. A smartphone–based GPS logging app was used to collect telemetry data, which were synced with the camera feed. The objective of this study was to understand pedestrian behavior—walking on the road versus a footpath in the presence of various road features, such as the number of lanes, presence of medians, and presence of footpaths. The influence of the presence of public transport stops, junctions, foot bridges, and grade-separated junctions (flyover) on pedestrian crossing behavior was studied.

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Cakir, Sibel, Olcay Yazıcı, and Robert M. Post. "Decreased responsiveness following lithium discontinuation in bipolar disorder: A naturalistic observation study." Psychiatry Research 247 (January 2017): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.046.

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Moon, Jukrin, Farzan Sasangohar, S. Camille Peres, Timothy J. Neville, and Changwon Son. "Modeling Team Cognition in Emergency Response via Naturalistic Observation of Team Interactions." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621408.

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Emergency responders work collectively as an ad hoc team to save lives and infrastructures at risk, despite their varying experience, knowledge, cultural backgrounds, and difficult working conditions with high-levels of uncertainty and timepressure. Cognition, in particular, has gained attention as a key construct to consider in collective response efforts in emergency management. Team cognition, however, has not been fully appreciated or adequately addressed in the field of emergency response (Bigley & Roberts, 2001). The interactionist perspective (or interactive team cognition) effectively captures team cognition in heterogeneous and dynamic teams prevalent in the real-world (Cooke & Gorman, 2009; Cooke, Gorman, Myers, & Duran, 2013). Although researchers in the emergency response discipline appreciate the value of viewing team cognition as interaction (Comfort, 2007; Bergeron & Cooren, 2012; Wolbers & Boersma, 2013), an associated empirical or interventional attempt using this perspective remains scarce. Tracing the scarcity of literature back to lack of context-specific theorizing efforts (Moon, Peres, & Sasangohar, 2017), an observation-based, theory-building approach is utilized here to address this gap. The naturalistic observational study presented here is an initial effort to explore team cognition for an incident management team (IMT) as an interactive system. An IMT is an ad hoc team of command-level responders. Interestingly, an IMT is a team of functional sub-teams or sections (i.e., Command, Planning, Operations, Logistics, and Finance/ Administration). Within each sub-team there is also a team of functional units. This naturalistic observational study was conducted at a high-fidelity simulator replicating a generic IMT facility, i.e., the emergency operations training center (EOTC), College Station, TX. Interactions were observed and coded in terms of who initiated the interaction and with whom, which technology was being used, and what was communicated and for what purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical interactionist model of team cognition in emergency response, to inform future interventional attempts to improve team decision-making. To do so, this study views a Plans team as a cognitive system capable of managing information through interdependent, nonlinear, and dynamic interactive behaviors for perceiving (P), diagnosing (D), and adapting (A) to the changes in the status of critical elements (Adapted from Moon et al., 2017). The proposed P·D·A model posits the following three premises: (1) a Plans team is a cognitive system where its team cognition is interactions of team members to complete a cognitive task; (2) team cognition for each of the three sub-teams of a Plans team is tied to the context-specific cognitive tasks of perceiving (P), diagnosing (D), and adapting (A) to the changes in the status of critical elements; and (3) team cognition for a Plans team is manifested as nonlinear, interdependent, and dynamic interactions within and among P, D, and A of the three sub-teams of the Plans team. Preliminary results from a content analysis of transcribed and coded interactions suggest that an Info/Intel unit, a Situation unit, and a Section Chief unit can be hypothesized to be critical contributors of team cognition for a Plans team in terms of P, D, and A, respectively. These hypotheses can be represented with network centrality measures as follows: Hypothesis 1. An Info/Intel unit has high in-degree and out-degree centrality with non-Plans teams. Hypothesis 2. A Situation unit has high betweenness centrality within a Plans team. Hypothesis 3. A Section Chief unit has high in-degree and out-degree centrality within a Plans team, and high betweenness centrality between the Plans team and non-Plans teams. The proposed P·D·A model illustrates the benefits of viewing team cognition as interaction within and among a team of teams, for context-specific tasks of P, D, and A. Most importantly, the model effectively captures the nonlinear, interdependent, and dynamic nature of team cognition as interaction in a multiteam system, or MTS (Marks, DeChurch, Mathieu, Panzer, & Alonso, 2005; Bienefeld & Grote, 2014), embedded in complex socio-technical systems, STS (Vicente, 2002). As the information processing model views an individual as a cognitive system or a human information processing system (Wickens, 1992), the P·D·A model views a team as a cognitive system capable of managing information. The interactionist perspective on team cognition helps the P·D·A model to realize its potential to extend an individual cognition model to a team level. The interactionist perspective is “compatible with the view of human-machine system as a unitary system” (Cooke & Gorman, 2009, p. 28). In addition to the theoretical and practical implications, this study has methodological implications. Measuring interactive team cognition with network-based metrics (currently in progress) will open a new chapter. The need of incorporating a network perspective into team cognition in emergency response is in line with the literature (Wolbers & Boersma, 2013; Steigenberger, 2016). As a future work, the P·D·A model will be further developed with network and content analysis and validated through interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) involved in Hurricane Harvey.

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Robbins, Megan L., Ana María López, Karen L. Weihs, and Matthias R. Mehl. "Cancer conversations in context: Naturalistic observation of couples coping with breast cancer." Journal of Family Psychology 28, no. 3 (June 2014): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036458.

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Garnham, Julie, Alana Munro, Claire Slaney, Marsha MacDougall, Michael Passmore, Anne Duffy, Claire O'Donovan, Andrew Teehan, and Martin Alda. "Prophylactic treatment response in bipolar disorder: Results of a naturalistic observation study." Journal of Affective Disorders 104, no. 1-3 (December 2007): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.003.

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Deslandes, Paul N., Arwel Thomas, Gwawr M. Faulconbridge, and Wendy C. Davies. "Experience with risperidone long-acting injection: results of a naturalistic observation study." International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 11, no. 3 (January 2007): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13651500601091303.

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McNeil, Galen D., and Rena L. Repetti. "Everyday emotions: Naturalistic observation of specific positive emotions in daily family life." Journal of Family Psychology 35, no. 2 (March 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000655.

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Bondioli, Mariasole, Stefano Chessa, Antonio Narzisi, Susanna Pelagatti, and Michele Zoncheddu. "Towards Motor-Based Early Detection of Autism Red Flags: Enabling Technology and Exploratory Study Protocol." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061971.

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Observing how children manipulate objects while they are playing can help detect possible autism spectrum disorders (ASD) at an early stage. For this purpose, specialists seek the so-called “red-flags” of motor signature of ASD for more precise diagnostic tests. However, a significant drawback to achieve this is that the observation of object manipulation by the child very often is not naturalistic, as it involves the physical presence of the specialist and is typically performed in hospitals. In this framework, we present a novel Internet of Things support in the form factory of a smart toy that can be used by specialists to perform indirect and non-invasive observations of the children in naturalistic conditions. While they play with the toy, children can be observed in their own environment and without the physical presence of the specialist. We also present the technical validation of the technology and the study protocol for the refinement of the diagnostic practice based on this technology.

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Bacon, Elizabeth C., Suzanna Osuna, Eric Courchesne, and Karen Pierce. "Naturalistic language sampling to characterize the language abilities of 3-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318766241.

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Characterization of language in naturalistic settings in autism spectrum disorder has been lacking, particularly at young ages, but such information is important for parents, teachers, and clinicians to better support language development in real-world settings. Factors contributing to this lack of clarity include conflicting definitions of language abilities, use of non-naturalistic standardized assessments, and restricted samples. The current study examined one of the largest datasets of naturalistic language samples in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder, and language delay and typically developing contrast groups at age 3. A range of indices including length of phrase, grammatical markings, and social use of language was assayed during a naturalistic observation of a parent–child play session. In contrast to historical estimates, results indicated only 3.7% of children with autism spectrum disorder used no words, and 34% were minimally verbal. Children with autism spectrum disorder and language delay exhibited similar usage of grammatical markings, although both were reduced compared to typically developing children. The greatest difference between autism spectrum disorder and language delay groups was the quantity of social language. Overall, findings highlight a range of language deficits in autism spectrum disorder, but also illustrate that the most severe level of impairments is not as common in naturalistic settings as previously estimated by standardized assessments.

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Bowker, Anne, Belinda Boekhoven, Amanda Nolan, Stephanie Bauhaus, Paul Glover, Tamara Powell, and Shannon Taylor. "Naturalistic Observations of Spectator Behavior at Youth Hockey Games." Sport Psychologist 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.3.301.

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The purpose of the current study was to conduct an examination of spectator (i.e., parental) behavior at youth hockey games in a large Canadian city. Using naturalistic observation methods, an event sampling procedure was used to code spectators’ comments. Of specific interest were the type of remarks made, who made them (i.e., males versus females), the intensity of those remarks and whether they varied by child age, gender, and competitive level. We were also interested in whether the majority of onlookers’ comments were actually directed at the players, on-ice officials, or fellow spectators. Five observers attended 69 hockey games during the 2006–2007 hockey season. There was a significant variability in the number of comments made, with an average of 105 comments per game. The majority of the comments were generally positive ones, directed at the players. Negative comments, although quite infrequent, were directed largely at the referees. Females made more comments than did males, although males made more negative and corrective comments, and females made mostly positive comments. Comments varied significantly as a function of gender and competitive level. Proportionally more negative comments were made at competitive, as opposed to recreational games. An interaction was found for female spectators as their comments varied as a function of both the competitive level and the gender of the players. Results of this study are in direct contrast to media reports of extreme parental violence at youth hockey games, and provide unique information about the role of parental involvement at youth sporting events.

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Walls, Jerry L. "Hume on Divine Amorality." Religious Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1990): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500020400.

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David Hume's philosophy is notoriously naturalistic. It is an attempt to give an account of man and his world relying only on evidence which can be gleaned from sense observation and introspection. Whatever can be inferred from this evidence is a proper philosophical conclusion.

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Augé, Wayne K., and Suzanne M. Augé. "Naturalistic Observation of Athletic Drug-Use Patterns and Behavior in Professional-Caliber Bodybuilders." Substance Use & Misuse 34, no. 2 (January 1999): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089909035644.

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Davidson, Bronwyn, Linda Worrall, and Louise Hickson. "Identifying the communication activities of older people with aphasia: Evidence from naturalistic observation." Aphasiology 17, no. 3 (January 2003): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/729255457.

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Lago, Angel, Giacomo Koch, Binith Cheeran, Gonzalo Márquez, Jose Andrés Sánchez, Milagros Ezquerro, Manolo Giraldez, and Miguel Fernández-del-Olmo. "Ventral premotor to primary motor cortical interactions during noxious and naturalistic action observation." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 6 (May 2010): 1802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.030.

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Zander, Eric, Charlotte Willfors, Steve Berggren, Nora Choque-Olsson, Christina Coco, Anna Elmund, Åsa Hedfors Moretti, et al. "The objectivity of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in naturalistic clinical settings." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 25, no. 7 (November 19, 2015): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0793-2.

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Silveira, Sarita, Verena Graupmann, Dieter Frey, Janusch Blautzik, Thomas Meindl, Maximilian Reiser, Cheng Chen, et al. "Matching Reality in the Arts: Self-Referential Neural Processing of Naturalistic Compared to Surrealistic Images." Perception 41, no. 5 (January 1, 2012): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7191.

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How are works of art that present scenes that match potential expectations processed in the brain, in contrast to such scenes that can never occur in real life because they would violate physical laws? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the processing of surrealistic and naturalistic images in visual artworks. Looking at naturalistic paintings leads to a significantly higher activation in the visual cortex and in the precuneus. Humans apparently own a sensitive mechanism even for artistic representations of the visual world to separate the impossible from what potentially matches physical reality. The observation reported here also suggests that sensory input corresponding to a realistic representation of the visual world elicits higher self-referential processing.

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Muscat, Edelcio, Elsie Rotenberg, and Iberê Farina Machado. "Oviposition observation of Tropidodryas serra (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e35410.

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Tropidodryas serra is an endemic snake from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and despite its wide distribution, little is known about its ecology. Tropidodryas serra is an oviparous snake, but there are few available data on its reproductive cycle. In this paper, we present the first report of oviposition of T. serra in captivity with successfully hatching. A pregnant female was captured in the area of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Dacnis Project, Ubatuba-SP, southeastern Brazil, and held captive. The spawning of 7 eggs and the development of offspring were observed. The eggs (measuring 4x1.35 cm in average) hatched in 90 days, with 6 healthy neonates and 1 stillborn. Based on a unique successful hatching of T. serra eggs in captivity, the present study confirmed with naturalistic data reproductive characteristics of the species, such as egg laying in December and low number of atresic eggs, corroborating that the species should present few reproductive events and concentrated throughout the rainy season.

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Mehl, Matthias R. "The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (April 2017): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416680611.

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This article reviews the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) as an ambulatory ecological momentary assessment tool for the real-world observation of daily behavior. Technically, the EAR is an audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds while participants go about their lives. Conceptually, it is a naturalistic observation method that yields an acoustic log of a person’s day as it unfolds. The power of the EAR lies in unobtrusively collecting authentic real-life observational data. In preserving a high degree of naturalism at the level of the raw recordings, it resembles ethnographic methods; through its sampling and coding, it enables larger empirical studies. This article provides an overview of the EAR method; reviews its validity, utility, and limitations; and discusses it in the context of current developments in ambulatory assessment, specifically the emerging field of mobile sensing.

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Hampton, Lauren H., Philip R. Curtis, and Megan Y. Roberts. "Autism at a glance: A pilot study optimizing thin-slice observations." Autism 23, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318792872.

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Borrowing from a clinical psychology observational methodology, thin-slice observations were used to assess autism characteristics in toddlers. Thin-slices are short observations taken from a longer behavior stream which are assigned ratings by multiple raters using a 5-point scale. The raters’ observations are averaged together to assign a “thin-slice” value for each observation. In this study, a total of 60 toddlers were selected from a video archive: 20 children with typical development, 20 children with developmental language disorder, and 20 children with autism. In the first part of this study, 20 raters observed small play segments between toddlers and an assessor. Raters assigned scores to each of the 60 toddlers on items related to autism symptomatology. Item analysis and generalizability and decision studies were conducted to determine the factor structure and optimal number of raters to achieve a stable estimate of autism characteristics. In the second part of the study, generalizability and decision studies were conducted to determine the most efficient and optimal combination of raters and naturalistic contexts. This pilot study provides recommendations for optimizing the utility of thin-slice observations for measuring autism symptomatology in young children.

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Amato, Paul R. "Who Cares for Children in Public Places? Naturalistic Observation of Male and Female Caretakers." Journal of Marriage and the Family 51, no. 4 (November 1989): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353210.

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Montgomery, Scott. "The Eye and the Rock: Art, Observation and the Naturalistic Drawing of Earth Strata." Earth Sciences History 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.15.1.9373301405572mr3.

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The first naturalistic drawings of geologic phenomena, particularly rock formations, are assumed by historians to have occurred early in the 19th century, when geology matured as a science. No less than three centuries earlier, however, the Netherlandish master, Jan Van Eyck, drew exposures of natural rock whose features are so remarkably accurate as to permit modern-day geologic analysis of their lithology, fossil content, sedimentary structures, and depositional environment. Van Eyck clearly studied, drew, and painted a specific outcrop "in the field," long before such practice had become common in art or science. As the first modern geologic "observer," Van Eyck greatly extended an existing tradition of naturalism with regard to organic phenomena (esp. plants, insects, human figures) fully into the realm of inorganic reality. In this, he far surpassed other scholar-artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, who have been credited with similar achievements. Van Eyck's achievement proved exceptional. It was matched neither by later artists, scientists, or illustrators until the late 18th-early 19th century, when conventions in travel literature and landscape inspired new attention to the drawing of rock materials. The reasons for this historical gap have everything to do with the limitations of observation in early geological study, which show important parallels to those in art.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Naturalistic observation'

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