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Journal articles on the topic 'Naturally occurring radioactive materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 March 2023

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Vearrier, David, John A. Curtis, and Michael I. Greenberg. "Technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials." Clinical Toxicology 47, no. 5 (2009): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650902997849.

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2

Desideri, D., L. Feduzi, M. A. Meli, and C. Roselli. "Leachability of naturally occurring radioactive materials." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 267, no. 3 (2006): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0085-x.

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3

Fawcett, H. H. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials—principles and practices." Journal of Hazardous Materials 53, no. 1-3 (1997): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(96)01849-3.

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4

Jeffries, C., R. Akber, A. Johnston, and B. Cassels. "Regulation of naturally occurring radioactive materials in Australia." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 146, no. 1-3 (2011): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr141.

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5

Paschoa, Anselmo S. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and petroleum origin." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 48, no. 10-12 (1997): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00134-6.

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6

Chau, Nguyen Dinh, and Edward Chruściel. "Leaching of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, no. 8 (2007): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.03.009.

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7

Campos, M. P., and B. R. S. Pecequilo. "Thoron exposure for workers with naturally occurring radioactive materials." International Journal of Low Radiation 4, no. 1 (2007): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlr.2007.014489.

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8

Kouzes, R., J. Ely, J. Evans, et al. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials in cargo at US borders." Packaging, Transport, Storage & Security of Radioactive Material 17, no. 1 (2006): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174651006x95556.

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9

Burr, Tom, and Kary Myers. "Signatures for several types of naturally occurring radioactive materials." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66, no. 9 (2008): 1250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.02.080.

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10

Eng, Jeanette. "Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced NORM (TENORM)." Health Physics 101, no. 1 (2011): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e3182027409.

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11

Majid, Amran AB, Aznan Fazli Ismail, Muhamad Samudi Yasir, Redzuwan Yahaya, and Ismail Bahari. "Radiological dose assessment of naturally occurring radioactive materials in concrete building materials." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 297, no. 2 (2013): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-2387-5.

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12

Hassan, Halmat Jalal, Suhairul Hashim, Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah, et al. "Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (2021): 11170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111170.

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A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstantiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commercially available bracel

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13

FUJIKAWA, Yoko, Michikuni SHIMO, Hidenori YONEHARA, et al. "On the Optimal Regulation of Technologically-Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 41, no. 2 (2006): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.41.99.

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14

Sesay, Isata Esther, Monday Paul, and Janet Ayobami Ademola. "EXHALATION OF RADON FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (NORM) IN NIGERIA." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 4 (2019): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz187.

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Abstract Radon-222 mass exhalation rate, EM, and surface exhalation rate, EA, have been determined for some building materials and fertilizers in Nigeria by accumulation method using AlphaGUARD radon monitor. The building materials include granite, cement, tile, white marble, brick, concrete and sand. The mean EM of the building materials varied from 0.06 ± 0.03 for white marble to 0.23 ± 0.15 Bq kg−1 h−1 for brick. The mean EA ranged between 1.06 ± 0.56 Bq kg−1 h−1 and 3.15 ± 1.52 Bq m−2 h−1 for white marble and brick, respectively. Most of the EM and EA of the building materials were higher

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15

Paschoa, Anselmo S. "Potential environmental and regulatory implications of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 49, no. 3 (1998): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00239-x.

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16

Nelson, Andrew W., Adam J. Johns, Eric S. Eitrheim, et al. "Partitioning of naturally-occurring radionuclides (NORM) in Marcellus Shale produced fluids influenced by chemical matrix." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, no. 4 (2016): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00540j.

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17

Ali, Mohsen M. M., Hongtao Zhao, Zhongyu Li, and Najeeb N. M. Maglas. "Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects." RSC Advances 9, no. 67 (2019): 39201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06086c.

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18

Alhamd, M. W., Ahmed Saddam Mola, Mazen Katea Al-Gharrawy, and Zaki Abduljabbar Alqaisi. "Optimized Treatment Strategies for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Iraqi Oil and Gas Operations." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 12, no. 1 (2025): 91–97. https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol12i1id484.

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Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the oil and gas industry pose significant environmental and health challenges. During extraction and production, radionuclides such as radium-226, radium-228, uranium-238, polonium-210, and lead-210 accumulate in equipment, pipelines, and sludge, forming Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Exposure to these radioactive contaminants can increase health risks for workers and complicate waste management. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an integrated remediation process combining thermal, chemica

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19

Adebiyi, Festus M., Odunayo T. Ore, Adedapo O. Adeola, et al. "Occurrence and remediation of naturally occurring radioactive materials in Nigeria: a review." Environmental Chemistry Letters 19, no. 4 (2021): 3243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01237-4.

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20

Harlow, K. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials and the regulatory challenges to the zircon industry." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 117, no. 5 (2017): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n5a1.

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21

Omar, Omar, Mohamed Abdel-Rahman, and Sayed El-mongy. "Analysis of naturally occurring radioactive materials in environmental samples using gamma spectrometry." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 9, no. 6 (2018): 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2018.34678.

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22

Caffrey, Emily A., Arthur S. Rood, Helen A. Grogan, John E. Till, and Kurt Herman. "Dose Assessment for Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Disposal in Landfills." Health Physics 121, no. 3 (2021): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001439.

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23

Hassan, Zainab Mohammed. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials and related hazard indices in Ahdeb oil field." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 13, no. 27 (2019): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v13i27.275.

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In this work, measurements of activity concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) isotopes and their related hazard indices for several materials such as crude oil, sludge and water in Ahdeb oil fields in Waste governorate using high pure germanium coaxial detection technique. The average values for crude oil samples were174.72Bq/l, 43.46Bq/l, 355.07Bq/l, 264.21Bq/l, 122.52nGy/h, 0.7138, 1.1861, 0.601 mSv/y, 0.1503mSv/y and 1.8361 for Ra-226, Ac-228, K-40, Ra eq, D, H-external and H-internal respectively. According to the results; the ratio between 238U to 232Th was 4, w

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24

Aslam, M., R. Gul, T. Ara, and M. Hussain. "Assessment of radiological hazards of naturally occurring radioactive materials in cement industry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 151, no. 3 (2012): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncs018.

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25

Lim, HaYan, Won Chul Choi, and Kwang Pyo Kim. "Characterization of Particulates Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Phosphate Processing Facility." Journal of Radiation Protection 39, no. 1 (2014): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrp.2014.39.1.007.

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26

Gunawan, Onek, Eko Pudjadi, Musaddiq Musbach, and Wahyudi. "Technologically Enchanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) Analysis of Bangka Tin Slag." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1198, no. 2 (2019): 022006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1198/2/022006.

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27

Miller, Maurice O., and Mitko Voutchkov. "Risk analysis from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the Jamaican terrestrial environment." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 9, no. 5 (2015): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0360-5.

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28

Nurul Izzatiafifi Ismail, Sabarina Md Yunus, Nik Azlin Nik Ariffin, Siti Fatimah Saipuddin, and Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman. "Radiological Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORMs) in Selected Building Materials." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 38, no. 1 (2024): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.38.1.203209.

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The use of building materials containing high concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) may result in the increase of radiation dose rate inside the building. The assessment of radiological hazard in building materials is necessary due to the concern of radiological impact to the people in the building. NORMs present naturally in the environment, but the concentration of radionuclide such as uranium (238U), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) may increase due to anthropogenic activities. NORM at certain limit becomes hazardous to environment and human. Thus, the object

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29

Ann Glass Geltman, Elizabeth, and Nichole LeClair. "Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 28, no. 2 (2018): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291118755387.

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Radioactive materials for the medical, technological, and industrial sectors have been effectively regulated in the United States since as early as 1962. The steady increase in the exploration and production of shale gas in recent years has led to concerns about exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in oil and gas waste streams. This study applied policy surveillance methods to conduct a cross-sectional fifty-state survey of law and regulations of NORM and TENORM waste from oil and gas opera

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30

Avwiri, G.O, G.O. Osaralube, and A. Adewumi Alao. "Assessment of Norm-Containing Food Crops/Stuffs in OML 58 & OML 61 Within the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria." Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technological Research 1, no. 1 (2011): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3469640.

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A preliminary assessment of the levels of natural radionuclide in some commonly consumed cereals, fruits, vegetables and tubers within OML 58 and OML 61 in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria has been carried out. The areas under study were divided into six (6) zones (A,B,C,D,E,F) and investigated. An insitu measurement approach was adopted using Nuclear Radiation Meter (Radarlert-100),and a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS 76 CSX) equipment. Sixteen(16) readings each was taken in each of the six zoned areas making a total of ninety-six (96) food crops samples which was randomly selected. Mea

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31

McLaughlin, Molly C., Bonnie McDevitt, Hannah Miller, et al. "Constructed wetlands for polishing oil and gas produced water releases." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23, no. 12 (2021): 1961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1em00311a.

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Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) operations and contains petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salts, naturally occurring radioactive materials and any remaining chemical additives.

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32

Zivanovic, Milos, Jelena Nikolic, Andrei Apostol, and Marios Anagnostakis. "Analysis of interferences from full energy peaks in gamma spectrometry of NORM and TENORM samples." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 27, no. 4 (2012): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1204380z.

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A considerable number of primordial radioisotopes are present in almost all the samples extracted from the Earth?s crust, such as oil, rock, soil or other materials. Their concentrations are often determined by gamma spectrometry. Although the relative concentrations of isotopes often fluctuate within a narrow range, it is not always the case. Some natural materials (such as naturally occurring radioactive material) show unusual activity ratio between 238U and 232Th, while technologically processed materials (technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material) might also introdu

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33

Alhamd, M. W., Sadeq Naeem Atiyah, Zaki Abduljabbar Alqaisi, and Mazen katea AL-Gharrawy. "Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Soil of Near Basra Oil Company Fields." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 10, no. 1 (2023): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol10i1id299.

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The present study aimed to determine the levels of contamination with Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM in one of the south oil company fields. The external gamma absorbed dose rate Dγ measured in units of µSv/h was caused by gamma rays of Radium 222, Radium 228 (Thorium 232), and Potassium 40, respectively. The largest value is 9.220 µSv/h. It was found that the highest specific activity (concentration) for Radium 226 is 1136 Bq/kg and the lowest is 0.06 and the highest specific activity for Radium 228 is 721 Bq/kg and the lowest is 0.02 Bq/kg. As for Radium 224, its highest specif

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34

Zaidan, Jamal Abdul Rahman. "Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the oil and gas industry." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 1, no. 1 (2021): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v1i1.22.

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Radioactive materials which occur naturally and expose people to radiation occur widely, and are known by the acronym 'NORM'. Exposure to NORM is often increased by human activities, eg burning coal, making and using fertilisers, oil and gas production. Many natural materials contain radioactive elements (radionuclides). The earth's crust is radioactive and constantly leaks radon gas into our atmosphere. However, while the level of individual exposure from all this is usually trivial, some issues arise regarding regulation, and also perspective in relation to what is classified as radioa

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35

Syaeful, H., I. G. Sukadana, and A. Sumaryanto. "Radiometric Mapping for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Assessment in Mamuju, West Sulawesi." Atom Indonesia 40, no. 1 (2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/aij.2014.263.

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36

Michalik, Bogusław. "Is it necessary to raise awareness about technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials?" Journal of Environmental Monitoring 11, no. 10 (2009): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b904911h.

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37

Elghawi, Usama M., Feisal A. Abutweirat, and Taha S. Barka. "Evaluation of naturally occurring radioactive materials in oilfields of south east of Libya." International Journal of Low Radiation 10, no. 4 (2017): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlr.2017.087690.

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38

Barka, Taha S., Feisal A. Abutweirat, and Usama M. Elghawi. "Evaluation of naturally occurring radioactive materials in oilfields of south east of Libya." International Journal of Low Radiation 10, no. 4 (2017): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlr.2017.10008589.

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39

El-Banna, Mohamed H., Mahmoud H. Abdelgawad, Noaman Eltahawy, Fatma R. Algeda, and Tamer M. Elsayed. "Hematological and neurological impact studies on the exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 211 (September 2024): 111424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111424.

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40

Naskar, Nabanita, Susanta Lahiri, Punarbasu Chaudhuri, and Alok Srivastava. "Measurement of naturally occurring radioactive materials, 238U and 232Th: anomalies in photopeak selection." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 310, no. 3 (2016): 1381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-016-4988-x.

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41

Michalik, Bogusław. "Is it necessary to raise awareness about naturally occurring radioactive materials in mining?" Journal of Sustainable Mining 18, no. 4 (2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2019.09.001.

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42

Goronovski, Andrei, P. James Joyce, Anna Björklund, Göran Finnveden, and Alan H. Tkaczyk. "Impact assessment of enhanced exposure from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) within LCA." Journal of Cleaner Production 172 (January 2018): 2824–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.131.

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43

Moatar, F., S. R. Shadizadeh, A. R. Karbassi, E. Ardalani, R. Akbari Derakhshi, and M. Asadi. "Determination of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in formation water during oil exploration." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 283, no. 1 (2009): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-009-0001-2.

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44

Hasani, F., F. Shala, G. Xhixha, et al. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) generated from lignite-fired power plants in Kosovo." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 138 (December 2014): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.08.015.

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45

de Witt, Ruan, John Lambert, and Hamilton's David. "Bioremediation and immobilisation of oily sands containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11023.

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The precipitation of radioactive substances from produced formation water during the production of oil and gas causes the accumulation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in processing equipment. The resulting oily sandy waste stream has a level of radioactivity and contains volatile organic compounds, heavy metals and other petroleum hydrocarbon based contamination. This poses a potential health, safety and environmental risk. Treatment mechanisms for such waste must therefore address both radioactive and hydrocarbon contamination. This paper focuses primarily on the hydrocarb

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46

Ferreira, Adriano Mota, Henrique Takuji Fukuma, Rafael Brito de Moura, Alexandre Silveira, Rafael Oliveira Tiezzi, and Raul Alberto Sodré Villegas. "Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials at water treatment plant on the Poços de Caldas Plateau Region, Brazil." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (2022): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200044.

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ABSTRACT Oil and gas, mining, among others, are examples of facilities where naturally occurring radioactive materials can be found. This study aims to evaluate the presence of natural radioactive series, especially those of 238U and 232Th, in the water treatment plants of Poços de Caldas City, Minas Gerais. The presence of these series was investigated in samples of raw water, treated water, sludge from decanters, and scale from Parshall gutters. The sludge, input, and scale samples were submitted to the gamma spectrometry technique to determine the 226Ra, 228Ra, and 210Pb radionuclides. For

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47

Hamida, Ezeddine. "Comparison Between, NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) of, Agricultural Soil Sample (tomato field treated with phosphate fertilizer) Relatively Close to an Oil Field, and Wastes Samples (scale and sludge) of the Same Oil Field." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 5, no. 1 (2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-aruajvew.

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This paper is an overview comparison of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Soil sample was collected from a tomato field which was treated by phosphate fertilizers, and scale and sludge samples were collected from an oil field. The two fields are relatively close (less than 60 km).

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48

Fathabadi, N., M. V. Farahani, S. Amani, M. Moradi, and B. Haddadi. "Evaluation of occupational exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials in the Iranian ceramics industry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 145, no. 4 (2010): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq441.

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49

AL Nabhani, Khalid, Faisal Khan, and Ming Yang. "Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in oil and gas production: A silent killer." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 99 (January 2016): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.09.014.

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50

Joyce, P. James, Andrei Goronovski, Alan H. Tkaczyk, and Anna Björklund. "A framework for including enhanced exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in LCA." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 22, no. 7 (2016): 1078–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1218-2.

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