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Journal articles on the topic 'Nature conservation – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Stone, Lesego S., Moren T. Stone, Patricia K. Mogomotsi, and Goemeone E. J. Mogomotsi. "The Impacts of Covid-19 on Nature-based Tourism in Botswana: Implications for Community Development." Tourism Review International 25, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427221x16098837279958.

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COVID-19 has had significant impacts on industries and individuals globally. Due to restrictions put in place to reduce the spread of the disease, it has affected the travel and tourism industry. Using the concepts of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, a systematic qualitative document analysis of available literature was carried out to determine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nature-based tourism and its implications on community development, using Botswana as a case study. Results indicate that due to the unsustainable and predominant dependence on the international market, the tourism sector in Botswana has come to a standstill. Furthermore, the promotion of domestic tourism to nature-based attractions may lead to conservation issues. COVID-19 has also had an impact on community development through abrupt losses of employment and income. However, several positive environmental impacts have also been experienced. This article calls for a transformation of the tourism sector to make it more resilient. As a response measure, it is necessary to assess whether there is a need to call for a change in policy from high-value low-volume to low-cost high-volume, which may have negative impacts on conservation. However, as an adaptive response, we assert the need to diversify tourism products to consider the needs of both domestic and regional markets so that the focus is not just on nature-based tourism and international clientele.

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Borello, Wendy D., and Remigio M. Borello. "The breeding status and colony dynamics of Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres in Botswana." Bird Conservation International 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270902002058.

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Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres is endemic to southern Africa and is globally threatened. Colonies in Botswana comprise part of one of the two core breeding areas in the species's range, and very little has previously been published about them. Ground censusing of 11 Cape Vulture sites in Botswana was undertaken from 1992 to 1999, continuing a monitoring programme initiated by the authors in 1984. Survey methods and census procedures are documented. The potential Cape Vulture breeding population in Botswana is estimated to be about 600 pairs, comprising at least 100 pairs at Mannyelanong in the south-east and about 500 pairs in eastern Botswana. This represents an increase from previous estimates, and reflects improved census techniques rather than an increase in population size. The mean turnover rate of nest site usage from one year to the next averaged 21% at Mannyelanong, and was about 26% at Manong Yeng in eastern Botswana. Annual productivity of nest sites increased with the number of years the site had been occupied. Over the eight years of study eggs were laid in at least 436 of 477 nests (91.4%) at Mannyelanong; chicks survived to mid season (60–80 days old) in 327 nests (75% of eggs laid), and fledged (best estimate) in 248 nests (56.9% of eggs laid and 52% of pairs attempting to breed). In eastern Botswana eggs were laid in at least 1,825 of 2,101 nests (86.9%); chicks survived to mid season in 1,272 nests (69.7% of eggs laid). Two seasons have been excluded for eastern Botswana (1994 and 1995) due to incomplete data, and breeding success can be estimated only from 1997 to 1999: of 990 eggs laid out of 1,108 nests, chicks fledged in 384 nests (38.8% of eggs laid and 34.6% of pairs attempting to breed). The eastern Botswana breeding population remains in a state of flux following the collapse of a primary colony that was the country's Cape Vulture stronghold. Conservation concerns and the vulnerability of Cape Vulture sites are discussed.

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3

Herremans, Marc. "Conservation status of birds in Botswana in relation to land use." Biological Conservation 86, no. 2 (November 1998): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00016-0.

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4

Cryer, Dennis. "Time for action in Botswana." Oryx 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300025369.

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Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent. "Multiple-land use practices in transfrontier conservation areas: the case of Greater Mapungubwe straddling parts of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 34, no. 34 (December 1, 2016): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0038.

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Abstract Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) have recently emerged as the 21st century approach to managing protected areas in southern Africa. Unlike national parks and other protected areas that place emphasis only on the protection of plant and animal species within their borders, transfrontier conservation areas promote conservation beyond the borders of protected areas. Consequently, this mega-conservation initiative encourage multiple land-use practices with the purpose of improving rural livelihoods whilst promoting biodiversity conservation. Thus, land parcels under different forms of tenure are brought together into a common nature conservation project. This study argues that the integration of various land-use practices within one area benefits conservation goals at the expense of local communities and irrigation farmers. To substantiate this argument, the study draws on fieldwork material collected in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area spanning parts of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The study concludes that multiple-land use practices in transfrontier conservation areas is only promoted by wildlife managers to gain access to extra land.

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6

Dunnink, Jeffrey A., Robyn Hartley, Lucas Rutina, Joana Alves, and Aldina M. A. Franco. "A socio-ecological landscape analysis of human–wildlife conflict in northern Botswana." Oryx 54, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318001394.

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AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing issues in conservation. Low-income rural communities are disproportionately affected by negative interactions with large predators, which often leads to retaliatory killings and persecution of the animals. To overcome this, socio-ecological studies that merge existing knowledge of large predator ecology with long-term livestock depredation monitoring are required. We examined patterns and drivers of livestock depredation in northern Botswana, using a mixed effects model of the government's long-term monitoring data on human–wildlife conflict, to identify ways to reduce depredation at key spatial and temporal scales. We compared the results to farmers’ understanding of their personal risk within the landscape. We analysed 342 depredation events that occurred during 2008–2016, using variables measured at different scales. The variables affecting the locations of depredation events at the 2-km scale were distance to protected areas and predator and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. At a 1-km scale, herbivore density did not have a significant effect, but the effect of other variables was unchanged. The 4-km scale model was influenced by livestock and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. Livestock depredation could be reduced by establishing an 8-km livestock-free buffer along the protected area boundary. There was disparity between government data on human–wildlife conflict, depredation reported by farmers in interviews and farmers’ risk awareness. Farmers would benefit from workshops providing tools to make evidence-based decisions and minimize their risk of negative interactions with wildlife. This would ultimately contribute to wildlife conservation in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.

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7

Melton, D. A. "The status of elephants in northern Botswana." Biological Conservation 31, no. 4 (1985): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90089-8.

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8

Lavoie, Maxime, Aurélie Renard, Justin A. Pitt, and Serge Larivière. "Vulpes chama (Carnivora: Canidae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 972 (July 5, 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez002.

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Abstract Vulpes chama (Smith, 1833), commonly called the Cape fox, is 1 of 11 species of Vulpes. It is the only species of Vulpes occurring in southern Africa, and is endemic to that region. It occurs in southern Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and southwestern Zimbabwe. V. chama is a slender-built fox and its pelage is silvery gray throughout, back of pinna is tawny, and white hairs occur in the front along pinna edge. It tends to occupy arid and semiarid open habitats and feeds mainly on small mammals and insects, but also consumes birds, small reptiles, and fruits. V. chama is not of conservation concern and is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

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9

Spinage, C. A. "The decline of the Kalahari wildebeest." Oryx 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023577.

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In the 1980s international publicity was given to the deaths of thousands of wildebeest in southern Botswana. The cause was their drought-induced migrations being prevented by the cordon fences erected to protect cattle from disease. While the mortalities may have accounted for 90 per cent of the wildebeest population since 1979, archive records from the 1920s and 1940s show that the decline started much earlier. Wildebeest were once so numerous in the southern Kalahari that local farmers regarded them as a menace, competing with cattle for grazing and transmitting malignant catarrh. Extermination programmes reduced the wildebeest population to such an extent that by 1961 the Botswana Government classified it as a game animal to be hunted only by licence.

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STILES, DANIEL. "The ivory trade and elephant conservation." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001614.

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In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectively. Many southern African countries disagreed with the African elephant trade ban and have continued to argue against it since the mid-1980s. They maintain that their governments practise sound wildlife management policies and actions and, as a consequence, their national elephant populations have reached unsustainable size. They argue that they should not be penalized because other countries cannot manage their wildlife. Further, they say they need the proceeds from ivory and other by-product sales to finance conservation efforts. In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to auction off 50 tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 1999. Ivory trade opponents allege that this sale stimulated ivory demand, resulting in a surge of elephant poaching. Nevertheless, CITES voted again in 2002 to allow Botswana, Namibia and South Africa to auction off another 60 tonnes of ivory after May 2004. Trade opponents have launched an active campaign to prevent the sales, warning that they could provoke a renewed elephant holocaust. This paper reviews available quantitative evidence on ivory trade and elephant killing to evaluate the arguments of the ivory trade proponents and opponents. The evidence supports the view that the trade bans resulted generally in lower levels of ivory market scale and elephant poaching than prevailed prior to 1990. There is little evidence to support claims that the 1999 southern African ivory auctions stimulated ivory demand or elephant poaching. Levels of elephant poaching and illegal ivory trading in a country are more likely to be related to wildlife management practices, law enforcement and corruption than to choice of CITES appendix listings and consequent extent of trade restrictions. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade ban, but until demand for ivory can be restrained and various monitoring and regulation measures are put into place it is premature for CITES to permit ivory sales.

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11

LEEPILE, LEUNGO B. L., GLYN MAUDE, PETE HANCOCK, RICHARD P. READING, BRIAN BRIDGES, ROBYN HARTLEY, and ARJUN AMAR. "Changes in nesting numbers and breeding success of African White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus in north-central Botswana." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 3 (April 24, 2020): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270920000179.

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SummaryAfrican White-backed Vultures were recently uplisted to ‘Critically Endangered’ by IUCN due to declines across their range. Poisoning is widely accepted as the major reason for these declines. Botswana supports a high number of this species (breeding pairs > c.1,200), but as yet no published information exists on their breeding success in the country. However, mass poisonings within Botswana and neighbouring countries have killed thousands of White-backed Vultures in recent years. We therefore expected that nesting numbers may have declined in this region if these poisoning events killed local breeding birds. We used information from aerial surveys conducted between 2006 and 2017 in Khwai and Linyanti, two important breeding areas for this species in north-central Botswana, to determine if there was any change in nesting numbers and breeding success of White-backed Vultures. Results showed an overall 53.5% decline in nesting numbers, with a greater decline in Linyanti than in Khwai. In both areas, breeding success was significantly lower in 2017 than it was 10 ten years earlier. We recommend that similar repeat surveys are continued to provide greater confidence in the trends of both nesting numbers and breeding performance. Population viability analysis suggested that if the productivity levels detected in 2017 were a true indication of current productivity levels for this population, and if recent high poisoning rates continue, this population could be extirpated from the area in the next 13 years.

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12

Ben-Shahar, Raphael. "Patterns of elephant damage to vegetation in northern Botswana." Biological Conservation 65, no. 3 (1993): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90057-8.

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13

Canning, G., H. Camphor, and B. Schroder. "Rabies outbreak in African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Tuli region, Botswana: Interventions and management mitigation recommendations." Journal for Nature Conservation 48 (April 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.02.001.

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14

Naidoo, R., M. J. Chase, P. Beytell, P. Du Preez, K. Landen, G. Stuart-Hill, and R. Taylor. "A newly discovered wildlife migration in Namibia and Botswana is the longest in Africa." Oryx 50, no. 1 (May 27, 2014): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000222.

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AbstractMigrations of most animal taxa are declining as a result of anthropogenic pressures and land-use transformation. Here, we document and characterize a previously unknown multi-country migration of Burchell's zebra Equus quagga that is the longest of all recorded large mammal migrations in Africa. Our data from eight adult female zebras collared on the border of Namibia and Botswana show that in December 2012 all individuals crossed the Chobe River and moved due south to Nxai Pan National Park in Botswana, where they spent a mean duration of 10 weeks before returning, less directly, to their dry season floodplain habitat. The same southward movements were also observed in December 2013. Nxai Pan appeared to have similar environmental conditions to several possible alternative wet season destinations that were closer to the dry season habitat on the Chobe River, and water availability, but not habitat or vegetation biomass, was associated with higher-use areas along the migratory pathway. These results suggest a genetic and/or cultural basis for the choice of migration destination, rather than an environmental one. Regardless of the cause, the round-trip, straight-line migration distance of 500 km is greater than that covered by wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus during their well-known seasonal journey in the Serengeti ecosystem. It merits conservation attention, given the decline of large-scale ecological processes such as animal migrations.

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Verlinden, Alex. "Human settlements and wildlife distribution in the southern Kalahari of Botswana." Biological Conservation 82, no. 2 (November 1997): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00156-5.

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16

Ellery, W. N., and T. S. McCarthy. "Principles for the sustainable utilization of the Okavango Delta ecosystem, Botswana." Biological Conservation 70, no. 2 (1994): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90284-4.

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17

Kalabamu, Faustin. "Patriarchy and women's land rights in Botswana." Land Use Policy 23, no. 3 (July 2006): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.11.001.

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18

Kent, Vivien T., and Russell A. Hill. "The importance of farmland for the conservation of the brown hyaena Parahyaena brunnea." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001007.

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AbstractThe conservation of wide-ranging, territorial carnivores presents many challenges, not least the inadequacy of many protected areas in providing sufficient space to allow such species to maintain viable populations. As a result populations occurring outside protected areas may be of considerable importance for the conservation of some species, although the significance of these areas is poorly understood. Brown hyaenas Parahyaena brunnea are categorized as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List and recent research suggests the species may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and the conversion of land to agriculture. Here we report on the population density and abundance of brown hyaenas in an area of commercial farmland in western Botswana. Mean brown hyaena density estimated from camera-trap surveys was 2.3 per 100 km2 and from spoor surveys 2.88 per 100 km2, which are comparable to estimates reported for protected areas. Estimated densities were higher on farms used for livestock production than on those used for game farming, suggesting that the species can tolerate land-use change where reliable alternative food resources exist. Our results indicate that populations of brown hyaenas in non-protected areas comprise a significant proportion of the global population and that such areas may be of critical importance for their conservation.

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SCOVRONICK, NOAH C., and JANE K. TURPIE. "Is enhanced tourism a reasonable expectation for transboundary conservation? An evaluation of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 2 (June 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290999018x.

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SUMMARYThe transnational nature of biodiversity provides impetus for transboundary protected areas, however support for these also stems from expectations of political, social or economic benefits. The sociopolitical context of southern Africa makes conservation initiatives incorporating economic development particularly appealing, and supporters of transboundary conservation advance visions of tourism growth in this regard; however, this assertion has not been objectively assessed. The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, straddling South Africa and Botswana, is Africa's oldest formally recognized transfrontier park and widely viewed as the prototype for regional transboundary conservation. This paper examines visitation data combined with results from a visitor survey to indicate the tourism performance of the Park. Visitor numbers to the Park have not grown since its opening, but average length of stay and total visitor days have increased. However, it appears that this increase is primarily due to growth in bed numbers; the survey indicates that the Park's new features are only modestly used, and fewer than 10% of guests visit the adjacent country. Potential barriers to further growth include road conditions, Park size and homogeneity, and a lack of innovative tourism strategies. The need to expand socioeconomic monitoring of transboundary conservation areas in order to ensure their viability is reaffirmed.

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Bartlam-Brooks, H. L. A., M. C. Bonyongo, and Stephen Harris. "Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume? A case study of a zebra Equus burchelli migration in Botswana." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000414.

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AbstractTerrestrial wildlife migrations, once common, are now rare because of ecosystem fragmentation and uncontrolled hunting. Botswana historically contained migratory populations of many species but habitat fragmentation, especially by fences, has decreased the number and size of many of these populations. During a study investigating herbivore movement patterns in north-west Botswana we recorded a long-distance zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum migration between the Okavango Delta and Makgadikgadi grasslands, a round-trip distance of 588 km; 55% of 11 animals collared in the south-eastern peripheral delta made this journey. This was unexpected as, between 1968 and 2004, the migration could not have followed its present course because of the bisection of the route by a veterinary cordon fence. As little evidence exists to suggest that large-scale movements by medium-sized herbivores can be restored, it is of significant interest that this migration was established to the present highly directed route within 4 years of the fence being removed. The success of wildlife corridors, currently being advocated as the best way to re-establish ecosystem connectivity, relies on animals utilizing novel areas by moving between the connected areas. Our findings suggest that medium-sized herbivores may be able to re-establish migrations relatively quickly once physical barriers have been removed and that the success of future system linkages could be increased by utilizing past migratory routes.

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21

Tietema, T. "Biomass determination of fuelwood trees and bushes of Botswana, Southern Africa." Forest Ecology and Management 60, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90083-y.

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22

LeFlore, Eric G., Todd K. Fuller, Mathata Tomeletso, Tiro C. Dimbindo, and Andrew B. Stein. "Human dimensions of human–lion conflict: a pre- and post-assessment of a lion conservation programme in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892920000120.

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SummaryHumans are contributing to large carnivore declines around the globe, and conservation interventions should focus on increasing local stakeholder tolerance of carnivores and be informed by both biological and social considerations. In the Okavango Delta (Botswana), we tested new conservation strategies alongside a pre-existing government compensation programme. The new strategies included the construction of predator-proof livestock enclosures, the establishment of an early warning system linked to GPS satellite lion collars, depredation event investigations and educational programmes. We conducted pre- and post-assessments of villagers’ livestock management practices, attitudes towards carnivores and conservation, perceptions of human–carnivore coexistence and attitudes towards established conservation programmes. Livestock management levels were low and 50% of farmers lost livestock to carnivores, while 5–10% of owned stock was lost. Respondents had strong negative attitudes towards lions, which kill most depredated livestock. Following new management interventions, tolerance of carnivores significantly increased, although tolerance of lions near villages did not. The number of respondents who believed that coexistence with carnivores was possible significantly increased. Respondents had negative attitudes towards the government-run compensation programme, citing low and late payments, but were supportive of the new management interventions. These efforts show that targeted, intensive management can increase stakeholder tolerance of carnivores.

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Winer, Nicholas, RobertK Hitchcock, and MelindaC Kelly. "Hunter-Gatherers, Farmers, and Environmental Degradation in Botswana." Conservation and Society 18, no. 3 (2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_19_87.

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24

Fanshawe, John H., Lory H. Frame, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "The wild dog—Africa's vanishing carnivore." Oryx 25, no. 3 (July 1991): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034165.

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This paper presents a synopsis of the current status and distribution of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, outlines reasons for its decline and discusses recommendations to halt or reverse this decline. A recent review of the status of the species provides evidence that it has disappeared or is in decline throughout its range (sub-Saharan Africa). Relict populations with little or no chance of long-term survival are found in several countries including Algeria and Senegal. Countries believed to contain potentially viable populations are, from north to south, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa (only the Kruger National Park).

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Gaodirelwe, Ikanyeng, Moseki Ronald Motsholapheko, and Gaseitsiwe Smollie Masunga. "Community perceptions of wildlife management strategies and subsistence poaching in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 25, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2020.1727589.

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Heinl, Michael, Amy Neuenschwander, Jan Sliva, and Cornelis Vanderpost. "Interactions between fire and flooding in a southern African floodplain system (Okavango Delta, Botswana)." Landscape Ecology 21, no. 5 (July 2006): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-5243-y.

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Fraser-Celin, Valli-Laurente, Alice J. Hovorka, and Jennifer J. Silver. "Human conflict over wildlife: exploring social constructions of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Botswana." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 23, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2018.1443528.

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Garbett, Rebecca, Marc Herremans, Glyn Maude, Richard P. Reading, and Arjun Amar. "Raptor population trends in northern Botswana: A re-survey of road transects after 20 years." Biological Conservation 224 (August 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.05.020.

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Li, Ying, Yung-Ho Chiu, Lihua Wang, Yi-Chu Liu, and Ching-Ren Chiu. "A Comparative Study of Different Energy Efficiency of OECD and Non-OECD Countries." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291983744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919837441.

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Greater and greater attention is being paid to air pollution problems, because of their negative impact on the environment and human health. This article measures energy efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions efficiency, and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration efficiency to compare the energy efficiency differences between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and non-OECD member countries from 2010 to 2014 using a metafrontier dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis model. We calculate technology gap ratio and input and output efficiency values to measure the energy efficiencies of each economy, finding that (a) OECD countries have a technology gap ratio of 1 or very close to 1; and except for the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, both of which exhibit annual improvements, the non-OECD countries have a significant need for efficiency improvements; (b) the average technology gap ratio of OECD is higher than that of non-OECD countries; that is, while OECD countries’ technology gap ratio (TGR) changes are relatively stable, non-OECD countries’ TGRs are gradually increasing; (c) non-OECD countries have large PM2.5 concentration efficiency gaps, with the annual efficiencies in China, India, and Nepal being less than 0.2; (d) Switzerland, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates all have new and traditional energy efficiency values of 1; and (e) Botswana, Algeria, and Cambodia have poor traditional energy efficiencies, but better new energy efficiencies, whereas Hungary, South Korea, Slovakia, and Slovenia have poor new energy efficiencies and better traditional energy efficiencies.

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Mordi, A. Richard. "The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008924.

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To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.

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Adams, Rick, and Gary Kwiecinski. "Sonar Surveys for Bat Species Richness and Activity in the Southern Kalahari Desert, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa." Diversity 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10030103.

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Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is located in northwestern South Africa and extends northeastward into Botswana. The park lies largely within the southern Kalahari Desert ecosystem where the Auob and Nassob rivers reach their confluence. Although these rivers run only about once every 100 years, or shortly after large thunderstorms, underground flows and seeps provide consistent surface water for the parks sparse vegetation and diverse wildlife. No formal studies on bats have previously occurred at Kgalagadi. We used SM2 + BAT ultrasonic detectors to survey 10 sites along the Auob and Nassob rivers from 5–16 April 2016. The units recorded 3960 call sequences that were analyzed using Kaleidoscope software for South African bats as well as visual determinations based on call structure attributes (low frequency, characteristic frequency, call duration, and bandwidth). We identified 12 species from four families: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus fumigatus. Molossidae: Chaerephon pumilus, and Sauromys petrophilus, Tadarida aegyptiaca; Miniopteridae: Miniopteris schreibersi (natalensis), Vespertilionidae: Laephotis botswanae, Myotis tricolor, Neoromicia capensis, N. nana, Pipistrellus hesperidus, Scotophilus dinganii, and S. viridus. The most abundant species during the survey period was N. capensis. We also used paired-site design to test for greater bat activity at water sources compared to dry sites, with dry sites being significantly more active. We conclude that species richness is much higher than previously known from this region and that more species may be present during the warmer months of the year. In addition, activity of bats during the dry season in Kgalagadi would likely be more concentrated around drinking opportunities, thus allowing for better detection of species richness in the area.

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GUPTA, A. CLARE. "Spatial scaling of protected area influences on human demography and livelihoods in Botswana." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 1 (April 8, 2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000095.

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SUMMARYA growing body of ‘people and parks’ literature examines the interactions between protected areas (PAs) and people who live around them. This study of Chobe National Park (Botswana), which has one of the largest concentrations of wildlife in Africa, highlights a PA's influence beyond its buffer zone and provides a more detailed understanding of the complex dynamics within a PA buffer. Overall net population growth in the areas adjacent to Chobe National Park (hereafter referred to as the ‘buffer’ area) does not preclude outmigration from certain Park buffer areas where declining agricultural opportunities have pushed working-age residents in search of work to urban areas around and beyond the Park. At the same time, skilled workers have moved to some of these rural Park buffer villages to take advantage of new civil service positions. The PA also influences long-time rural dwellers’ social and economic exchanges with urban kin and exacerbates dependence relations, placing economic strain upon urban migrants. In this way, the economic and social effects of PAs are neither uniform across their borders nor limited to those borders. These outcomes have important implications for biodiversity conservation in rural areas as they suggest that population growth may not be an accurate proxy for threats to biodiversity, if new and long-term residents come to rely on less resource-intensive livelihood practices.

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Pomilia, Matthew A., J. Weldon McNutt, and Neil R. Jordan. "Ecological predictors of African wild dog ranging patterns in northern Botswana." Journal of Mammalogy 96, no. 6 (August 19, 2015): 1214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv130.

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Dalerum, Fredrik, Tarryn Anne Retief, Carl Peter Havemann, Christian T. Chimimba, and Berndt Janse van Rensburg. "The influence of distance to perennial surface water on ant communities in Mopane woodlands, northern Botswana." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4692.

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Snyman, Andrei, Craig R. Jackson, and Paul J. Funston. "The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the social organization of two small populations of lions Panthera leo in southern Africa." Oryx 49, no. 4 (August 11, 2014): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001336.

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AbstractAfrican lion Panthera leo populations have declined as a result of various anthropogenic factors, and most extant populations are small, which further compromises their persistence. Lions in unfenced areas are more exposed to illegal hunting, snaring and poisoning, and populations in fenced reserves are subject to population control by removal of selected individuals from particular age and sex classes. During 2000–2011 19 lions from the mostly unfenced Northern Tuli Game Reserve in Botswana were shot, snared or poisoned. By contrast, only one lioness was shot outside the fenced Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve 10 km away, in South Africa, where 29 lions were trophy hunted or culled. We found that the mean population size, sex ratio and litter size were the same for both reserves but population density, pride size and cub survival rate were significantly higher in the fenced reserve. The size of the population in Northern Tuli was constrained by a high rate of indiscriminate anthropogenic mortality, with 94.7% of adult mortality occurring outside the reserve. The different forms of anthropogenic suppression in evidence at the two reserves resulted in different population-level responses, which will ultimately affect population viability. As conservation strategies are attempting to remove fences and establish larger conservation areas, this study indicates how fences can influence population dynamics in areas where human presence threatens large carnivores.

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Gusset, M., M. J. Swarner, L. Mponwane, K. Keletile, and J. W. McNutt. "Human–wildlife conflict in northern Botswana: livestock predation by Endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus and other carnivores." Oryx 43, no. 01 (January 2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605308990475.

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Akinyemi, Felicia O., and Gofamodimo Mashame. "Analysis of land change in the dryland agricultural landscapes of eastern Botswana." Land Use Policy 76 (July 2018): 798–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.010.

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Adams, Tempe S. F., Michael J. Chase, Tracey L. Rogers, and Keith E. A. Leggett. "Taking the elephant out of the room and into the corridor: can urban corridors work?" Oryx 51, no. 2 (May 6, 2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001246.

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AbstractTransfrontier wildlife corridors can be successful conservation tools, connecting protected areas and reducing the impact of habitat fragmentation on mobile species. Urban wildlife corridors have been proposed as a potential mitigation tool to facilitate the passage of elephants through towns without causing conflict with urban communities. However, because such corridors are typically narrow and close to human development, wildlife (particularly large mammals) may be less likely to use them. We used remote-sensor camera traps and global positioning system collars to identify the movement patterns of African elephants Loxondonta africana through narrow, urban corridors in Botswana. The corridors were in three types of human-dominated land-use designations with varying levels of human activity: agricultural, industrial and open-space recreational land. We found that elephants used the corridors within all three land-use designations and we identified, using a model selection approach, that season, time of day and rainfall were important factors in determining the presence of elephants in the corridors. Elephants moved more slowly through the narrow corridors compared with their movement patterns through broader, wide-ranging corridors. Our results indicate that urban wildlife corridors are useful for facilitating elephants to pass through urban areas.

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Boyes, Rutledge S., and Mike R. Perrin. "Patterns of daily activity of Meyer's Parrot (Poicephalus meyeri) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Emu - Austral Ornithology 110, no. 1 (March 2010): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu09067.

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Batisani, Nnyaladzi, and Brent Yarnal. "Elasticity of capital-land substitution in housing construction, Gaborone, Botswana: Implications for smart growth policy and affordable housing." Landscape and Urban Planning 99, no. 2 (February 2011): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.016.

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Verble, Kelton, Eric M. Hallerman, and Kathleen A. Alexander. "Urban landscapes increase dispersal, gene flow, and pathogen transmission potential in banded mongoose ( Mungos mungo ) in northern Botswana." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 14 (June 29, 2021): 9227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7487.

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Weise, Florian J., Matthew W. Hayward, Rocky Casillas Aguirre, Mathata Tomeletso, Phemelo Gadimang, Michael J. Somers, and Andrew B. Stein. "Size, shape and maintenance matter: A critical appraisal of a global carnivore conflict mitigation strategy – Livestock protection kraals in northern Botswana." Biological Conservation 225 (September 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.06.023.

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Kalabamu, Faustin T. "Land tenure and management reforms in East and Southern Africa – the case of Botswana." Land Use Policy 17, no. 4 (October 2000): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8377(00)00037-5.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "Prospects of basket production in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." International Journal of Tourism Research 6, no. 4 (July 2004): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.477.

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Robertson, J. A. D., M. Roodbol, M. D. Bowles, S. G. Dures, and J. M. Rowcliffe. "Environmental predictors of livestock predation: a lion's tale." Oryx 54, no. 5 (June 7, 2019): 648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318001217.

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AbstractNegative interactions between people and large carnivores are common and will probably increase as the human population and livestock production continue to expand. Livestock predation by wild carnivores can significantly affect the livelihoods of farmers, resulting in retaliatory killings and subsequent conflicts between local communities and conservationists. A better understanding of livestock predation patterns could help guide measures to improve both human relationships and coexistence with carnivores. Environmental variables can influence the intensity of livestock predation, are relatively easy to monitor, and could potentially provide a useful predictive framework for targeting mitigation. We chose lion predation of livestock as a model to test whether variations in environmental conditions trigger changes in predation. Analysing 6 years of incident reports for Pandamatenga village in Botswana, an area of high human–lion conflict, we used generalized linear models to show that significantly more attacks coincided with lower moonlight levels and temperatures, and attack severity increased significantly with extreme minimum temperatures. Furthermore, we found a delayed effect of rainfall: lower rainfall was followed by a significantly increased severity of attacks in the following month. Our results suggest that preventative measures, such as introducing deterrents or changing livestock management, could be implemented adaptively based on environmental conditions. This could be a starting point for investigating similar effects in other large carnivores, to reduce livestock attacks and work towards wider human–wildlife coexistence.

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Moreri, Kealeboga, David Fairbairn, and Philip James. "Issues in developing a fit for purpose system for incorporating VGI in land administration in Botswana." Land Use Policy 77 (September 2018): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.063.

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Kalabamu, Faustin Tirwirukwa. "Land tenure reforms and persistence of land conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa – The case of Botswana." Land Use Policy 81 (February 2019): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.11.002.

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Keeping, Derek, Julia H. Burger, Amo O. Keitsile, Marie-Charlotte Gielen, Edwin Mudongo, Martha Wallgren, Christina Skarpe, and A. Lee Foote. "Can trackers count free-ranging wildlife as effectively and efficiently as conventional aerial survey and distance sampling? Implications for citizen science in the Kalahari, Botswana." Biological Conservation 223 (July 2018): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.027.

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Joos-Vandewalle, S., R. Wynberg, and K. A. Alexander. "Dependencies on natural resources in transitioning urban centers of northern Botswana." Ecosystem Services 30 (April 2018): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.02.007.

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Cozzi, G., F. Broekhuis, J. W. McNutt, and B. Schmid. "Density and habitat use of lions and spotted hyenas in northern Botswana and the influence of survey and ecological variables on call-in survey estimation." Biodiversity and Conservation 22, no. 12 (September 26, 2013): 2937–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0564-7.

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