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1

Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene, Tobias Bendzko, Menare Royal Mabakeng, Elias Danyi Kuusaana, and Derek Osei Tutu. "Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration from Theory to Practice: Three Demonstrative Case Studies of Local Land Administration Initiatives in Africa." Land 10, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050476.

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Land is a critical factor of production for improving the living conditions of people everywhere. The search for tools (or approaches or strategies or methods) for ensuring that land challenges are resolved in ways that quickly respond to local realities is what led to the development of the fit-for-purpose land administration. This article provides evidence that the fit-for-purpose land administration—as a land-based instrument for development—represents an unprecedented opportunity to provide tenure security in Africa. The article presents case studies from three sub-Saharan African countries on local-level experiences in the applications of fit-for-purpose guidelines as an enabler for engaging in tenure security generating activities in communities. These case studies, drawn from Ghana, Kenya, and Namibia, are based on hands-on local land administration projects that demonstrate how the features of the fit-for-purpose guideline were adopted. Two of the case studies are based on demonstrative projects directly conducted by the researchers (Ghana and Kenya), while the other (Namibia) is based on their engagement in an institutional project in which the Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) and other local partners were involved. This work is relevant because it paves a path for land administration practitioners to identify the core features necessary for land-based projects.
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Carver, Rosanna. "Lessons for blue degrowth from Namibia’s emerging blue economy." Sustainability Science 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00754-0.

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AbstractGlobally there has been recognition that there is little consensus attributed to the definition of the blue economy. However, despite this acknowledgement, the blue economy is championed for its development potential by the African Union and subsequently, several African states. Having formalised the agenda in its fifth National Development Plan Namibia is working to implement a governance and management framework to “sustainably maximise benefits from marine resources” by 2020 (Republic of Namibia in Namibia’s 5th National Development Plan (NDP5) 2017). Concurrently, new entrants, such as marine mineral mining projects, have emerged in recognition of the potential offered within the state’s Exclusive Economic Zone. This article argues that the uptake of the blue economy is shaped by multiple, and often conflicting, interests. The emergence of the agenda is not apolitical, nor has it been established in isolation from exogenous actors and interests. Subsequently, this article suggests that the critique of the emerging blue economy should be applied to discussions of a blue degrowth movement, to avoid transposing a new agenda over another. As demonstrated with reference to Namibia, contextual and historical issues need to be recognised by degrowth discussions, and their inherent and continued structural effects analysed. This is of particular importance when considering whose voices are represented or excluded by such agendas, complicated by the (geo)physical characteristics of the marine sphere.
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Sayer, J. A. "Designing conservation projects." Forest Ecology and Management 96, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)90008-6.

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Holmes, Tim. "Conservation activities in Kaokoveld (north-west Namibia)." Biodiversity and Conservation 1, no. 3 (1992): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00695917.

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Ludynia, K., R. Jones, J. Kemper, S. Garthe, and LG Underhill. "Foraging behaviour of bank cormorants in Namibia: implications for conservation." Endangered Species Research 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2010): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00288.

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Gwasira, Goodman. "Ruling nature, controlling people: nature conservation, development and war in north-eastern Namibia since the 1920s." Anthropology Southern Africa 42, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2019.1660903.

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Halpenny, E. A., and L. T. Caissie. "Volunteering on Nature Conservation Projects: Volunteer Experience, Attitudes and Values." Tourism Recreation Research 28, no. 3 (January 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081414.

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Gronau, Steven, Etti Winter, and Ulrike Grote. "Modelling nature-based tourism impacts on rural development and conservation in Sikunga Conservancy, Namibia." Development Southern Africa 34, no. 3 (January 17, 2017): 276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2016.1269638.

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9

Cloudsley-Thompson, John L. "Etosha and the Kaokoveld: Problems of Conservation in Namibia." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 4 (1990): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290003280x.

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The mountainous Kaokoveld of northwestern Namibia contains numerous endemic plants and animals whose ranges, in many cases, extend into the Etosha National Park, an area extremely rich in game. Etosha Pan, the most striking feature of the Park, is bordered on the South by natural springs and artificial waterholes. These provide drinking places for the animals which congregate in large numbers and cause overgrazing and browsing pressure in the area. Migration to regions beyond the Park boundary is prevented by an 850 km-long game-proof fence. The main factors affecting animal populations are anthrax and poaching. Even so, the culling of Elephants becomes necessary from time to time, and the sale of ivory and other products helps to finance the operation of the Park.
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Horwich, Robert H., and Jonathan Lyon. "Community conservation: practitioners’ answer to critics." Oryx 41, no. 3 (July 2007): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001010.

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AbstractBased on ethical, theoretical and practical concerns, community-based conservation projects have developed over the past 2 decades as alternatives to traditional protected areas. Recent criticisms of such programmes by biologists and social scientists involve a debate on who should manage our natural resources. Such criticisms have focused on large integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) and have largely ignored the successes of small community conservation projects. Practitioners of ICDPs have also been disappointed with the results of their projects and are seeking answers from ICDP failures. Two important differences separate community conservation projects and ICDPs and have led to the success of the smaller projects: (1) community conservation projects see local rural people as the solution to habitat degradation whereas ICDPs see them as the problem, (2) the scale of the smaller projects is at the community level but can use the same methods regionally, whereas ICDPs are large in scale and cost. We discuss, from a practitioner’s viewpoint, the strengths that contribute to the successes of community conservation projects, including actually functioning at the community level, creating an empowered community group to carry on the social sustainability of the project, continuous basic level funding, and the importance of monitoring.
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Hobbs, Sarah J., and Piran C. L. White. "Achieving positive social outcomes through participatory urban wildlife conservation projects." Wildlife Research 42, no. 7 (2015): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14184.

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Context As urbanisation continues to increase on a global scale, people are becoming increasingly distanced from nature. Fewer opportunities to encounter nature mean that the benefits of engaging with nature are often not realised by urban residents. In response to this, there is a growing number of initiatives that aim to connect people with nature, for the benefit of individuals, communities and nature conservation. However, in order to maximise these benefits, it is important to understand the potential transformative effects for participants, both on a personal level and in terms of wider impacts. Aims In this study, we evaluate the social outcomes of a participatory wildlife conservation project in an urban area in north-east England, using hedgehogs as the focal species. Methods Based on an approach of community volunteers working alongside scientific researchers in an evaluation of hedgehog urban habitat use, we examine the transformative effects of this involvement at the individual and community levels via qualitative semi-structured interviews with community volunteers. Key results Participants were motivated by personal wellbeing factors such as enjoying proximity to the study species, learning and social factors. Participation in the study itself indicates a degree of motivation for engaging with a study of this sort. Nevertheless, involvement in the study was a successful vehicle for increasing participants’ engagement with nature both during the study and potentially into the future, particularly in terms of biological recording and gardening for wildlife. Conclusions Participation in a wildlife study is a positive experience for many volunteers, leading to actual and potential changes in both personal and wider social outcomes. Implications Participatory initiatives such as the one described have an important role to play in signposting and supporting volunteers to follow future environmental aspirations and maximise the personal and social benefits associated with participation. This could be enhanced by ensuring that volunteering opportunities are linked in with pre-existing community-based networks that can act as advocates for environmental and wildlife conservation.
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Allen, Jessica, David M. Doyle, Shane McCorristine, and Aisling McMahon. "De-Extinction, Regulation and Nature Conservation." Journal of Environmental Law 32, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqaa009.

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Abstract This analysis maps the key challenges posed by de-extinction to nature conservation law. The aim is to start a conversation about how such challenges should be framed and addressed if ongoing de-extinction projects in the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU), the two jurisdictions examined, are successful. The analysis commences by providing a brief overview of existing debates in the conservation literature on the legal and ethical issues posed by de-extinction within the animal context. The article then proceeds to highlight two challenges animals created via de-extinction (de-extinctees) will likely pose for nature conservation law, namely: (1) to what extent taxonomies or definitions of ‘species’, and the methods for classifying these species under existing conservation frameworks, will be challenged by de-extinction; and (2) how existing conservation law frameworks in the US and the EU would likely apply to de-extinctees, and whether de-extinctees would be protected under these frameworks. It concludes by posing the broader question of whether and to what extent the law should facilitate de-extinction attempts in the same way that it has done for nature conservation.
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Van Horn, Mia, and Kent Van Horn. "Quantitative Photomonitoring for Restoration Projects." Ecological Restoration 14, no. 1 (1996): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.14.1.30.

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Madsen, Sari F., Flemming Ekelund, Niels Strange, and Jesper Sølver Schou. "Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158163.

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Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and the effort for nature conservation and restoration and the allocation of economic resources for biodiversity policies remain insufficient. In such a context, volunteers can play an important role as a resource in nature conservation projects if their recreational activities interact with the objectives of nature management. In recent years, the number of volunteers in conservation work has increased in Denmark, with more people volunteering to contribute to nature conservation projects. Ensuring that volunteers remain motivated and engaged is crucial for the success of such conservation projects. In this study, we evaluated the motivation among members of grazing organizations, an activity that represents the most prominent voluntary nature conservation initiative in Denmark. We applied an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and an ordinal regression to analyze survey data from 25 Danish grazing organizations. We found that five motivational factors determine the engagement of the volunteers, namely social, nature value, instrumental, identification, and personal benefit. Whereas the social, nature value and personal benefit are factors also identified in the existing literature, the instrumental and identification factors add new perspectives to the motivation of environmental volunteers. We found that place attachment is an important driver, and that the chairpersons/coordinators of the grazing organizations especially emphasized the sharing of values and knowledge with their members as a driver. Lastly, volunteers were reluctant to support the idea of forming a more formal setup in terms of a “grazing organization union”.
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Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent. "Resistance against Conservation at the South African Section of Greater Mapungubwe (Trans)frontier." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 2 (August 2017): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200203.

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The need to increase the amount of land under nature conservation at the national and global levels has gained attention over the past three decades. However, there are mixed reactions among stakeholders in South Africa regarding the establishment and expansion of cross-border nature conservation projects. Whereas conservationists and other white private landowners are in support of nature conservation projects, some white farmers are resistant to releasing land for conservation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate historical and contemporary reasons for farmers' resistance to conservation and to analyse the consequences arising from that resistance for the consolidation of the core area of South Africa's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. The paper argues that consolidation of land to create such special areas is a social process shaped through local contestation over land, power, and belonging. The study draws on fieldwork material from the South African section of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.
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Störmer, Nuria, L. Chris Weaver, Greg Stuart-Hill, Richard W. Diggle, and Robin Naidoo. "Investigating the effects of community-based conservation on attitudes towards wildlife in Namibia." Biological Conservation 233 (May 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.033.

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Howell, Lachlan G., and John C. Rodger. "An examination of funding for terrestrial vertebrate fauna research from Australian federal government sources." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17037.

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Funding for research towards more effective conservation of Australian fauna is widely believed to be low. Publically available data were examined to determine the spread of wildlife projects supported for the period 2005–15 by Federal Government agencies responsible for research and/or environmental management funding and funding aimed at delivering innovation across relevant sectors. A word search method was used and projects categorised according to their relevance to conservation goals. Of the AU$7.2 billion invested by the Australian Research Council, 0.9% (AU$67.8 million) was in areas relevant to conservation. However, of this relatively modest funding, 40% of conservation projects addressed questions classified as highly relevant, and 11.4% dealt with Australia’s threatened terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Of the AU$2.5 billion grant investment by the Department of the Environment, 7.9% (AU$196.3 million) was relevant to fauna conservation but mainly for on-ground management (62.5%). However, 32.9% of projects were research highly relevant to conservation practice, and 18.8% dealt with Australia’s threatened terrestrial vertebrate fauna. The Cooperative Research Centres Program is a well funded system that has supported applied research relevant to wildlife conservation. However, the Program’s recent focus has been on commercial outcomes rather than the public good. The study provides support for the argument that greater investment by the Federal Government is needed if innovation in wildlife management is to have a solid evidence base.
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Seddon, Philip J., Pritpal S. Soorae, and Frédéric Launay. "Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projects." Animal Conservation 8, no. 1 (February 2005): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1367943004001799.

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Miles, Irene, William C. Sullivan, and Frances E. Kuo. "Psychological Benefits of Volunteering for Restoration Projects." Ecological Restoration 18, no. 4 (2000): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.18.4.218.

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Reiner, Rich, and Tom Griggs. "TNC Undertakes Riparian Restoration Projects in California." Ecological Restoration 7, no. 1 (1989): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.7.1.3.

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21

Cullen, Ross, Kenneth F. D. Hughey, Geoff Fairburn, and Emma Moran. "Economic analyses to aid nature conservation decision making." Oryx 39, no. 3 (May 25, 2005): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000773.

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Nature conservation can often be costly and the resources available are often less than are required. Resource allocations and expenditures for nature conservation have an opportunity cost in terms of foregone projects, but are rarely subjected to as much scrutiny as other public activities. Failure to apply economic tools to nature conservation decision making can result in errors in project selection, wasted use of scarce resources, and lower levels of conservation than it is possible to achieve from the resources available. In some instances where economics has been proposed for use in nature conservation research, the methodologies applied provide information that is of limited usefulness to decision makers. Non-market valuation has limited potential to help in nature conservation decision making, is costly to complete and should be supplanted by more useful techniques that focus on the cost and the payoff from nature conservation actions. In contrast, Cost Effectiveness Analysis and Cost Utility Analysis are practical tools that can provide valuable information for conservation decision makers and improve conservation achievement.
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Grip, Kjell, and Sven Blomqvist. "Marine nature conservation and conflicts with fisheries." Ambio 49, no. 7 (November 20, 2019): 1328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01279-7.

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AbstractGlobally, conflicts between marine nature conservation and fishery interests are common and increasing, and there is often a glaring lack of dialogue between stakeholders representing these two interests. There is a need for a stronger and enforced coordination between fishing and conservation authorities when establishing marine protected areas for conservation purposes. We propose that an appropriate instrument for such coordination is a broad ecosystem-based marine spatial planning procedure, representing neither nature conservation nor fishery. Strategic environmental assessment for plans and programmes and environmental impact assessment for projects are commonly used tools for assessing the environmental impacts of different human activities, but are seldom used for evaluating the environmental effects of capture fisheries. The diversity of fisheries and the drastic effects of some fisheries on the environment are strong arguments for introducing these procedures as valuable supplements to existing fisheries assessment and management tools and able to provide relevant environmental information for an overall marine spatial planning process. Marine protected areas for nature conservation and for protection of fisheries have different objectives. Therefore, the legal procedure when establishing marine protected areas should depend on whether they are established for nature conservation purposes or as a fisheries resource management tool. Fishing in a marine protected area for conservation purpose should be regulated according to conservation law. Also, we argue that marine protected areas for conservation purposes, in the highest protection category, should primarily be established as fully protected marine national parks and marine reserves.
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ADMIRAAL, JEROEN F., RIYAN J. G. VAN DEN BORN, ALMUT BERINGER, FLAVIA BONAIUTO, LAVINIA CICERO, JUHA HIEDANPÄÄ, PAUL KNIGHTS, et al. "Motivations for committed nature conservation action in Europe." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291700008x.

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SUMMARYDespite ongoing efforts to motivate politicians and publics in Europe regarding nature conservation, biodiversity continues to decline. Monetary valuation of ecosystem services appears to be insufficient to motivate people, suggesting that non-monetary values have a crucial role to play. There is insufficient information about the motivations of actors who have been instrumental in successful conservation projects. We investigated the motivations underlying these biodiversity actors using the ranking of cards and compared the results with the rankings of motivations of a second group of actors with more socially related interests. For both groups of actors, their action relating to biodiversity was supported in general by two groups of motivations related to living a meaningful life and moral values. The non-biodiversity actors also noted that their action relating to biodiversity rested more on beauty, place attachment and intrinsic values in comparison with their main non-biodiversity interests. Our results have implications for environmental policy and biodiversity conservation in that the current tendency of focusing on the economic valuation of biodiversity fails to address the motivations of successful actors, thereby failing to motivate nature conservation on an individual level.
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Nygren, Nina Viktoria, and Sanna Ojalammi. "Conservation education in zoos: A literature review." TRACE ∴ Journal for Human-Animal Studies 4 (November 28, 2017): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23984/fjhas.66540.

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Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive to educate the visitors on this subject. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken on conservation education in zoos. This overview performs a qualitative meta-analysis of the methodology, concepts and results of research articles on zoo visitors, particularly regarding learning, education and conservation. Our main finding is that most of the research uses quantitative methodologies and the qualitative, lived experiences of zoo visits remain under-researched. Based on the articles analyzed, “nature conservation” (the substance of conservation education in zoos) becomes implicitly defined as captive breeding and far-off conservation projects, distancing the visitors and their daily lives from nature and issues of conservation.
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Smith, Karl D. "Quality Standards for Restoration Projects: One Manager’s Experience." Ecological Restoration 4, no. 2 (1986): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.4.2.51.

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Smith, Elizabeth A. T. "URBAN REVISIONS: CURRENT PROJECTS FOR THE PUBLIC REALM." Landscape Journal 14, no. 1 (1995): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.14.1.125.

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Kalvelage, Linus, Javier Revilla Diez, and Michael Bollig. "Do Tar Roads Bring Tourism? Growth Corridor Policy and Tourism Development in the Zambezi region, Namibia." European Journal of Development Research 33, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): 1000–1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00402-3.

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AbstractThere are high aspirations to foster growth in Namibia’s Zambezi region via the development of tourism. The Zambezi region is a core element of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a mosaic of areas with varying degrees of protection, which is designed to combine nature conservation and rural development. These conservation areas serve as a resource base for wildlife tourism, and growth corridor policy aims to integrate the region into tourism global production networks (GPNs) by means of infrastructure development. Despite the increasing popularity of growth corridors, little is known about the effectiveness of this development strategy at local level. The mixed-methods approach suggests a link between a tandem of infrastructure development and tourism-oriented policies on the one hand, and increased value creation from tourism in the region on the other hand. Yet, the promises of tourism-driven development reach only a very limited number of rural residents.
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Lima, Flávia Pereira, José Norberto Muniz, and Paulo de Marco Júnior. "Evaluating Brazilian Conservation Projects: the Weak Link Between Practice and Theory." Natureza & Conservação 08, no. 01 (2010): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.00801006.

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Burke, Antje. "Vegetation types of mountain tops in Damaraland, Namibia." Biodiversity and Conservation 14, no. 6 (June 2005): 1487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-9788-x.

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Uehara, Takuro, Takahiro Tsuge, and Takahiro Ota. "Long-term evolution of preferences for conservation projects in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: a comprehensive analytic framework." PeerJ 6 (July 24, 2018): e5366. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5366.

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BackgroundThe long-term evolution of preferences for nature is crucial to conservation projects, given their targeted long-term horizons. Neglecting to account for this evolution could lead to undesirable human–nature relationships. This study compares the willingness to pay (WTP) for three coastal conservation projects in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, at two distant time points (1998 and 2015), and tests for temporal transferability. It also compares protest responses that are often overlooked in WTP practices, regardless of their utility for conservation projects.MethodsGiven the lack of a unanimous protocol for protest response analyses and their use in estimating WTP, we propose a comprehensive analytic framework that integrates the two.ResultsWe show that, while preferences for coastal ecosystem services were overall stable and temporarily transferable, the preferences for certain aspects of conservation projects considerably changed.DiscussionThis suggests the need to reconsider the projects’ scheme, not the ecosystem services themselves, along with the clarification of beneficiaries and those responsible for past destruction. We conclude by suggesting further studies with a focus on regions experiencing significant social-ecological changes, such as developing countries, by exploiting the rich asset of existing valuations. This could contribute to the database for more temporal-sensitive ecosystem service valuations utilized for benefit transfers.
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VIDYARATNE, HERATH. "EIA THEORIES AND PRACTICE: BALANCING CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SRI LANKA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 08, no. 02 (June 2006): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333206002414.

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This paper presents a study of the performance of the EIA cell of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka as a Project Approving Agency (PAA) according to the provisions of National Environmental Act (Amended) No. 56 of 1988. The study identifies and analyses efficiencies and failures of the EIA cell of the Ministry approving and monitoring 62 projects from the private sector and 30 projects from public sector in balancing concerns of nature and development. As a result recommendations to augment the capacities and efficiencies of EIA cell in approving and monitoring projects are made with reference to analyzing relevant policies, objectives and perceptions of line institutions and project proponents for balanced development.
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Leslie, Laura L., Cristina E. Velez, and Scott A. Bonar. "Utilizing Volunteers on Fisheries Projects." Fisheries 29, no. 10 (October 2004): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2004)29[10:uvofp]2.0.co;2.

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Muntifering, JR, MA Ditmer, S. Stapleton, R. Naidoo, and TH Harris. "Hartmann’s mountain zebra resource selection and movement behavior within a large unprotected landscape in northwest Namibia." Endangered Species Research 38 (March 28, 2019): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00941.

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SHEAIL, J., J. R. TREWEEK, and J. O. MOUNTFORD. "The UK transition from nature preservation to ‘creative conservation’." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 3 (September 1997): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000313.

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A half century has elapsed since the appointment of an official body, the Nature Conservancy, in 1949, and the beginnings of what might be described as the modern nature conservation movement in the UK. Whilst ecologists perceived the 'heritage of wild nature' to be largely the outcome of past land use, and that the nature reserves would have to be managed consciously if their wildlife interest were to be sustained, there was only the most rudimentary understanding of how this might be achieved. Drawing for the most part on projects affecting wetlands, the paper illustrates the early steps taken to bring greater scientific rigour to reserve management. Whilst the potential for habitat restoration was recognized, there was little opportunity for its practice in the intensively-farmed countryside until grant aid was made available for such purpose from the agricultural budget in the 1980s. Where nature conservation had begun to subsume nature preservation, some fifty years ago, notions of 'creative conservation' have similarly encouraged reassessment of the purpose and practice of wildlife-resource management. This time however the challenge is being met in both the wider countryside and the built environment.
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Dempsey, Benedict. "Everything under control? Comparing Knepp Estate rewilding project with ‘traditional’ nature conservation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): e0241160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241160.

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‘Rewilding’ is an increasingly prominent concept in conservation, but one that has attracted controversy. Debate frequently focuses on human ‘control’ over nature. ‘Traditional’ conservation has been presented as involving ‘high control,’ and rewilding as ‘low control.’ Opposition to rewilding often stems from a perceived lack of control and associated perception of increased risk and uncertainty. This paper explores the concept of control in conservation. I identify multiple dimensions of control (‘stabilisation’, ‘location’, ‘prediction’ and ‘outputs’), illustrating that control is not a simple, linear concept. I compare two ethnographic case studies: the Sussex Wildlife Trust’s Old Lodge nature reserve; and Knepp Estate, one of the most influential rewilding projects in the UK. I use them to test assertions made about control in ‘traditional’ conservation and ‘rewilding’. I outline how Old Lodge does not exert precise control in all respects, but involves elements of uncertainty and negotiation. I describe how Knepp’s model of rewilding reduces control in some dimensions but potentially increases it in others. I conclude that, while Knepp’s rewilding does represent a significant conceptual departure from ‘traditional’ conservation, it should not be characterised as an approach that reduces control in a simplistic way. Based on this analysis, I argue that reduction of control does not necessarily underpin the concept of rewilding. Rather, there is interplay between different control dimensions that combine to form multiple ‘configurations of control.’ Using a framework of ‘configurations of control’, debate about the place of rewilding in conservation can become less polarised, and instead involve an active discussion of what configuration of control is desired. This analysis has the potential to increase understanding of rewilding projects as part of plural conservation strategies, in the UK and globally.
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Pomeroy, Derek, Herbert Tushabe, and Richard Cowser. "Bird atlases – how useful are they for conservation?" Bird Conservation International 18, S1 (August 7, 2008): S211—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000397.

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AbstractIn this paper, we argue that bird atlases, and the databases from which they are produced, are becoming increasingly valuable resources – but only in some parts of the world. There is a striking lack of atlases for almost all of the world's species-rich areas, most notably tropical America and tropical Asia. Yet even comparatively modest data sets (we take Uganda as an example) can be used to create an atlas. Further, their data can yield interesting information with clear value for conservation planning. For instance, we can see that Uganda's main savanna parks are quite well-placed in relation to raptor species richness, whilst other species of conservation concern are less well covered. In contrast, the fine-scale data-rich atlas projects in many American and European countries provide detailed information of great value. Taking examples from England, we show some of their uses in planning both for physical developments and for conservation. Repeating atlas projects after an interval of several years highlights changing distributions and, increasingly, changing levels of abundance. We believe that every encouragement should be given to new (and repeat) atlasing projects - but most especially in the tropics.
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McCleery, Robert A., Roel R. Lopez, Louis A. Harveson, Nova J. Silvy, and R. Douglas Slack. "Integrating on-campus wildlife research projects into the wildlife curriculum." Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[802:iowrpi]2.0.co;2.

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38

Angula, Hilma N., Greg Stuart-Hill, David Ward, Greenwell Matongo, Richard W. Diggle, and Robin Naidoo. "Local perceptions of trophy hunting on communal lands in Namibia." Biological Conservation 218 (February 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.033.

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39

Lavoie, Maxime, Aurélie Renard, Justin A. Pitt, and Serge Larivière. "Vulpes chama (Carnivora: Canidae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 972 (July 5, 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez002.

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Abstract Vulpes chama (Smith, 1833), commonly called the Cape fox, is 1 of 11 species of Vulpes. It is the only species of Vulpes occurring in southern Africa, and is endemic to that region. It occurs in southern Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and southwestern Zimbabwe. V. chama is a slender-built fox and its pelage is silvery gray throughout, back of pinna is tawny, and white hairs occur in the front along pinna edge. It tends to occupy arid and semiarid open habitats and feeds mainly on small mammals and insects, but also consumes birds, small reptiles, and fruits. V. chama is not of conservation concern and is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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40

Cullen, R., G. A. Fairburn, and K. F. D. Hughey. "COPY: A new technique for evaluation of biodiversity protection projects." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 2 (1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990115.

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New Zealand, like many other countries, is troubled by introduced animal and plant species which attack, damage, or displace indigenous species. Considerable amounts of taxpayer funds are spent each year attempting to combat these invasive species and some research has been conducted into the "cost effectiveness" and the efficiency of various conservation activities. Research into the cost effectiveness of biodiversity protection projects is hindered by the absence of satisfactory measures of output. A new output measure, Conservation Output Protection Years (COPY) is proposed for use in a cost utility evaluation of biodiversity protection projects. This paper outlines this approach and reports on the use of COPY in evaluation of six New Zealand biodiversity protection projects. The paper demonstrates that COPY provides a practical output measure, and reports on the comparative output per dollar spent on each biodiversity protection project.
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41

Sutcliffe, Laura, John Akeroyd, Nat Page, and Razvan Popa. "Combining Approaches to Support High Nature Value Farmland in Southern Transylvania , Romania." Hacquetia 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2015-0011.

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Abstract The region of Tarnava Mare in Southern Transylvania contains extensive semi-natural open landscapes maintained by predominantly low-intensity farming, which is widespread in Romania and indeed many areas of Eastern Europe. Threats to these species-rich habitats from agricultural intensification and land abandonment have been increasing in recent years, to a large extent linked with Romania’s accession to the EU in 2007. At the same time, however, the opportunities for biodiversity conservation in the area have expanded. In 2008, the region became a Site of Community Importance (SCI) as part of the Natura 2000 network, and farmers have applied agri-environment schemes as part of the EU Common Agricultural Policy since 2006. Furthermore, the Tarnava Mare region has been the location of several EU and nationally funded projects combining research, practical and information measures. In this article, we review these various instruments from the practical perspective of an NGO that has been working since 2004 to support High Nature Value farmland and rural communities in this region. We focus on three major support measures - agri-environment schemes, Natura 2000, and publicly funded conservation projects - and consider their effects individually and collectively. We conclude that the presence of multiple instruments can have synergistic effects on the conservation of semi-natural open habitats such as HNV farmland, and that this overlap provides a certain amount of resilience: if one instrument fails, another may fill the gap. Cross-cutting projects combining research with activities to tackle the “problem” of the socio-economic undesirability of low-intensity farming as well as the “symptom” of the loss of HNV farmland are also particularly important in this context.
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42

Li, Chentao, Shuo Gao, and Li Xia. "Tourism development projects and nature loss on Xuedou Mountain, China." Oryx 55, no. 1 (January 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605320001192.

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43

STILES, DANIEL. "The ivory trade and elephant conservation." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001614.

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In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectively. Many southern African countries disagreed with the African elephant trade ban and have continued to argue against it since the mid-1980s. They maintain that their governments practise sound wildlife management policies and actions and, as a consequence, their national elephant populations have reached unsustainable size. They argue that they should not be penalized because other countries cannot manage their wildlife. Further, they say they need the proceeds from ivory and other by-product sales to finance conservation efforts. In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to auction off 50 tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 1999. Ivory trade opponents allege that this sale stimulated ivory demand, resulting in a surge of elephant poaching. Nevertheless, CITES voted again in 2002 to allow Botswana, Namibia and South Africa to auction off another 60 tonnes of ivory after May 2004. Trade opponents have launched an active campaign to prevent the sales, warning that they could provoke a renewed elephant holocaust. This paper reviews available quantitative evidence on ivory trade and elephant killing to evaluate the arguments of the ivory trade proponents and opponents. The evidence supports the view that the trade bans resulted generally in lower levels of ivory market scale and elephant poaching than prevailed prior to 1990. There is little evidence to support claims that the 1999 southern African ivory auctions stimulated ivory demand or elephant poaching. Levels of elephant poaching and illegal ivory trading in a country are more likely to be related to wildlife management practices, law enforcement and corruption than to choice of CITES appendix listings and consequent extent of trade restrictions. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade ban, but until demand for ivory can be restrained and various monitoring and regulation measures are put into place it is premature for CITES to permit ivory sales.
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44

Rajski, Pauline Victoria, and Panos Y. Papalambros. "INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A REVIEW OF SUCCESS FACTORS FROM A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 1867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.448.

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AbstractIntegrated Natural Resource and Conservation Development (INRCD) Projects is an umbrella term for a variety of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), a concept first introduced by the World Wide Fund for Nature in the mid 1980s to target practice-oriented efforts in developing countries; and Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) research and development projects introduced as adaptive management for fisheries, wildlife, forest, and rangeland to target analysis-oriented efforts in developing and developed countries. Both efforts seek to balance economic development and natural resource conservation. This paper reviews the literature over the past four decades in an attempt to determine which planning and execution methods lead to greater success. A thematic analysis revealed three broad areas of importance: community inclusion and income diversification, inadequate training and management, and inability to properly quantify data. A systems design optimization approach for such projects is advocated to support project decision making in these areas of importance.
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45

Moudon, Anne Vernez. "CITY SENSE AND CITY DESIGN, WRITINGS AND PROJECTS OF KEVIN LYNCH." Landscape Journal 15, no. 2 (1996): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.15.2.167.

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46

Crawford, Robert J. M., Jeremy H. M. David, Anthony J. Williams, and Bruce M. Dyer. "Competition for space: Recolonising seals displace endangered, endemic seabirds off namibia." Biological Conservation 48, no. 1 (1989): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90059-1.

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47

Sedash, T. N., E. B. Tyutyukina, and I. N. Lobanov. "Directions and Instruments of Green Projects Financing Within the Concept of Sustainable Development of the Economy." Economics, taxes & law 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-5-52-60.

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The subjects of the research are subjects for investments and instruments of investing in green projects. The importance of the research is determined by absence of effective financial economic mechanisms to attract investments into nature conservation projects in Russia to guarantee sustainable economic development. The purpose of the work is determining the major directions of financing nature conservation projects in Russia basing on the world trends in the sphere.The basic green investment directions in compliance with the UN goals of sustainable development, as well as with the perspective scenarios of world economy transition to eco (green) business are considered. The authors study the main instruments and levers to support private investors to finance green projects that can be government regulations, financing, crediting and risk mitigation. It is concluded that for Russia, the most energy consuming and natural resources intense productions (electric power and heat supply, natural resources extraction, transportation, IT and telecommunications, industrial infrastructure) are sectoral directions for green investments, while concessional lending and credit guarantees (for projects in processing and waste recycling, creating and introduction of energy efficient and eco technologies, in particular), issuing green bonds (here you need regulatory framework, government support mechanisms), creating green banks (with state participation and development institution involvement) can become the most important measures for private green projects investment stimulation.
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48

Anderson, Bertin. "Deep Tillage Aids Tree Establishment in Riparian Revegetation Projects in Arid Southwest." Ecological Restoration 6, no. 2 (1988): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.6.2.84.

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49

Poiani, Karen A., Rebecca L. Goldman, Jennifer Hobson, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, and Kara S. Nelson. "Redesigning biodiversity conservation projects for climate change: examples from the field." Biodiversity and Conservation 20, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9954-2.

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Melero, Yolanda. "Communication of flagship species in conservation: lessons from invasive management projects." Biodiversity and Conservation 26, no. 12 (June 15, 2017): 2973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1389-6.

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