Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nature routines'

There are increased ‘calls to reconnect humanity with the biosphere’ to respond to the current environmental crisis. The formative potential of nature experiences for individual’s development of connectedness with nature therefore requires attention. Specifically, connecting children with nature through nature experiences could be a leverage point for sustainable development. This thesis explores the temporal dimension of nature experiences, i.e. nature routines, for young children from a socialecological systems perspective. The views of experienced pedagogues in Swedish outdoors preschools are addressed. The results show that affective connectedness with nature develops in four general phases: being comfortable in nature, enjoy being in nature, caring for nature and oneness with nature, while experiential and cognitive connectedness with nature develop gradually. There is a progression in the pedagogically designed nature routines during the time at the preschool, as pedagogues facilitate relevant learning situations in nature to support the on-going development of children’s connectedness with nature. Nature routines are understood as generating enculturation on how to be and behave in nature. Furthermore, pedagogues’ functional classification of nature places highlights the pedagogical values of varying natural environments and biotopes near the preschool. Implications for urban planning could therefore be investigated further. Future research could also address the relevance of nature routines and the phases of affective connectedness with nature for other age groups.

Strong sustainability requires enhanced knowledge and understanding of complex social-ecological interactions, but it also implies a ‘novel’ conceptualization of the relationship between humans and nature, one in which individuals perceive themselves as embedded members of the Biosphere. The aim of this Licentiate thesis is to investigate the validity of a strategy that is centered on designing the urban green infrastructure to nurture such human-nature relationship in children’s attitudes. The research is framed by spatial cognition, conservation psychology, and social-ecological sustainability and it focuses on the validity of this strategy. Hence, the Licentiate analyzes how reoccurring experiences of nature that are situated in the everyday habitat (i.e. nature routines) affect personal human-nature attitudes and how these can be implemented as leverage points to change social-ecological systems using sustainable urbanism. Paper 1 tests the assumed link between the nature routines in Stockholm and preschool children’s development of cognitive and emotional affinity to nature. The results show that nature-rich routines over a period of four years are significantly correlated with the strength of preschooler’s affinity with nature. Paper 2 uses a mixed methods approach to evaluate changes in Connection To Nature (CTN) in 10 years olds who partake in a project of nature conservation. The results of Paper 2 show that there is an evaluative gap between theory and practice in connecting children with nature that impedes the evaluation of how children’s CTN changes over short periods of time and that impedes the creation of an evaluative framework for nature experiences. Paper 3 considers these empirical results in theorizing an approach to sustainable urban design based on social-ecological sustainability that includes CTN. In order to overcome existing limitations Paper 3 presents the concept of cognitive affordances as a theoretical tool to embed cognitive and emotional attitudes towards nature into the design of urban spaces. All combined these papers provide valid evidence that nature routines in cities, especially for children, can be a significant leverage point to enable future sustainable civilizations.

In the thesis of “Mohammed Aijaz Mohiuddin”, Engineering Nature-Inspired Heuristics for the Open Shortest Path First Weight Setting Problem, nature inspired heuristics were developed. Besides the existing two objectives, namely maximum utilization and the number of congested links, a third objective namely the number of unused links was used to formulate the fuzzy based objective function for the OSPFWS problem. The idea was to make use unused network links if any. Furthermore, a hybrid fuzzy based evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (FEPSO) algorithm was designed that harnessed evolutionary intelligence along with swarm intelligence. The proposed FEPSO algorithm was tested on different size test cases and its performance was mutually compared with other algorithms namely Simulated Annealing, Simulated Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization, Weighted Aggregation Particle Swarm Optimization, Pareto-dominance Particle Swarm Optimization and Non-dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm. Obtained results suggested the better performance of FEPSO among other algorithms over majority of test cases.
Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Computer Science
PhD
Unrestricted

Statistical classification techniques for natural-language call routing systems have matured to the point where it is possible to distinguish between several hundreds of semantic categories with an accuracy that is sufficient for commercial deployments. For category sets of this size, the problem of maintaining consistency among manually tagged utterances becomes limiting, as lack of consistency in the training data will degrade performance of the classifier. It is thus essential that the set of categories be structured in a way that alleviates this problem, and enables consistency to be preserved as the domain keeps changing. In this paper, we describe our experiences of using a two-level multi-slot semantics as a way of meeting this problem. Furthermore, we explore the ramifications of the approach with respect to classification, evaluation and dialogue design for call routing systems.

L'automobilisme et ses risques constituent un vaste système historiquement, socialement, culturellement et économiquement sédimenté. Ce processus de légitimation est analysé ici jusque dans ses expressions les plus contemporaines afin de mieux comprendre pourquoi le risque routier persiste à engendrer une très forte morbidité et mortalité en France. La démarche socio-anthropologique mise en œuvre dans cette thèse consiste à interpréter les accidents de la circulation routière dans leur interrelation avec les caractéristiques de l'époque dans laquelle ils se réalisent. Différentes tendances sociétales observées permettent en effet de formuler l'hypothèse selon laquelle la prégnance des technosciences et du libéralisme économique engendre une radicalisation des formes de violence en général et de violence routière en particulier. Autrement dit, la nature des comportements routiers et les accidents résulterait d'une adhésion toujours plus grande aux valeurs portées par le projet moderne. Les thèmes de la vitesse, de la prise de risque par les jeunes, ou encore du déni de responsabilité individuelle et collective seront plus particulièrement développés. Ce travail mobilise les théories classiques de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie, des travaux récents en matière de risques et d'insécurité routière, mais également, à des degrés divers, l'Histoire, la géographie, la philosophie, l'économie ou encore la psychanalyse. Il s'appuie en outre sur des travaux de terrain variés, réalisés principalement au moyen de méthodes qualitatives.

Des 2672 ponts à portées multiples de la province de Québec, plus de 60 % sont de type poutre longitudinale en béton armé ou en acier. De par leur âge avancé et le manque de dispositions de dimensionnement parasismique, ces ponts peuvent être vulnérables aux futurs événements sismiques. Dans le but de réduire le risque sismique et de prévenir l'in-terruption du réseau des transports, ce qui engendrerait de graves conséquences pour la province de Québec, cette étude propose le remplacement des appareils d'appui conven-tionnels habituellement utilisés au Québec par des isolateurs sismiques en caoutchouc naturel. La vulnérabilité de classes typiques de ponts réhabilités avec les dispositifs d'iso-lation sismique est évaluée à partir du développement de courbes de fragilité. Des analyses non linéaires temporelles avec des modèles analytiques détaillés ont été conduites autant pour les configurations typiques des ponts continus (MSC) que pour des ponts simplement appuyés (MSSS) à portées multiples. La comparaison entre la fragilité des ponts tels que construits et des ponts isolés a aussi été menée. Les courbes de fragilité pour les ponts réhabilités constituent un outil puissant pour l'évaluation de l'impact d'une méthode de réhabilitation sur la performance des différentes classes des ponts et soutiennent la décision de priorisation pour la réhabilitation des structures déficientes. En utilisant les principes de l'analyse statistique des essais, une étude analytique de sensibilité a révélé que les para-mètres qui influencent le plus la réponse des composantes critiques des ponts du type MSC et MSSS sont : la rigidité effective des isolateurs sismiques, la rigidité des culées et l'écart entre le tablier et les culées, et aussi des variations dé la géométrie des différentes classes de ponts et la variabilité du contenu fréquentiel des tremblements de terre. Cette étude de sensibilité semble indiquer que la variation des propriétés de certains paramètres tels que l'amortissement structural, la masse du pont et l'angle de biais peut avoir un impact sur la réponse des ponts considérés et ces paramètres doivent être examinés attentivement lors de l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique des portfolios de ponts de types MSC et MSSS. Une étude comparative pour évaluer l'impact de l'isolation sismique dans la réponse des composantes critiques des ponts en béton armé de types MSC et MSSS a été réalisée en utilisant une série de tremblements de terre artificiels compatibles avec un aléa sismique de risque uniforme avec une probabilité de dépassement de 2 % en 50 ans. L'utilisation d'isolateurs sismiques s'est montrée efficace pour la réduction de la demande en courbure dans les colonnes, mais elle a un impact négatif sur la demande en déformation au niveau des murs des culées, considérant qu'aucun dispositif spécial n'est mis en place pour tenir compte des écarts minimaux pour les ponts isolés. Des résultats d'essais réalisés sur des isolateurs sismiques carrés de différents facteurs de forme et tailles ont été utilisés pour tenir compte de l'incertitude dans leurs propriétés mécaniques. Des essais de stabilité ont été réalisés sur des isolateurs sismiques moyennement élancés et un modèle par éléments finis, calibré sur les résultats expérimentaux, a permis la détermination des états limites de capacité des isolateurs sismiques en caoutchouc naturel. La comparaison de la fragilité des composantes clés du système a été effectuée et les résultats révèlent que, grâce à l'isolation sismique, une diminution significative de la probabilité de dommage pour les colonnes et les fondations a été observée. Cependant, à cause du manque d'écart suffisant entre les tabliers et les murs en aile des culées, la probabilité de dommage de cette composante a été augmentée et elle contrôle la fragilité du système pour toutes les classes de ponts évaluées. Généralement, les ponts en béton armé sont plus vulnérables que les ponts en acier. Ceci est dû à la plus grande masse de la superstructure impliquée dans la réponse sismique. Les résultats de cette recherche peuvent être utilisés pour établir des cartes de risque régionales, comme aide à la priorisation pour la réhabilitation, et ils constituent la base des analyses des coûts et bénéfices pour la réhabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to examine how different county boards in Sweden work with ecological compensation in case of intrusion in wetland habitats. The study also aimed to see if their work differ from each other or if they use similar processing routines. The study was performed by using a questionnaire which was sent out to three county boards in Sweden (Västerbotten, Gävleborg and Skåne). The questionnaire contained questions about wetland presence and exploitation of wetlands in the county, if/ how the county boards applied ecological compensation in case of intrusion in wetland habitats and lastly the county board’s own perception of ecological compensation as a tool. The results showed that the use of ecological compensation was very limited, Skåne was the only one that has demanded ecological compensation in matters regarding intrusion in wetland habitats. This was due to several factors, including an overall low interest from businesses to exploit wetlands, the high value of wetlands which often led to rejections of the applications and also some difficulty to demand ecological compensation with the support by the law that was being used. However, all three county boards thought of ecological compensation as a good tool to use at intrusion in wetland habitats. In the future we might see a better use of ecological compensation due to the new legislative changes that are being discussed today and that would make it easier to demand compensation.

This study seeks to expand the scope of assimilation theory by integrating it with elements of routine activities theory to better understand what influence assimilation has in regard to violent victimization. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not differences in victimization rates between foreign-born and native-born Hispanic youth are related to variations in emotional guardianship. Emotional guardianship refers to the aspect of relationships (i.e., affection and communication) between Hispanic youth and their parents that serve to protect the youth from being victimized. I hypothesize that foreign-born Hispanics have greater emotional guardianship than native-born Hispanics, and as a result foreign-born Hispanics have lower probabilities of victimization. To test this hypothesis and others, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is utilized, as it provides data about the various aspects of assimilation (e.g., country of birth, language spoken at home), routine activities (e.g., sports, clubs, and family outings), and emotional guardianship (e.g., communication of problems, expectations, and satisfaction of parental bond), which are each believed to contribute to the likelihood of being victimized.

Natives in Canada suffer from high rates of morbidity and mortality in comparison to the Canadian population. Investigation of this inequity has been hampered by a lack of valid health statistics on native populations. This thesis assesses native mortality through a study of three potential sources of native mortality statistics using routinely collected data. Objectives were to: (1) Measure mortality indicators using a computerized record linkage of government Indian administrative records with the Canada Mortality Database. (2) Compare native mortality indicators based on the linked files, on-reserve deaths, and Medical Services Branch native client files. (3) Relate mortality amongst natives with respect to the Canadian population. (4) Determine if there is a contribution of "rural" living to native mortality. The record linkage includes deaths recorded with DIAND as occurring in 1981. The average annual mortality rate for the two other native files and comparison populations are derived from 1979-1983 records. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

L'Internet des Objets (IdO) est généralement perçu comme l'extension de l'Internet actuel à notre monde physique. Il interconnecte un grand nombre de capteurs / actionneurs, référencés comme des objets, sur Internet. Face aux importants défis imposés par l'hétérogénéité des dispositifs et l'énorme trafic généré, la pile protocolaire actuelle TCP / IP va atteindre ses limites. Le réseau centré sur l'information (ICN) a récemment reçu beaucoup d'attention comme une nouvelle architecture Internet qui a un grand potentiel pour être adoptée dans un système IdO. Le paradigme ICN forme la future architecture Internet qui s’est contrée sur les données elles-mêmes plutôt que sur leurs emplacements dans le réseau. Il s'agit d'un passage d'un modèle de communication centrée sur l'hôte vers un système centré sur le contenu en se basant sur des noms de contenu uniques et indépendants de la localisation, la mise en cache dans le réseau et le routage basé sur les noms. Grâce à ses avantages pertinents, l'ICN peut être un framework viable pour soutenir l’IdO, interconnectant des milliards d'objets contraints hétérogènes. En effet, ICN permet l'accès facile aux données et réduit à la fois le délai de récupération et la charge des requêtes sur les producteurs de données. Parmi plusieurs architectures ICN, le réseau de données nommées (NDN) est considéré comme l'architecture ICN appropriée pour les systèmes IdO. Néanmoins, de nouveaux problèmes ont apparu et s'opposent aux ambitions visées dans l'utilisation de la philosophie ICN dans les environnements IdO. En fait, nous avons identifié trois défis majeurs. Étant donné que les périphériques IdO sont habituellement limités en termes de ressources avec des limitations sévères de l'énergie, de la mémoire et de la puissance de traitement, les techniques de mise en cache en réseau doivent être optimisées. En outre, les données IdO sont transitoires et sont régulièrement mises à jour par les producteurs, ce qui impose des exigences strictes pour maintenir la cohérence des données mises en cache. Enfin, dans un scénario IdO, les objets sont souvent mobiles et nécessitent des stratégies pour maintenir leurs accessibilités. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une stratégie de mise en cache optimale qui considère les contraintes des périphériques. Ensuite, nous présentons un nouveau mécanisme de cohérence de cache pour surveiller la validité des contenus mis en cache dans un environnement IdO. En outre, pour améliorer l'efficacité de la mise en cache, nous proposons également une politique de remplacement du cache qui vise à augmenter les performances du système et à maintenir la validité des données. Enfin, nous introduisons un nouveau routage basé sur les noms pour les réseaux NDN / IdO afin de prendre en charge la mobilité des producteurs.Nous simulons et comparons nos propositions à plusieurs propositions pertinentes sous un réseau IdO de trafic réel. Nos contributions présentent de bonnes performances du système en termes de taux de réduction du chemin parcouru par les requêtes, de taux de réduction du nombre des requêtes satisfaites par les serveur, du délai de la réponse et de perte des paquets, de plus, la stratégie de mise en cache offre un faible coût de cache et finalement la validité du contenu est considérablement améliorée grâce au mécanisme de cohérence
The Internet of Things (IoT) is commonly perceived as the extension of the current Internet to our physical world. It interconnects an unprecedented number of sensors/actuators, referred as things, to the Internet. Facing the important challenges imposed by devices heterogeneity and the tremendous generated traffic, the current Internet protocol suite has reached its limits. The Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has recently received a lot of attention as a potential Internet architecture to be adopted in an IoT ecosystem. The ICN paradigm is shaping the foreseen future Internet architecture by focusing on the data itself rather than its hosting location. It is a shift from a host-centric! communication model to a content-centric one supporting among! others unique and location-independent content names, in-network caching and name-based routing. By leveraging the easy data access, and reducing both the retrieval delay and the load on the data producer, the ICN can be a viable framework to support the IoT, interconnecting billions of heterogeneous constrained objects. Among several ICN architectures, the Named Data Networking (NDN) is considered as a suitable ICN architecture for IoT systems. Nevertheless, new issues have emerged slowing down the ambitions besides using the ICN paradigm in IoT environments. In fact, we have identified three major challenges. Since IoT devices are usually resource-constrained with harsh limitations on energy, memory and processing power, the adopted in-network caching techniques should be optimized. Furthermore, IoT data are transient and frequently updated by the producer which imposes stringent requirements to maintain cached data freshness. Finally, in IoT scenario, devices are ! frequently mobile and IoT applications require keeping data continuity. In this thesis, we propose a caching strategy that considers devices constraints. Then, we introduce a novel cache freshness mechanism to monitor the validity of cached contents in an IoT environment. Furthermore, to improve caching efficiency, we also propose a cache replacement policy that targets to raise the system performances and maintain data freshness. Finally, we introduce a novel name-based routing for NDN/IoT networks to support the producer mobility. We simulate and compare our proposals to several relevant schemes under a real traffic IoT network. Our schemes exhibit good system performances in terms of hop reduction ratio, server hit reduction ratio, response latency and packet loss, yet it provides a low cache cost and significantly improves the content validity

Lors des récentes crues "éclair" survenues dans le sud de la France, la submersion des routes est apparue comme un problème majeur : 1) c'est une source importante de danger pour les automobilistes, 2) les services de secours doivent connaître en permanence l'état du réseau. Il est donc crucial de déterminer les points du réseau routier susceptibles d'être submergés lors de tels événements. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer les bases d'un outil de prévision de ces coupures de routes. Le département du Gard, exposé à ce risque, est pris comme terrain d'étude. De plus, il bénéficie d'un inventaire des routes ayant connu une submersion lors des quarante dernières années. Celui-ci a montré que l'ensemble du réseau routier pouvait être touché, les ouvrages de franchissement étant très souvent à l'origine de ces débordements. Notre approche s'est décomposée en trois étapes. D'abord la vulnérabilité structurelle des points de coupure, liée à la position de la route dans son environnement, ainsi qu'aux caractéristiques du bassin versant amont, a été étudiée. Pour cela, nous avons analysé l'ensemble de l'information géographique disponible pour caractériser, puis évaluer cette vulnérabilité. Ensuite, l'aléa a été quantifié. Un modèle pluie-débit semi-distribué a été utilisé pour simuler les crues des bassins versants de tous les points de coupure identifiés. Enfin, ces deux informations de niveau de sensibilité (vulnérabilité) et de débit simulé (aléa) ont été combinées pour évaluer le risque de coupure affecté à chaque prévision de point de coupure. Cette approche a été validée avec succès sur cinq événements récents pour lesquels des cartes d'état du réseau routier avaient été établies.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Os Modelos da Onda CinemÃtica e da Onda Difusiva foram aplicados em um rio natural, para estudar a propagaÃÃo de uma onda de cheia neste corpo hÃdrico. Esses modelos sÃo derivaÃÃes do Modelo da Onda DinÃmica, a partir de simplificaÃÃes nas EquaÃÃes de Saint Venant, onde alguns termos sÃo desprezados. No processo de soluÃÃo das equaÃÃes diferenciais, pertinentes aos modelos, foi usado o MÃtodo das DiferenÃas Finitas, sendo que o esquema de aproximaÃÃo explicita foi aplicado para a onda cinemÃtica, enquanto que o esquema de aproximaÃÃo implÃcita foi aplicado para a onda difusiva. Para esta pesquisa, um programa computacional, em linguagem FORTRAN, foi desenvolvido e permitiu que viÃrias simulaÃÃes fossem realizadas, para diferentes cenÃrios encontrados nos rios naturais. Estudos para verificar a sensibilidade dos modelos, com respeito aos parÃmetros hidrÃulicos da bacia, foram realizados. TambÃm foi verificada a influÃncia da linearizaÃÃo das equaÃÃes diferenciais, que compÃem os modelos, nÃs cÃlculos das variÃveis de controle. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo da onda cinemÃtica à mais sensÃvel ao coeficiente de rugosidade das paredes do canal, enquanto que o modelo da onda difusiva à mais sensÃvel para parÃmetros da declividade de fundo do canal, onde este parÃmetro atua diretamente no processo de amortecimento da onda em propagaÃÃo. Os resultados mostraram ainda que, para os cenÃrios usados nas simulaÃÃes, o processo de linearizaÃÃo das equaÃÃes diferenciais nÃo afeta, consideravelmente, a soluÃÃo dos modelos.

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This work consists on the study of two important problems arising from the operations of petroleum and natural gas industries. The first problem the pipe dimensioning problem on constrained gas distribution networks consists in finding the least cost combination of diameters from a discrete set of commercially available ones for the pipes of a given gas network, such that it respects minimum pressure requirements at each demand node and upstream pipe conditions. On its turn, the second problem the piston pump unit routing problem comes from the need of defining the piston pump unit routes for visiting a number of non-emergent wells in on-shore fields, i.e., wells which don t have enough pressure to make the oil emerge to surface. The periodic version of this problem takes into account the wells re-filling equation to provide a more accurate planning in the long term. Besides the mathematical formulation of both problems, an exact algorithm and a taboo search were developed for the solution of the first problem and a theoretical limit and a ProtoGene transgenetic algorithm were developed for the solution of the second problem. The main concepts of the metaheuristics are presented along with the details of their application to the cited problems. The obtained results for both applications are promising when compared to theoretical limits and alternate solutions, either relative to the quality of the solutions or to associated running time
Este trabalho consiste do estudo de dois importantes problemas oriundos das opera??es das ind?strias de petr?leo e g?s natural. O primeiro problema do dimensionamento de dutos em uma rede urbana de distribui??o de g?s natural consiste em encontrar a combina??o de di?metros de menor custo, a partir de um conjunto de op??es comercialmente dispon?veis, para os dutos de uma dada rede de distribui??o de g?s, de forma a respeitar requisitos de press?o m?nima em cada n? de demanda e condi??es de upstream. Por sua vez, o segundo problema do roteamento da unidade m?vel do pistoneio decorre da necessidade de se definir as rotas de visita??o da dita unidade m?vel do pistoneio aos diversos po?os n?o surgentes do campo de explora??o, ou seja, po?os que n?o possuem press?o suficiente para fazer o ?leo emergir ? superf?cie. A vers?o peri?dica do problema leva em considera??o a equa??o de re-enchimento dos po?os, de forma a possibilitar um planejamento mais acurado num horizonte de tempo maior. Al?m da formula??o matem?tica dos dois problemas, para a solu??o do primeiro foram desenvolvidos um algoritmo exato e uma busca tabu e para o segundo, um limite superior e um algoritmo transgen?tico ProtoGene. Os principais conceitos das metaheur?sticas s?o apresentados, juntamente com os detalhes da aplica??o destas aos problemas citados. Os resultados obtidos para ambas as aplica??es s?o promissores quando comparados com limites te?ricos e solu??es alternativas, tanto relativamente ? qualidade das solu??es como ao tempo computacional envolvido

Family conversation between homes is difficult to initiate at mutually agreeable times as neither participant has exact knowledge of the other's activities or intentions. Whether calling to plan an important family gathering or simply to connect with family members, the question is: Is now a good time to call? People expect friends and family to learn their activity patterns and to minimize interruptions when calling. Can technology provide awareness cues to the caller, even prior to the initiation of the call? This research focuses on sampling the everyday activities of home life to determine environmental factors, which may serve as an indicator for availability. These external factors may be effective for identifying household routines of availability and useful in determining when to initiate conversation across homes. Several workplace studies have shown a person's interruptibility can be reliably assessed and modeled from specific environmental cues; this work looks for similar predictive power in the home. Copresence, location, and activity in the home were investigated as correlates to availability and for their effectiveness within the social protocol of family conversation. These studies indicate there are activities that can be sensed, either in real-time or over some time span, that correlate to self-reported availability. However, the type and amount of information shared is dependent upon individual preferences, social accessibility, and patterns of activities. This research shows friends and family can improve their predictions of when to call if provided additional context, and suggests that abstract representations of either routines or explicit availability status is sufficient and may be preferred by providers. Availability prediction is feasible in the home and useful to those outside the home, but the level of detail to provide in particular situations needs further study. This work has implications for the development of groupware systems, the automatic sensing of activity to deal with interruption, and activity recognition in the home.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程研究所
99
As the manufacturing process advances, the size of integrated circuits has shrunk into the 32 nm. Lithography process encounters a bottleneck due to printability and manufacturability issues. Recently, double patterning lithography（DPL）has been proposed for the most feasible solution for sub-32-nm node process. To increase the half-pitch resolution and improve depth of focus, DPL decomposes a layout into two masks by using current infrastructures. The conflict of DPL means that a layout cannot be decomposed completely, and then the un-decomposable pattern must be partitioned into two sub-patterns. These two sub-patterns should be assigned to different masks and connected to each other. The touching edge of sub-patterns is called stitch. If there is no enough space to insert a stitch for the un-decomposable pattern, a native conflict is generated. A layout with native conflicts will result in layout modification. The current researches focus on reducing the number of stitches and the number of native conflicts in the post layout phase or detailed routing phase. Since the layout is more and more complicated, considering DPL before detailed routing and alleviating the loading in detailed routing will be a challenge. In this thesis, we propose a method to consider DPL in track routing. Besides, we propose a pseudo pin technique to avoid generating a lot of native conflicts in track routing and predict the traces of detailed routing. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only minimizes the number of native conflicts significantly, but also reduces wirelength.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
97
Earthquakes often cause great damage to the transportation infrastructure of the disaster area that isolated the residents of the disaster area. The first priority should be planning emergency repair schedule to repair the damaged transportation infrastructure otherwise food, water, rescue equipment and repair team can not enter the disaster area. Rescuing effort will also be delayed causing immeasurable loss of life and properties. This research studies the repair schedule with minimized total repair time of damaged transportation system after natural disasters. This problem is a variance of standard vehicle routing problem with time windows. A mixed integer optimization model is also built and a meta-heuristics which consists of tour construction and tour improvement procedure is developed. Tour improvement is based on ant colony system combined with 1-1 exchange method to construct the best repair sequence of each disaster node. Finally, twelve test problems are examined for the purpose of this study, and then recommendations are made from the analysis of those test problems.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Computer Science and Engineering.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11842

A Intervenção Precoce é uma área científica que evidencia uma evolução muito significativa em poucos anos. A mudança de paradigma – do modelo centrado na criança para o modelo centrado na família – implica novos contextos e formas de prestação de serviços, sendo prática recomendada na atualidade – a intervenção em contextos naturais. Este trabalho surge assim com o objetivo de realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre esta temática: Intervenção Precoce em contextos naturais. Pretendeu-se discutir o conceito e a sua importância no panorama atual, diversos instrumentos, modelos e propostas de intervenção, bem como resultados de investigações conduzidas a nível internacional e nacional. No seio dos contextos naturais surge um conceito ainda mais específico designado como rotinas, merecendo papel de destaque pela sua relevância, num trabalho de base ecológica. Aprofundamos mais especificamente, o tema das rotinas em contexto familiar e das rotinas em contexto educativo pois o contexto educativo e domiciliário são dos contextos naturais mais referidos na literatura em crianças entre os 0 e os 6 anos de idade. A literatura científica demonstrou, de forma clara, que as rotinas que acontecem nos contextos naturais da criança são mais eficazes para apoiar e sustentar o trabalho em intervenção precoce. Concluímos ainda que é uma área que carece de investigação, tanto em termos internacionais como nacionais, estando, o nosso país mais focado no desenvolvimento e investigação de intervenções baseadas nas rotinas em contexto domiciliário do que em contexto educativo.
Early intervention is a scientific area that shows a significant progress in a few years. The paradigm shift - from child-centered intervention to family-centered intervention relates to new contexts and ways of providing services, according to EI Recommended Practices - EI intervention in natural contexts. This study main goal was to carry out a review of scientific literature about this subject: Early Intervention in natural contexts. We intended to discuss the concept and its importance, different instruments, and proposals for intervention, as well as the results from research conducted at national and international level. Within the natural contexts literature, we identified another current and important concept designated as routines that we study deeply for its relevance in an ecological groundwork. So we analyzed the routines in the family context and routines in an educational more relevant for children aged 0 to 6 years old. The scientific literature has demonstrated clearly that the routines that take place in the child's natural environments are most effective to support and sustain the work in early intervention. We also concluded that this an area that needs more research, both internationally and at national level. In Portugal routines based intervention (at home) shows more interest and development comparing to activity based intervention more adequate for the educational context.

Uncertainty surrounds the understanding of natural variability in hydrologic extremes such as droughts and floods and how these events are projected to change in the future. This thesis leverages Global Climate Model (GCM) data to analyse 738 year streamflow scenarios in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin. Streamflow scenarios include a 500 year stationary period and future projections forced by two forcing scenarios. Fifty three GCM simulations are evaluated for performance in reproducing observed runoff characteristics. Runoff from a subset of nine simulations is routed to generate naturalized streamflow scenarios. Quantile mapping is then applied to reduce volume bias while maintaining the GCM’s sequencing of events. Results show evidence of future increases in mean annual streamflow and evidence that mean monthly streamflow variability has decreased from stationary conditions and is projected to decrease further into the future. There is less evidence of systematic change in droughts and floods.
May 2016

The routing of the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline plays an important role in the future energy security of the European Union. The natural gas pipeline is planned to run from the natural gas fields in the Caspian Sea through Turkey. This project is a case study for a Geographic Information System (GIS) least-cost route analysis of a section of the proposed pipeline in Western Turkey. The route analysis comprised of weighting multiple types of criteria in a compiled risk assessment map that was analyzed by a least-cost algorithm to display the least hazardous route through the study area. Multiple varieties of criteria were considered such as, lithology, slope of terrain, environmental and social risk factors, e.g. proximity to natural reserves and urban centers, to provide the least hazardous route through the region. The derived least cost paths were more efficient than the proposed route in the relative cost associated with each route.

The dynamic wave model (the complete form of the saint-Venant equations), as applied to flow routing in irrigation canals or flood routing in natural channels, is associated with parameter and model uncertainties. The parameter uncertainty arises due to imprecision in the estimation of Manning’s n used for calculating the friction slope (sf) in the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model. Accurate estimation of n is difficult due to its dependence on several channel and flow characteristics. The model uncertainty of the dynamic wave model arises due to difficulty in applying the momentum equation to curved channels, as it is a vector equation. The one-dimensional form of the momentum equation is derived assuming that the longitudinal axis of the channel is a straight line, so that the net force vector is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces involved. Curved channel reaches have to be discretized into small straight sub-reaches while applying the momentum equation. Otherwise, two- or three-dimensional forms of the momentum equation need to be adopted. A main objective of the study presented in the thesis is to develop a fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM), which is capable of overcoming the parameter and model uncertainties of the dynamic wave model mentioned above, specifically for problems of flow routing in irrigation canals and flood routing in natural channels. It has been demonstrated earlier in literature that the problem of parameter uncertainty in infiltration models can be addressed by replacing the momentum equation by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The FDWM is developed by adopting the same methodology: i.e. By replacing the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on fuzzification of a new equation for wave velocity, to account for the model uncertainty and backwater effects. A fuzzy dynamic wave routing model (FDWRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flow routing in irrigation canals. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that inertia dominated gravity wave predominates in irrigation canal flows. Development of the FDWRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDWRM is tested by applying it to cases of hypothetical flow routing in a wide rectangular channel and also to a real case of flow routing in a field canal. For the cases of hypothetical flow routing in the wide rectangular channel, the FDWRM results match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave model; but the accuracy of the results reduces with increase in backwater effects. For the case of flow routing in the field canal, the FDWRM outputs match well with measured data and also are much better than those of the INM. A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flood routing in natural channels. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that monoclinal waves prevail during floods in natural channels. The natural channel reach is discredited into a number of approximately uniform sub-reaches and the fuzzy rule based model for each sub-reach is obtained using the discharge (q)–area (a) relationship at its mean section, based on the kleitz-seddon principle. Development of the FDFRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDFRM is tested by applying it to cases of flood routing in fictitious channels and to flood routing in a natural channel, which is described in the HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center – river analysis system) application guide. For the cases of flood routing in the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with the INM results. For the case of flood routing in the natural channel, optimized fuzzy rule based models are derived using a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, to take the heterogeneity of the channel sub-reaches into account. The resulting FDFRM outputs are found to be comparable to the HEC-RAS outputs. Also, in literature, the dynamic wave model has been applied in the inverse direction for the development of centralized control algorithms for irrigation canals. In the present study, a centralized control algorithm based on inversion of the fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM) is developed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing centralized control algorithms. A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm (FDWMIA) is developed for this purpose, based on the inversion of the FDWM. The FDWMIA is tested by applying it to two canal control problems reported in literature: the first problem deals with water level control in a fictitious canal with a single pool and the second, with water level control in a real canal with a series of pools (ASCE Test Canal 2). In both cases, the FDWMIA results are comparable to those of the existing centralized control algorithms.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação na área de especialização de necessidades educativas especiais apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Ao longo das últimas décadas tem-se verificado uma grande evolução no âmbito da intervenção precoce na infância (IPI), e nos últimos anos, a educação e os cuidados na primeira infância ganharam uma posição de destaque na agenda europeia. A comunidade internacional reconheceu o valor da IPI para crianças vulneráveis e suas famílias. Em todo o mundo, famílias, profissionais, organizações da sociedade civil e governos defendem a melhoria dos serviços prestados à primeira infância em todos os setores – saúde, educação, proteção e ação social. Em Portugal, apesar de ser um dos poucos países com legislação específica para a IPI – Decreto-Lei n.º 281/2009, que criou o sistema nacional de intervenção precoce na infância – SNIPI a existência simultânea de dois normativos para as crianças dos 3-6 anos (Decreto-Lei n.º 3/2008), um longo e complexo caminho se tem vindo a verificar na implementação das práticas recomendadas O nosso trabalho enquadra-se nas linhas de investigação nacional e internacional, no âmbito dos estudos da avaliação de programas de intervenção precoce na infância, avaliação das perceções de pais e profissionais sobre os serviços de intervenção precoce e perspetiva de intervenção centrada na família e nos contextos, bem como a análise de práticas. O estudo foi realizado no distrito de Lisboa e nele participaram 36 profissionais e 36 famílias. A recolha de dados foi iniciada depois da autorização da Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados, e da declaração de consentimento informado assinada pelos pais. As questões de investigação colocadas no âmbito do estudo empírico decorrem de quatro objetivos: ! Comparar as perceções das famílias e dos profissionais sobre as práticas nos diferentes contextos de atendimento; ! Comparar as perceções sobre a importância que as famílias e os profissionais atribuem às práticas nos diferentes contextos de atendimento; ! Observar e analisar as práticas de IPI em diferentes contextos de prestação de serviços – equipa local de intervenção (domicílio, creche e jardim de infância) e educação especial do Ministério da Educação e Ciência (jardim de infância) ; Análise de Práticas no Âmbito das Equipas Locais de Intervenção e da Educação Especial Um estudo comparativo! ! x ! Avaliar em qual dos contextos, estas práticas se adequam ao modelo de intervenção centrado na família. Usamos como instrumentos a Family Focused Intervention Scale de Mahoney, O’Sullivan e Dennenbaum (1990) adaptada por Pimentel (2003a), para avaliar as perceções dos pais e a Inclusive Classroom Profile de Soukakou (2007), traduzida e adaptada provisoriamente por Corval et al, (2012), que serviu de base à grelha de observação. Os resultados obtidos revelam que, na generalidade, os nossos resultados são muito semelhantes aos obtidos por (Pimentel, 2003b, 2005), não se evidenciando práticas centradas na família, nem a participação da mesma no processo de intervenção. No estudo de observação, de caráter qualitativo, foram muito poucos os casos em que pudemos observar práticas que vão ao encontro destas recomendações internacionais. No que diz respeito à intervenção centrada nos contextos naturais, os dados obtidos permitiram-nos concluir que, mesmo quando o apoio é dado dentro da sala, nem sempre as atividades que aí decorrem nem as rotinas da sala/colegas são aproveitadas pelos profissionais de apoio, não podendo por isso falar-se em intervenção baseada nas rotinas e nos contextos naturais de aprendizagem.
Throughout the last decades, there has been a significant evolution in the field of Early Childhood Intervention (ECI), and, in recent years, early childhood education and care have gained an outstanding position on the European agenda. The international community recognised the value of ECI to vulnerable children and their families. All over the world, professionals, families, civil society organisations and governments want an improvement in the quality of services provided to early childhood in every sector – health, education, protection and social action. Portugal is one of the few countries having specific legislation for ECI, - Decree-Law 281/2009, which created the National Early Childhood Intervention System of ECI (NECIS). Nevertheless, implementation of recommended practices has not been easy. We think that the simultaneous existence of two normative documents for 3 to 6 year-old children (Decree-Law 3/2008) may be a barrier to that implementation. Our work fits into the national and international lines of research, in what concerns the of ECI programmes evaluation studies, the evaluation of parents’ and professionals’ perceptions about the ECI services, and analysis of professional practices in what concerns family and contexts-centred intervention. The study was conducted in the district of Lisboa and it had the participation of 36 professionals and 36 families. The data collection was initiated after the approval of the National Commission for Data Protection and the informed consent document signed by the parents. The main goals of the research were: ! To compare families’ and professionals’ perceptions about the practices in different contexts of service provision; ! To compare the perceptions about the importance that families and professionals give to the practices in different contexts of service provision; ! To observe and to analyse the practices of ECI in different contexts of service provision – Local Intervention Teams (home, day nursery and kindergarten) and Special Education of the Ministry of Education and Science (kindergarten); ! To evaluate in which of the contexts these practices are similar to the family-centred intervention model. We used the Family Focused Intervention Scale by Mahoney, O’Sullivan e Dennenbaum (1990) adapted by Pimentel (2003a) to evaluate parents’ and professionals’ perceptions, and Inclusive Classroom Profile by Soukakou (2007), translated and provisionally adapted by Corval et al, (2012) which served as a basis for the observation chart. Our results are very similar to those obtained by Pimentel (2003b, 2005), as there is no evidence of family-centred practices nor the participation of the family in the intervention process. In the qualitative observation study, there were very few cases in which we could observe practices that address the international recommendations. Concerning intervention in natural contexts, data allowed us to conclude that, even when the support is given inside the classroom or at home, the activities that take place in those settings or the routines of the classroom/classmates are not harnessed by the professionals. Therefore, we cannot talk about intervention based on routines and natural contexts of learning.

A Abordagem Baseada nas rotinas é preconizada na intervenção precoce, pois valoriza as rotinas das crianças nos contextos naturais e com os cuidadores de maior afeto, sendo também as Práticas Centradas na Família um pilar desta abordagem. Esta investigação procurou auscultar os Terapeutas da Fala (TF) portugueses sobre a Abordagem Baseada nas Rotinas, recolhendo a sua perceção sobre a mesma e indagando se a utilizam na sua prática profissional. Para a operacionalização destes objetivos formularam-se 5 questões que envolveram os graus de importância e frequência na prática profissional dos TF, bem como a identificação de fatores facilitadores e barreira à sua implementação e vantagens e desvantagem neste tipo de intervenção. Estes Terapeutas também foram questionados sobre quais as estratégias que consideram pertinentes para a implementação desta abordagem. Para obtenção das respostas desenvolveu-se um estudo com desenho quantitativo recorrendo-se à aplicação de um questionário divulgado online, tendo sido salvaguardadas questões éticas, não esquecendo o anonimato dos intervenientes e a confidencialidade das informações recolhidas. Os dados foram recolhidos entre os meses de novembro e dezembro do ano transato, sendo a amostra constituída por 55 Terapeutas da Fala que responderam ao questionário. Os dados foram tratados com recurso à estatística inferencial através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e técnicas de análise de conteúdo para as respostas semiabertas. Após estas duas análises - quantitativa e qualitativa – conclui-se que os Terapeutas consideram muito importante a Abordagem Baseada nas Rotinas, embora apresentem alguma dificuldade em a executar de uma forma regular na sua prática profissional. Também foram encontrados alguns fatores facilitadores e fatores barreira, que poderão justificar as dificuldades sentidas na sua implantação. Por fim, foram destacadas vantagens e desvantagens, bem como algumas estratégias que são reconhecidas e implementadas pelos TF no âmbito desta Abordagem.
The Routine-Based intervention is advocated in early intervention, as it values children's routines in natural settings and with caregivers of greater affection and, Family-Centered Practices are also a pillar of this Approach. In this investigation we sought to listen to the Portuguese speech-language therapists (SLT) about the routine-based intervention, gathering their perception about it and asking if they use it in their professional practice. In order to implement these objectives, 5 questions were asked involving the degrees of importance and frequency in the SLTs´ work experience, as well as the facilitating factors and barrier to the implementation, and if there are advantages and disadvantages in this type of intervention. These therapists were also asked what strategies they considered relevant to the implementation of this approach. To obtain answers, a quantitative study was developed using a online questionnaire, where all ethical questions were safeguarded, not forgetting the anonymity of the participants and the confidentiality of the information collected. Data were collected between November and December of last year, 55 Speech-language Therapists answered the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and content analysis for descriptive answers. After these two reviews - quantitative and qualitative - we can conclude that the Therapists consider the Routine-based intervention very important, although they have some difficulty in performing it on a regular basis in their professional practice. We also found some facilitating factors and barrier factors, which may justify the difficulties experienced in its implementation. Finally, advantages and disadvantages were found, as well as some strategies recognized and implemented by Speech-language therapist in this Approach.