Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Navigation Sociale'

Cette thèse propose une méthode de navigation fondée sur les risques, y compris à la fois la notion traditionnelle de risque de collision et la notion de risque de perturbation. Avec la demande croissante d'assistance à la mobilité personnelle et de la robotique de services mobiles, les robots et les gens doivent partager les mêmes espaces physiques et suivre les mêmes conventions sociales. Les robots doivent respecter les contraintes de proximité, mais aussi respecter les gens qui interagissent. Par exemple, ils ne doivent pas briser l'interaction entre les gens qui parlent, à moins que la tâche du robot est de prendre part à la conversation. Dans ce cas, il doit être en mesure de rejoindre le groupe à l'aide d'un comportement socialement adapté. Le système de navigation socialement conscient proposée dans cette thèse intègre à la fois l'évaluation d'un risque de collision en utilisant des modèles prédictifs d'obstacles mobiles, et une évaluation de conformité avec les conventions sociales. La gestion humaine de l'espace (espace personnel, o-espace, espace d'activité ...) inspirée de la sociologie et la littérature robotique sociale est intégré, mais aussi des modèles de comportement qui permettent au robot la realisation de une prédiction à moyen terme des positions de l'homme. Les résultats de la simulation et des expériences sur un fauteuil roulant robotisé donnent validite a la méthode en montrant que notre robot est capable de naviguer dans un environnement dynamique en évitant les collisions avec des obstacles et des personnes et, en même temps, en réduisant l'inconfort chez les personnes en respectant les espaces mentionnés ci-dessus
This thesis proposes a risk-based navigation method including both the traditional notion of risk of collision and the notion of risk of disturbance. With the growing demand of personal assistance to mobility and mobile service robotics, robots and people must share the same physical spaces and follow the same social conventions. Robots must respect proximity constraints but also respect people interacting. For example, they should not break interaction between people talking, unless the robot task is to take part in the conversation. In this case, it must be able to join the group using a socially adapted behavior. The socially-aware navigation system proposed in this thesis integrates both an assessment of a risk of collision using predictive models of moving obstacles, and an assessment of accordance with social conventions. Human management of space (personal space, o-space, activity space...) inspired from sociology and social robotics literature is integrated, but also models of behavior that enable the robot to make medium-term prediction of the human positions. Simulation and experimental results on a robotic wheelchair validate the method by showing that our robot is able to navigate in a dynamic environment avoiding collisions with obstacles and people and, at the same time, minimizing discomfort in people by respecting spaces mentioned above

L'avènement du web 2.0, centré utilisateur, a fait émerger une quantité importante d'informations (personnelles, collectives, partagées, "aimées", etc.). Ces informations peuvent constituer une aide pour les utilisateurs en les guidant vers l'information recherchée. Cependant, cette quantité rend l'accès à l'information partagée de plus en plus difficile, vu la diversité des contenus qui peuvent intéresser l'utilisateur. La désorientation de l'utilisateur est donc l'un des principaux problèmes liés aux médias sociaux. Pour surmonter ce problème, l'adaptation constitue une solution classique qui peut être appliquée dans un contexte social. Avec l'évolution des réseaux sociaux, de nouvelles notions apparaissent comme la navigation sociale, qui est une manière de naviguer en étant influencé par les autres utilisateurs du réseau. Une autre notion importante est celle de "tag". Ce terme définit les annotations sociales créées par les utilisateurs et associées à des ressources. La navigation peut être dès lors effectuée aussi bien par les liens qu'à travers les tags. Adapter la navigation sociale, signifie la rendre plus ciblée pour chaque utilisateur selon ses intérêts. Concrètement, cela peut se faire en recommandant à chaque utilisateur des tags, qu'il pourra suivre ou non. Pour cela, il faut garantir une détection adéquate des intérêts de l'utilisateur ainsi que la prise en compte de leur évolution. Cependant, nous sommes confrontés à des limites liées à : i) la détection des intérêts, puisque ces derniers peuvent être déduits de plusieurs ressources sociales (des amis, des ressources, des tags, etc.). Leur pertinence est primordiale afin de garantir un résultat d'adaptation adéquat. ii) la mise à jour du profil utilisateur. En effet, l'utilisateur social, est caractérisé par sa grande activité sociale, et par conséquent ses intérêts doivent refléter ses "vrais" intérêts à chaque période de temps afin d'aboutir à une adaptation fiable. Afin de résoudre les problèmes affectant la qualité d'adaptation de la navigation sociale cités ci-dessus, nous avons proposé en premier lieu, une approche de détection des intérêts de l'utilisateur. Cette approche analyse les tags des utilisateurs selon le contenu de leurs ressources respectives. La plupart des recherches ne considèrent pas l'exactitude des tags vis-à-vis du contenu des ressources : cette exactitude reflète si l'utilisateur peut vraiment être intéressé par le contenu ou pas. Les tags précis sont ceux qui reflètent fidèlement le contenu des ressources. Ceci est effectué grâce à l'interrogation du réseau de l'utilisateur et de l'analyse de son comportement d'annotation. Notre approche repose sur l'hypothèse qu'un utilisateur qui annote la ressource par des tags reflétant le contenu de ladite ressource, reflète mieux ses "vrais" intérêts. Nous avons proposé en deuxième lieu, une approche de mise à jour des intérêts des utilisateurs. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux techniques d'enrichissement du profil utilisateur est effectué par l'ajout des intérêts jugés pertinents à un moment donné. L'enrichissement dans un contexte social est effectué selon l'information sociale comme les personnes proches qui partagent avec l'utilisateur des comportements en communs, selon le comportement d'annotation des utilisateurs, et selon les métadonnées des ressources annotées. Le choix de ces informations est effectué selon l'étude de leur influence sur l'évolution des intérêts de l'utilisateur. L'approche d'enrichissement nous a servi à proposer des recommandations (de tags) selon les nouveaux tags ajoutés au profil utilisateur.Ces deux contributions ont été testées sur la base sociale Delicious. Elles ont montré un taux de précision assez important. Elles ont aussi prouvé leur efficacité par rapport à des méthodes classiques. De plus, le taux d'ambigüité associé aux tags a été fortement réduit, grâce au filtrage implicite des tags non pertinents par rapport au contenu des ressources
The advent of Web 2.0, user-centered, has given rise to a significant amount of information (personal, collective, shared, "loved", etc.). This information is a way to help users and guide them to the information sought. However, this quantity makes access to shared information more and more difficult, given the diversity of content that may interest the user. Disorientation of the user is one of the main problems related to social media. To overcome such problem, adaptation is a standard solution that can be applied in a social context. With the evolution of these social networks, new concepts appear such as social navigation, which is a way to navigate while being influenced by other users in the network: Another important concept is that of "tag". This term is defined as social annotations created by users and associated to resources. Navigation can be therefore carried out by both links and tags. Adapting social navigation means making it more targeted for each user according to their interests. In practice, this can be done by recommending tags to each user, so he can follow or not. To adapt the social navigation, we must ensure proper detection of the user's interests and taking into account their evolution. However, we are faced with some problems: i) the detection of interest, since they can be derived from several social resources (friends, resources, tags, etc.). Their relevance is primordial to ensure adequate adaptation result. ii) updating the user profile. Indeed, the social user, is characterized by its great social activity, and therefore its interests should reflect its "real" interest each time period in order to achieve a reliable adaptation. To solve the problems affecting the quality of adaptation of social navigation quoted above, we first proposed a method for detecting the user's interests. This proposal aims to overcome the detection of irrelevant interests issues. This approach analyzes the user tags depending on the content of their respective resources. Unlike most research, who do not consider the accuracy of tags with the contents of resource, the accuracy reflects whether the user is really interested with the content or not. This is done by querying the user's network and analysis of the user annotation behavior. The approach is based on the assumption that a user annotates the resource by tags reflecting the content of this resource better reflects its "true" interests. Following the proposal of the interests of detection approach, we conducted second, the treatment of the problem of updating these interests. We were interested to the user profile enrichment techniques, performed by adding interests deemed relevant at a given time. The enrichment in a social context is performed according to social information such as neighbours who share the user behaviors in common, according to the user annotation behavior, and according to the metadata annotated resources. The choice of such information shall follow the study of their influence on the changing interests of the user. The approach we used enrichment propose recommendations (tags) according to the new tags added to the user profile. Both contributions were tested on the social database Delicious. They showed a sizeable accuracy rate. They have also proven their efficiency compared to conventional methods. In addition, the rate of ambiguity associated with the tags has been greatly reduced, thanks to the implicit filtering of irrelevant tags relative to resource content

Cette thèse propose une méthode de navigation fondée sur les risques, y compris à la fois la notion traditionnelle de risque de collision et la notion de risque de perturbation. Avec la demande croissante d'assistance à la mobilité personnelle et de la robotique de services mobiles, les robots et les gens doivent partager les mêmes espaces physiques et suivre les mêmes conventions sociales. Les robots doivent respecter les contraintes de proximité, mais aussi respecter les gens qui interagissent. Par exemple, ils ne doivent pas briser l'interaction entre les gens qui parlent, à moins que la tâche du robot est de prendre part à la conversation. Dans ce cas, il doit être en mesure de rejoindre le groupe à l'aide d'un comportement socialement adapté. Le système de navigation socialement conscient proposée dans cette thèse intègre à la fois l'évaluation d'un risque de collision en utilisant des modèles prédictifs d'obstacles mobiles, et une évaluation de conformité avec les conventions sociales. La gestion humaine de l'espace (espace personnel, o-espace, espace d'activité ...) inspirée de la sociologie et la littérature robotique sociale est intégré, mais aussi des modèles de comportement qui permettent au robot la realisation de une prédiction à moyen terme des positions de l'homme. Les résultats de la simulation et des expériences sur un fauteuil roulant robotisé donnent validite a la méthode en montrant que notre robot est capable de naviguer dans un environnement dynamique en évitant les collisions avec des obstacles et des personnes et, en même temps, en réduisant l'inconfort chez les personnes en respectant les espaces mentionnés ci-dessus.

L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en français
This thesis focuses on semi-autonomous wheelchair navigation. We aim to design asystem respecting the following constraints.Safety: The system must avoid collisions with objects and specially with humans present in the scene.Usability: People with motor disabilities and elders often have problems using joysticks and other standard control devices. The use of more sophisticated and human-like ways of interacting with the robot must be addressed to improve the acceptance and comfort for the user. It is also considered that the user could just be able to move one finger and so the request of human intervention should be as reduced as possible to accomplish the navigation task.Compliance:} The robot must navigate securely among obstacles while reducing the frustration caused to the user by taking into account his intentions at different levels; final destination, preferred path, speed etc.Respect of social conventions: When moving, the robot may considerably disturb people around it, especially when its behavior is perceived as unsocial. It is thus important to produce socially acceptable motion to reduce disturbances. We will also addresses the issue of determining those places where the robot should be placed in order become part of an interacting group.In this work we propose to estimate the user's intention in order to reduce thenumber of necessary commands to drive a robotic wheelchair and deal withambiguous or inaccurate input interfaces. In this way, the wheelchair can be incharge of some part of the navigation task and alleviate the user involvement.The proposed system takes into account the user intention in terms of the finaldestination and desired speed. At each level, the method tries to favor themost ``reasonable'' action according to the inferred user intention.The user intention problem is approached by using a model of the user based onthe hypothesis that it is possible to learn typical destinations (those wherethe user spends most of his time) and use this information to enhance theestimation of the destination targeted by the user when he is driving therobotic wheelchair.A probabilistic framework is used to model the existent relationship betweenthe intention of the user and the observed command. The main originality of theapproach relies on modeling the user intentions as typical destinations and theuse of this estimation to check the reliability of a user's command to decidehow much preeminence it should be assigned by the shared controller whenmanaging the robot's speed.The proposed shared-control navigation system considers the direction of thecommands given by the user, the obstacles detected by the robot and the inferreddestination to correct the robot's velocity when necessary. This system is basedon the dynamic window approach modified to consider the input given by the user,his intention, the obstacles and the wheelchair's dynamic constraints tocompute the appropriate velocity command.All of the results obtained in this thesis have been implemented and validatedwith experiments, using both real and simulated data. Real data has beenobtained on two different scenarios; one was at INRIA's entry hall and the otherat the experimental apartment GERHOME

Pendant l’Ancien Empire et la Première Période intermédiaire, l’augmentation progressive des activités nautiques individuelles et l’accès à des embarcations privées s’accompagnent d’opérations navales mises en place par le pouvoir central. Ces missions impliquaient le recrutement de chefs d’équipes spécialisés dans la navigation, mais aussi dans la gestion humaine des diverses catégories d’officiers présents à bord. En effet, l’activité de l’ensemble de l’équipage ne se limitait pas à la navigation à proprement parler : les marins étaient aussi directement impliqués dans les différentes phases des misions terrestres. Ils étaient présents dans des opérations militaires et commerciales extérieures ; ils pouvaient aussi intervenir dans le cadre des grands chantiers royaux et dans l’extraction de matières premières dans les mines et carrières. Les sources épigraphiques montrent la capacité d’adaptation de ces fonctionnaires dans différents contextes d’opération. Cette thèse propose une analyse nuancée du rôle administratifs de ces hommes. L’objectif principal est d’illustrer les relations horizontales entre les différents officiers de la marine (hiérarchie interne) et leurs liens verticaux avec les hautes institutions de l’État. La perspective générale est celle d'une institution maritime temporaire dont les acteurs - issus de milieux sociaux différents - étaient occasionnellement et périodiquement impliqués
During the Old Kingdom and the First intermediate period, in addition to a progressive increase of individual nautical activities giving access to private property of boats and skiffs, an institutional control of some nautical operations implied the recruitment of specialized bureaucrats controlling different categories of crew officials. Their activities were not limited to those on board of the ship: sailors and boatmen were indeed involved in different kinds of land missions. They participated in military and commercial operations in the peripheral regions; they were also in charge of seasonal and periodical tasks in building projects and in quarries, organising the boarding and the transportation of heavy materials from the point of extraction to the point of use. This PhD thesis suggests a nuanced analysis of the administrative role of the most important categories of officials involved in the naval sphere. The main goal is to illustrate the horizontal relations between naval officers and their vertical links with the high state institutions. The general perspective is that of a “temporary” maritime institution whose actors – stemming from different social milieu – were occasionally involved

Les premiers documents attestant l'utilisation d'une chaise à roues utilisée pour transporter une personne avec un handicap datent du 6ème siècle en Chine. À l'exception des fauteuils roulants pliables X-frame inventés en 1933, 1400 ans d'évolution de la science humaine n'ont pas changé radicalement la conception initiale des fauteuils roulants. Pendant ce temps, les progrès de l'informatique et le développement de l'intelligence artificielle depuis le milieu des années 1980 ont conduit inévitablement à la conduite de recherches sur des fauteuils roulants intelligents. Plutôt que de se concentrer sur l'amélioration de la conception sous-jacente, l'objectif principal de faire un fauteuil roulant intelligent est de le rendre le plus accessible. Même si l'invention des fauteuils roulants motorisés ont partiellement atténué la dépendance d'un utilisateur à d'autres personnes pour la réalisation de leurs actes quotidiens, certains handicaps qui affectent les mouvements des membres, le moteur ou la coordination visuelle, rendent impossible l'utilisation d'un fauteuil roulant électrique classique. L'accessibilité peut donc être interprétée comme l'idée d'un fauteuil roulant adaptée à la pathologie de l'utilisateur de telle sorte que il / elle soit capable d'utiliser les outils d'assistance. S'il est certain que les robots intelligents sont prêts à répondre à un nombre croissant de problèmes dans les industries de services et de santé, il est important de comprendre la façon dont les humains et les utilisateurs interagissent avec des robots afin d'atteindre des objectifs communs. En particulier dans le domaine des fauteuils roulants intelligents d'assistance, la préservation du sentiment d'autonomie de l'utilisateur est nécessaire, dans la mesure où la liberté individuelle est essentielle pour le bien-être physique et social. De façon globale, ce travail vise donc à caractériser l'idée d'une assistance par contrôle partagé, et se concentre tout particulièrement sur deux problématiques relatives au domaine de la robotique d'assistance appliquée au fauteuil roulant intelligent, à savoir une assistance basée sur la vision et la navigation en présence d'humains. En ciblant les tâches fondamentales qu'un utilisateur de fauteuil roulant peut avoir à exécuter lors d'une navigation en intérieur, une solution d'assistance à bas coût, basée vision, est conçue pour la navigation dans un couloir. Le système fournit une assistance progressive pour les tâches de suivi de couloir et de passage de porte en toute sécurité. L'évaluation du système est réalisée à partir d'un fauteuil roulant électrique de série et robotisé. A partir de la solution plug and play imaginée, une formulation adaptative pour le contrôle partagé entre l'utilisateur et le robot est déduite. De plus, dans la mesure où les fauteuils roulants sont des dispositifs fonctionnels qui opèrent en présence d'humains, il est important de considérer la question des environnements peuplés d'humains pour répondre de façon complète à la problématique de la mobilité en fauteuil roulant. En s'appuyant sur les concepts issus de l'anthropologie, et notamment sur les conventions sociales spatiales, une modélisation de la navigation en fauteuil roulant en présence d'humains est donc proposée. De plus, une stratégie de navigation, qui peut être intégrée sur un robot social (comme un fauteuil roulant intelligent), permet d'aborder un groupe d'humains en interaction de façon équitable et de se joindre à eux de façon socialement acceptable. Enfin, à partir des enseignements tirés des solutions proposées d'aide à la mobilité en fauteuil roulant, nous pouvons formaliser mathématiquement un contrôle adaptatif partagé pour la planification de mouvement relatif à l'assistance à la navigation. La validation de ce formalisme permet de proposer une structure générale pour les solutions de navigation assistée en fauteuil roulant et en présence d'humains
Earliest records of a wheeled chair used to transport a person with disability dates back to the 6m century in China. With the exception of the collapsible X-frame wheelchairs invented in 1933, 1400 years of human scientific evolution has not radically changed the initial wheelchair design. Meanwhile, advancements in computing and the development of artificial intelligence since the mid-1980s has inevitably led to research on Intelligent Wheelchairs. Rather than focusing on improving the underlying design, the core objective of making a wheelchair intelligent is to make it more accessible. Even though the invention of the powered wheelchairs have partially mitigated a user's dependence on other people for their daily routines, some disabilities that affect limb movements, motor or visual coordination, make il impossible for a user to operate a common powered wheelchair. Accessibility can also thus be thought of as the idea, where the wheelchair adapts to the user malady such that he/she is able to utilize its assistive capabilities. While it is certain that intelligent robots are poised to address a growing number of issues in the service and medical care industries, it is important to resolve how humans and users interact with robots in order to accomplish common objectives. Particularly in the assistive intelligent wheelchair domain, preserving a sense of autonomy with the user is required, as individual agency is essential for his/her physical and social well-being. This work thus aims to globally characterize the idea of assistive shared control while particularly devoting the attention to two issues within the intelligent assistive wheelchair domain viz. vision-based assistance and human-aware navigation.Recognizing the fundamental tasks that a wheelchair user may have to execute in indoor environments, we design low­cost vision-based assistance framework for corridor navigation. The framework provides progressive assistance for the tasks of safe corridor following and doorway passing. Evaluation of the framework is carried out on a robotized off-the­shelf wheelchair. From the proposed plug and play design, we infer an adaptive formulation for sharing control between user and robot. Furthermore, keeping in mind that wheelchairs are assistive devices that operate in human environments, it is important to consider the issue of human-awareness within wheelchair mobility. We leverage spatial social conventions from anthropology to surmise wheelchair navigation in human environments. Moreover, we propose a motion strategy that can be embedded on a social robot (such as an intelligent wheelchair) that allows il to equitably approach and join a group of humans in interaction. Based on the lessons learnt from the proposed designs for wheelchair mobility assistance, we can finally mathematically formalize adaptive shared control for assistive motion planning. ln closing, we demonstrate this formalism in order to design a general framework for assistive wheelchair navigation in human environments

Cette recherche propose une analyse des usages des systèmes de tagging sur le Web. Au delà d'un simple outil personnel de « catégorisation ordinaire » des ressources en ligne, les classifications produites à partir de l'indexation libre de tags, nommées folksonomies, permettent aux internautes de produire des « prises » physiques et interprétatives quideviennent un support aux formes de navigation sociale. Ces réseaux de traces numériques permettent aux internautes de se repérer et d'agir dans l'univers complexe et abondant que représente le Web, mais elles sont également un support de coordination avec d'autres internautes. Les tags apparaissent comme des appuis conventionnels qui permettent decoordonner les actions au sein de collectifs à géométrie variable, plus ou moins étendus et identifiés, dont les membres partagent des centres d’intérêts et un vocabulaire commun. A partir d'une approche socio-technique nous étudions le couplage entre conception et usage de ces dispositifs, et montrons que le tagging propose une voie alternative, encore enconstruction, aux politiques existantes d'architecture et d’accessibilité des ressources du Web
This research proposes an anlysis of tagging systems uses on the Web. Tagging is not a simple personnal tool of web ressources categorization but classifications emerging from free tags indexation, named folksonomies, allow Internet users to create physical and interpretative supports which produce new forms of social navigation. Those tagging networks give the opportunity to Internet users to navigate and to act in the complex and abundant Web universe, but they are also coordination supports with other Internet users. Tags appear as conventionnal supports which allow coordination of actions in variable-geometry collectives. In those more or less identified and large collectives, members share common vocabulary and interests. Based on a socio-technical approach, we study coupling between conception and uses of tagging systems. We explain that tagging proposes an under construction and alternative way to architecture and accessibility politics of the Web ressources

Notre recherche s'inscrit dans la perspective de modernisation de la position de travail des contrôleurs du trafic aérien, dont la mission s'apparente au contrôle d'un environnment dynamique avec une forte contrainte temporelle. Elle porte sur les mécanismes de construction des connaissances supposées partagées dans les communications. Basée sur le modèle de la communication de Sperber et Wilson (1989) associé à une orientation interactionniste, notre approche met l'accent sur les modalités non-verbales d'intervention et le niveau de participation variable des interlocuteurs. Les résultats portent sur trois caractéristiques des communications : les composantes évoquées sur le trafic (contenu des interventions verbales), l'utilisation des différentes modalités (verbales, non-verbales fonctionnelles et indirectes) et le caractère manifestement adressé des interventions. Les contrôleurs privilégient l'utilisation de modalités conjointes pour communiquer certains contenus informationnels. De plus, des stratégies communicationnelles basées sur la production d'interventions manifestement adressées ou non adressées sont mises en évidence. Elles sont interprétées comme l'expression d'un compromis entre la nécessité de s'assurer d'une compréhension mutuelle vis-à-vis des éléments critiques pour la gestion du trafic et celle de faire face à la pression temporelle. Des séquences d'interactions nominales sont ensuite analysées pour montrer comment l'utilisation d'informations indirectes ou non-verbales peut permettre de construire un environnement cognitif commun sans recourir aux échanges verbaux. L'examen de séquences incidentelles conforte ces premiers résultats. Il indique que la compréhension se construit sur la base de plusieurs types d'hypothèses relatives aux connaissances ou aux intentions du coéquipier et comment l'utilisation des ressources de l'environnement contribue à récupérer les incompréhensions. Différentes implications sont discutées et en particulier, l'intérêt d'étudier les mécanismes de contrôle de la compréhension mutuelle
This research is about the modernisation of the working position of En-Route air traffic controllers, who control a dynamic environment characterised by strong time pressure. It focuses on the mechanisms of construction of knowledge, which interlocutors suppose is shared in communication. Based on Sperber and Wilson's model of inferential communication (1989) associated with an interactionist orientation, the approach emphasizes non-verbal modes of intervention and variable participation levels. The results presented deal with three characteristics of communication : the components evoked by controllers on the traffic (content of verbal speech), the use of different interaction modes (verbal, non-verbal or indirect), as well as the addressed character of interventions. To begin with, it appears that controllers favour the use of combined modes to communicate certain information content. Last, and above all, they highlight communication strategies based on the production of addressed intervention on the one hand, or on the use of non-addressed information, on the other. These strategies can be interpreted as being evidence of a trade-off between the necessity of ensuring mutual understanding with respect to elements critical to traffic, and a coping with the time pressure. Nominal interaction sequences are then analysed to show how the use of indirect or non-verbal information allows, in some cases, the building of a common cognitive environment without resorting to verbal exchanges. The study of incident-sequences further confirms these earlier results. It indicates that comprehension is built on the grounds of several types of hypothesis relative to the teammate's knowledge or intentions. They also show that the use of resources from the environment might be, to a certain extent, likely to contribute to the recovery for controllers' misunderstandings. Different implications are discussed and in particular, reasons for studying control mechanisms acting on controllers' mutual understanding

Après l’indépendance proclamée en 1821 et les premières décennies d'anarchie politique, les gouvernants péruviens se fixèrent comme objectif la construction d'un État moderne. Cette démarche passait par la construction d'infrastructures, la diversification des moyens de communication et surtout l’adoption des nouvelles technologies de la Révolution industrielle (chemin de fer et navigation à vapeur) devenues financièrement accessibles par l’exploitation des gisements de guano. Outre son sous-sol riche en matières premières sur lesquelles reposait l’économie coloniale, le Pérou possède une topographie moins clémente de par ses contrastes géographiques cumulant déserts, montagnes et forets. Cette étude propose une lecture historique des moyens de transport dans le Pérou républicain, en examinant les différents mécanismes mis en place par les autorités politiques pour sortir le pays de son enclavement. Elle dresse un état des lieux quant au réseau de communications existant à l’époque coloniale. La thèse définit non seulement les types de métiers et des moyens de transport développés dans différentes régions du Pérou, mais examine aussi la transition entre les moyens traditionnels de transport (marche, mules, cheval et calèches) et la modernité représentée par la traction à vapeur. La question des interactions de ces nouvelles technologies avec l’économie artisanale et paysanne traditionnelle est posée, en confrontant plusieurs catégories de sources de nature administrative ou issues des récits de voyage
After the country independence proclaimed in 1821 and the first decades of political anarchy and instability, Peruvian governing leaders set themselves to building a modern state. Through this process, they aimed at building public facilities, diversifying means of communication and especially in adopting and implementing the new technologies created by the Industrial Revolution (railroads and steam engines) now affordable to exploit the guano deposits. Besides its rich subsoil raw material that underpinned the colonial economy, Peru has a less lenient topography because of its geographical contrasts combining deserts, mountains, and forests. This study suggests doing a historical review of the Republican Peru transportation means by examining the various mechanisms set up by political authorities to connect the country to the world, and by examining the existing situation of the communication networks back in the colonial era. The thesis defines not only the types of trades and transportation developed in different regions of Peru, but also examines the transition from traditional means of transportation (walking, mules, horses, and carriages) and modernity represented by steam engines traction. The interaction issue of these new technologies along with artisanal and traditional peasant economy is raised by comparing several administrative sets or those derived from travelogues

Pour les robots mobiles autonomes conçus pour partager notre environnement, la sécurité et l'efficacité de leur trajectoire ne sont pas les seuls aspects à prendre en compte pour la planification de leur mouvement: ils doivent respecter des règles sociales afin de ne pas gêner les personnes environnantes. Dans un tel contexte social, la plupart des techniques de planification de mouvement actuelles s'appuient fortement sur le concept d'espaces sociaux; de tels espaces sociaux sont cependant difficiles à modéliser et ils sont d'une utilisation limitée dans le contexte d'interactions homme-robot où l'intrusion dans les espaces sociaux est nécessaire. Ce travail présente une nouvelle approche pour la planification de mouvements dans un contexte social qui permet de gérer des environnements complexes ainsi que des situation d’interaction homme-robot. Plus précisément, le concept d'attention est utilisé pour modéliser comment l'influence de l'environnement dans son ensemble affecte la manière dont le mouvement du robot est perçu par les personnes environnantes. Un nouveau modèle attentionnel est introduit qui estime comment nos ressources attentionnelles sont partagées entre les éléments saillants de notre environnement. Basé sur ce modèle, nous introduisons le concept de champ attentionnel. Un planificateur de mouvement est ensuite développé qui s'appuie sur le champ attentionnel afin de produire des mouvements socialement acceptables. Notre planificateur de mouvement est capable d'optimiser simultanément plusieurs objectifs tels que la sécurité, l'efficacité et le confort des mouvements. Les capacités de l'approche proposée sont illustrées sur plusieurs scénarios simulés dans lesquels le robot est assigné différentes tâches. Lorsque la tâche du robot consiste à naviguer dans l'environnement sans causer de distraction, notre approche produit des résultats prometteurs même dans des situations complexes. Aussi, lorsque la tâche consiste à attirer l'attention d'une personne en vue d'interagir avec elle, notre planificateur de mouvement est capable de choisir automatiquement une destination qui exprime au mieux son désir d'interagir, tout en produisant un mouvement sûr, efficace et confortable
For autonomous mobile robots designed to share their environment with humans, path safety and efficiency are not the only aspects guiding their motion: they must follow social rules so as not to cause discomfort to surrounding people. Most socially-aware path planners rely heavily on the concept of social spaces; however, social spaces are hard to model and they are of limited use in the context of human-robot interaction where intrusion into social spaces is necessary. In this work, a new approach for socially-aware path planning is presented that performs well in complex environments as well as in the context of human-robot interaction. Specifically, the concept of attention is used to model how the influence of the environment as a whole affects how the robot's motion is perceived by people within close proximity. A new computational model of attention is presented that estimates how our attentional resources are shared amongst the salient elements in our environment. Based on this model, the novel concept of attention field is introduced and a path planner that relies on this field is developed in order to produce socially acceptable paths. To do so, a state-of-the-art many-objective optimization algorithm is successfully applied to the path planning problem. The capacities of the proposed approach are illustrated in several case studies where the robot is assigned different tasks. Firstly, when the task is to navigate in the environment without causing distraction our approach produces promising results even in complex situations. Secondly, when the task is to attract a person's attention in view of interacting with him or her, the motion planner is able to automatically choose a destination that best conveys its desire to interact whilst keeping the motion safe, efficient and socially acceptable

Mis en service en 1788, l’hôpital-école de la marine de Rochefort se caractérise par une architecture novatrice, qui bouleverse l’exercice de la médecine navale. Combinant soins et connaissances médicales, formation scolaire et administration sanitaire, c’est par le biais de cet espace que la médicalisation de la ville de Rochefort se voit profondément renouvelée. Par sa structure pavillonnaire, inspirée notamment des infirmeries régimentaires de Plymouth, l’institution planifiée par l’ingénieur de marine Pierre Toufaire opère une distribution socio-spatiale des malades et des blessés extrêmement sophistiquée. Dans une ville particulièrement insalubre, ceinturée par les marais et sujette aux fièvres paludéennes afférentes à ces derniers, l’hôpital maritime devient le lieu du déploiement d’un savoir sur l’organisme d’une part, et sur le corps social d’autre part. Cette thèse a pour but d’analyser les incidences sociologiques de cet édifice sur les rapports entretenus entre les personnels de santé de la marine et leurs patients. Point de jonction entre les navires et la ville, les procédures de quarantaine et l’exercice quotidien de la thérapeutique, l’hôpital maritime de Rochefort se fait le réceptacle des maux qui parcourent la ville-arsenal et, dans le même temps, le lieu d’émergence d’un biopouvoir à l’heure de la médecine industrielle
Opened in 1788, the naval hospital-school of Rochefort is characterized by an innovative architecture, which dramatically changed the practice of naval medicine. Combining medical care and knowledge, education and health administration, it brought deep changes to medical access to the city of Rochefort. This hospital, inspired in particular by the regimental infirmaries of Plymouth, was planned by the engineer Pierre Toufaire. It exhibits a very sophisticated social and spatial arrangement of the patients and the injured. In a particularly unhealthy city, surrounded by marshes and therefore prone to malaria, the naval hospital became the place where people applied their knowledge of both the human organism and the society. This thesis aims to analyze the sociological impact of this building on the relationships between the medical personnel of the navy and their patients. A link between ships and the city, as well as between the quarantine procedures and the everyday practice of medicine, the naval hospital-school of Rochefort became the point of convergence for the diseases which traversed the city as well as the place where new public health policies were born

Espace mythique et peuplé de légendes, espace physique complexe changeant, l'océan est soumis aux enjeux géopolitiques et à une extension progressive de l'homme à la manière d'un front pionnier (en surface et en profondeur). La territorialisation croissante des espaces maritimes, déjà prouvée sur les mers côtières, prend un angle particulier sur le domaine hauturier du fait de son immensité et de son éphémérité. Pour analyser ce processus, nous nous sommes intéressés à la navigation à voile, pratique de loisir et professionnelle, dans l'océan Atlantique. Cette pratique offre une vision intéressante du fait de la relation particulière entretenue entre l'homme, le voilier et l'océan et de la dualité entre tradition et technologie. La fin du XXème et le XXIème siècle constituent une époque charnière où les regards sur l'océan risquent d'être modifiés. Elle s'inscrit de plus dans le phénomène de mobilité croissante des sociétés, en quête ou non de rapidité, et démontre la réticularité croissante de cet espace, également liée à la mondialisation. Nous tâcherons de définir la notion de territoire en haute mer et de distinguer l'existence de " merritoires ". La connaissance des routes transatlantiques permet de dégager des centralités, périphéries et marges atlantiques. Elles constituent des réseaux territorialisés mettant en relation différents lieux où se révèle l'identité des navigateurs. Le long de ces trajets se greffent des paysages marins " itinérants ", des repères, des discontinuités spatio-temporelles, des rites et représentations dégageant des disparités spatiales et une structuration de l'Océan Atlantique.

Cette recherche se presente d'abord comme l'etude du rapport entre des hommes-les navigants- et un espace- la mer- entre le regne de louis xiv et la revolution. Il reflete d'emblee une relation complexe liee a la fois a la conformation des cotes, a la variete des activites pratiquees ou subies, aux fluctuations conjoncturelles qui furent autant d'inciden- ces sur le mouvement des trafics que sur le devenir des hommes. De fait, la relation a l'ocean s'avere extremement pregnante par- ce que totale, s'inscrivant dans les existences memes, imposant son rythme aux mariages, aux conceptions, limitant la dimension des familles par les deces precoces des epoux ou des jeunes; accentuant sensiblement le role des femmes au sein des familles. La mer-mangeuse-d'hommes reste une realite constante et difficile mais elle n'est pas la seule. Les con- ditions socio-economiques dans lesquelles vivent les marins doivent s'ac comoder des aleas des campagnes, des marches, des menaces guerrieres. Pour un matelot ou un officier-marinier enrichis par la course a dunkerque, pour un capitaine chanceux et assez habile pour profiter du trafic ne- grier au havre, combien doivent se contenter d'une penible mediocrite sans avoir l'espoir d'une promotion surtout difficile au 18eme siecle? face a ces contraintes plus ou moins sensibles selon les lieux ou les moments, l'atitude des gens de mer fut diverse elle aussi. Revoltes individuelles, mutineries du bord mais plus surement abandons temporai- res ou definitifs du metier, pillages ou vols constituaient des frag- ments de reponse possible face aux violences des milieux. L'attachement religieux apparait dans son ensemble comme une autre reponse a l'angois- se existentielle, a l'agression subite, comme une recherche de la sauve- garde necessaire des ames et des corps. Toutefois ces facons de voir restent trompeuses dans le sens ou les communautes navigantes rurales ou urbaines se presentaient comme une multitude de groupes individuali- ses qui, en fin de compte, n'avaient bien souvent qu'un point commun: la vie de l'ocean
The following research is first and foremost a study of the relation ships between a group of men, namely seamen, and their environment, the sea, between the reign of louis xiv and the french revolution. From the outset this study reflects a manifold relationship with the coast and the numerous activities related, with historic events, which, to a large extent shaped currents of trade and the destiny of men. Indeed their relationship to the sea pervaded their whole lives in determining attitudes, marriages, the size of families through the unti mely death of husbands or of young men, thus emphasizing the role of wives. The sea as man-eater remained an everlasting and painful fact but there was more to it than that. The social and economic background which framed the lives of seamen necessarily varied according to campaigns, markets and impending wars. For one dunkirk ordinary seaman or boat swain who made his fortune by privateering, for one lucky captain from le havre shrewd enough to take advantage of the slave trade, how many others were there who had to live on a painfully low income with no prospect of any social advancement particularly in the 18th century? faced with such demands which varied according to time and place the reactions of seamen also varied enormously. Amid such violent surroundings some might respond by mutiny, individuals or whole crews. Others by temporarily quitting or going up for good, others by looting or stearling cargoes. Faith as a whole seems to have an alternative response to the sheer fear of being, to aggression, a quest for the necessary safeguard of body and soul. This approach might be misleaging though in so far as rural or urban communities of seamen appeared as so many differentiated groups which had nothing in common but life at sea

Cette recherche propose une analyse des usages des systèmes de tagging sur le Web. Au delà d'un simple outil personnel de " catégorisation ordinaire " des ressources en ligne, les classifications produites à partir de l'indexation libre de tags, nommées folksonomies, permettent aux internautes de produire des " prises " physiques et interprétatives quideviennent un support aux formes de navigation sociale. Ces réseaux de traces numériques permettent aux internautes de se repérer et d'agir dans l'univers complexe et abondant que représente le Web, mais elles sont également un support de coordination avec d'autres internautes. Les tags apparaissent comme des appuis conventionnels qui permettent decoordonner les actions au sein de collectifs à géométrie variable, plus ou moins étendus et identifiés, dont les membres partagent des centres d'intérêts et un vocabulaire commun. A partir d'une approche socio-technique nous étudions le couplage entre conception et usage de ces dispositifs, et montrons que le tagging propose une voie alternative, encore enconstruction, aux politiques existantes d'architecture et d'accessibilité des ressources du Web

J'étudie la gestion des zones humides et des étangs du Bas-Languedoc durant la période médiévale, en mettant en avant les relations entre la ville de Montpellier et son arrière-pays lagunaire. Mes recherches présentent les différentes juridictions qui possédaient des droits sur la lagune, et la manière dont elles organisaient les exploitations en accord avec les acteurs locaux. J'étudie ainsi l'exploitation des étangs, que ce soit pour la pêche, l'exploitation du sel ou pour la navigation
My studies are on the management of the Bas Languedoc’s lagoon during the Middle Ages and particularly the interaction between the town of Montpellier and its hinterland. My research shows the many jurisdictions of the waters and shores and how the overlords share the rights related to the management of this area. I also study the conditions of the operation of the ponds (fishing, hunting, salt farming and navigation)

Mobile robots that encounter people on a regular basis must react to them in some way. While traditional robot control algorithms treat all unexpected sensor readings as objects to be avoided, we argue that robots that operate around people should react socially to those people, following the same social conventions that people use around each other. This thesis presents our COMPANION framework: a Constraint-Optimizing Method for Person–Acceptable NavigatION. COMPANION is a generalized framework for representing social conventions as components of a constraint optimization problem, which is used for path planning and navigation. Social conventions, such as personal space and tending to the right, are described as mathematical cost functions that can be used by an optimal path planner. These social conventions are combined with more traditional constraints, such as minimizing distance, in a flexible way, so that additional constraints can be added easily. We present a set of constraints that specify the social task of traveling around people. We explore the implementation of this task first in simulation, where we demonstrate a robot’s behavior in a wide variety of scenarios. We also detail how a robot’s behavior can be changed by using different relative weights between the constraints or by using constraints representing different sociocultural conventions. We then explore the specific case of passing a person in a hallway, using the robot Grace. Through a user study, we show that people interpret the robot’s behavior according to human social norms, and also that people ascribe different personalities to the robot depending on its level of social behavior. In addition, we present an extension of the COMPANION framework that is able to represent joint tasks between the robot and a person. We identify the constraints necessary to represent the task of having a robot escort a person while traveling side-by-side. In simulation, we show the capability of this representation to produce behaviors such as speeding up or slowing down to travel together around corners, as well as complex maneuvers to travel through narrow chokepoints and return to a side-by-side formation. Finally, we present a newly designed robot, Companion, that is intended as a platform for general social human–robot research. Companion is a holonomic robot, able to move sideways without turning first, which we believe is an important social capability. We detail the design and capabilities of this new platform. As a whole, this thesis demonstrates both a need for, and an implementation and evaluation of, robots that navigate around people according to social norms.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Mynatt, Elizabeth D.; Committee Member: Edwards, W. Keith; Committee Member: Grinter, Rebecca E.; Committee Member: McDonald, David W.; Committee Member: Potts, Colin. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Deploying mobile robots in social environments requires novel navigation algorithms which are capable of providing valid solutions in such challenging scenarios. The main objective of the present dissertation is to develop new robot navigation approaches able to solve in an intelligent way the navigation problem in urban settings while considering at the same time the interactions with pedestrians, similar to what people easily do with little attention. Before studying in depth navigation algorithms, this thesis focuses on prediction algorithms to provide a more detailed model of the scene. Understanding human motion in outdoor and indoor scenarios is an appealing requirement to characterize correctly urban settings. Urban environments consist essentially of static obstacles and people, which are treated as dynamic and highly uncertain obstacles. Accordingly, it is mandatory to calculate people's intentions in order to successfully build a human prediction model that generates the corresponding human trajectories and considers their interactions with the environment, such as other pedestrians, static obstacles or even robots. It is of great interest that service robots can navigate successfully in typical urban environments, which are dynamic and constrained. In addition, people's behavior should not be conditioned by the presence and the maneuvering of robots. To this end, the robot navigation should seek to minimize its impact on the environment, in our case, on people. This thesis proposes new robot navigation methods that contemplate the social interactions taking place in the scene. In order to procure more intelligence to the navigation algorithm, we propose to integrate seamlessly the human motion prediction information into a new robot planning approach. Real experimentation is essential for the validation of the navigation algorithms. As there are real people involved, we must validate the results in real settings since simulation environments have limitations. In this thesis, we have implemented all the prediction and navigation algorithms in our robotic platform and we have provided plenty of evaluations and testings of our algorithms in real settings.
Ubicar robots móviles en entornos sociales requiere novedosos algoritmos de navegación que sean capaces de aportar soluciones válidas en éstos exigentes escenarios. El prinicipal objetivo de la presente disertación es el de desarrollar nuevas soluciones para la navegación de robots que sean capaces de resolver, de una manera más inteligente, los problemas de navegación en emplazamientos urbanos, a la vez que se consideran las interacciones con los transeúntes de manera similar a lo que la gente hace fácilmente prestando poca atención. Antes de estudiar en profundidad los algoritmos de navegación, esta tesis se centra en los algoritmos de predicción para proporcionar un modelo más detallado de la escena. Entender el movimiento humando en entornos exteriores e interiores es un requerimiento deseable para caracterizar correctamente emplazamientos urbanos. Los entornos urbanos están consistituídos por muchos objetos dinámicos y altamente impredecibles, la gente. Por lo tanto, es obligatorio calcular las intenciones de la gente para constriur de manera exitosa un modelo de predicción humano que genere las correspondientes trayectorias humanas y considere sus interacciones con el entorno, como otros peatones, obstáculos estáticos o incluso robots. Es de gran interés que los robots de servicios puedan navegar correctamente en entornos típicamente urbanos, que son dinámicos y acotados, además de que el comportamiento de las personas no debería estar condicionado por la presencia y las maniobras de los robots. Con este fin, la navegación de robots debe buscar minimizar su impacto al entorno, en nuestro caso, a la gente. Esta tesis propone nuevos métodos para la navegación de robots que contemplen las interacciones sociales que suceden en la escena. Para proporcionar una navegación más inteligente, proponemos integrar de manera suave el algoritmo de predicción del movimiento humano con un nuevo enfoque de planificación de trayectorias. La experimentación real es esencial para la validación de los algoritmos de navegación. Ya que hay personas reales implicadas, debemos validar los resultados en emplazamientos reales porque el entorno de simulación tiene limitaciones. En esta tesis hemos implementado todos los algoritmos de predicción y de navegación en la plataforma robótica y hemos proporcionado multitud de evaluaciones y pruebas de nuestros algoritmos en entornos reales.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-116).
Autonomous (self-driving) vehicles are increasingly being tested on highways and city streets. But there is also a need for robots that can navigate through environments like sidewalks, buildings, and hallways. In these situations, the robots must interact and cooperate with pedestrians in a socially acceptable manner. The "rules of the road" no longer apply -- there are no lanes or street signs, and pedestrians don't use turn signals when cutting through crowds. This thesis describes the hardware and software architecture of a robot that was developed for this application. This thesis also proposes a 2nd generation robot with tighter budget and size constraints. Finally, this thesis presents a novel collision avoidance method that extends the Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle (RVO) framework to consider the impact of planning decisions on future world states.
by Michael F. Everett.
S.M.

Much of contextaware application research has dealt with the technical aspects of context capturing and how to interpret the context of a user. Little effort has been spent on the experience and usage of these systems. This thesis will present the general aspects of social awareness and present an example on how these concepts can be implemented into a location-based information system to help users navigate a potential information overload. This thesis also states that giving the users an experience of not being alone in the system increases the pleasure of using such a system. However this implies a decrease in privacy. To demonstrate these ideas I will describe a locationbased information system, GeoNotes, built by a group of researchers at SICS, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. I will state a set of interaction requirements for how to extend the GeoNotes system with functionality for social awareness. Furthermore I will set up functional requirements for those interaction requirements to after implementation be able to conclude which interaction requirements I have been able to implement for. I will also give suggestions on how to position users in a WLAN. The deliverable from this project is a locationbased information system with functionality for social awareness. However, it was not within this project to test the system on true users. Therefore the statement that this functionality can help users to navigate a potential information overload is still just a hypothesis. To retrieve the position of a user in a W-LAN a packet is sent to all base stations in the network. In the first returning packet the mac address of contacting base station is extracted. Each base station is therefore a unique position. Triangulation was discarded due to its sensitivity to noise and weather circumstances, although a system that uses triangulation would have offered a much higher granularity.

The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for air navigation brings important advantages to aviation since it is able to reduce routes, save fuel and diminish greenhouse gas emissions. It is also a more flexible and precise navigational aid that improves flight operations at critical moments such approach, landing and take-off. However, the GNSS signal may fail; and depending on the moment of this failure, its failure could cause an accident. Therefore, air navigation service providers' liability in using GNSS is a concern. Since there is no international treaty that responds to the liability of the GNSS and of air navigation service providers, national solutions appear as a practical and necessary answer to liability claims. Brazil has already started using GNSS in air navigation, and it has a Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) that is being tested at Rio de Janeiro International Airport. Therefore, it is important to study the Brazilian liability regime in order to determine if its general liability rules, especially its governmental liability system could apply to the civil liability of the air navigation service providers using GNSS in case of an accident caused by a signal failure. These claims are mostly governed by government liability in Brazil and the legal system in place is able to respond to them. However, since there is much controversy regarding government liability under the Brazilian doctrine, a specific legislation that would be able to balance the different interests at stake seems a reasonable option.
L'utilisation du Système de positionnement par satellites (GNSS) pour la navigation aérienne offre de nombreux avantages à l'aviation puisqu'il est en mesure de réduire les itinéraires, d'économiser de l'essence et de diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Il constitue également une aide à la navigation plus flexible et plus précise qui améliore les opérations de vol à des moments critiques tels que l'approche, l'atterrissage, et le décollage. Cependant, le signal GNSS pourrait être défectueux. Dépendamment du moment de la défaillance du signal, celle-là pourrait causer un accident. Ainsi donc, la responsabilité des fournisseurs de services de navigation aérienne est sujette à préoccupation. Puisqu'aucun traité international ne se penche sur la question de la responsabilité du GNSS et des fournisseurs de services de navigation aérienne, des solutions nationales apparaissent comme des réponses pratiques et nécessaires aux revendications de responsabilité. Le Brésil a déjà commencé à utiliser la GNSS en navigation aérienne, et a un Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) qui est en train d'être testé à l'aéroport international de Rio de Janeiro. Ainsi donc, il est important d'étudier le régime de responsabilité brésilien pour déterminer si ses règles générales de responsabilité – et plus particulièrement son système de responsabilité gouvernemental – pourraient également s'appliquer à la responsabilité civile des fournisseurs de services de navigation aérienne utilisant le GNSS dans le cas d'un accident causé par une défaillance de signal. Ces revendications sont en grande partie gouvernées par la responsabilité gouvernementale au Brésil et le système légal en place pour y répondre. Cependant, puisqu'il y a beaucoup de controverse entourant la responsabilité du gouvernement sous la doctrine brésilienne, une législation spécifique qui serait en mesure d'équilibrer les différents intérêts en jeu semble être une alternative raisonnable.

The purpose of this study is to examine which aspects of blogs and blog design that are important to blog readers but also to find new ideas for blog design. From a qualitative standpoint we have examined how seven users experience that blogs design, structure and functionalities affects the general experience of the blog. The study also examines how the users wish to interact with a blog. During two design workshops we let seven active blog readers imagine and sketch out the design and functionalities they would like in a blog. We put this in relation to theories about the anatomy of blogs, methods of design, social navigation and virtual communities. The major finding is that the aspects most important to blog readers are navigation, structure and social interaction. Based on these aspects we discuss more closely the ideas our subjects had about what the blog of their dreams would look like.

An increased interest in mobile robots has been seen over the past years. The wide range of possible applications, from vacuum cleaners to assistant robots, makes such robots an interesting solution to many everyday problems. A key requirement for the mass deployment of such robots is to ensure they can safely navigate around our daily living environments. A robot colliding with or bumping into a person may be, in some contexts, unacceptable. For example, if a robot working around elderly people collides with one of them, it may cause serious injuries. This thesis explores four major components required for effective robot navigation: sensing the static environment, detection and tracking of moving people, obstacle and people avoidance with uncertainty measurement, and basic social navigation considerations. First, to guarantee adherence to basic safety constraints, sensors and algorithms required to measure the complex structure of our daily living environments are explored. Not only do the static components of the environment have to be measured, but so do any people present. A people detection and tracking algorithm, aimed for a crowded environment is proposed, thus enhancing the robot's perception capabilities. Our daily living environments present many inherent sources of uncertainty for robots, one of them arising due to the robot's inability to know people's intentions as they move. To solve this problem, a motion model that assumes unknown long-term intentions is proposed. This is used in conjunction with a novel uncertainty aware local planner to create feasible trajectories. In social situations, the presence of groups of people cannot be neglected when navigating. To avoid the robot interrupting groups of people, it first needs to be able to detect such groups. A group detector is proposed which relies on a set of gaze- and geometric-based features. Avoiding group disruption is finally incorporated into the navigation algorithm by means of taking into account the probability of disrupting a group's activities. The effectiveness of the four different components is evaluated using real world and simulated data, demonstrating the benefits for mobile robot navigation.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-83).
Social navigation is receiving information and insight from interacting with people or observing the results of their actions. This thesis explores methods for adding social navigation to situations where it would be useful but does not arise naturally. While many researchers have explored methods for incorporating individual components of social navigation, such as sharing buying preferences, existing systems do not provide a seamless experience between the various other aspects of social navigation. In addition, these systems do not address social navigation within the context of object ecologies. In exploring these issues, we focus on how we can increase the bandwidth of social navigation to help people during the design and prototyping process. Prototyping requires one to understand core product requirements, learn new skills quickly, and make choices about materials. We identify situations where we can use technology to increase social navigation and demonstrate InfroCrumbs - a novel way of gathering relevant crumbs of information during the design process to create object use history, and share it within a prototyping environment. We suggest that such a system can be useful during the design process and that capturing object use history is beneficial.
by Inna Koyrakh.
S.M.

Ce travail porte sur les pratiques sociales et la politisation des ouvriers de l'arsenal de Toulon à la fin de l'époque moderne et durant la Révolution française, pour comprendre, par « en bas », comment naît un collectif nouveau : la classe sociale. Cette étude s'appuie sur des archives peu ou pas utilisées en histoire navale. Les sources médicales, judiciaires et notariées, sans négliger les correspondances officielles et les registres matriculaires ou cadastraux, permettent de découvrir toutes les dimensions, individuelles et collectives, des comportements quotidiens des travailleurs toulonnais. À partir des années 1760, les nouveaux rapports d'autorité dus à l'apparition du contremaître et de l'ingénieur, et la mise en oeuvre du libéralisme économique obligent les ouvriers à reformuler les contours de leur identité laborieuse basée sur les routines des chantiers et les expériences en mer. En revanche, la forte proportion de Méridionaux, la puissante reproduction sociale et la ségrégation socio-spatiale à l'intérieur de la ville perpétuent la dimension communautaire des ouvriers de l'arsenal. C'est dans le champ politique, au cours de la Révolution, que leurs pratiques et leurs représentations sont le plus profondément bouleversées. Ils participent alors à l'organisation du port, s'approprient les sections urbaines pour tenir leurs assemblées et accentuent une implication citoyenne par des modes de participation spécifiques qui transforment leur recherche d'économie morale en économie populaire politique. Notre thèse montre donc que la Révolution française a permis la constitution d'un collectif prolétaire et son insertion dans le monde contemporain des luttes sociales
This work focuses on social practices and politicization of workers in the arsenal of Toulon at the end of the modern era and during the French Revolution in order to understand, from below, how comes a new group: the class. This study is based on few or no archives used in naval history. By analysing medical sources, judicial and notarized without neglecting official correspondence and matriculaires or land registers, we can discover all aspects of the daily behavior of workers in the dockyard of Toulon. From the 1760s, workers must reformulate the contours of their identity based on their laborious routines on docks and their experiences at sea because of the appearance of the foreman and engineer which enforces new authority reports, and of the implementation of economic liberalism. In contrast, the proportion of Southerners, the powerful social reproduction and socio-spatial segregation within the city perpetuate the community dimension of the workers of the arsenal. In fact, their practices and representations are most profoundly affected in the political field, during the Revolution. They participate in the organization of the port, the urban sections are used to hold their meetings and their citizen involvement is amplified by specific modes of participation that are transforming their search for moral economy in popular political economy. Therefore thesis shows that the French Revolution led to the establishment of a proletarian class and its inclusion in the contemporary world of social struggles

Si l'institution d'un Consulat de la mer à Civitavecchia en 1742 s'inscrivait avec retard dans un mouvement de réappropriation de l'exercice de la justice, l'événement symbolisait à la fois les prétentions romaines en matière de mercantilisme et les contradictions de son application pratique. Cette création institutionnelle devait en effet composer avec une ambigüité propre aux ports francs : être à la fois une porte d'entrée au commerce international et le filtre des échanges étrangers. Dans un contexte où le commerce ‘actif' devenait la ligne politique du pouvoir, le quotidien des acteurs économiques s'apparentait plutôt à une réinterprétation sociale des règles locales. Les agents institutionnels étaient en effet très souvent liés aux protagonistes du commerce. Acteurs économiques et institutions étaient alors à même d'incarner les normes avec un haut niveau de flexibilité. À ce titre, dans un contexte de création et d'affirmation d'une identité ‘étatique', l'insertion initiale des capitaines étrangers par l'intermédiaire de l'appareil normatif réglant les trafics maritimes romaines concrétisait la patiente accumulation de savoirs informels et la construction d'un réseau d'intermédiaires stratégiquement positionnés. Des savoirs qui furent un tremplin professionnel et économique mêlant pluriactivité et stratégies d'interprétation institutionnelle. Jouant en effet sur leur condition de stranieri ayant la capacité d'agir comme sudditi pontifici, ces capitaines et marins devinrent par la suite des opérateurs marchands économiquement profitables et incontournables
If the creation of the Consolato del mare court of Civitavecchia in 1742 was the late expression of an ancient and global movement for the restoration of a State-controlled justice, it also epitomizes the pontifical contradiction in the application of mercantilism. This institution was however facing the free ports ambiguity: at the same time opened to international trade and supposed to screen foreign activity. Above all, the mercantilist political context pushed the economic actors to a daily reinterpretation of local rules. Indeed, institutional agents were usually connected with the protagonists of trade. Therefore, economic actors and institutions were able to enforce justice with a high degree of flexibility. As such, in a context of creation and assertion of a State identity, the initial insertion of foreign captains by the means of normative apparatus regulating papal maritime trade gave concrete expression to the slow accumulation of informal skills and the development of a network of strategically positioned go-betweens. Such skills revealed to be a professional and economic stepping stone, combining diversified activities and institutional interpretation strategies. Using their condition of stranieri, with the ability to act as sudditi pontifici, these captains and seamen became economically profitable and crucial merchant actors

Au XIXe siècle, la construction navale traditionnelle constitue une importante branche de l'économie maritime provençale. Elle est surtout l'affaire d'entreprises privées et n'est pas un simple prolongement des pratiques du passé. Marquée par des caractères originaux, elle est le fruit de ses capacités à évoluer en s'adaptant aux demandes des marchés. La hiérarchie des chantiers privés change au fil du siècle. Si Marseille reste le foyer majeur, les productions traditionnelles de La Ciotat et de La Seyne marquent le pas, celles de Toulon, Arles et Antibes stagnent ; à Saint-Tropez elles connaissent un réel essor, avec la livraison de grosses unités, tandis qu'à Martigues elles dominent le marché des bâtiments de petit cabotage. Cette évolution s'accompagne d'une modification des modèles construits. Pour les navires de fort tonnage, les types méditerranéens polacre, pinque, barque et brigantin laissent rapidement la place aux formes atlantiques brick, brig-goélette et trois-mâts. Seule la bombarde, purement méridionale, résiste jusque dans les années 1830 alors que l'emblématique tartane, trop souvent confondue avec le bateau, ne représente plus qu'une petite part de la production. Sur ces chantiers, les ouvriers – dont la diversité et la mobilité sont difficiles à atteindre travaillent dans des espaces dont les infrastructures modestes se rationalisent pour peu que l'administration des Ponts et Chaussées, nouvelle gestionnaire des terrains, puisse ou veuille répondre aux demandes des constructeurs
During the 19th century, traditional shipbuilding was an important branch of the Provencal maritime economy. It is mostly the business of private companies and is no longer only an extension of practices from the past. Marked by original characters, it is the fruit of its capacities of evolving whilst adapting itself to the market's demands. The hierarchy of the private construction sites changes throughout the century. If Marseille stays the major outbreak, the traditional productions of La Ciotat and of La Seyne mark time, the ones in Toulon, Arles and Antibes stagnate; in Saint-Tropez they know a true development, with the delivery of large units, whilst in Martigues they dominate the market of small coasting trade ships. This evolution is accompanied by a modification of the constructed models. For large vessels, the Mediterranean types, polacre, pink, bark and brigantine quickly leave place to the Atlantic shapes brig, brig-schooner and three-masted vessel - only the Bomb-vessel, purely Mediterranean, resists until the 1830's, while the iconic tartan too often confused with the boat, represents only a small part of the production. On these construction sites, the workers – whose diversity and mobility are difficult to reach - work in spaces with modest infrastructures which rationalize themselves, for little that the administration of Roads and bridges, new land manager, would be able or willing to meet the demands of manufacturers

This thesis reports on an information behaviour investigation into refugee integration, undertaken to understand how refugees navigate complex integration processes and systems. The aim was to find person-centred information needs, relationships and sources that could inform the design of person-centred integration systems. The study was carried out through an interdisciplinary synthesis of academic literatures and professional practice. Theories of information behaviour were synthesised with principles in refugee integration into a theoretical framework founded on Dervin's sense-making methodology. The research data were collected by interviews and observations, such that the observation data substantiated interview findings. A diverse population of refugees were interviewed directly and observation of service provision was recorded during a volunteer role with the Scottish Refugee Council. The data analysis was process-driven and dynamic, using an iterative process of thematic coding. This resulted in pertinent institutional dimensions being factored into the identification of information needs. The research findings culminated in an information needs matrix - a navigational guide with implications for research, policy and practice. The study found connections between people, information and sociological needs as refugees navigate integration processes and systems. In addition, the experiences of navigating integration systems were tied to specific times, places and human conditions. This relationship resulted in the information needs matrix, which encompasses the complexities of navigating integration systems and points to refugee integration being as much an information issue as it is a sociological one.

The law of global navigation satellite systems is a nascent, yet growing academic field. The subject matter it studies, GNSS, has been and is becoming ever-more important in the modern world, both for transportation, as well as for commerce. Indeed, globalization has seen billions of euros in trade associated with both nautical and aviation shipping, and this trend is likely to grow larger with the passage of time. Additionally, the nations of the world are fast realizing the potential of GNSS to make their aviation industries more robust and efficient, with integration of GNSS into air traffic management certain to increase the number of aircraft in flight at any given time, decrease the separation between such craft, and allow for safer takeoffs and landings, as well as improve flight in areas whose terrain has traditionally been quite challenging for contemporary navigational aids. In 2004, the United States and the European Community signed an Agreement intended to ensure radio compatibility and interoperability between the U.S. Global Positioning System and the upcoming Galileo GNSS. This collaboration should enable continued and rapid growth of commerce and navigation improvements to aviation, but several of its provisions are poorly, if at all, defined. As a result, this thesis attempts to elaborate the nature and meaning behind the 2004 Agreement, while also serving to illuminate current legal theories concerning the liability regimes that accompany GNSS.
Le droit des systèmes de positionnement par satellites (GNSS) est une nouvelle matière académique qui est en train de se développer. Le GNSS devient de plus en plus important dans le monde d'aujourd'hui tant pour le transport que pour le commerce. La mondialisation a contribué à la croissance du transport des biens par voies maritime et aérienne, et cette tendance ne pourrait qu'augmenter. Les pays du monde se rendent de plus en plus compte des possibilités d'usage du GNSS pour renforcer leurs industries aériennes en employant le GNSS dans la gestion du trafic aérien afin d'augmenter la capacité du ciel en réduisant la distance séparant les aéronefs, de rendre plus sécuritaires les décollages et les atterrissages, et de faciliter l'aviation dans des zones où la technologie contemporaine a prouvé insuffisante. En 2004, les États-Unis et l'Union Européenne ont signé un accord qui assure la radio-compatibilité et l'interopérabilité du système GNSS américain et son équivalent européen, Galileo. Cette collaboration devrait contribuer à une croissance continue du commerce et de l'aviation. Par contre, plusieurs dispositions dans l'accord sont mal ou pas du tout définies. Cette mémoire cherche donc à élaborer la nature ainsi que le sens à donner à l'accord de 2004, tout en exposant les théories juridiques contemporaines concernant la responsabilité juridique pour GNSS.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A presente pesquisa parte da interpretação do jogo da capoeira a fim de buscar entender sua difusão na Europa. Cidades como Paris, Madri, Barcelona, Berlim, Frankfurt, Bruxelas, Lisboa entre outras, abrigam, cada vez mais, grupos de capoeira que difundem não só a língua portuguesa, mas uma ética particular no que se refere a interação com a alteridade. Aqui se buscou estabelecer quais adaptações foram necessárias para uma capoeira europeia, e o que essa capoeira tinha a oferecer a esses cidadãos. A tese não se divide em capítulos, e sim em tópicos, constituídos a fim de produzir maior dinâmica entre as questões empíricas e a teoria, na medida em que vão se apresentando, ou sendo necessárias, ao longo do constante ir e vir do campo de pesquisa.
This research intends to understand the diffusion of the capoeira game in Europe, starting form the interpretation of it's practice.Established in cities such as Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, Frankfurt, Brussels, Lisbon, the capoeira groups spread, beyond the Portuguese language, a particular ethics of interaction with alterity. The adaptations needed to establish an "European capoeira" and the vantages of it's practice to the european citizens were studied here. This thesis is not divided by chapters, but by topics. This choice was made aiming a better dynamics between empirical questions and the theory, as long as the field research was happening.

Although the efforts of multiple scholars contribute to a growing sociological conception of ADHD, I seek to fill a gap in the literature on ADHD by scrutinizing the various meanings that society attaches to the diagnostic construct of ADHD and commencing a more critical engagement with the manner in which ADHD unfolds in the lives of diagnosees - one which is premised on the actual experiences of the individual subject. Thus, I explore the sociological meaning of ADHD diagnosis through two related questions. First, what discourses shape the meaning of ADHD as a categorical marker or subject identity? Second, what are the consequences of identifying as an ADHD subject? To identify discourse on ADHD, I conduct a content analysis on 40 articles of the popular press on ADHD. To explore the consequences of identifying as an ADHD subject, I conduct a series of five interviews with young women students who associate themselves to ADHD. This mixed methods study finds strong contention surrounding ADHD diagnosis and treatment in the public sphere and individual negotiations of meaning that work around or else avoid negative subject identities in the private sphere of ADHD diagnosis.

This thesis focuses on conflict resolution and collective decision-making in co-navigating pigeons, Columba livia. These birds have a remarkable homing ability and frequently fly in flocks. Group navigation demands that group members reach consensus on which path to follow, but the mechanisms by which they do so remain largely unexplored. Pigeons are particularly suitable for studying these mechanisms, due to their sociality and the fact that their possession of information can easily be altered and quantified. I present the results of a series of experiments that manipulated the experience of homing pigeons in various ways so as to observe the effect of information they had previously gathered on their group behaviour. Key findings were: Previous navigational experience contributes to the establishment of leader-follower relationships. The larger the difference in experience between two co-navigating pigeons, the higher the likelihood the more experienced bird will emerge as leader. Shared homing experience through repeated joint flights can allow two pigeons to develop into a “behavioural unit”. They form spatial sub-groups when flying with less familiar birds, and perform a similar transition between compromise- and leadership-dominated flights as single birds, although they are more likely to accept compromise routes. Such previous association histories between birds can thus affect collective decision-making in larger flocks. There is a trade-off between the amount of spatial information handled and the efficiency with which such information can be applied during homing. Leading/following behaviour is influenced by the recency of the route memories. Leadership hierarchies in pigeon flocks appear resistant to changes in the navigational knowledge of a subset of their members, at least when these changes are relatively small in magnitude. The stability of the hierarchical structure might be beneficial during decision-making. Mathematical modelling suggests that underlying hierarchical social structures can increase navigational accuracy. Hierarchically organised groups with the smallest number of strong connections achieve highest accuracy. Group leader-follower dynamics resemble the underlying social structure.

A en croire les discours actuels, il serait aujourd'hui possible, pour un public de plus en plus large, de pratiquer la navigation sur voiliers en dehors de toutes discriminations économiques et sociales. L'analyse fine des modes d'accès à cette pratique permet de voir combien cette " démocratisation " est, en réalité, doublement déterminée, tant du point de vue de l'héritage socioculturel des navigateurs que de celui des dispositions corporelles indispensables aux " justes manières de naviguer ", seules reconnues comme légitimes. Autrement dit, avant même de parler de " démocratisation ", il faut précisément s'interroger sur les façons singulières dont les navigateurs ont acquis des " savoir-naviguer ", soit spontanément sur le mode de " l'allant-de-soi ", soit au travers d'un long travail de soumission aux normes de chaque modalité de pratique. La nécessaire objectivation de la croyance en la " démocratisation " permet de mettre en évidence les conditions sociales et culturelles qui régissent des prises de positions ayant pour enjeux les modes d'appropriation et la définition légitime de la navigation sur voiliers, pensée, dans le discours commun, comme une pratique " pour tous ".

De nos jours les réseaux deviennent des sujets d'étude de plus en plus répandus dans de nombreux domaines : des réseaux sociaux en ligne jusqu'aux réseaux criminels en passant par des corpus de documents liés. Parmi ces réseaux existent ce que l'on appelle des "réseaux multi-couches", des réseaux se décomposant en plusieurs ensembles d'éléments de types différents ("les couches"). Ces objets sont communément rencontrés en sciences humaines et sociales mais peuvent être difficiles à exploiter à cause de leur complexité sémantique. Nous proposons alors M-QuBEEE, une méthode d'exploration par extractions successives et évolutives de sous-réseaux. Spécialement adaptée à la méthodologie des experts des sciences humaines et sociales, M-QuBEEE détermine l'intérêt de chaque élément du réseau pour l'utilisateur afin de lui proposer une vue partielle pertinente. Celui-ci peut ensuite continuer à interagir itérativement sur ces sous-réseaux pour améliorer ses vues ou explorer de nouvelles pistes
Nowadays networks are becoming more and more common subjects of study in many fields: from online social networks to criminal networks and linked collections of documents. Among these networks, a particular type of network, called "multi-layer networks", are composed of several sets of elements of distinct types ("the layers"). These objects are commonly encountered in the humanities and social sciences research fields but can be difficult to exploit because of their semantic complexity. To this end, we present M-QuBEEE, a method to explore multi-layer networks by successive and evolutive subnetwork extractions. Specifically adapted to the methodology of experts in the human and social sciences, M-QuBEEE determines the pertinence of each element of the network in order to propose a partial view relevant to the users. Users can then continue to interact iteratively on these sub-networks to improve their views or explore new directions

Digital vigilantism är ett fenomen som växer och blir mer och mer populärt (Chia, 2018; Yardley, Lynes, Wilson, & Kelly, 2016). Digitala vigilantister har under ett flertal tillfällen misslyckats i att korrekt identifiera både förövare och offer i händelser som omger socialt oönskade handlingar (Trottier, 2016; Yardley et al., 2016). Denna studie avser att använda konceptdriven designforskning (Stolterman & Wiberg, 2010) för att utveckla ett koncept som ska förbättra precisionen av utredningar genomförda av digitala vigilantister. Konceptet som presenteras i denna studie är en interaktiv videospelare som tillåter användare att navigera i videomaterial genom att interagera direkt med objekt i videorna. På detta vis ska känslan av position och riktning förhöjas. Resultat i denna studie utgörs av nya insikter av aspekter som behövs hållas i åtanke vid skapande av koncept för denna målgrupp. Detta inkluderar den komplexa etiska problametik som uppstår kring socialt oönskade handlingar och utredningar av dessa handlingar.
Digital vigilantism is a phenomenon that is growing and gaining more popularity (Chia, 2018; Yardley et al., 2016). This practice has in various occasions failed to correctly identify both victims and perpetrators in events surrounding socially undesirable acts(Trottier, 2016; Yardley et al., 2016). This study aims to use Concept driven design research (Stolterman & Wiberg, 2010) to develop a concept that will enhance the precision of the investigative research performed by digital vigilantists. The concept presented in this study is an interactive video player that allows users to navigate through video by interacting directly with objects in the video and enhancing the sense of position and direction. This study results in new insights of aspects to take in mind when creating a concept for this particular target group, this includes the complex ethical aspects that arises when dealing with socially undesirable acts and the public investigation of these.

This thesis places three sociological figures in discourse with one another: Ferdinand Tönnies, Emile Durkheim and Friedrich Nietzsche. I argue, within the contexts of the three theorists’ philosophies, that contemporary society is problematic due to its many artifices enslaving individuals. The effects of these artifices are devastating on individuals living in contemporary society as they become encased in simulacra realities reified by engrained beliefs such as socially defined “individuality.” I then propose that one possible method of creating individual freedom in contemporary society may be in the establishment of communities based upon deep friendships and trust.

Soziale Netzwerke, wie Facebook, dienen im Kampf gegen Naturkatastrophen als wichtige Kommunikationskanäle. Neben der Mobilisierung und Koordination freiwilliger Helfer konnte Facebook beim Elbehochwasser 2013, im Vergleich zu konventionellen Medien und Kommunikationskanälen, zu einer höheren Aktualität von Informationen, sowie einer breiteren Informationsreichweite beitragen. Allerdings führte die Kommunikation über Facebook auch zu Ordnungsproblemen an einzelnen, vom Hochwasser betroffenen Standorten. [... aus dem Text]

Collaboration is central in the transformation and sustainability of future healthcare with a clear place in integrated models of care, but the operationalisation of collaborative working presents challenges in practice. There is a lack of evidence about how collaboration is sustained in the delivery of healthcare, and a deficiency of studies which include patients as part of collaboration. This thesis investigates the meaning and manifestation of collaboration, including the experience of patients and professionals in practice. A social constructionist approach to grounded theory is used to investigate collaboration in an Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) service. The sample consists of staff and patients who have experience of OPAT. Interviews and focus groups are used to generate data, and grounded theory methods are used to progress the study through constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling to a point of data saturation. Coding, categorising and techniques of situational analysis are used to analyse data and develop theory. The theory of Interactive Navigation conceptualises collaboration as a device used to navigate complex care situations and to direct collaboration with differing consequences for patients and professionals. The factors which influence collaboration are found to be a range of Situational Co-ordinates (Certainty, Uncertainty, Limits, Goals and Power) and interaction takes place through Interactive Mechanisms (Rehearsing, Coordination, Communication and Trust). The Collaboration Compass model is presented as a tool to inform understanding of Developing, Maintaining, Limiting and Disrupting collaboration. Collaboration is differentiated into four distinct areas and is revealed as a social device integral to the situation in which it takes place. This complexity requires recognition if collaborative health and social care developments are to succeed. The theory of Interactive Navigation presents a new way to view collaboration, and the Collaboration Compass offers a tool to navigate situations and map collaboration in practice.

Soziale Netzwerke, wie Facebook, dienen im Kampf gegen Naturkatastrophen als wichtige Kommunikationskanäle. Neben der Mobilisierung und Koordination freiwilliger Helfer konnte Facebook beim Elbehochwasser 2013, im Vergleich zu konventionellen Medien und Kommunikationskanälen, zu einer höheren Aktualität von Informationen, sowie einer breiteren Informationsreichweite beitragen. Allerdings führte die Kommunikation über Facebook auch zu Ordnungsproblemen an einzelnen, vom Hochwasser betroffenen Standorten. [... aus dem Text]

In this study, I introduce and analyze the role of complicity in discussions of social justice pedagogies to determine how teachers, who teach social justice oriented courses, navigate complicity. Through an in-depth review of social justice education literature, I show that teacher/scholars rely upon four context-dependent discourses of complicity: (1) responsibility, (2) consciousness-awareness, (3) relation to world, self and others, and (4) inevitability and implicature. In order to understand how these discourses impact pedagogies that seek to make connections between people and social systems, I selected teacher/scholars who are widely published, read, and assigned in social justice oriented fields. I used the method of elite interviewing and interviewed the following eight people: Kevin Kumashiro, Barbara Applebaum, William Ayers, Lynn Fels, Marcelo Diversi, Cris Mayo, Mark McPhail and Deanna Fassett. I applied the conceptual framework of the discourses of complicity to our interview transcripts and three further discourses emerged: (1) nonduality/nonbinary, (2) choice, and (3) imagination. I found that by discursively marking complicity within the context of social justice pedagogies, teachers and students have new tools of understanding at their disposal. Rather than relying upon discourses that keep us “stuck” in conceptualizing relationships as limited by the choice of being either/or complicit or not, pedagogies that center complicity enable teachers and students to recognize themselves as both/and implicated and resistant. A pedagogy of accomplice, one that centers complicity in any understanding of relationality, works towards justice as a means of highlighting what Gloria Anzaldúa called the “invisible threads” that connect us all. Once these threads are made visible, it is what teachers and students do with this understanding that matters. A pedagogy of accomplice provides the potential to open new spaces of resistance and action and bring the unimaginable into the imagination of the classroom community.

Background: Ballad Health participates in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) Accountable Health Communities (AHC) model. The AHC model is evaluating if universal screening, referral, and navigation services for health-related social needs (HRSN) can improve outcomes and reduce unnecessary utilization and costs of health care services. To ensure the evaluation of the model has sufficient statistical power, navigation services are expected to be provided to a minimum number of individuals. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Ballad Health’s AHC navigation services that could be modified to improve opt-in rates. Methods: The primary outcome measure was identified as whether a beneficiary contacted via telephone opted-in or –out of the navigation program. Andersen’s Behavioral Model for Health Service Use was used as the conceptual framework for selecting covariates of interest. Enabling factors were of primary interest because alternate interventions may be designed around them. Data was pulled for the time period of November 17, 2018 through February 14, 2019. Where possible, covariates were associated with data from CMS’ AHC Data Template v3.1 to accommodate replication for all AHC bridge organizations, though additional internally-collected data, which may not be available for all bridge organizations, were needed for some variables. Chi-squared tests were performed for each covariate. Results: No statistical differences were found for the primary covariates of interest. Opt-in rates by Navigator were lowest for Navigator 5 and highest for Navigator 4 (67.53% and 88.24%). Opt-in rates by weekday of decision were lowest on Thursdays and highest on Wednesdays (64.91% and 77.42%). Opt-in rates based on time of day were lowest between 8:00am and 9:59am, and highest between 12:00pm and 1:59pm (62.50% and 100%). Opt-in rates were lowest when the decision was made six days after the screening and highest when made the same day (53.57% and 83.33%). Opt-in rates were lowest when there were five weekdays between screening and navigation decision, and highest when there were three weekdays between the screening and decision (60% and 90%). Other non-process covariates of interest that were statistically significant for opt-in rates were the presence of either food, safety, or utility needs. Conclusions: Several groups had higher opt-in rates that were not statistically significant; small sample sizes may have impacted the significance of these differences. For example, opt-in rates were higher when made the same day as the screening than when made one day after (83.33% and 74.79%). However, only 18 beneficiary decisions were made on the same day, while 119 were made one day after. Increasing the number of same-day phone call attempts may be a method to improve opt-in rates. Importantly, date and time data for contact attempts before a beneficiary decides to opt-in or opt-out were unavailable as of the time of the analysis. These data are captured and will be added to the analysis when available, which could provide more insight into whether a beneficiary is more likely to opt-in or opt-out.

identity play an important role in how they communicate and interact with other individuals. One group in which identity construction and navigation is a difficult process is the hearing impaired population. In an effort to understand how these individuals construct their identity and navigate their hearing impairment, this study utilizes Communication Theory of Identity. Through the use of interactive interviews, the researcher was able to examine how 11 participants manage their identity as hearing impaired individuals. The interviews provided insight into the four layers of identity proposed by CTI – personal, relational, enacted, and communal – in the hearing impaired individual. The author discusses the themes within each of the four layers and the gaps present between the layers that emerged as the hearing impaired participants discussed how they navigate their hearing impairment. Furthermore, the implications of these themes and gaps within the hearing impaired individual’s identity, such as feeling disconnected from both the Deaf and hearing communities, are examined.

La Tesi titulada "Navegant per la web d'una aranya. Desenvolupament un programa d'ajuda com a conseqüència d'un accident laboral en la Indústria Tèxtil Bengalí "(d'ara endavant la Tesi) resumeix l'experiència desenvolupada per l'autor en la gestió d'una intervenció de naturalesa multistakeholder i relacional per constituir l'anomenat Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme, dissenyat per pal•liar els danys personals dels treballadors ferits i de les famílies dels treballadors morts com a conseqüència del col•lapse de la fàbrica Spectrum (Savar, Bangladesh 2005). La primera innovació que ofereix la Tesi és el concepte de spider web: Una idea utilitzada per l'autor per capturar les causes últimes que van originar la crisi derivada del col•lapse de l'esmentada fàbrica. En altres paraules, una spider web que, a diferència de les altres teixides per aranyes, era difusa i teixida de manera opaca per xarxes de desconfiança mútua entre els stakeholders locals i internacionals presents a l’entorn de l'accident. Una desconfiança mútua que va resultar de la combinació dels següents factors: (i) l'inadequat compliment de la legislació bengalí, (ii) escassos recursos públics per a la seva implementació i (iii) un escàs exercici dels compromisos voluntàriament assumits pels International Buyers, després de l'aprovació dels seus respectius Codis de Conducta de Fabricants i Tallers Externs. La segona innovació es troba en el seu marc teòric que, articulat a partir d'un concepte ampli de Capital Social de naturalesa relacional i fruit de l'adaptació de teories del Management, va ser clau per guiar la intervenció del Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme en aquest complex escenari. La tercera innovació es troba en el procediment per a la construcció d'eines (per exemple Fact Finding Mission, el barem i el model actuarial per calcular compensacions per a treballadors ferits i familiars dels morts com a resultat de l'accident) que de forma simultània permetessin (i) resoldre la crisi derivada del col•lapse de la fàbrica i (ii) fomentar la Confiança, l'Associacionisme i el Cooperativisme entre els stakeholders involucrats en l'accident. Addicionalment, la Tesi ofereix tres innovacions: (i) una segona spider web, més obscura, difusa i opaca que, present en la realitat quotidiana comunitària, social, religiosa i familiar dels beneficiaris del Spectrum Voluntary Relief Écheme, era directament responsable dels processos d'exclusió d'aquells col•lectius més vulnerables, (ii) la seva conceptualització a través de les següents quatre Ps: (P1) Principis Polítics i Constitucionals, (P2), Patriarcat, (P3) Per i (P4) purdah i, finalment, (iii) un procediment dissenyat per mesurar l'impacte de les mencionades quatre Ps en la vida de les vídues de Spectrum. A més, la Tesi identifica una tercera spider web que, essent concèntrica amb les dues anteriors i present en les realitats de les fàbriques, comunitats i famílies dels beneficiaris de Spectrum va ser teixida per un sistema judicial incapaç de protegir els Drets de la Dona i portà com a conseqüència directa un sistema legal incapaç de protegir el lliure gaudi de les compensacions de les Vídues de Spectrum en un país amb una de les majors taxes de Violència contra la Dona en el món. Finalment, el nou marc relacional proposat per la Tesi i dissenyat per resoldre crisis futures derivades d'accidents laborals en LDC mitjançant processos d'acumulació de confiança i capital social conclou amb un immediat resultat pràctic: la creació de la Bangladesh Welfare Act (2006).
La Tesis titulada “Navegando en la web de una araña. Desarrollando un programa de ayuda como consecuencia de un accidente laboral en la Industria Textil Bengalí” (en adelante la Tesis) resume la experiencia desarrollada por el autor en la gestión de una intervención de naturaleza multistakeholder y relacional para constituir el denominado Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme, diseñado para paliar los daños personales de los trabajadores heridos y las familias de aquellos otros fallecidos como consecuencia del colapso de la fábrica Spectrum (Savar, Bangladesh 2005). La primera innovación que ofrece la Tesis es el concepto de spider web: Una idea utilizada por el autor para capturar las causas últimas que originaron la crisis derivada del colapso de la mencionada fábrica. En otras palabras, una spider web que, a diferencia de las otras tejidas por arañas, era difusa y tejida de forma opaca por redes de desconfianza mutua entre aquellos stakeholders locales e internacionales presentes en la arena del accidente. Una desconfianza mutua que resultó de la combinación de los siguientes factores: (i) el inadecuado cumplimiento de la legislación bengalí; (ii) escasos recursos públicos para su implementación y (iii) un escaso ejercicio de los compromisos voluntariamente asumidos por los International Buyers, tras la aprobación de sus respectivos Códigos de Conducta de Fabricantes y Talleres Externos. La segunda innovación fue su marco teórico que, articulado a partir de un concepto amplio de Capital Social de naturaleza relacional y fruto de la adaptación de teorías del Management, fue clave para guiar la intervención del Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme en este complejo escenario. La tercera innovación fue el procedimiento para la construcción de herramientas (i.e. Fact Finding Mission, el Baremo y el modelo actuarial para calcular compensaciones para trabajadores heridos y familiares de aquellos otros fallecidos como resultado del accidente) que de forma simultánea permitieran (i) resolver la crisis derivada del colapso de la fábrica y (ii) fomentar la Confianza, el Asociacionismo y el Cooperativismo entre los stakeholders involucrados en el accidente. Adicionalmente, la Tesis ofrece tres innovaciones: (i) una segunda spider web, más obscura, difusa y opaca que, presente en la realidad cotidiana comunitaria, social, religiosa y familiar de los beneficiarios del Spectrum Voluntary Relief Écheme, era directamente responsable de los procesos de exclusión de aquellos colectivos mas vulnerables; (ii) su conceptualización a través de las siguientes cuatro Ps: (P1) Principios Políticos y Constitucionales; (P2); Patriarcado; (P3) Para y (P4) Purdah y, finalmente, (iii) un procedimiento diseñado para medir el impacto de las mencionadas cuatro Ps en la vida de las viudas de Spectrum. Además, la Tesis identifica una tercera spider web que, concéntrica a las dos anteriores y presente en las realidades de las fábricas, comunidades y familias de los beneficiarios de Spectrum fue tejida por un sistema judicial incapaz de proteger los Derechos de la Mujer y cuya consecuencia directa es un sistema legal incapaz de proteger el libre disfrute de las compensaciones de las Viudas de Spectrum en un país con una de las mayores tasas de Violencia contra la Mujer en el mundo. Finalmente, el novedoso marco relacional propuesto por la Tesis y diseñado para resolver crisis futuras derivadas de accidentes laborales en LDC mediante procesos de acumulación de confianza y capital social concluye con un inmediato resultado práctico: la creación de la Bangladesh Welfare Act (2006).
The Thesis - “Navigating into the Spider´ Web, Developing Resilience in the Wake of an Industrial Disaster in the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment Sector” – (hereinafter the Thesis) summarizes the Author´s experience, based on a multi-stakeholder approach, carried out in Bangladesh, to build the Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme to manage the negative consequences derived from the collapse of the Spectrum factory (Savar, Bangladesh 2005). The first innovation offered by the Thesis is the spider web: an illustrative concept used by the Author to capture the ultimate roots of the crisis derived from the mentioned factory collapse. In other words, a spider web unlike nets actually knitted by spiders, was messy, and, as such, it was opaquely woven with distrust threads linking Local and International stakeholders present at the Spectrum accident arena. Thus, the mutual distrust come from the combination of the following factors: (i) a failure to abide by current Bangladesh Laws; (ii) a lack of resources to enforce an effective Legal Framework and (iii) a consistent disregard for commitments voluntarily made by International Buyers after approving their respective Codes of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Suppliers. The second innovation offered by the Thesis was its theoretical framework based on a holistic Relational Social Capital concept derived from the adaptation of several current management theories and to guide the intervention through The Spectrum Voluntary Relief Scheme in this complex scenario. The third innovation was the procedure to build tools (i.e. Fact Finding Mission, Scale and actuarial model to calculate compensations to injured workers and the families of those deceased as a result of the accident) to simultaneously: (i) solve the crisis derived from the factory collapse and (ii) foster Trust, Closeness and Cooperative behaviour among stakeholders involved in the Spectrum accident Additionally, the Thesis offers three innovations: (i) a second spider web which, even more obscure, messy and opaque that permeated Scheme beneficiaries’ community, social, religious and family everyday lives, was directly responsible for the stalwart exclusion of the most vulnerable groups; (ii) its conceptualization on the basis of Four Ps: Political and Constitutional Values (P1); Patrilineal Kinship (P2); Para (P3) and Purdah (P4) and (iii) the procedure to assess the impact of these mentioned four Ps on Spectrum Widows’ lives. The Thesis identifies a third spider web, which concentric the other two and, therefore, present in factories as well as family households and communities where beneficiaries and their relatives live, is knitted by a poor judicial system to safeguard Women’s Rights, being its direct consequence: the insufficient protection of the Spectrum Widows´ Rights to free enjoy the compensations received from the Spectrum Scheme in a country with showed one of the highest VAW rates in the world. Finally, this innovative relational framework designed to solve future complex crisis derived from labour accidents in LDC, accumulating Trust and Social Capital, concludes using its most immediate practical outcome: the Bangladesh Welfare Act (2006).