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Journal articles on the topic 'Naxalite movement in literature'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Ghosh, Sreyasi. "Skillful portrayal and reflection of the Naxalite Movement of Bengal (1970s) in world of stories." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i04.007.

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The Naxalite Movement of Bengal ( 1970s ) was undoubtedly a landmark in history of political movements of Bengal and it had undoubtedly a pan – Indian character for spreading in Andhra Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Kerala and Punjab . The movement had its root in the historical Tebhaga Movement and Telengana Movement, the Food Movement (1959), the Movement against hike in tramfare (1965), the Food Movement (1966) etc. The Naxalite Movement was devastated in face of police atrocities but its imprint was long-lasting in world of literature of Bengal such as on dramas, poetry, novels and stories. Actually it influenced literature of Punjab , U.P., Maharashtra , Dandakaranya , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala also as well as songs and movie- making in whole India but here in this article I have tried my best to depict only impact of the bloodbath and political violence in stories of our Bengal and it must be admitted without any hesitation that those stories were reflection of social realism which did not always consider the importance of pure aesthetic value related to creation of literary treasures. Dearth of mass base , excessive loyalty towards ideology of China , personal vengeance in name of urban revolution , ruthless attack on schools – laboratories- libraries – images / statue of famous personalities , policy of annihilation and bloodbath, extreme authoritarianism in leadership style of Charu Mazumdar and Saroj Dutta, amalgamation of urban and rural youth power during days of the rebellious upsurge and glorious role / contribution of courageous women in revolution were skillfully described in various stories some of which had been written by the Naxalite revolutionaries themselves.

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2

Sarkar, Debjani, and Nirban Manna. "Men Without Names." Archiv orientální 89, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.1.155-183.

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Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India was realized along the lines of Maoist ideology through the Naxalite insurgency in the 1960s. Novelists have attempted to grasp the mood of this decade of liberation through fiction. This article attempts to study two novels which document the formative years of the Naxalite movement in West Bengal. Translated works from Bengali, Mahasweta Devi’s Mother of 1084 (1974) and Bani Basu’s The Enemy Within (1991) foreground the necropolitical policies of the demonic state in eliminating these Naxal names. State and non-state actors obliterate the question of the Naxal’s identity (enmeshed with his mind and body), making it the focal point of the analysis. Drawing abundantly on concepts of homo sacer, necropolitics, McCarthyism, and democide, the analysis demonstrates that the protagonists are typical of what modern biopolitical states do to non-conformist subjects by creating death worlds. This article is an attempt at understanding the nuances of a sociopolitical movement through literature as social responsibility.

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3

Seth, S. "Interpreting Revolutionary Excess: The Naxalite Movement in India, 1967-71." positions: east asia cultures critique 3, no. 2 (September 1, 1995): 483–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3-2-483.

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4

SHAH, ALPA, and DHRUV JAIN. "Naxalbari at its Golden Jubilee: Fifty recent books on the Maoist movement in India." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 1165–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000792.

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There are not many other issues in South Asia that have attracted as much scholarly attention in the last decade as India's Naxalite or Maoist movement. At least 50 scholarly or political books, several novels, and numerous essays have been published since 2007. What we hope to do in this article is to ask why this movement has generated such attention at this moment in time, to analyse the commentaries that have emerged and the questions that have been asked, and also to identify some of the shortfalls in the existing literature and propose some lines of research to be pursued by future scholars.

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5

Sodhar, Muhammad Qasim, and Tugrul Keskin. "The Unprivileged Socio-Political Classes & Castes in India: A Study of the Naxalite Movement (1967-2008)." Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol2.iss2.33.

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The Naxalite movement is a famous movement going on in many districts of the different states of India. This movement is considered to be one of the biggest challenges to the Indian state. This study aims to look at the matter through historiography, investigating when this movement began and the root causes behind the movement. By consulting other studies already completed about this movement, it has been analyzed that the major cause behind the movement was the suppression of peasantry at the hands of the landlord, bourgeois, and capitalist classes, and as a result, the peasantry stood up against the cruelty of landlordism and killed one of the landlords in a remote village, Naxalbari, West Bengal. But later on, this movement turned against the mega-development projects set by multinational companies in collaboration with the government. Hence, this research is an attempt to present the historical events, causes, and motivations behind the launching and continuity of the movement. The study is based on secondary data by taking the relevant literature to learn the perspectives of both sides, i.e., Naxal leadership and also government authorities. In this regard, few reports set by different committees and commissions can be more helpful in understanding and analyzing matters.

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6

Babu, J. Madhu, and S. Sowjanya Babu. "50 Years of Naxalite Movement and Telugu Cinema: A Content Analysis." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v11.n3.p2.

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The Naxalite movement has influenced Indian cinema since the 1970s in different forms and degree. It has also left some valuable imprints on the cinema. A number of films in different languages have been made on themes of Naxalite movement directly or indirectly. Last year, Naxalite movement has completed50 years. In this context the researchers took at the four Telugu films i.e. Sindhooram (1997), Encounter (1997), Kubusam(2002), and Virodhi(2011).In an appreciation of how a Psychological approach to the story can highlight the dynamics of emotional cinematic experience, this study presents a critical analysis of these four films.

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7

Gupta, Tilak. "Recent Developments in the Naxalite Movement." Monthly Review 45, no. 4 (September 2, 1993): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-045-04-1993-08_2.

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8

Routledge, P. "Space, Mobility, and Collective Action: India's Naxalite Movement." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 12 (December 1997): 2165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a292165.

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Contemporary theories of social movements have failed adequately to address the spatiality of collective action. I argue that an analysis of collective action that pays due attention to the spatiality of movement practice can provide an important complement to social movement theories. This spatiality of social movement agency involves an analysis of how spatial processes and relations across a variety of scales, as well as the particularities of specific places, influence the character and emergence of social movements, and how social movements use space strategically. Using the notions of locale, location, and sense of place as an interpretive framework I argue that a spatialized analysis of conflict provides important insights into social movement experience. First, it informs us of the broader spatial context within which social movements are located; second, it informs us of the spatial and cultural specificity of movements; third, it informs us of the cultural expressions of social movement agency; and, fourth, it informs us of how the strategic use of space may constrain or enable collective action. I contextualize these arguments by analyzing the Maoist insurgency of the Naxalite movement, which first emerged in India during the late 1960s.

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9

Gupta, Dipak K. "The Naxalite Movement: Review from A Personal Perspective." Terrorism and Political Violence 32, no. 7 (September 4, 2020): 1592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1814105.

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10

Krishnamurthy. "The Revolutionary Man in Naxalite Literature." Journal for the Study of Radicalism 11, no. 1 (2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0135.

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11

Srinivasan, Adhitya. "Economic Reforms in India and the Conflicting Naxalite Movement." Global Studies Journal 2, no. 3 (2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/cgp/v02i03/40626.

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12

Ghosh, Sreyasi. "Cultural Impact of The Naxalite Movement (1970s) in Bengal." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i10.004.

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13

R, Sadhana Rengaswamy, and S. Ambika. "Mahasweta Devi’s Mother of 1084 as a Journey of an Apolitical Mother." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8727.

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Mahasweta Devi is one of the most important writers writing in India today. she stands with few equals among today's Asian writers in the dedication and directness with which she has turned writing into a form of service to the people. Her writing is disturbing because it shows the reader her or his own true face. Her Mother of 1084 analyzes the occurrences of failed Naxalite insurgency in Bengal in the 1970s. It shows the larger problem of the nation’s suppression of any authentic form of subaltern insurgency. It’s a saga of the Naxalite resistance in Bengal through the characters of Sujata and Nandini, her powerful exploration of subjectivity voiced through the female character. It’s a tragedy of an apolitical mother. This paper explores how the Naxalite movement brings two subaltern mothers together instead of their class barriers which in turn lead to the awakening of Sujata.

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14

Das, Raju J. "Class Relations, Material Conditions, and Spaces of Class Struggle in Rural India." Human Geography 2, no. 3 (November 2009): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277860900200306.

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For historical-geographical materialists, making history and geography means that existing conditions of life are not acceptable because they are exploitative and oppressive, and that new and better conditions of life can, and must, be created through political struggles against the class/classes responsible for the existing conditions. The act of making history (and geography) in a class-society is class struggle. This paper is about class and class struggle in the historical-geographical context of post-colonial India. It discusses how relations of class as well as caste- and gender-based social oppression have created extremely difficult conditions of living for workers and peasants in rural and tribal areas, which the post-colonial capitalist-landlord state has, more or less, failed to significantly mitigate. The conjunctural combination of unjust conditions of living and state failure has created a historical-geographical situation ripe for class struggle, one instance of which is the Naxalite movement, a part of the worldwide Maoist movement. Its growth and spatial spread are examined. Also discussed is the extent to which the Naxalites provide some immediate relief to poor people. Although this is a movement which has much appeal among the rural poor in many areas, it is not without some serious problems. The paper, therefore, discusses some of the major limitations of the Naxalite movement that partly grow out of (a specific interpretation of) the same historical-geographical conditions that have prompted it in the first place. In particular, the paper is critical of the Maoists underplaying society's capitalist character and of the use of violent method by some Naxalite groups as a means of class struggle.

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15

손석주. "Motherhood and Naxalite Movement in Mahasweta Devi’s Mother of 1084." English21 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2019.32.2.009.

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16

Ishan, Manish Kumar. "Political and Familial Repercussions of Naxalism in Lahiri’s The Lowland." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i3.10464.

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This research article, Political and Familial Repercussions of Naxalism in Lahiri’s The Lowland seeks to examine Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland as a saga of two Bengali brothers; Subhash and Udayan Mitra, who belong to a middle-class family in the light of Naxalite movement. The narrative of The Lowland purports to depict how the tenderest of ties are torn asunder and the absence of loved ones haunts the subconscious mind of the affected characters in the novel. At the same time, Lahiri questions the politics of nationality with both pathetic desperation and revolutionary zeal. It examines the impact of Naxalite movement on socio-political life of the time, which later turns into a complete fiasco. It shows how Lahiri’s depiction evokes our feeling of familial responsibilities and we become dejected by devastating stories of passion and indifference. Above all, it tries to analyze Lahiri’s sense of history which is not as insightful as her grasp of human heart that are palpable in her other works.

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17

Braud, Donovan S. "The Asiatic Mode of Production, Indian Land Law, and the Naxalite Movement." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, no. 1-2 (January 5, 2015): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341333.

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Marx’s views on pre-capitalist non-western societies evolved during his intellectual development and are generally grouped under the (problematic) term “Asiatic Mode of Production.” This article examines the connections between the Asiatic Mode of Production from Marxist economics, post-independence Indian land laws, the violation of those laws after independence and in the period of liberalization, and the continuing popularity of the Naxalite/Maoist insurgency. The contemporary round of globalization seeks to finish what colonization started by forcibly removing Adavasi and Scheduled Tribes in a process similar to primitive accumulation. Understanding this dynamic explains the Naxalites’ continuing appeal in contemporary India.

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18

Ganguly, Sumit. "India in 2008: Domestic Turmoil and External Hopes." Asian Survey 49, no. 1 (January 2009): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.1.39.

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The past year saw significant domestic turmoil in India. The country confronted a series of terrorist attacks including the one in Bombay, witnessed ethno-religious violence, dealt with a resurgent Maoist (Naxalite) guerilla movement, and faced agitations from agricultural communities over the acquisition of land for industrialization. On the external front, India managed to consummate a critical civilian nuclear agreement with the U.S., after much domestic debate and contention.

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19

Akhtar, Zia. "Naxalite Rebellion: Disenfranchisement, Ideology and Recognition of a Non International Armed Conflict." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 8, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2017): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00801001.

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The military conflict within India’s borders whose origins are in the marginalisation of tribal peoples involves the government forces and the Naxalite rebels. This conflict has become more intense in the last decade with land being acquired to enable corporations to mine resources and the lack of redress for the Adivasi, who are the indigenous people who inhabit these territories. The alienation of the rural communities and tribes from the north eastern states, which are located on the ‘red corridor’ is because the government has failed to implement protection for Scheduled Tribes who carry a protected status in the Indian constitution. The Naxalite movement has launched a violent struggle which has led to an emergency declared under Article 355, and there has been an incremental increase in the rate of fatalities. The failure of public interest litigation and the enforcement of the Armed Forces Special Power Act (afsa) means that the domestic remedies for empowerment are not successful. The breach of human rights has to be assessed against the insurgency of the Naxalite guerillas and the Geneva Conventions that are applicable under the Non International Armed Conflict (niac). This paper will assess the rural origins of the conflict, environmental damage and the litigation by the Adivasi communities before addressing the rules under which the protections are available in the international humanitarian law. This will argue for the strict implementation of the Geneva Conventions and for niac to be liable for intervention as an International Armed Conflict (iac).

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20

VERGHESE, AJAY. "British Rule and Tribal Revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 5 (August 19, 2015): 1619–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000687.

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AbstractBritish colonial rule in India precipitated a period of intense rebellion among the country's indigenous groups. Most tribal conflicts occurred in the British provinces, and many historians have documented how a host of colonial policies gave rise to widespread rural unrest and violence. In the post-independence period, many of the colonial-era policies that had caused revolt were not reformed, and tribal conflict continued in the form of the Naxalite insurgency. This article considers why the princely state of Bastar has continuously been a major centre of tribal conflict in India. Why has this small and remote kingdom, which never came under direct British rule, suffered so much bloodshed? Using extensive archival material, this article highlights two key findings: first, that Bastar experienced high levels of British intervention during the colonial period, which constituted the primary cause of tribal violence in the state; and second, that the post-independence Indian government has not reformed colonial policies in this region, ensuring a continuation and escalation of tribal conflict through the modern Naxalite movement.

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21

Beretta, Carlotta Maria. "Righting the Subalterns? Neel Mukherjee’s The Lives of Others and the Naxalite Movement." Indialogs 6 (April 2, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/indialogs.130.

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22

Das, Raju J. "Social Movements and State Repression in India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 8 (July 14, 2016): 1080–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616653258.

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State repression is particularly likely when social movements target property relations that cause ordinary citizens to suffer. Whether these movements are violent, and whether the state is a liberal democracy is a contingent matter. This is illustrated by India’s ‘Maoist movement’ (which is also known as the Naxalite movement because it originated in an area called Naxalbari, located in India’s West Bengal State). Where necessary, sections of this movement use violent methods to fight for justice for aboriginal peoples and peasants. This strategy, which the author, incidentally, does not endorse, has been seen by the state as the greatest internal military threat to it. Such a perception invites state violence. What is often under-emphasized or ignored is that the movement is an economic, political and ideological threat, and not just a military threat, and it is so through its localized alternative developmental activities, and this is also a reason for the state’s violent response to it.

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23

Sahay, Gaurang R. "Substantially Present but Invisible, Excluded and Marginalised: A Study of Musahars in Bihar." Sociological Bulletin 68, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022918819357.

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This article is an engagement with the socio-cultural, economic and political life-world of a Scheduled Caste, namely the Musahars, in light of official records and field data collected from four villages in Bihar. Against the background of Brahminical, colonial and post-colonial understandings of Musahars, the article presents an ethnographic account of Musahars by reflecting on their life cycle, culture and educational, health, political and economic conditions. They have remained as usual a poor, landless, marginalised and excluded caste group in the state of Bihar. The discourses representing Musahars in a negative manner have continued to remain as deeply embedded forms of structural violence against Musahars. The article finds that the Naxalite movement in Bihar has generated a somewhat socio-political awareness and aspiration among the Musahars and is equipping them to fight against the system for their well-being.

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24

Sohn, Sukjoo. "National Violence and Naxalite Movement in Post-1990 Indian English Novels: Jhumpa Lahiri, Arundhati Roy, and Rohinton Mistry." British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea, no. 132 (March 30, 2019): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2019.132.37.

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25

NA, Debjani Sarkar, and Nirban Manna NA. "The Compositional Paradox in Violence: Classes of Bhadralok and Chotolok in the Naxalite Novel." Kritika Kultura, no. 38 (April 24, 2022): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13185/kk2022.003808.

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26

Hill, Christopher V. "Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement. By Edward Duyker. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. xviii, 201 pp. $17.95." Journal of Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (November 1989): 904–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058200.

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27

Tomlinson, Carl M. "The International Children's Literature Movement." World Literature Today 77, no. 1 (2003): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40157788.

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28

Sinha, Suranjan. "Book Reviews : EDWARD DUYKER, Tribal Guerillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987, pp. xvii + 201, Rs. 120." Indian Economic & Social History Review 24, no. 4 (December 1987): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468702400409.

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29

Gu, Erchao. "movement." Textual Practice 35, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950236x.2021.1920227.

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30

Karslı, E. "Jadidism Movement Reflected In Kyrgyz Literature." Turkology 5, no. 103 (October 15, 2020): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-3162.013.

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Ceditism, which emerged in Turkistan at the end of the 19th century and completed its formation at the beginning of the 20th century, directly or indirectly affected the entire Turkic world, especially the Tatars, under the leadership of İsmail Gaspıralı. The Kyrgyz intellectuals, who were influenced by the Tatar intellectuals, had the idea of enlightening the Kyrgyz people by studying in schools that provide education with the understanding of Usul-u Jadid. In general in the works of Kyrgyz intellectuals; they focused on the problems in social life during the Tsarist period, people's falling behind from the developing social order, the pressures of the rulers and awakening an uneducated society from the sleep of ignorance. At the threshold of these issues, the studies carried out to enlighten future generations in the field of education with the effect of the Usul-u Jadid schools, the aim of creating national and spiritual awareness, expressions emphasizing the importance of education in the mother tongue are frequently encountered in period works. In particular, educational reading books for children, works reflecting the Kyrgyz history and culture, printing studies for the creation of the Kyrgyz alphabet and the development of Kyrgyz Turkish, and poems performed with the tradition of oral literature were published. In line with the literary works of the Kyrgyz intellectuals, this article tries to mention the development of Jadidchi thought and its general landscape in Kyrgyz literature.

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31

Ashton, Rosemary, Tess Cosslett, Muriel Bradbrook, and Herbert Foltinek. "The 'Scientific Movement' and Victorian Literature." Modern Language Review 81, no. 2 (April 1986): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729731.

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Karslı, E. "Jadidism Movement Reflected In Kyrgyz Literature." Turkology 5, no. 103 (October 15, 2020): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-3162.013.

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Ceditism, which emerged in Turkistan at the end of the 19th century and completed its formation at the beginning of the 20th century, directly or indirectly affected the entire Turkic world, especially the Tatars, under the leadership of İsmail Gaspıralı. The Kyrgyz intellectuals, who were influenced by the Tatar intellectuals, had the idea of enlightening the Kyrgyz people by studying in schools that provide education with the understanding of Usul-u Jadid. In general in the works of Kyrgyz intellectuals; they focused on the problems in social life during the Tsarist period, people's falling behind from the developing social order, the pressures of the rulers and awakening an uneducated society from the sleep of ignorance. At the threshold of these issues, the studies carried out to enlighten future generations in the field of education with the effect of the Usul-u Jadid schools, the aim of creating national and spiritual awareness, expressions emphasizing the importance of education in the mother tongue are frequently encountered in period works. In particular, educational reading books for children, works reflecting the Kyrgyz history and culture, printing studies for the creation of the Kyrgyz alphabet and the development of Kyrgyz Turkish, and poems performed with the tradition of oral literature were published. In line with the literary works of the Kyrgyz intellectuals, this article tries to mention the development of Jadidchi thought and its general landscape in Kyrgyz literature.

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33

Iljazi, Ajsel, and Mahmut Mahmut. "THE MOVEMENT OF THE TURKISH LITERATURE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072367a.

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The movement of Turkish literature is divided into several broad periods of Turkish writers. Older literature covers the period from the Seljuks (900-1300) and the Ottoman period (1300-1922). The early period of the Ottoman literature, until the 16th century, was influenced by the Persian ideas, and after the 1520s, Arab ideas began to dominate.The movement of Turkish literature is often a part of political movements. Turkish patriotism gradually replaced the old Ottoman and Muslim traditions. This publicatoin will focus on the influence of the West, in particular the French concept of nationalism in Turkish Literature.The Young Turk Revolution, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence and the Reformation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk all profoundly influenced the development of modern Turkish literature."New Turkish Literature" is a literary genre developed and transformed in parallel with Western effects. Starting from the birth until the 19th century, it is possible to mention the existence of Turkish literature formed under the influence of Central Asia and the Orient.The "New Turkish Literature" is a literary reflection of pro-Western oriented Turks, or the modernization process that began in 1839 in the Tanzimat period (Reorganization).

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Iljazi, Ajsel, and Mahmut Mahmut. "THE MOVEMENT OF THE TURKISH LITERATURE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij29082367a.

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The movement of Turkish literature is divided into several broad periods of Turkish writers. Older literature covers the period from the Seljuks (900-1300) and the Ottoman period (1300-1922). The early period of the Ottoman literature, until the 16th century, was influenced by the Persian ideas, and after the 1520s, Arab ideas began to dominate.The movement of Turkish literature is often a part of political movements. Turkish patriotism gradually replaced the old Ottoman and Muslim traditions. This publicatoin will focus on the influence of the West, in particular the French concept of nationalism in Turkish Literature.The Young Turk Revolution, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence and the Reformation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk all profoundly influenced the development of modern Turkish literature."New Turkish Literature" is a literary genre developed and transformed in parallel with Western effects. Starting from the birth until the 19th century, it is possible to mention the existence of Turkish literature formed under the influence of Central Asia and the Orient.The "New Turkish Literature" is a literary reflection of pro-Western oriented Turks, or the modernization process that began in 1839 in the Tanzimat period (Reorganization).

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35

Subedi, Tek Nath. "Review of Literature on Social Movement." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v2i2.42608.

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Social movement is a broad alliance of people whereby different actors work together to bring change in the existing social order. Sociologist Mario Diani considers informal network, shared beliefs, and collective action as features of social movements. This paper reviews Diani’s concept of social movement along with that of other scholars. Social movements are analyzed from the perspectives of collective behavior, resource mobilization, political process, and new social movement. Scholars strive to differentiate it from sporadic collective human endeavors such as riots, protests, strikes, and shutdowns. Social movements target to overthrow regimes where people's requirements are not fulfilled, which signal vulnerability of the state to collective action. Also, from a structural perspective, social movements are facilitated by larger international contexts that affect developments at home. The state response leads to new opportunities, and state organizations of old regimes break down and new, revolutionary ones are built.

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Perkin, G. D. "NEUROLOGY IN LITERATURE: Some movement disorders." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 58, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.58.1.74.

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D. EROĞLU, Zehra. "Gavsi Halid Ozansoy and Clearance Movement in Literature: Clearance Movement of 1940." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 4-I, no. 7 (2012): 1281–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.3756.

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Rissardo, JamirPitton, AnaLetícia Fornari Caprara, Ícaro Durante, and Ariane Rauber. "Lithium-associated movement disorder: A literature review." Brain Circulation 8, no. 2 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_77_21.

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Rissardo, JamirPitton, and AnaL Fornari Caprara. "Lamotrigine-Associated Movement Disorder: A Literature Review." Neurology India 69, no. 6 (2021): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.333440.

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Rissardo, Jamir Pitton, Ana Letícia Fornari Caprara, and Ícaro Durante. "Valproate-associated Movement Disorder: A Literature Review." Prague Medical Report 122, no. 3 (2021): 140–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2021.14.

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Valproate (VPA) was first synthesized in 1882, but it was only in the early 1960s that its anticonvulsant properties were discovered. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the clinical epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of VPA-associated movement disorder (MD). Relevant reports in six databases were identified and assessed by two reviewers without language restriction. A total of 138 reports containing 362 cases of subjects who developed a MD secondary to VPA were reported. The MD identified were parkinsonism (PKN) (252), myoclonus (MCL) (54), dystonia (DTN) (17), dyskinesia (DKN) (16), stutters (4), tics (3), akathisia (AKT) (1). In the not clearly defined group, 15 extrapyramidal symptoms, 3 AKT, 2 DTN, 1 rigidity, 1 unstable gait were assessed. The mean and median age was 55.8 (SD: 16.58) and 61 years (range: 4–87 years). The most common VPA-indication was epilepsy, and 51.36% were males. The mean and median time from the VPA start to the MD onset was 32.75 (SD: 30.05) and 21.15 months (range: 1 day – 20 years). The mean and median time from the VPA withdrawal until the MD recovery was 2.89 (SD: 2.79) and 3 months (1 day – 12 months). The most common management was drug withdrawal. A complete recovery was obtained in 80.61%. VPA-associated MD was extensively reported in the literature. PKN was the most well-described. Future studies need to clearly report the clinical history of the patient, considering the full investigation of other adverse events during their entire life.

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Rissardo, JamirPitton, and AnaLeticia Fornari Caprara. "Mirtazapine-associated movement disorders: A literature review." Tzu Chi Medical Journal 32, no. 4 (2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_13_20.

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Pitton Rissardo, Jamir, and AnaLetícia Fornari Caprara. "Neurosyphilis-associated movement disorder: A literature review." Annals of Movement Disorders 3, no. 3 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aomd.aomd_21_20.

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Rissardo, JamirPitton, AnaLetícia Fornari Caprara, and Ícaro Durante. "Neurocysticercosis and movement disorders: A literature review." Brain Circulation 6, no. 4 (2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_48_20.

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Rissardo, JamirPitton, and AnaLetícia Fornari Caprara. "Pregabalin-associated movement disorders: A literature review." Brain Circulation 6, no. 2 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_57_19.

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Weisberg, Richard H. "Wigmore and the Law and Literature Movement." Law and Literature 21, no. 1 (March 2009): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lal.2009.21.1.129.

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Molenda, Catherine F., and Navaz Peshotan Bhavnagri. "Cooperation Through Movement Education and Children’s Literature." Early Childhood Education Journal 37, no. 2 (July 25, 2009): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10643-009-0333-0.

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Rissardo, Jamir Pitton, and Ana Letícia Fornari Caprara. "Buspirone-associated Movement Disorder: A Literature Review." Prague Medical Report 121, no. 1 (2020): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2020.1.

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Buspirone (BUS) belongs to the azapirone chemical class. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the clinical epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of BUS-associated movement disorders (MD). Relevant reports in six databases were identified and assessed by two reviewers without language restriction. A total of 25 reports containing 65 cases were assessed. The MD associated with BUS were: dyskinesia in 14 cases, 10 of akathisia, 8 of myoclonus, 6 of Parkinsonism, and 6 of dystonia. The cases not clearly defined were 7 tension, 14 incoordination, and the undefined number of dyskinesia, tics, and Parkinsonism. The mean age was 45.23 years (range: 15–74). The male was the predominant sex in 60.86% and the most common BUS-indication was anxiety disorder. The mean BUS-dose was 42.16 mg (range: 5–100). The time from the beginning of BUS administration to the MD onset was one month or less in 76%. The time from BUS withdrawal to complete recovery was within one month in 87.5%. The most common management was BUS withdrawal. In 16 patients the follow-up was reported: 14 had a full recovery, but in two (1 dyskinesia + 1 dystonia) the symptoms continued after the BUS withdrawal. MD associated with BUS were scarcely reported in the literature. Moreover, in the majority of cases, no clear description of the clinical profile, neurological examination, or the time data of the movement disorder onset and recovery were given.

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Kilpatrick, Carlton E. "Movement, Gesture, and Singing: A Review of Literature." Update: Applications of Research in Music Education 38, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755123320908612.

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The purpose of this review of literature was to explore intersections between movement and gesture, and to examine their effects on singing. Music educators have long championed the integration of movement into music instruction. The effects of movement have been studied and correlations found between an individual singer’s intonation, internal pulse, and tone quality. The incorporation of movement activities into choral rehearsals has shown a significant level of perceived benefits by singers. The conducting gesture as a form of aesthetic movement has also been examined. One factor consistently reported is a relationship between the intentional use of movement in rehearsal and increased engagement. Additionally, movement has also been found to share a meaningful link with music and emotion. Movement and music both illustrate abstract emotional concepts and can aid in the formation of concrete relationships between them. Recommendations for music educators and suggestions for future research are provided.

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김수연. "New Literature Movement and Hu Shi’s Practice of Writing Literature History." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 78 (December 2016): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.26586/chls.2016..78.008.

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Mann, Keith. "Social Movement Literature and U.S. Labour: A Reassessment." Studies in Social Justice 8, no. 2 (April 2, 2014): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v8i2.1032.

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Largely due to its conservative profile at the time, the U.S. labour movement was largely absent from modern social movement literature as it developed in response to the new social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Recent labour mobilizations such as the Wisconsin uprising and the Chicago Teachers’ strike have been part of the current international cycle of protest that includes the Arab Spring, the antiausterity movements in Greece and Spain, and Occupy Wall Street. These struggles suggest that a new labour movement is emerging that shares many common features with new social movements. This article offers a general analysis of these and other contemporary labour struggles in light of contemporary modern social movement literature. It also critically reviews assumptions about the labour movement of the 1960s and 1970s and reexamines several social movement concepts.

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